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152. Saving 50% Energy in Paper Industry Through Heat Pumps.
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *HEAT pumps , *ENERGY conservation , *CLEAN energy - Published
- 2023
153. Parenteral Nutrition for Critically Ill Term and Preterm Neonates: A Commentary on the 2021 European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Position Paper.
- Author
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van Goudoever JB and van den Akker CHP
- Subjects
- Child, Critical Illness, Europe, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Nutritional Status, Parenteral Nutrition, Parenteral Nutrition, Total, Societies, Medical, Gastroenterology
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
154. The Electronic Dilemma of TV Advertising: Documentation, The Reactions of Business, Cultural Consequences and Consumer Implications. Working Paper No. 2.
- Author
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Aarhus School of Business Administration & Economics (Denmark). and Sepstrup, Preben
- Abstract
This discussion of the influence of advertising on the development of new media covers ways in which advertising uses the media and the implications of new information technologies for consumers and marketing activities. The first of four sections describes how television advertising has been altered by the development of new technologies--cable, satellites, and data processing--and outlines the consequences of these technological developments for broadcasters and advertisers. Part 2 explains and demonstrates with empirical data the electronic dilemma of advertising, i.e., how viewers avoid commercials through mental absence, physical absence, channel switching, use of the fast-forward button on videotaped programs, and use of remote control to "zap" commercials. Part 3 describes and summarizes measures taken by the media and advertising industry in the United States and Europe to counteract this dilemma and to exploit new possibilities associated with information technologies. Finally, Part 4, which is written from a European perspective, identifies the cultural consequences and implications for consumers of these countermeasures, and proposes public policy measures to counteract unwanted cultural or consumer consequences. A five-page list of references is provided. (JB)
- Published
- 1986
155. Transnationalization of Television in West Europe. Working Paper No. 13.
- Author
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Aarhus School of Business Administration & Economics (Denmark). and Sepstrup, Preben
- Abstract
Based primarily on data from public service broadcasting, this study had two major purposes: to develop a framework for understanding, conceptualizing, and measuring international television flows and the effects associated with these flows; and to establish a background of facts on international television flows in Western Europe. Secondary purposes include an evaluation of the "media imperialism" thesis as an explanation of the patterns of flow that can be observed; and an investigation of the validity of researchers' and politicians' claims that the United States dominates Western European television. The first of five chapters in the report describes the purposes of the study and provides a review of earlier research. The second chapter outlines the conceptual framework of the study and describes transnationalization of supply and consumption of television broadcasting. Addressing the second major purpose of the study, the third chapter provides data on transnationalization of television in Europe. Discussions of the media imperialism thesis and both positive and negative effects of transnationalization are presented in the fifth chapter. The final chapter outlines policy and research implications of the study. The report includes 28 tables, an extensive list of references, and three appendixes which include a review of the empirical research on which the study is based and the absolute data from which the tables were derived. (GL)
- Published
- 1988
156. Employer Sanctions in Europe. CIS Paper 3.
- Author
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Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC., Miller, Mark J., and Lovell, Malcolm R.
- Abstract
This booklet contains two papers on Western European countries' attempt to deal with illegal immigration through employer sanctions. In "Deterrence without Discrimination," Mark J. Miller discusses the sanctions employed by France and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Evidence from the early years of enforcement reveals that due to poor interagency cooperation, insufficient enforcement personnel, and mild penalties, the sanctions appeared to have failed. However, in the early 1980s, when France and the FRG toughened their enforcement, the evidence indicates that job discrimination against North African Arabs did not increase, and Europeans now regard the sanctions as necessary to combat the exploitation of illegal immigrants. Malcolm R. Lovell, Jr. draws on Miller's analysis in "Europe's Lessons for America" and perceives the European experience as an important lesson for the United States. In the United States, the Department of Labor, the Social Security Administration, and the Internal Revenue Service need to play major roles in the enforcement of sanctions, while employer cooperation with these agencies is vital. The U.S. Immigration and Nationalization Service must be fully supported by Congress, and the re-evaluation of fines and penalties must occur on a regular basis. A conclusion of both papers is that employer sanctions are not a cure-all for the complex problem of illegal immigration in Europe or the United States. (DJC)
- Published
- 1987
157. JANUS: Joint Academic Network Using Satellite. Brief Description of Project. IET Papers on Broadcasting: No. 287.
- Author
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Bates, A. W.
- Abstract
The JANUS (Joint Academic Network Using Satellite) satellite network is being planned to link European institutions wishing to jointly produce distance teaching materials. Earth stations with capabilities for transmit/receive functions, voice/data functions, two 64 kbs channels, and connection to local telephone exchange and computer networks will be located at each institution. Initially the European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU) will form the core of the system, but the network is expected to grow to include enterprises concerned with distance training. JANUS will have several functions: (1) two-way communication between sites; (2) audio-conferencing; (3) electronic mail; (4) computer conferencing; and (5) experimental video-conferencing. JANUS is being designed to reduce travel costs and time, reduce communication costs, speed up joint course production, secure external funding, and improve user-friendliness of electronic messaging and data transfer. Although most functions could be provided by existing services (face-to-face meetings, public telephone systems, public switched packet networks, private data networks, and VSAT satellite networks), there are problems with the cost and quality of service. Issues to be resolved before JANUS becomes operational include earth station design, location of a suitable satellite, development of user-friendly procedures, funding, and regulation of telecommunications services. (MES)
- Published
- 1989
158. Skills in Geographical Education Symposium '88. Papers Presented to the Symposium (Brisbane, August 14-20, 1988). Volume 1.
- Author
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International Geographical Union., Gerber, Rod, and Lidstone, John
- Abstract
The first of two volumes, this book contains complete texts of 61 papers presented at a 1988 symposium on geographical education. The papers cover many aspects of geographical education in several countries in Western Europe, Africa, and Asia, and are divided into eight sections: (1) "Developing Skills for Living through Geographical Education"; (2) "Developing Learners' Skills and Abilities in Geography"; (3) "Curriculum Developments in Geography for the 1990s"; and (4) "Research in Geographical Education"; (5) "Developing Skills through Continuing Education"; (6) "Curriculum Developments in Geography for the 1990s"; (7) "Teaching Styles in Geographical Educations"; and (8) "Developing Learners' Skills and Abilities in Geography." Many of the papers include figures and additional references. (AS)
- Published
- 1988
159. Designing interactive consumer products: utility of paper prototypes and effectiveness of enhanced control labelling.
- Author
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Sauer J, Franke H, and Ruettinger B
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Equipment Failure, Ergonomics, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Task Performance and Analysis, Consumer Product Safety, Decision Making, Equipment Design, Paper, Product Labeling
- Abstract
The studies reported here examined differences in user behaviour when presented with a low-fidelity paper prototype compared to fully operational product, and evaluated the effectiveness of different types of enhanced labelling of controls. In the first study with a paper prototype, 30 users of high-pressure washers were asked to choose the settings of the temperature control for different cleaning objects, comparing standard with information-enriched control labelling. In the second study, 34 users operated a real high-pressure washer with different forms of control labelling. The results of both studies provided evidence for some benefits of an information-enriched control labelling over traditional temperature-centred controls labelling. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the data of the two studies suggested that low-fidelity paper prototypes may have to be used with caution. Therefore, designers need to be aware that the behavioural effects induced by different design modifications may be overestimated when using paper prototypes. The implications of the findings are discussed within the framework of an enlarged concept of fidelity.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
160. Preferences for Inequality: East vs. West. Innocenti Working Papers.
- Author
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United Nations Children's Fund, Florence (Italy). Innocenti Research Centre. and Suhrcke, Marc
- Abstract
Do preferences for income inequality differ systematically between the post-socialist countries of central and eastern Europe and the western established market economies? Analyzing 1999 data from a large international survey to address this question, the paper examines whether attitudes to inequality differ between east and west even after the conventional determinants of attitudes are controlled. Results suggest that this is the case. A decade after the breakdown of communism, people in transition countries are significantly more egalitarian than those living in the west, in the sense that they are less willing to tolerate existing income inequalities, even after the actual level of income inequality and other determinants of attitudes are taken into account. Results do not seem to be driven by a recent change in attitudes due to a rapid rise in inequality during transition but appear to constitute an attitudinal legacy carried over from socialism. This has important implications for the political support of reform policy, particularly for the political feasibility of future welfare state reforms in these countries. (Contains 32 notes, 30 references, and 7 tables. Additional tables are appended.) (BT)
- Published
- 2001
161. When, Where, and Why Has Research Been Conducted on Snakes?
- Author
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Shine, Richard and Elphick, Melanie J.
- Subjects
SNAKES ,COLUBRIDAE ,VIPERIDAE ,SPECIES diversity ,REPTILES ,SPATIAL variation - Abstract
The trajectory of biological research may be affected by historical factors (such as locations of influential researchers) as well as by underlying biological dimensions (such as species diversity and location of potential study taxa). Such influences on research focus can be clarified by examining the topics of published papers. Based on 93,816 scientific papers published on snake biology since 1804 (from Web of Science), we found a nonrandom distribution of research output among snake clades, fields of research, and geographic locations and strong changes through time in overall research effort as well as in the foci of that work. Snakes have been the subject of more scientific papers than other lineages of reptiles, but research on turtles has been increasing faster, and research effort per species has been higher for smaller reptile lineages. Studies on systematics and taxonomy dominated snake research until the mid-20th century, when the field was overtaken by studies of venoms, ecology, morphology, and physiology. Colubrids and Vipers have been the most intensively studied taxa, reflecting a concentration of research on continents (Europe and the Americas) where these taxa are diverse and abundant. Research effort on Vipers (Viperidae) increased around 1920, reflecting advances in antivenom and radiotelemetry technology. Blindsnakes (Scolecophidia) and smaller families remain relatively neglected in absolute terms. The numbers of papers per species are 10-fold greater for North American and European snakes than those in most other regions. We attribute these nonrandom patterns to temporal and spatial variation in research priorities, methods, and availability of scientific infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
162. Tracing the origins of hybrids through history: monstrous cultivars and Napoléon Bonaparte's exiled paper daisies (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae).
- Author
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Collins, Timothy L, Bruhl, Jeremy J, Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N, Telford, Ian R H, and Andrew, Rose L
- Subjects
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DAISIES , *ASTERACEAE , *EXILE (Punishment) , *CULTIVATED plants , *NATIVE plants , *CULTIVARS - Abstract
Golden everlasting paper daisies (Xerochrysum , Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) were some of the earliest Australian native plants to be cultivated in Europe. Reputedly a favourite of Napoléon Bonaparte and Empress Joséphine, X. bracteatum is thought to have been introduced to the island of St Helena in the South Atlantic during Napoléon's exile there. Colourful cultivars were developed in the 1850s, and there is a widely held view that these were produced by crossing Xerochrysum with African or Asian Helichrysum spp. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses and subtribal classification of Gnaphalieae cast doubt on this idea. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we looked for evidence of gene flow between modern cultivars, naturalized paper daisies from St Helena and four Xerochrysum spp. recorded in Europe in the 1800s. There was strong support for gene flow between cultivars and X. macranthum. Paper daisies from St Helena were genotypically congruent with X. bracteatum and showed no indications of ancestry from other species or from the cultivars, consistent with the continuous occurrence of naturalized paper daisies introduced by Joséphine and Napoléon. We also present new evidence for the origin of colourful Xerochrysum cultivars and hybridization of congeners in Europe from Australian collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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163. Green Revolutions: Environmental Reconstruction in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Worldwatch Paper 99.
- Author
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Worldwatch Inst., Washington, DC. and French, Hilary F.
- Abstract
The focus of this paper is environmental issues facing Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union as they struggle with the momentous tasks of economic and political reform. Given the important role that environmental protest played in the upheavals, environmentalists have claimed a mandate for strong environmental controls. The state of the environment and its effects on the health of the inhabitants, plants, and animals are discussed. Chapters include: (1) "Industrial Wastelands"; (2) "The Health Toll"; (3) "Declining Biological Productivity"; (4) "The Green Movement"; (5) "The Official Response"; and (6) "A Policy Agenda." (KR)
- Published
- 1990
164. Ugly Facts and Fancy Theories: Children and Youth during the Transition. Innocenti Occasional Papers Economic Policy Series, Number 47. Special Subseries: Economies in Transition.
- Author
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United Nations Children's Fund, Florence (Italy). International Child Development Centre. and Cornia, Giovanni Andrea
- Abstract
This is a report sponsored by UNICEF on the effects of economic and political transition in Europe, particularly Eastern Europe, on young children and adolescents. The economic theories and changes in labor and markets which have characterized European transitions in the past few years have paid little attention to issues of poverty and child welfare. This economic transition has placed increased responsibility on families who find themselves undergoing economic hardship. The projected European economic growth has instead become a recession. Some countries have seen institutional weakening, predatory privatization, and monopolistic markets. Such conditions have drastic social costs, including increased poverty, mortality, and stress. Of all age groups, children have been the most negatively affected. These negative effects include: increased incidences of morbidity and low birthweight, increases in juvenile crime rates, and increases in the number of teen pregnancies. (Contains 32 references.) (JW)
- Published
- 1995
165. European outlook on the recovered fiber market: Various trends and habits are shaping the recovered paper market within Europe.
- Author
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Lindborg, Hugo
- Subjects
ECONOMIC trends ,RECYCLED paper ,PAPER products ,IMPORT quotas ,FIBERS ,HABIT - Published
- 2019
166. The health of detainees and the role of primary care: Position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care.
- Author
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Groenewegen, Peter, Dirkzwager, Anja, van Dam, Anke, Massalimova, Dina, Sirdifield, Coral, and Smith, Lauren
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH services accessibility , *PRISONERS , *PRIMARY health care , *CONTINUUM of care , *POLICY sciences , *MEDICAL needs assessment - Abstract
This position paper aims to increase awareness among primary care practitioners and policymakers about the specific and complex health needs of people who experience incarceration. We focus on the importance of primary care and of continuity of care between prison and community. We highlight what is known from the literature on the health of people who experience incarceration, on the organisation of prison health care, and on the role of primary care both during and after detention. We present three case descriptions of detainees' encounters with the organisation of prison health care in three European countries. Finally, we describe the position that the European Forum for Primary Care takes. Prisoners and ex-prisoners have a worse physical and mental health compared with a cross-section of the population. However, access to good quality treatment and care is often worse than in the outside situation. In particular, well-organised primary care in the prison context could benefit prisoners and, indirectly, society at large. Moreover, continuity of care between the community and the prison situation needs improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
167. Tiled Interiors on Paper: Trade Catalogues as a Key Source to Understand the Use of Floor and Wall Tiles in European Interiors.
- Author
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Baeck, Mario
- Subjects
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TILES , *FLOOR tiles , *TILE flooring , *CATALOGS , *CERAMIC tiles , *CATALOGING - Abstract
The enormous popularity of decorated industrial wall and floor tiles in Europe in the years 1840–1940 is strongly linked to the standardization, technical quality, and aesthetic variety of the products that were well marketed through often lavishly colored trade catalogues. More than the study of existing tile schemes in interiors, a systematic study of these trade catalogues leads to a better understanding of the general use of tile in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century interior. They inform us about factories and offer invaluable information on the technical and aesthetic evolution of tiles. They help us to date the designs and acquire a better knowledge of changes in taste in applying them. They are also a valuable source for documenting differences and similarities between factories and countries in matters of tile design and reveal opportunities to better understand the global export success or stylistic influence of many European factories in other countries on the continent as well as overseas. In this paper a general and theoretical approach is elucidated by referring to concrete cases based on a research collection of more than 600 tile catalogues from all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
168. Review Paper: A Quarter of a Century of the European Water Framework Directive — The Slow Path Towards Sustainable Water Management.
- Author
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Albiac, Jose, Calvo, Elena, and Esteban, Encarna
- Subjects
WATER management ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,AGRICULTURAL pollution ,NONPOINT source pollution ,BODIES of water ,WATER shortages - Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is one of the most analyzed environmental legislations in the scientific literature, influencing the water management in some non-European countries. The WFD has the strong ambition of achieving a good ecological status of water bodies across all river basins in Europe. However, the advances towards sustainable management are falling far behind the planned schedule. The emphasis of the Directive is focused on water quality rather than on water quantity. The advances during the last quarter of the century since its inception have been strong on urban and industrial point pollution, but not on agricultural non-point pollution that remains high and even increases in major basins. Water quantity aspects have been mostly left aside in the Directive, despite the fact that water scarcity is a serious problem in Southern European countries, and will become more critical with climate change in most basins across Europe. Some policy measures of the WFD need to be reformed, in particular measures for abating agricultural pollution, and new measures for addressing water scarcity. The narrow focus of the WFD on water pricing to solve at the same time issues of financing, water allocation and efficiency, environment, opportunity costs and pollution abatement, should be broadened. The challenge is giving more emphasis to command & control and collective action instruments, and designing combinations of instruments adapted to sectoral and spatial locations in basins. This overhaul of the water policy instruments by the European Commission will be needed to advance in the sustainable management of river basins in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
169. Occupational exposure to chemical agents in the paper industry.
- Author
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Korhonen K, Liukkonen T, Ahrens W, Astrakianakis G, Boffetta P, Burdorf A, Heederik D, Kauppinen T, Kogevinas M, Osvoll P, Rix BA, Saalo A, Sunyer J, Szadkowska-Stanczyk I, Teschke K, Westberg H, and Widerkiewicz K
- Subjects
- Europe epidemiology, Humans, Japan epidemiology, Neoplasms mortality, North America epidemiology, Occupational Diseases mortality, Occupational Exposure analysis, Threshold Limit Values, Hazardous Substances, Neoplasms epidemiology, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data, Paper
- Abstract
As part of an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) international epidemiological study of workers in the pulp and paper industry, previously unpublished exposure measurements were assembled in a database. This article summarizes the results of 3,873 measurements carried out in the production departments of paper and paperboard mills and recycling plants in 12 countries. In the paper and paperboard mills, most of the agents were measured in the pulping and refining departments and in on-machine coating and winding of paper/paperboard. Exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria, nitrogen dioxide, minerals dusts, paper dust, sulphuric acid and different solvents sometimes exceeded exposure limit values. In the re-pulping and de-inking departments of recycling plants high exposures to formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria and paper dust were observed. High exposures to asbestos, bioaerosols, carbon monoxide and paper dust were found in many departments; ammonia, formaldehyde, mineral and paper dust and solvents were found in coating machines; and diphenyl and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were found in some special circumstances. Measurements in the newsprint and uncoated paper machine departments revealed only a few elevated exposures. In nearly all departments, measurements of epichlorohydrin, PCBs, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans tended to be low, often even below their detection limits. In spite of some uncertainties in the measurement data, the study provides new insights into the level and variation of occupational exposures of production workers in the paper and paperboard industry.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
170. Educational Leave in Europe. Policy Paper No. 83-C3.
- Author
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Stanford Univ., CA. Inst. for Research on Educational Finance and Governance. and Schutze, Hans G.
- Abstract
This paper provides a description of and rationale for paid educational leave policies in Western Europe by examining three basic categories: general leave provisions provided by law, legal provisions for specific groups, and provisions for educational leave in collective bargaining agreements. Five countries presently have general leave provision: France, Belgium, West Germany, Sweden, and Finland. In Belgium, for example, only employees under 40 years of age who have themselves initiated educational activities outside of work are eligible. In France, the law obliges employers of 10 or more employees to spend 1.1 percent of the total payrolls on further vocational/educational training. Educational leave for specific groups is more widespread. For instance, most Western European countries grant union officials the right to paid time off from work to attend courses relevant to their union functions. Finally, some countries leave the formulation of legal provisions for educational leave to collective bargaining. A 1973 Italian agreement, which views leave as a collective rather than an individual right and which emphasizes leave for the least educated workers, provides the model for subsequent bargaining. The study concludes that progress continues to be made. (PB)
- Published
- 1983
171. The Open University: Development of Activities in Europe. IET Paper No. 268.
- Author
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Open Univ., Walton, Bletchley, Bucks (England). Inst. of Educational Technology. and Bates, A. W.
- Abstract
This lecture discusses factors that would be involved if the British Open University's distance education program were to be extended to Western Europe through the use of satellite transmissions. The cost benefits of such a move are discussed, including the possibility of additional funding through the European Commission. Another factor considered is the current movement of other agencies, primarily multinational corporations, into the European market. Reasons for not expanding into Europe are also presented, including the problems inherent in cultural and language barriers, and difficulties that would be encountered in providing adequate local support administrative services. The possibility of competing with already established European distance education programs is also considered. In conclusion, it is suggested that cooperation with existing European agencies would be the best alternative, one which would keep costs down, provide necessary local support, and avoid difficulties in intercultural communication. (EW)
- Published
- 1987
172. PLOTTING A COURSE IN THE GLOBAL COATED PAPER MARKET.
- Author
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Babcock, Donna M. and Kotoye, Femi
- Subjects
PAPER coatings industry ,BUSINESS forecasting - Abstract
The article reports on the issue regarding the way to understand the market changes in order to sustain profitable growth in the coated paper industry. Accordingly, Dow Chemical Co. is one example of coated paper company that should maintain techniques on how to sustain company's growth. Dow has created a forecasting model to assists coated paper businesses in North America, Europe and Asia in terms of determining the global imports and exports in the future.
- Published
- 2006
173. Comment on the paper: Evidence-based treatment recommendations for neck and low back pain across Europe: A systematic review of guidelines.
- Author
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Yang Y, Liu L, Guan Y, and Liu Y
- Subjects
- Chest Pain, Europe, Humans, Neck, Neck Pain, Low Back Pain therapy
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
174. Material Flow Patterns of the Global Waste Paper Trade and Potential Impacts of China's Import Ban.
- Author
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Ma Z, Yang Y, Chen WQ, Wang P, Wang C, Zhang C, and Gan J
- Subjects
- China, Europe, Asia, Eastern, India, Solid Waste
- Abstract
Waste paper, an essential substitute for wood and other plant-based fibers in paper making, is an indispensable part of the circular economy; yet, the impacts of China's ban on global waste paper cycles have not been well understood. We modeled the evolution of the global waste paper trade network during 1995-2019. We found that the cumulative trade volume of global waste paper reached 1010 million tons in the last 25 years and showed a downward trend since 2015. The global import center of waste paper experienced a transfer from Europe to East Asia and then to Southeast Asia. The ban has stimulated some developed countries to reduce the exports of unsorted waste paper since 2017, but for many major importers their changes in waste paper trade patterns were related to waste paperboard, which was not banned by China, suggesting that this import change trend may be inevitable and irrespective of China's ban. Besides, India has replaced China to become a new import hub of unsorted waste paper. Our results lay a foundation for exploring the evolution of the future global solid waste cycle under the background of zero import of solid waste increasingly implemented by China and many other developing countries.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
175. RECOVERED PAPER KEEPS ON GROWING IN EUROPE.
- Author
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Kenny, Jim
- Subjects
PAPER industry ,WASTE recycling ,CARDBOARD ,RAW materials ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. - Abstract
Discusses how paper recovery is growing in Europe. Net trade in recovered paper from 1990 to 2010; Trends in recycling rates of paper and paperboard; Raw material consumption structure in paper and paperboard manufacturing in Western Europe in 2002; Effort by Confederation of European Paper Industries to encourage legislators to promote the separate collection of wastepaper, as well as trying to educate the authorities at all levels that recovered paper is not a waste product.
- Published
- 2005
176. The treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent: a review.
- Author
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Thompson G, Swain J, Kay M, and Forster CF
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Europe, Time Factors, Industrial Waste, Industry, Paper, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Waste Management methods, Water Microbiology
- Abstract
The manufacture of paper generates significant quantities of wastewater; as high as 60 m3/tonne of paper produced. The raw wastewaters from paper and board mills can be potentially very polluting. Indeed, a recent survey within the UK industry has found that their chemical oxygen demands can be as high as 11000 mg/l. This paper reviews the processes involved in paper making and examines the effects which they could have on the environment. It also evaluates the treatment processes which are used to minimise these effects. In line with the majority of UK practice, it focuses mainly on aerobic biological treatment and, in particular, on the activated sludge process. This means that there is an in-depth discussion about the problems associated with filamentous bacteria and sludge "bulking". The paper also discusses the way in which anaerobic digestion can be applied to the treatment of liquid wastes from the manufacture of paper.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
177. Evidence-based position paper on the professional practice of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine for persons with cerebral palsy. The European PRM position (UEMS PRM section).
- Author
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Hornáček K, Kujawa J, Varela Donoso E, Dincer F, Ilieva E, Takáč P, Petronic Markovic I, Votava J, Vetra A, Nikolic D, Christodoulou N, Zampolini M, and Kiekens C
- Subjects
- Europe, Humans, Professional Practice, Cerebral Palsy, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
- Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of the most common developmental disorders affecting movement and posture of the body, causing activity limitations and participation restrictions. The motor disorders of persons with CP are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, cognition, communication and perception. The symptoms of CP are very diverse and persons with CP are usually presented with a mixed type of symptoms. The non-progressive disturbances can be attributed to disorders that were developed during pregnancy, birth and/or infant stage. The aim of this study was to improve physicians' professional practice of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine for persons with cerebral palsy in order to improve their functionality, social and community integration, and to reduce activity limitations and/or participation restrictions. A systematic review of the literature including an 18-year period and consensus procedure by means of a Delphi process was performed and involved the delegates of all European countries represented in the Union of European Medical Specialists Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (UEMS PRM) Section. As the result of a Consensus Delphi procedure, 74 recommendations are presented together with the systematic literature review. The PRM physician's role for persons with cerebral palsy is to lead and coordinate the multiprofessional team, working in an interdisciplinary way. They should propose and manage the complex but individual PRM program developed in conjunction with other health professionals, medical specialists and importantly in agreement with the patient, their family and care giver. This should be, according to the specific medical diagnosis to improve patients' health, functioning, social and education status, considering all impairments, comorbidities and complications, activity limitations and participation restrictions. This evidence-based position paper is representing the official position of The European Union through the UEMS PRM Section and designates the professional role of PRM physicians in persons with cerebral palsy.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
178. Evidence based position paper on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine practice for people with muscular dystrophies.
- Author
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Lazovic M, Nikolic D, Boyer FC, Borg K, Ceravolo MG, Zampolini M, and Kiekens C
- Subjects
- Europe, Humans, Muscular Dystrophies, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
- Abstract
Muscular dystrophies present a group of inherited degenerative disorder that are characterized by progressive muscular weakness. This evidence-based position paper represents the official position of the European Union through the UEMS PRM Section. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the role of the physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) physician and PRM practice for people with muscular dystrophies. A systematic review of the literature and a consensus procedure by means of a Delphi process have been performed involving the delegates of all European countries represented in the UEMS PRM Section. The systematic literature review is reported together with thirty-three recommendations resulting from the Delphi procedure. The role of the PRM physician is to assess the functional status of persons with muscular dystrophy and to plan, monitor and lead PRM program in an interdisciplinary setting within a multiprofessional team.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
179. Development of extracellular vesicle-based medicinal products: A position paper of the group "Extracellular Vesicle translatiOn to clinicaL perspectiVEs - EVOLVE France".
- Author
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Silva AKA, Morille M, Piffoux M, Arumugam S, Mauduit P, Larghero J, Bianchi A, Aubertin K, Blanc-Brude O, Noël D, Velot E, Ravel C, Elie-Caille C, Sebbagh A, Boulanger C, Wilhelm C, Rahmi G, Raymond-Letron I, Cherukula K, Montier T, Martinaud C, Bach JM, Favre-Bulle O, Spadavecchia J, Jorgensen C, Menasché P, Aussel C, Chopineau J, Mosser M, Ullah M, Sailliet N, Luciani N, Mathieu N, Rautou PE, Brouard S, Boireau W, Jauliac S, Dedier M, Trouvin JH, Gazeau F, Trouillas M, Peltzer J, Monsel A, and Banzet S
- Subjects
- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical methods, Clinical Trials as Topic organization & administration, Drug Administration Routes, Drug Compounding, Drug Stability, Europe, Humans, Quality Control, Secretome physiology, Drug Development organization & administration, Drugs, Investigational pharmacology, Extracellular Vesicles physiology
- Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are emergent therapeutic effectors that have reached clinical trial investigation. To translate EV-based therapeutic to clinic, the challenge is to demonstrate quality, safety, and efficacy, as required for any medicinal product. EV research translation into medicinal products is an exciting and challenging perspective. Recent papers, provide important guidance on regulatory aspects of pharmaceutical development, defining EVs for therapeutic applications and critical considerations for the development of potency tests. In addition, the ISEV Task Force on Regulatory Affairs and Clinical Use of EV-based Therapeutics as well as the Exosomes Committee from the ISCT are expected to contribute in an active way to the development of EV-based medicinal products by providing update on the scientific progress in EVs field, information to patients and expert resource network for regulatory bodies. The contribution of our work group "Extracellular Vesicle translatiOn to clinicaL perspectiVEs - EVOLVE France", created in 2020, can be positioned in complement to all these important initiatives. Based on complementary scientific, technical, and medical expertise, we provide EV-specific recommendations for manufacturing, quality control, analytics, non-clinical development, and clinical trials, according to current European legislation. We especially focus on early phase clinical trials concerning immediate needs in the field. The main contents of the investigational medicinal product dossier, marketing authorization applications, and critical guideline information are outlined for the transition from research to clinical development and ultimate market authorization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Florence Gazeau, Amanda Karine Andriola Silva, Claire Wilhelm and Gabriel Rahmi are co-founders of the spin-off Evora Biosciences. Amanda Karine Andriola Silva and Claire Wilhelm are co-founders of the spin-off EverZom. Max Piffoux is consultant and owns stocks in the spin-off Evora Biosciences and in the spin-off EverZom., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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180. Using the Delphi technique to achieve consensus on bereavement care in palliative care in Europe: An EAPC White Paper.
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Keegan O, Murphy I, Benkel I, Limonero JT, Relf M, and Guldin MB
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- Consensus, Delphi Technique, Europe, Humans, Hospice Care, Palliative Care
- Abstract
Background: The WHO definition of palliative care includes bereavement support as integral to palliative care, yet a previous survey of bereavement support in palliative care in Europe has shown a range of service responses to loss. A rigorous approach to agreeing and implementing a palliative care bereavement framework was required., Aim: The aim of this study was to develop consensus on best-practice recommendations for bereavement care principles, structures, processes and delivery based on current practice and evidence., Design: In accordance with Guidance on Conducting and Reporting Delphi Studies, a consensus-building five-round Delphi technique was performed. A scoping review of research literature informed drafting of 54 statements by the EAPC Bereavement Task Force. Evaluation of the statements was performed by an expert panel using a 5-point Likert scale. ⩾80% agreement were defined as essential items and 75%-79% agreement were defined as desirable items. Items with a consensus rating <75% were revised during the process., Setting/participants: The Delphi study was carried out by an expert panel among membership organisations of the European Association for Palliative Care., Results: In total, 376 email requests to complete Delphi questionnaire were distributed with a response rate of 23% ( n = 87) and a follow-up response-rate of 79% ( n = 69). Of the initial 54 statements in six dimensions, 52 statements were endorsed with 26 essential statements and 26 desirable statements., Conclusions: The six dimensions and 52 statements agreed through this Delphi study clarify a coherent direction for development of bereavement services in palliative care in Europe.
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- 2021
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181. European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Study Group for Adult Congenital Heart Care in Central and South Eastern European Countries consensus paper: current status, provision gaps and investment required.
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Brida M, Šimkova I, Jovović L, Prokšelj K, Antonová P, Balint HO, Gumbiene L, Lebid IH, Komar M, Kratunkov P, Kovačević Preradović T, Ermel R, Strenge A, Coman IM, Vukomanović V, Gatzoulis MA, Roos-Hesselink JW, and Diller GP
- Subjects
- Adult, Consensus, Europe, Humans, Cardiology, Heart Defects, Congenital, Heart Failure
- Abstract
Aims: To examine the current status of care and needs of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) services in the Central and South Eastern European (CESEE) region., Methods and Results: We obtained data regarding the national ACHD status for 19 CESEE countries from their ACHD representative based on an extensive survey for 2017 and/or 2018. Thirteen countries reported at least one tertiary ACHD centre with a median year of centre establishment in 2007 (interquartile range 2002-2013). ACHD centres reported a median of 2114 patients under active follow-up with an annual cardiac catheter and surgical intervention volume of 49 and 40, respectively. The majority (90%) of catheter or surgical interventions were funded by government reimbursement schemes. However, all 19 countries had financial caps on a hospital level, leading to patient waiting lists and restrictions in the number of procedures that can be performed. The median number of ACHD specialists per country was 3. The majority of centres (75%) did not have ACHD specialist nurses. The six countries with no dedicated ACHD centres had lower Gross Domestic Product per capita compared to the remainder (P = 0.005)., Conclusion: The majority of countries in CESEE now have established ACHD services with adequate infrastructure and a patient workload comparable to the rest of Europe, but important gaps still exist. ACHD care is challenged or compromised by limited financial resources, insufficient staffing levels, and reimbursement caps on essential procedures compared to Western Europe. Active advocacy and increased resources are required to address the inequalities of care across the continent., (© 2020 European Society of Cardiology.)
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- 2021
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182. Top 100 most-cited papers in core dental public health journals: bibliometric analysis.
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Mattos FF, Perazzo MF, Vargas-Ferreira F, Martins-Júnior PA, and Paiva SM
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- Bibliometrics, Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Europe, Humans, United Kingdom, United States, Dentistry, Periodicals as Topic, Public Health
- Abstract
Objective: This quali-quantitative study analysed the 100 most-cited papers in core dental public health (DPH) journals focusing on understanding international knowledge production., Methods: The DPH journals were selected from titles and scopes at Web of Science Core Collection database up to March 2020. Further comparisons were performed at Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Some bibliometric parameters were extracted as follows: title, number of citations, citation density (number of citations per year), first author's country, year of publication, study design and subject. VOSviewer software was used to create graphical bibliometric maps., Results: Papers were ranked by the total number of citations, which ranged from 104 to 1,019, and six papers were cited more than 400 times. Papers were published from 1974 to 2013, mainly in Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. Most frequent study designs were cross-sectional (30%) and nonsystematic review (25%). Most papers were from Europe (54%) and North America (31%). First authors were predominantly from the United Kingdom (17%), United States of America (17%) and Canada (14%). VOSviewer map of co-authorship demonstrated the existence of clusters in the research collaboration. Although epidemiology was the most frequent subject (84%), health services research presented eight times higher citation density., Conclusions: Top 100 most-cited papers in core DPH journals were predominantly observational studies from Anglo-Saxon countries. Top 100 most-cited papers in core DPH journals tend to be cross-sectional studies carried out in the United States with highest citation in health services research. Locker D, Petersen PE and Sheiham A are a landmark for DPH field., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2021
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183. Choice of location for investments in the European paper industry: the impact of wastepaper.
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Lundmark, Robert
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PAPER industry ,INVESTMENTS ,PRICES ,MARKETS - Abstract
Examines the impact of factor input prices, output market size and agglomeration effects on the choice of location for investment projects in Europe's paper industry. Wastepaper recovery and utilization rate; Forest resources and wastepaper recovery distribution.
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- 2001
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184. ACM Europe Council's Best Paper Awards.
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JORGE, JOAQUIM, GLENCROSS, MASHHUDA, and QUIGLEY, AARON
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COMPUTER science research ,RESEARCH papers (Students) ,COMPUTER science conferences - Abstract
The authors report on awards given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for student research papers in computer science. They mention the number of awards presented by the ACM Europe Council, the aim of the awards to foster and recognize excellence in computer science, and both short- and long-term impacts of the awards.
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- 2019
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185. Defining dental operative skills curricula: An ADEE consensus paper.
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Field J, Dixon J, Towers A, Green R, Albagami H, Lambourn G, Mallinson J, Fokkinga W, Tricio-Pesce J, Crnić T, and Vital S
- Subjects
- Clinical Competence, Consensus, Europe, Humans, Curriculum, Education, Dental
- Abstract
This paper reports on the recent activity of the pan-European consensus of the ADEE Special Interest Group for Pre-Clinical Operative Skills. Following the previous recommendations from the group, and in order to support teachers and to harmonise the delivery of skills training across Europe, a more formal curriculum relating to pre-clinical operative skills needs to be created. This paper reports European consensus surrounding the categorisation (level of importance, and difficulty) of basic operative dental clinical skills within the undergraduate curriculum and provides recommendations relating to session structure and timing of curricular elements for basic operative dental clinical skills teaching., (© 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Dental Education published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2021
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186. Children of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities: An Overview and Conceptual Framework. Innocenti Occasional Papers. The Urban Child Series, Number 5.
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United Nations Children's Fund, Florence (Italy). International Child Development Centre., Blanc, Cristina S., and Chiozzi, Paolo
- Abstract
In Western Europe, internal and international migrations have generated vulnerable populations, notably an increasing number of children and young people of "foreign" parentage. Their problems are not specific to one ethnic group but derive from sociocultural processes and from situations of social relegation. Case studies based on a literature review provide profiles of the situation of migrant families and children in the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Each study discusses political and ideological attitudes toward immigrant groups, the historical context of migrations, and key aspects of relevant legislation. The social and ethno-cultural situations of major migrant groups are examined, focusing on family and household data, school performance, nutrition and health status, youth employment, and encounters with the law. The studies indicate that a growing number of children are being affected by divided families, "commuter" or cyclical migrations, the feminization and racialization of poverty, informal-sector employment, formation of ghettos, and loss of hope. Although migrant children have lower educational attainment than "indigenous" children with similar socioeconomic characteristics, the same migrant populations fare differently in different host countries. There is an urgent need for the European community to adopt a new social agenda in which migrants and their children figure prominently. This paper contains 81 references. (SV)
- Published
- 1992
187. Use of recycled fibers for paper and board in food contact.
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Traussnig H, Messner M, Gössler E, and Mühlhauser M
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- Cadmium analysis, Cellulose chemistry, Chromium analysis, Europe, Formaldehyde analysis, Humans, Lead analysis, Legislation, Food, Mercury analysis, Pentachlorophenol analysis, Conservation of Natural Resources, Food, Paper
- Published
- 1998
188. European white paper: oropharyngeal dysphagia in head and neck cancer.
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Baijens, Laura W. J., Walshe, Margaret, Aaltonen, Leena-Maija, Arens, Christoph, Cordier, Reinie, Cras, Patrick, Crevier-Buchman, Lise, Curtis, Chris, Golusinski, Wojciech, Govender, Roganie, Eriksen, Jesper Grau, Hansen, Kevin, Heathcote, Kate, Hess, Markus M., Hosal, Sefik, Klussmann, Jens Peter, Leemans, C. René, MacCarthy, Denise, Manduchi, Beatrice, and Marie, Jean-Paul
- Subjects
- *
HEAD & neck cancer , *GOVERNMENT report writing , *MEDICAL personnel as patients , *DEGLUTITION disorders , *MEDICAL societies - Abstract
Purpose: To develop a European White Paper document on oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) in head and neck cancer (HNC). There are wide variations in the management of OD associated with HNC across Europe. Methods: Experts in the management of specific aspects of OD in HNC across Europe were delegated by their professional medical and multidisciplinary societies to contribute to this document. Evidence is based on systematic reviews, consensus-based position statements, and expert opinion. Results: Twenty-four sections on HNC-specific OD topics. Conclusion: This European White Paper summarizes current best practice on management of OD in HNC, providing recommendations to support patients and health professionals. The body of literature and its level of evidence on diagnostics and treatment for OD in HNC remain poor. This is in the context of an expected increase in the prevalence of OD due to HNC in the near future. Contributing factors to increased prevalence include aging of our European population (including HNC patients) and an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancer, despite the introduction of HPV vaccination in various countries. We recommend timely implementation of OD screening in HNC patients while emphasizing the need for robust scientific research on the treatment of OD in HNC. Meanwhile, its management remains a challenge for European professional associations and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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189. The Monsanto papers expose ‘corporate science’ as fraud
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- 2018
190. UEG position paper on pancreatic cancer. Bringing pancreatic cancer to the 21st century: Prevent, detect, and treat the disease earlier and better.
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Michl P, Löhr M, Neoptolemos JP, Capurso G, Rebours V, Malats N, Ollivier M, and Ricciardiello L
- Subjects
- Diagnostic Imaging, Early Detection of Cancer, Europe, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Liquid Biopsy, Neglected Diseases, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Patient-Centered Care, Public-Private Sector Partnerships, Treatment Outcome, Biomedical Research economics, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal diagnosis, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal etiology, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal therapy, Gastroenterology, Pancreatic Neoplasms diagnosis, Pancreatic Neoplasms etiology, Pancreatic Neoplasms therapy, Research Support as Topic
- Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the deadliest cancer worldwide with a 98% loss-of-life expectancy and a 30% increase in the disability-adjusted life years during the last decade in Europe. The disease cannot be effectively prevented nor being early detected. When diagnosed, 80% of patients have tumors that are in incurable stages, while for those who undergo surgery, 80% of patients will present with local or distant metastasis. Importantly, chemotherapies are far from being effective., Objective: Pancreatic cancer represents a great challenge and, at the same time, a huge opportunity for advancing our understanding on the basis of the disease, the molecular profiles, that would lead to develop tools for early detection and effective treatments, thus, boosting patient survival., Results: Research on pancreatic cancer has being receiving little or minimal funds from European funding bodies. UEG is calling for public-private partnerships that would effectively fund research on pancreatic cancer., Conclusion: This would increase our understanding of this disease and better treatment, through pan-European efforts that take advantage of the strong academic European research landscape on pancreatic cancer, and the contribution by the industry of all sizes., (© 2021 The Authors. United European Gastroenterology Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of United European Gastroenterology.)
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- 2021
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191. Analysing the potential for implementation of CCS within the European pulp and paper industry
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Jönsson, Johanna and Berntsson, Thore
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- *
PAPER industry , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *ENERGY levels (Quantum mechanics) , *POTENTIAL energy , *PULP mills , *BIOMASS , *CARBON sequestration , *CARBON dioxide , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *EMISSIONS trading , *SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification - Abstract
In this paper an approach for analysing the potential for implementation of different technology pathways for the European pulp and paper industry (PPI) is presented. The approach is based on detailed technical research and aggregates the knowledge from previous studies to incorporate the whole European PPI. Thus, the potential for different technology pathways can be estimated on a European level whilst still considering important characteristics of individual mills. The usefulness of the approach was exemplified by applying it to a case study of the potential for introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) within the European PPI. The results from the case study show that for the European PPI, CCS has an up-hill road in order to be a viable, large scale alternative for reduction of CO2 emissions. If CCS is to be introduced in large scale within the European PPI, large biomass-based point sources of CO2 emissions need to be included when planning for CCS infrastructure and also the infrastructure needs to be built out for clusters emitting <20 MtCO2/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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192. Targeted therapies in genetic dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets. A position paper from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) and the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
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de Boer, Rudolf A., Heymans, Stephane, Backs, Johannes, Carrier, Lucie, Coats, Andrew J. S., Dimmeler, Stefanie, Eschenhagen, Thomas, Filippatos, Gerasimos, Gepstein, Lior, Hulot, Jean-Sebastien, Knöll, Ralph, Kupatt, Christian, Linke, Wolfgang A., Seidman, Christine E., Tocchetti, C. Gabriele, van der Velden, Jolanda, Walsh, Roddy, Seferovic, Petar M., and Thum, Thomas
- Subjects
- *
HOMEOSTASIS , *X-linked genetic disorders , *CARDIAC hypertrophy , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *GENETIC engineering , *GENE therapy , *ARRHYTHMIA , *HEART failure , *MEDICAL societies , *PHENOTYPES - Abstract
Genetic cardiomyopathies are disorders of the cardiac muscle, most often explained by pathogenic mutations in genes encoding sarcomere, cytoskeleton, or ion channel proteins. Clinical phenotypes such as heart failure and arrhythmia are classically treated with generic drugs, but aetiology-specific and targeted treatments are lacking. As a result, cardiomyopathies still present a major burden to society, and affect many young and older patients. The Translational Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) and the Working Group of Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) organized a workshop to discuss recent advances in molecular and physiological studies of various forms of cardiomyopathies. The study of cardiomyopathies has intensified after several new study setups became available, such as induced pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional printing of cells, use of scaffolds and engineered heart tissue, with convincing human validation studies. Furthermore, our knowledge on the consequences of mutated proteins has deepened, with relevance for cellular homeostasis, protein quality control and toxicity, often specific to particular cardiomyopathies, with precise effects explaining the aberrations. This has opened up new avenues to treat cardiomyopathies, using contemporary techniques from the molecular toolbox, such as gene editing and repair using CRISPR-Cas9 techniques, antisense therapies, novel designer drugs, and RNA therapies. In this article, we discuss the connection between biology and diverse clinical presentation, as well as promising new medications and therapeutic avenues, which may be instrumental to come to precision medicine of genetic cardiomyopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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193. In-vivo diagnostic test allergens in Europe: A call to action and proposal for recovery plan-An EAACI position paper.
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Klimek L, Hoffmann HJ, Kalpaklioglu AF, Demoly P, Agache I, Popov TA, Muraro A, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Bonini S, Bonertz A, Mahler V, Vieths S, Pfaar O, Zuberbier T, Jutel M, Schmidt-Weber C, Hellings PW, Dreborg S, Bonini M, Brough HA, Bousquet J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Palomares O, Ollert M, Shamji MH, and Cardona V
- Subjects
- Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Europe, Humans, Skin Tests, Allergens, Hypersensitivity diagnosis, Hypersensitivity epidemiology
- Abstract
Diagnostic allergens are defined as medicinal products in the EU. Marketing authorization by national authorities is necessary; however, diagnostic allergens are not homogeneously regulated in different EU member states. Allergen manufacturers argue with increasing costs forcing them to continuously reduce the diagnostic allergen portfolios offered to allergists. In contrast, EAACI and national European Allergy Societies see the need for the availability of a wide range of high-quality diagnostic allergens for in vivo diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergies not only covering predominant but also less frequent allergen sources. In a recent EAACI task force survey, the current practice of allergy diagnosis was shown to rely on skin tests as first option in almost 2/3 of all types of allergic diseases and in 90% regarding respiratory allergies. With the need to ensure the availability of high-quality diagnostic allergens in the EU, an action plan has been set up by EAACI to analyse the current regulatory demands in EU member states and to define possible solutions stated in this document: (a) simplification of authorization for diagnostic allergens; (b) specific regulation of special types of diagnostic allergens; (c) new models beyond the current model of homologous groups; (d) simplification of pharmacovigilance reporting; (e) reduction of regulation fees for diagnostic allergens; (f) reimbursement for diagnostic allergens. Joining forces of allergists, manufacturers and authorities are of high importance to ensure remaining relevant allergens in the EU markets to facilitate a sustainable and comprehensive service for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases., (© 2020 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2020
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194. ESR/ERS statement paper on lung cancer screening.
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Kauczor HU, Baird AM, Blum TG, Bonomo L, Bostantzoglou C, Burghuber O, Čepická B, Comanescu A, Couraud S, Devaraj A, Jespersen V, Morozov S, Agmon IN, Peled N, Powell P, Prosch H, Ravara S, Rawlinson J, Revel MP, Silva M, Snoeckx A, van Ginneken B, van Meerbeeck JP, Vardavas C, von Stackelberg O, and Gaga M
- Subjects
- Early Detection of Cancer methods, Europe, Humans, Registries, Consensus, Decision Making, Lung Neoplasms diagnosis
- Abstract
In Europe, lung cancer ranks third among the most common cancers, remaining the biggest killer. Since the publication of the first European Society of Radiology and European Respiratory Society joint white paper on lung cancer screening (LCS) in 2015, many new findings have been published and discussions have increased considerably. Thus, this updated expert opinion represents a narrative, non-systematic review of the evidence from LCS trials and description of the current practice of LCS as well as aspects that have not received adequate attention until now. Reaching out to the potential participants (persons at high risk), optimal communication and shared decision-making will be key starting points. Furthermore, standards for infrastructure, pathways and quality assurance are pivotal, including promoting tobacco cessation, benefits and harms, overdiagnosis, quality, minimum radiation exposure, definition of management of positive screen results and incidental findings linked to respective actions as well as cost-effectiveness. This requires a multidisciplinary team with experts from pulmonology and radiology as well as thoracic oncologists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, family doctors, patient representatives and others. The ESR and ERS agree that Europe's health systems need to adapt to allow citizens to benefit from organised pathways, rather than unsupervised initiatives, to allow early diagnosis of lung cancer and reduce the mortality rate. Now is the time to set up and conduct demonstration programmes focusing, among other points, on methodology, standardisation, tobacco cessation, education on healthy lifestyle, cost-effectiveness and a central registry.Key Points• Pulmonologists and radiologists both have key roles in the set up of multidisciplinary LCS teams with experts from many other fields.• Pulmonologists identify people eligible for LCS, reach out to family doctors, share the decision-making process and promote tobacco cessation.• Radiologists ensure appropriate image quality, minimum dose and a standardised reading/reporting algorithm, together with a clear definition of a "positive screen".• Strict algorithms define the exact management of screen-detected nodules and incidental findings.• For LCS to be (cost-)effective, it has to target a population defined by risk prediction models.
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- 2020
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195. State-of-the-art in marketed adjuvants and formulations in Allergen Immunotherapy: A position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).
- Author
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Jensen-Jarolim E, Bachmann MF, Bonini S, Jacobsen L, Jutel M, Klimek L, Mahler V, Mösges R, Moingeon P, O Hehir RE, Palomares O, Pfaar O, Renz H, Rhyner C, Roth-Walter F, Rudenko M, Savolainen J, Schmidt-Weber CB, Traidl-Hoffmann C, and Kündig T
- Subjects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Allergens, Europe, Humans, Desensitization, Immunologic, Hypersensitivity therapy
- Abstract
Since the introduction of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) over 100 years ago, focus has been on standardization of allergen extracts, with reliable molecular composition of allergens receiving the highest attention. While adjuvants play a major role in European AIT, they have been less well studied. In this Position Paper, we summarize current unmet needs of adjuvants in AIT citing current evidence. Four adjuvants are used in products marketed in Europe: aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)
3 ) is the most frequently used adjuvant, with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) used less frequently. Recent studies on humans, and using mouse models, have characterized in part the mechanisms of action of adjuvants on pre-existing immune responses. AIT differs from prophylactic vaccines that provoke immunity to infectious agents, as in allergy the patient is presensitized to the antigen. The intended mode of action of adjuvants is to simultaneously enhance the immunogenicity of the allergen, while precipitating the allergen at the injection site to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis. Contrasting immune effects are seen with different adjuvants. Aluminium hydroxide initially boosts Th2 responses, while the other adjuvants utilized in AIT redirect the Th2 immune response towards Th1 immunity. After varying lengths of time, each of the adjuvants supports tolerance. Further studies of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants may advise shorter treatment periods than the current three-to-five-year regimens, enhancing patient adherence. Improved lead compounds from the adjuvant pipeline are under development and are explored for their capacity to fill this unmet need., (© 2019 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2020
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196. Transplant-ineligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Current and future approaches to clinical care: A Young International Society of Geriatric Oncology Review Paper.
- Author
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Grant SJ, Mian HS, Giri S, Boutin M, Dottorini L, Neuendorff NR, Krok-Schoen JL, Nikita N, Rosko AE, Wildes TM, and Zweegman S
- Subjects
- Aged, Europe, Frail Elderly, Geriatric Assessment, Humans, Frailty, Multiple Myeloma diagnosis, Multiple Myeloma therapy
- Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in the USA and Europe. Despite improvements in the 5-year and overall survival rates over the past decade, older adults (aged ≥65 years) with multiple myeloma continue to experience disproportionately worse outcomes than their younger counterparts. These differences in outcomes arise from the increased prevalence of vulnerabilities such as medical comorbidities and frailty seen with advancing age that can influence treatment-delivery and tolerance and impact survival. In general, geriatric assessments can help identify those patients more likely to benefit from enhanced toxicity risk-prediction and aid treatment decision-making. Despite the observed benefits of geriatric assessments and other screening frailty tools, provider and systems-level barriers continue to influence the overall perception of the feasibility of geriatric assessments in clinical practice settings. Clinical trials are underway evaluating the efficacy and safety of various multiple myeloma therapies in less fit/frail older adults, with a minority examining fitness-based/risk-adapted approaches. Thus, significant gaps exist in knowing which myeloma therapies are most appropriate for older and more vulnerable adults with multiple myeloma. The purpose of this Review is to discuss how geriatric assessments can be used to guide the management of transplant-ineligible patients; and to highlight frontline therapies for standard-risk and high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities [i.e., t(4;14), t(14;16), and del(17p)] associated with multiple myeloma. We also discuss the current shortcomings of the existing clinical approaches to care and highlight ongoing clinical trials evaluating newer fitness-based approaches to managing transplant-ineligible patients., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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197. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer: a position paper from the AYA Working Group of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE).
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Ferrari A, Stark D, Peccatori FA, Fern L, Laurence V, Gaspar N, Bozovic-Spasojevic I, Smith O, De Munter J, Derwich K, Hjorth L, van der Graaf WTA, Soanes L, Jezdic S, Blondeel A, Bielack S, Douillard JY, Mountzios G, and Saloustros E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Humans, Young Adult, Europe, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Medical Oncology, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms therapy
- Abstract
It is well recognised that adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer have inequitable access to oncology services that provide expert cancer care and consider their unique needs. Subsequently, survival gains in this patient population have improved only modestly compared with older adults and children with cancer. In 2015, the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE) established the joint Cancer in AYA Working Group in order to increase awareness among adult and paediatric oncology communities, enhance knowledge on specific issues in AYA and ultimately improve the standard of care for AYA with cancer across Europe. This manuscript reflects the position of this working group regarding current AYA cancer care, the challenges to be addressed and possible solutions. Key challenges include the lack of specific biological understanding of AYA cancers, the lack of access to specialised centres with age-appropriate multidisciplinary care and the lack of available clinical trials with novel therapeutics. Key recommendations include diversifying interprofessional cooperation in AYA care and specific measures to improve trial accrual, including centralising care where that is the best means to achieve trial accrual. This defines a common vision that can lead to improved outcomes for AYA with cancer in Europe., Competing Interests: Funding The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) (no grant number) and the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE) (no grant number) were the legal sponsors of this position paper. No research funding for the meetings or manuscript preparation was received from any third parties. Disclosure DS reports receipt of research grants from Teenage Cancer Trust. FAP reports personal financial interest as a Scientific Director at the European School of Oncology; receipt of lecture/presentation fees from Prime Oncology and Takeda; receipt of honoraria for advisory board participation/advisory services from Roche, AstraZeneca, Clovis and Ipsen. LF reports receipt of funding from Teenage Cancer Trust. IB-S reports receipt of speaker fees from Roche, Novartis and Pfizer; direct research funding as Principal Investigator from Roche; financial support to institution for clinical trials from Roche. OS reports receipt of honoraria for advisory board participation from Genuity Science. LH reports receipt of speaker fees from Roche. WTAvdG reports receipt of research funding from Novartis, honoraria for advisory board from Bayer and consultancy fees from SpringWorks, all to her institutes. SB reports receipt of honoraria for advisory board participation from Pfizer, Bayer, Lilly, Novartis and Isofol. GM reports receipt of speakers fees from AstraZeneca, Roche, MSD, BMS, Pfizer, Takeda, Janssen, Novartis and Sanofi; receipt of consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Roche, MSD, BMS, Novartis and Sanofi; direct research funding as Principal Investigator from AstraZeneca, Novartis and MSD; financial support to institution for clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Novartis and MSD. ES reports receipt of honoraria for the provision of advisory services from Roche Hellas, BMS, Pfizer Hellas, AstraZeneca, Amgen Hellas and Dimiourgiki Farmakeutikon Ypiresion AE; receipt of research funding from Astellas Pharma; travel and education support from Roche Hellas, Pfizer Hellas, Astellas Pharma, Novartis (Hellas), MSD Greece and Enorasis. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Flexicurity, Flexinsurance and the European Commission's Green Paper: Modernising Labour Law to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century
- Author
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Tangian, Andranik
- Published
- 2007
199. Health aspects of carbonless copy paper.
- Author
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Murray R
- Subjects
- Dermatitis, Occupational etiology, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Europe, Humans, Occupational Diseases etiology, Paper
- Abstract
In the past 20 years, there have been numerous reports of skin and mucous membrane disorders allegedly caused by the use of carbonless copy paper, to such an extent that some people in Europe were refusing to work with it and concern was expressed in the European Parliament. In view of its undoubted convenience and superiority over carbon paper, the author was asked by the Commission of the European Communities for a report. Based on visits to manufacturers and users and the investigation of complaints, the conclusion is that, as exposure to the constituents of the paper during its manufacture is considerably greater than in its use and no cases have arisen in his experience in the industry, the complaints are more likely to be attributable to "sick building syndrome" than to the specific effect of any component of the paper.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
200. Bio-Based Adhesives Formulated from Tannic Acid, Chitosan, and Shellac for Packaging Materials.
- Author
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Vrabič-Brodnjak, Urška
- Subjects
TANNINS ,PACKAGING materials ,ADHESIVES ,CHITOSAN ,CORPORATE bonds ,JAPANESE knotweed ,NOXIOUS weeds ,PLANT morphology - Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop bio-based adhesives that can be used for various packaging papers. In addition to commercial paper samples, papers produced from harmful plant species in Europe, such as Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, were used. In this research, methods were developed to produce bio-based adhesive solutions in combinations of tannic acid, chitosan, and shellac. The results showed that the viscosity and adhesive strength of the adhesives were best in solutions with added tannic acid and shellac. The tensile strength with adhesives of tannic acid and chitosan was 30% better than with commercial adhesives and 23% for combinations of shellac and chitosan. For paper from Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, the most durable adhesive was pure shellac. Because the surface morphology of the invasive plant papers was more open and had numerous pores compared to the commercial papers, the adhesives penetrated the paper structure and filled the voids. There was less adhesive on the surface and the commercial papers achieved better adhesive properties. As expected, the bio-based adhesives also showed an increase in peel strength and exhibited favorable thermal stability. In summary, these physical properties support the use of bio-based adhesives use in different packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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