Search

Background: Depression is prevalent across the spectrum of Chronic Kidney Disease and associated with poorer outcomes. There is limited evidence regarding the most effective interventions and care pathways for depression in Chronic Kidney Disease., Objectives: To investigate how depression is identified and managed in adults with Chronic Kidney Disease., Design: Scoping review., Methods: Systematic search of eight databases with pre-defined inclusion criteria. Data relevant to the identification and/or management of depression in adults with Chronic Kidney Disease were extracted., Results: Of 2147 articles identified, 860 were included. Depression was most identified using self-report screening tools (n = 716 studies, 85.3%), with versions of the Beck Depression Inventory (n = 283, 33.7%) being the most common. A total of 123 studies included data on the management of depression, with nonpharmacological interventions being more frequently studied (n = 55, 45%). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (n = 15) was the most common nonpharmacological intervention, which was found to have a significant effect on depressive symptoms compared to controls (n = 10). However, how such approaches could be implemented as part of routine care was not clear. There was limited evidence for antidepressants use in people with Chronic Kidney Disease albeit in a limited number of studies., Conclusions: Depression is commonly identified using validated screening tools albeit differences exist in reporting practices. Evidence regarding the management of depression is mixed and requires better-quality trials of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. Understanding which clinical care pathways are used and their evidence, may help facilitate the development of kidney care specific guidelines for the identification and management of depression., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Renal Care published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Dialysis & Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association.)

The use of electronic patient-reported outcomes has increased recently, and smartphones offer distinct advantages over other devices. However, previous systematic reviews have not investigated the reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) when used with smartphones, and this has not been fully explored. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6, which were compared following a randomized crossover design method in 100 adults in Gunma, Japan. Participants responded to the paper and smartphone versions at 1-week intervals. The equivalence of paper and smartphone versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC agreement ). The mean participant age was 19.86 years (SD = 1.08, 23% male). The ICC agreements for the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6 were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66-0.83), 0.68 (95% CI 0.59-0.77), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.88), respectively. Thus, the CES-D and K6 scales are appropriate for use in a smartphone version, which could be applied to clinical and research settings in which the paper or smartphone versions could be used as needed.

A growing body of literature has demonstrated the preventive role of physical activity in depression, and relevant research is rapidly on the rise. The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the 50 most-cited review papers on physical activity and depression, thus identifying important research topics and future research directions., Methods: The 50 most-cited review articles were identified and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database (on 31 st October 2022), and a bibliometric citation analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer software (Version 1.6.18). Information on the country, authors of publications, publishing journals, citations (i.e., total or annual), keywords, and other meaningful data was analysed comprehensively., Results: The 50 most-cited review articles received, on average, 247.5 citations per article. Most review articles were from England, with contributions from some highly cited researchers and research teams. Western countries/regions, such as England, Australia, and the USA were the most influential in publishing review articles on physical activity and depression. The Journal of Affective Disorders and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were the journals that published the most highly cited review articles on physical activity and depression. Important research topics on the literature on physical activity and depression focused on (1) different types of physical activity and depression; (2) intervention studies related to physical activity and depression; (3) fitness and physical activity levels in people with depression; (4) methodological analyses in physical activity and depression studies; and (5) the impact of physical activity on depression in different populations., Conclusion: This study reveals that review studies on physical activity and depression have great potential to develop further knowledge. This study also highlights some future research directions, which can serve to effectively advance the knowledge base., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The menopause transition, which constitutes the five or so years surrounding the final menstrual period, has been established as a time of increased risk for depressive symptoms. While mounting research suggests that exposure to more extreme and fluctuating levels of estradiol (E2) plays a role, it remains unclear which specific trigger is most strongly implicated in the development of depressive mood: acute E2 withdrawal or extreme increases in E2. The current review summarises the literature supporting the role of each, considering research pertaining to perimenopausal depression as well as other reproductive mood disorders in which ovarian hormone change is believed to play a key role, namely premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression. Taking together the available research pertaining to the various reproductive mood disorders, we propose that women may exhibit one of four E2 sensitivity profiles, each of which may have important implications for the expected timing and severity of depressive mood during the menopause transition: the E2-increase sensitive profile, developing depressive mood in response to elevations in E2, the E2-decrease sensitive profile, for whom E2 withdrawal triggers negative mood, the E2-change sensitive profile, characterised by mood sensitivity to E2 change in either direction, and the E2 insensitive profile for whom changes in E2 have negligible psychological effects. The evidence supporting the existence of such profiles are summarised, potential biological mechanisms are briefly highlighted, and implications for future research are discussed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Perinatal depression can have enduring adverse effects on women and their children and families, incurring substantial ongoing economic and personal costs. A significant proportion of the cost of perinatal depression relates to adverse impacts on the child, most likely mediated through impairment to the mother-infant relationship. In recognition of this problem, Australia has invested in routine perinatal depression screening. Our previous research produced convergent findings suggesting that expected benefits for children have not yet been realised through perinatal depression screening. We question the potential of including a measure of personality in current perinatal depression screening for identifying maternal mental health problems and suboptimal mother-infant relationships. This paper reviews our previous research findings within the broader context of perinatal depression screening. We propose a position, that perinatal depression screening in Australia should be redesigned to more precisely detect vulnerable mother-infant relationships, parenting, maternal mental health, and infant psychosocial and psychological development. Practice change to appropriately target antenatal interventions may more efficiently improve both maternal and child outcomes, thereby contributing to greater efficiency and cost savings for the health system., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Introduction: Depression symptoms, frequently diagnosed in older patients with cancer, impacts on oncological treatment feasibility. The Francophone Society of Geriatric Oncology (SOFOG) has initiated a systematic review on depression treatment in older patients with cancer, to advocate guidelines., Data Sources: Medline via PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL., Methods: We included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, reviews and meta-analysis, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, qualitative studies, and guidelines published between January 2013 and December 2018 that involved depression with cancer in which the entire sample or a sub-group aged 65 and above. Efficacy and tolerance of depression treatment were examined, as a primary or secondary outcome, among articles published in French or English., Results: Of 3171 references, only seven studies met our eligibility criteria. This systematic review reveals a lack of evidence-based knowledge in this field, preventing from making any recommendations on drug and non-drug therapies. It has highlighted the need for multidisciplinary collaboration with the French and Francophone Society of Psycho-Oncology., Conclusion: In clinical practice, we advise health professionals to use the screening process not as a result but rather as an opportunity to engage with the patient and also to question the need for antidepressants and non-drug therapies.

Introduction and purpose: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric illness, affecting millions of people worldwide. The first line of pharmacological treatment is usually monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Up to 60% of cases, may be drug-resistant patients, prompting researchers to research substances other than conventional. 1 The purpose of this article was to review recent studies on the use of ketamine in the treatment of drug-resistant depression and present their findings. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Ketamine has been a well-known drug used in anesthesiology and pain management for decades. Because of its multidirectional effects, researchers have become interested in its effects on psychiatric illnesses. Over the past decade or so, there has been a definite increase in research and articles on the use of ketamine in psychiatry. The study has resulted in FDA approval of esketamine for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression in adults in 2019. Material and method: This article is the result of searching keywords on databases such as Google Scholar and Pubmed and collecting scientific literature about depression and ketamine. Articles were preselected by title, number of citations, source, and publication date. Summary: Ketamine has the potential to be a treatment for drug-resistant depression. Its effectiveness varies with the form and dosage, with racemic and higher doses offering greater therapeutic benefits. Ketamine's efficacy is on par with the electroconvulsive therapy. Its onset is faster than traditional antidepressants, significantly reducing suicide risk in a shorter time frame. While the precise mechanisms of its antidepressant effects are not fully understood, it is suggested that its impact on brain neuroplasticity may contribute to the rapid onset of action. Growing evidence supports ketamine's effectiveness in treating TRD, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

Abstract Psychological aspects of rehabilitation nutrition affect physical, cognitive, and social rehabilitation nutrition. When depression is recognized, not only pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, but also non‐pharmacological therapies such as exercise, nutrition, psychosocial, and other interventions can be expected to improve depression. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and intervention without overlooking depression is important. Psychological aspects of preventive rehabilitation nutrition is also important because depression can be partially prevented by appropriate exercise and nutritional management. Even in the absence of psychological negatives, increasing more psychological positives from a positive psychology perspective can be useful for both patients and healthcare professionals. Positive rehabilitation nutrition interventions can increase more psychological positives, such as well‐being, through cognitive‐behavioral therapy and mindfulness on their own, as well as through interventions on environmental factors. Consequently, physical, cognitive, and social positives are also expected to be enhanced.

Background: Major international guidelines recommend mental health screening during the perinatal period. However, substantial barriers to screening have been reported by pregnant and postpartum women and perinatal care providers. E-screening offers benefits that may address implementation challenges., Objective: The primary objective of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of Web-based mental health e-screening compared with paper-based screening among pregnant women. A secondary objective was to identify factors associated with women's preferences for e-screening and disclosure of mental health concerns., Methods: Pregnant women recruited from community and hospital-based antenatal clinics and hospital-based prenatal classes were computer-randomized to a fully automated Web-based e-screening intervention group or a paper-based control group. Women were eligible if they spoke or read English, were willing to be randomized to e-screening, and were willing to participate in a follow-up diagnostic interview. The intervention group completed the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale on a tablet computer, while controls completed them on paper. All women completed self-report baseline questions and were telephoned 1 week after randomization by a blinded research assistant for a MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Renker and Tonkin's tool of feasibility and acceptability of computerized screening was used to assess the feasibility and acceptability of e-screening compared with paper-based screening. Intention-to-treat analysis was used. To identify factors associated with preference for e-screening and disclosure, variables associated with each outcome at P<.20 were simultaneously entered into final multivariable models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% CIs., Results: Of the 675 eligible women approached, 636 agreed to participate (participation rate 94.2%) and were randomized to the intervention (n=305) or control (n=331) groups. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. More women in the e-screening group strongly or somewhat agreed that they would like to use a tablet for answering questions on emotional health (57.9%, 175/302 vs 37.2%, 121/325) and would prefer using a tablet to paper (46.0%, 139/302 vs 29.2%, 95/325), compared with women in the paper-based screening group. There were no differences between groups in women's disclosure of emotional health concerns (94.1%, 284/302 vs 90.2%, 293/325). Women in the e-screening group consistently reported the features of e-screening more favorably than controls (more private or confidential, less impersonal, less time-consuming). In the multivariable models, being in the e-screening group was significantly associated with preferring e-screening (AOR 2.29, 95% CI 1.66-3.17), while no factors were significantly associated with disclosure., Conclusions: The findings suggest that mental health e-screening is feasible and acceptable to pregnant women., Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01899534; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01899534 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6ntWg1yWb)., (©Dawn Kingston, Marie-Paule Austin, Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten, Paula Harvalik, Rebecca Giallo, Sarah D McDonald, Glenda MacQueen, Lydia Vermeyden, Gerri Lasiuk, Wendy Sword, Anne Biringer. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 07.04.2017.)

Background: The serotonin system and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis are each implicated in the pathway to depression; human and animal research support these systems' cross-talk. Our work implicates a 5-variant additive serotoninergic multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) and separately the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in the prospective prediction of depression; other work has shown that the serotonin transporter polymorphism 5HTTLPR predicts CAR and interacts with the CAR to predict depression., Methods: We tested the hypothesis that a 6-variant MGPS (original plus 5HTTLPR) would interact with CAR to predict prospective depressive episode onsets in 201 emerging adults using four annual follow-up interviews. We also tested whether MGPS predicted CAR. We attempted replication of significant findings in a sample of 77 early adolescents predicting depression symptoms., Results: In sample 1, MGPS did not significantly predict CAR. MGPS interacted with CAR to predict depressive episodes; CAR slopes for depression steepened as MGPS increased, for risk or protection. No single variant accounted for results, though CAR's interactions with 5HTTLPR and the original MGPS were both significant. In sample 2, the 6-variant MGPS significantly interacted with CAR to predict depression symptoms., Conclusions: Higher serotonergic MGPS appears to sensitize individuals to CAR level-for better and worse-in predicting depression., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

This study examines whether the Internet-based questionnaire is psychometrically equivalent to the paper-based questionnaire. A random sample of 2,400 teachers in Taiwan was divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was invited to complete the electronic form of the Chinese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) placed on the Internet, whereas the control group was invited to complete the paper-based CES-D, which they received by mail. The multisample invariance approach, derived from structural equation modeling (SEM), was applied to analyze the collected data. The analytical results show that the two groups have equivalent factor structures in the CES-D. That is, the items in CES-D function equivalently in the two groups. Then the equality of latent mean test was performed. The latent means of "depressed mood," "positive affect," and "interpersonal problems" in CES-D are not significantly different between these two groups. However, the difference in the "somatic symptoms" latent means between these two groups is statistically significant at alpha = 0.01. But the Cohen's d statistics indicates that such differences in latent means do not apparently lead to a meaningful effect size in practice. Both CES-D questionnaires exhibit equal validity, reliability, and factor structures and exhibit a little difference in latent means. Therefore, the Internet-based questionnaire represents a promising alternative to the paper-based questionnaire.

As interest grows in creating computerized versions of established paper-and-pencil (P&P) questionnaires, it becomes increasingly important to explore whether changing the administration modes of questionnaires affects participants' responses. This study investigated whether mode effects exist when administering the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale by a personal digital assistant (PDA) versus the classic P&P mode. The Differential Functioning of Items and Tests (DFIT) procedure identified mode effects on the overall test and individual items. A mixed-effects regression model summarized the mode effects in terms of CES-D scores, and identified interactions with covariates. When the P&P questionnaire was administered first, scores were higher on average (2.4-2.8 points) than those of the other administrations (PDA second, PDA first, and P&P second), and all 20 questionnaire items exhibited a statistically significant mode effect. Highly educated people and younger people demonstrated a smaller difference in scores between the two modes. The mode-by-order effect influenced the interpretation of CES-D scores, especially when screening for depression using the established cut-off scores. These results underscore the importance of evaluating the cross-mode equivalence of psychosocial instruments before administering them in non-established modes.

Using data from eight waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, we study the cross-domain and cross-spouse spillover of health among married adults aged 50 and above in England. We apply the system generalized method of moments to linear dynamic panel models for physical, mental, and cognitive health, controlling for individual heterogeneity and the influence of marriage market matching and shared environments. Our findings reveal bidirectional spillovers between memory abilities and mobility difficulty among men, as well as between depressive symptoms and mobility difficulty among women. Worsening mobility increases the risk of depression in men, but not vice versa. Additionally, gender-specific cross-spouse effects are observed. Women's mental health is significantly influenced by their spouse's mental health, while this effect is weaker for men. Conversely, men's mental health is notably affected by their spouse's physical health. These results highlight the importance of considering spillovers within families and across health domains when developing policies to promote health and reduce health disparities among the elderly population., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In view of the large and sometimes conflicting body of research, this narrative review summarizes the current evidence on depression screening in patients with coronary heart disease. Depression is a risk factor for development and progression of coronary heart disease. Consequently, many international cardiac guidelines recommend screening for depression in patients with coronary heart disease. However, the efficacy and implementation of these guidelines are debated due to the lack of empirical evidence supporting the benefits of routine depression screening. Studies conducted in cardiac routine care support this assumption: Patients with positive depression screens do not receive adequate follow-up care, which highlights gaps in the detection-to-treatment pathway. Barriers to effective screening and treatment include system-level factors, such as insufficient integration of mental health resources in cardiology, and patient-related factors like stigma and low acceptance of mental health treatment. Innovative interventions that address these barriers and involve patients as active partners in depression care should be developed through a theory-driven, transparent, multistage process involving key stakeholders such as patients, nurses, and cardiologists. A sound methodological evaluation of such multilevel interventions could answer the question of whether early detection of depression in patients with coronary heart disease would lead to health benefits., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Newly conducted research suggests that metabolic disorders, like diabetes and obesity, play a significant role as risk factors for psychiatric disorders. This connection presents a potential avenue for creating novel antidepressant medications by repurposing drugs originally developed to address antidiabetic conditions. Earlier investigations have shown that GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) analogs exhibit neuroprotective qualities in various models of neurological diseases, encompassing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Moreover, GLP-1 analogs have demonstrated the capability to enhance neurogenesis, a process recognized for its significance in memory formation and the cognitive and emotional aspects of information processing. Nonetheless, whether semaglutide holds efficacy as both an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent remains uncertain. To address this, our study focused on a mouse model of depression linked to type 2 diabetes induced by a High Fat Diet (HFD). In this model, we administered semaglutide (0.05 mg/Kg intraperitoneally) on a weekly basis to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic option for depression and anxiety. Diabetic mice had higher blood glucose, lipidic profile, and insulin resistance. Moreover, mice fed HFD showed higher serum interleukin (IL)-1β and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) associated with impaired humor and cognition. The analysis of behavioral responses revealed that the administration of semaglutide effectively mitigated depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, concurrently demonstrating an enhancement in cognitive function. Additionally, semaglutide treatment protected synaptic plasticity and reversed the hippocampal neuroinflammation induced by HFD fed, improving activation of the insulin pathway, demonstrating the protective effects of semaglutide. We also found that semaglutide treatment decreased astrogliosis and microgliosis in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus. In addition, semaglutide prevented the DM2-induced impairments of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and simultaneously increased the NeuN + and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R+) neurons in the hippocampus. Our data also showed that semaglutide increased the serotonin (5-HT) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and glutamatergic receptors in the hippocampus. At last, semaglutide changed the gut microbiota profile (increasing Bacterioidetes, Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Blautia coccoides) and decreased leaky gut, improving the gut-brain axis. Taken together, semaglutide has the potential to act as a therapeutic tool for depression and anxiety., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: To extend knowledge about measurement equivalence of depression measures assessed by tablet and paper-pencil administration, the present study evaluated the effect of mode of administration (MoA) on scale and item level for the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Aachen Depression Item Bank (ADIB) in elderly patients., Methods: Primary care patients (N = 193, ≥60 years) were assessed following a crossover design in Leipzig, Germany. All participants filled out the PHQ-9 and the ADIB in both MoAs under study. Effects of MoA were analyzed by intra-class correlation, mixed-effects regression, and differential item functioning (DIF). Additionally, detection rates between both MoAs were compared using receiver operating characteristics analysis compared to a diagnostic interview (SCID-I, N = 163)., Results: No effect of MoA was found in the PHQ-9 on scale score or item level. Two ADIB items showed DIF according to MoA. In terms of discriminatory power, MoA did not influence detection rates of both instruments., Conclusions: In summary, our findings suggest that no severe effect of mode of administration on self-report assessments of depression should be expected. It can be concluded that tablets provide a valid way to electronically assess depressive symptoms in elderly patients. Yet changes in item presentation can influence the psychometric properties and require equivalence testing using sophisticated analyses on item level such as DIF.

Introduction: Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is defined by short-lasting, stroke-like symptoms, and is recognised as a medical emergency. Symptoms are assumed to completely resolve, and treatment is focused on secondary stroke/TIA prevention. However, evidence suggests that patients with TIA may experience ongoing residual impairments, which they do not receive therapy for as standard practice. TIA-induced sequelae could impact on patients' quality of life and ability to return to work or social activities. We aim to investigate whether TIA is associated with subsequent consultation for fatigue, psychological or cognitive impairment in primary care., Methods and Analysis: A retrospective open cohort study of patients with first-ever TIA and matched controls. Relevant data will be extracted from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database, an anonymised primary care database which includes data for over 12 million patients and covers approximately 6% of the UK population. Outcomes will be the first consultation for fatigue, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or cognitive impairment. Principal analysis will use Kaplan-Meier survivor functions to estimate time to first consultation, with log-rank tests to compare TIA and control patients. Cox proportional hazard models will predict the effect of demographic and patient characteristics on time to first consultation., Ethics and Dissemination: Approval was granted by a THIN Scientific Review Committee (ref: 14-008). The study's findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated at national and international conferences and through social media., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)

Background: Stress, depression, and anxiety affect 15% to 25% of pregnant women. However, substantial barriers to psychosocial assessment exist, resulting in less than 20% of prenatal care providers assessing and treating mental health problems. Moreover, pregnant women are often reluctant to disclose their mental health concerns to a healthcare provider. Identifying screening and assessment tools and procedures that are acceptable to both women and service providers, cost-effective, and clinically useful is needed., Methods/design: The primary objective of this randomized, parallel-group, superiority trial is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a computer tablet-based prenatal psychosocial assessment (e-screening) compared to paper-based screening. Secondary objectives are to compare the two modes of screening on: (1) the level of detection of prenatal depression and anxiety symptoms and psychosocial risk; (2) the level of disclosure of symptoms; (3) the factors associated with feasibility, acceptability, and disclosure; (4) the psychometric properties of the e-version of the assessment tools; and (5) cost-effectiveness. A sample of 542 women will be recruited from large, primary care maternity clinics and a high-risk antenatal unit in an urban Canadian city. Pregnant women are eligible to participate if they: (1) receive care at one of the recruitment sites; (2) are able to speak/read English; (3) are willing to be randomized to e-screening; and (4) are willing to participate in a follow-up diagnostic interview within 1 week of recruitment. Allocation is by computer-generated randomization. Women in the intervention group will complete an online psychosocial assessment on a computer tablet, while those in the control group will complete the same assessment in paper-based form. All women will complete baseline questionnaires at the time of recruitment and will participate in a diagnostic interview within 1 week of recruitment. Research assistants conducting diagnostic interviews and physicians will be blinded. A qualitative descriptive study involving healthcare providers from the recruitment sites and women will provide data on feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. We hypothesize that mental health e-screening in primary care maternity settings and high-risk antenatal units will be as or more feasible, acceptable, and capable of detecting depression, anxiety, and psychosocial risk compared to paper-based screening., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01899534.

Background: The Internet and telephone are valuable resources for mental health practitioners when access to face-to-face assessment or therapy is difficult. However, despite the high stakes (such as access to medication or financial compensation) often involved in psychological testing, little is known about how test administration mode influences test scores when patients are malingering. The aim of this research was to examine for the first time the equivalence of a malingered measure of depression when administered over the Internet, over the telephone, and with pen and paper., Subjects and Methods: A mixed experimental design was used with participants (n=91) randomly allocated to Internet, telephone, or pen-and-paper groups. Participants completed the Edinburgh Depression Scale, first under standard instructions and then under instructions to fake as if experiencing severe depression. A manipulation check was included to ensure participants had understood and followed instructions to fake., Results: As predicted, participants were able to significantly increase their depression scores when asked to fake depression. Participants reported significantly lower faked depression scores over the telephone than in pen-and-paper format. Faked depression scores in the online group did not differ significantly from those in the telephone and pen-and-paper groups. However, participants in all groups met criteria indicative of a provisional diagnosis of depression., Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that there may be no meaningful difference between malingering across administration modes. If an individual is malingering depression, administration mode has minimal influence. These findings provide preliminary support for the use of online/telephone technologies in the assessment of depression.

Abstract: The soaring prevalence of depression and anxiety in children, teenagers, and young adults is now a public health epidemic, yet access to timely evidence-based mental health treatment is often lacking due to a severe shortage of mental health providers. This article provides an overview of the current state of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents as well as first-line evidence-based treatment. The Creating Opportunities for Personal Empowerment (COPE) program, a cognitive-behavioral skills-building intervention, is highlighted as an evidence-based intervention for timely treatment that can be delivered by NPs, physicians, and physician associates/assistants in primary care settings, school-based health centers, and chronic care clinics with reimbursement as well as in schools and universities as a preventive mental health intervention., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric condition often resistant to medication. The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat has been suggested as an animal model of depression; however, it is still challenging to translate results from animal models into humans. Solitary housing is a mild stress paradigm that can simulate the environment of depressive patients with limited social activity due to symptoms. We used voxel-based morphometry to associate the solitary-housed WKY (sWKY) rat model with data from previous human studies and validated our results with behavioural studies. As a result, atrophy in sWKY rats was detected in the ventral hippocampus, caudate putamen, lateral septum, cerebellar vermis, and cerebellar nuclei (p < 0.05, corrected for family-wise error rate). Locomotor behaviour was negatively correlated with habenula volume and positively correlated with atrophy of the cerebellar vermis. In addition, sWKY rats showed depletion of sucrose consumption not after reward habituation but without reward habituation. Although the application of sWKY rats in a study of anhedonia might be limited, we observed some similarities between the regions of brain atrophy in sWKY rats and humans with depression, supporting the translation of sWKY rat studies to humans., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Depression is not similar to daily mood fluctuations and temporary emotional responses to day-to-day activities. Depression is not a passing problem; it is an ongoing problem. It deals with different episodes consisting of several symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks. It can be seen for several weeks, months, or years. At its final stage, or can say, in its worst condition, it can lead to suicide. Antidepressants are used to inhibit the reuptake of the neurotransmitters by some selective receptors, which increase the concentration of specific neurotransmitters around the nerves in the brain. Drugs that are currently being used for the management of various types of depression include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antidepressants, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, etc. In this review, we have outlined different symptoms, causes, and recent advancements in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug candidates for the management of depression. This article highlights the various structural features along with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nitrogen-containing heterocyclics that play a key role in binding at target sites for potential antidepressant action. The in silico studies were carried out to determine the binding interactions of the target ligands with the receptor site to determine the potential role of substitution patterns at core pharmacophoric features. This article will help medicinal chemists, biochemists, and other interested researchers in identifying the potential pharmacophores as lead compounds for further development of new potent antidepressants., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Abstract: Depression is a common comorbid mental illness in eating disorders (EDs). Network theory focuses on interactions between symptoms, but findings from network analyses of EDs and depression need to be replicated to make reliable claims about the nature of symptomatic interplay. We used cross-sectional data of 366 online-recruited participants with clinically elevated ED symptomatology and constructed a regularized partial correlation network with ED and depression symptoms. To determine each symptom's influence, we calculated expected influence (EI) and bridge EI to identify symptoms that bridged symptoms of depression and ED. Concerns that others see one eat, fear of weight gain, and fear of loss of control over eating were especially important among the ED symptoms. Loss of interest and feeling sad were the key depression symptoms. Eating in secret and low self-esteem emerged as potential bridge symptoms between clusters. These findings regarding bridge symptoms partially overlap with prior network analyses in nonclinical and clinical samples. Future studies that investigate symptom interplay via a longitudinal design to deduce causality are needed., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Self-report measures can guide clinical decisions and are useful when evaluating treatment outcomes. However, many clinicians do not use self-report measures systematically in their clinical practice. Internet-based questionnaires could facilitate administration, but the psychometric properties of the online version of an instrument should be explored before implementation. The recommendation from the International Test Commission is to test the psychometric properties of each questionnaire separately., Objective: Our objective was to compare the psychometric properties of paper-and-pencil versions and Internet versions of two questionnaires measuring depressive symptoms., Methods: The 87 participating patients were recruited from primary care and psychiatric care within the public health care system in Sweden. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self-rated (MADRS-S), both on paper and on the Internet. The order was randomized to control for order effects. Symptom severity in the sample ranged from mild to severe depressive symptoms., Results: Psychometric properties of the two administration formats were mostly equivalent. The internal consistency was similar for the Internet and paper versions, and significant correlations were found between the formats for both MADRS-S (r = .84) and the BDI-II (r = .89). Differences between paper and Internet total scores were not statistically significant for either questionnaire nor for the MADRS-S question dealing with suicidality (item 9) when analyzed separately. The score on the BDI-II question about suicidality (item 9) was significantly lower when administered via the Internet compared with the paper score, but the difference was small (effect size, Cohen's [d] = 0.14). There were significant main effects for order of administration on both questionnaires and significant interaction effects between format and order. This should not, however, pose a problem in clinical use as long as the administration format is not changed when repeated measurements are made., Conclusions: The MADRS-S can be transferred to online use without affecting the psychometric properties in a clinically meaningful way. The full BDI-II also seems to retain its properties when transferred; however, the item measuring suicidality in the Internet version needs further investigation since it was associated with a lower score in this study. The use of online questionnaires offers clinicians a more practical way of measuring depressive symptoms and has the potential to save resources.

Background: In western countries, the yearly incidence of depression is estimated to be 3-5% and the lifetime prevalence is 17%. In patient populations with chronic diseases the point prevalence may be 20%. Depression is associated with increased risk for various conditions such as osteoporoses, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. WHO stated in 2000 that depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden in terms of disability. In 2000 the cost of depression in the US was estimated to 83 billion dollars. A predominance of trials suggests that physical exercise has a positive effect on depressive symptoms. However, a meta-analysis from 2001 stated: "The effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptoms of depression cannot be determined because of a lack of good quality research on clinical populations with adequate follow-up.", Objectives: The major objective for this randomized trial is to compare the effect of non-aerobic, aerobic, and relaxation training on depressive symptoms using the blindly assessed Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D(17)) as primary outcome. The secondary outcome is the effect of the intervention on working status (i.e., lost days from work, employed/unemployed) and the tertiary outcomes consist of biological responses., Design: The trial is designed as a randomized, parallel-group, observer-blinded clinical trial. Patients are recruited through general practitioners and psychiatrist and randomized to three different interventions: 1) non-aerobic, -- progressive resistance training, 2) aerobic training, -- cardio respiratory fitness, and 3) relaxation training with minimal impact on strength or cardio respiratory fitness. Training for all three groups takes place twice a week for 4 months. Evaluation of patients' symptoms takes place four and 12 months after inclusion. The trial is designed to include 45 patients in each group. Statistical analysis will be done as intention to treat (all randomized patients). Results from the DEMO trial will be reported according to the CONSORT guidelines in 2008-2009.

Women in their reproductive years constitute the population at greatest risk for major depression. Consequently, many women will experience depression during the course of conception and pregnancy. Rates of major depression among pregnant women appear to be equivalent to those of nongravid women. The evaluation of depression during pregnancy, however, is confounded by the somatic experiences normative at this time. A small number of rating instruments have been validated among pregnant women and should take precedence in research studies until new instruments are developed specifically for this group. Other issues that require further exploration are risk factors for depression during pregnancy and the course of depression during pregnancy.

The prevalence of mental health issues among UK undergraduate students is growing, and poor diet quality appears to be a risk factor for poor mental health although with limited research in this area. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between diet quality and common mental disorders (CMD) such as depression and anxiety in UK undergraduate students. A cross-sectional survey consisting of demographic information and validated questionnaires (the Short-Form Food Frequency Questionnaire [SFFFQ] and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]) was conducted to measure diet quality and anxiety and depression in young adults in 44 UK-based universities. Multiple regression analysis adjusting for confounding factors was used to assess the associations between them. Undergraduate university students (n = 202, 67% female) with a mean age of 20.9 ± 3.6 years and a mean body mass index (n = 170) of 22.6 ± 3.2 kg/m 2 took part in the study. Prevalence of anxiety was high, with 40% of the sample having an anxiety score in the severe range (≥12 points) while the prevalence of depression was lower, with 6% of the population having a depression score in the severe range (≥12 points). Diet quality was significantly higher for females than males (p = 0.034) and was poor for 38% of the sample, being more common in males compared to females, although not significantly so (43% and 36%, respectively). Diet quality was inversely associated with anxiety (β = -0.427; p = 0.029) and was more likely to be associated with anxiety in females than males (β = 0.743; p = 0.043). No significant relationship between diet quality and depression was found. Better self-reported health, father's qualification and smoking status were also associated with less anxiety and depression. This research supports other research suggesting that UK universities should explore whether the implementation of dietary interventions and improving the food environment would be a cost-effective option to reduce the high prevalence of anxiety among students., (© 2024 The Author(s). Nutrition Bulletin published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Nutrition Foundation.)

Introduction: Young people living in gosiwons could be at high risk for suicide owing to inadequate living conditions and the social stigma towards them. However, this topic has not received adequate academic attention. Gosiwon is a type of small residence consisting of several tiny rooms densely packed together and usually does not meet minimum housing standards. However, gosiwons are favored by low-income groups, especially young people, because they are cheaper than other residences. This study aimed to examine the factors that increase the risk of suicidal ideation and attempt among young people living in gosiwons., Methods: A sample of 300 young people aged 19-34 years living in gosiwons for over 6 months was analyzed. A set of multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the factors that differentiate the suicidal ideation and attempt group from the no-suicidal risk group., Results: Approximately 30% of the study participants experienced suicidal ideation or attempted suicide. Among several risk factors, social exclusion and depressive symptoms distinguished the group with suicidal ideation from the no-risk group. Depressive symptoms were the only factor that differentiated the group with suicide attempts history from the no-risk group., Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to focus on social exclusion and depressive symptoms among young people living in poor housing conditions. Interventions to address social exclusion and depressive symptoms may help prevent suicide risk among young people exposed to housing exclusion., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Background: Depression is common in people with chronic kidney disease, yet little is known about how depression is identified and managed as part of routine kidney care., Objectives: The primary objective was to survey all UK adult kidney centres to understand how depression is identified and managed. A secondary objective was to broadly describe the variability in psychosocial care., Design: Online survey., Methods: The survey comprised of three sections: (1) general kidney care, (2) psychological provision and (3) social work provision., Results: 48/68 (71%) of centres responded to the general survey with 20 and 13 responses from psychological and social work module respectively. Only 31.4% reported having both in centre psychological and social work practitioners. Three centres reported no access to psychosocial provision. Of the 25 centres who reported on pathways, 36.0% reported having internal pathways for the identification and management of depression. Within services with psychological provision, screening for depression varied across modality/group (e.g., 7.1% in mild/moderate chronic kidney disease vs. 62.5% in kidney donors). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy were the most common interventions offered. Most psychosocial services were aware of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for managing depression in long-term conditions (n = 18, 94.7%) yet few fully utilised (n = 6, 33.3%). Limited workforce capacity was evident., Conclusions: There is considerable variability in approaches taken to identify and treat depression across UK kidney services, with few services having specific pathways designed to detect and manage depression. Workforce capacity remains a significant issue., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Renal Care published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Dialysis & Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association.)

The number of health technology-based intervention studies has grown significantly. However, issues in the recruitment and retention for such studies, especially of Asian Americans, have rarely been discussed. The purpose of this paper was to discuss issues in the recruitment and retention of a specific group of Asian Americans-Korean American midlife women with depressive symptoms-into a technology-based intervention study using computers and mobile devices with a measurement device and to provide directions for future participant recruitment and retention in technology-based intervention studies. The written memos of research team members and the written records of research team meetings were analyzed using a content analysis. The issues in the recruitment and retention process included (1) low recruitment and retention rates; (2) the perceived long intervention period; (3) strict inclusion/exclusion criteria; (4) concerns related to the use of a measurement device; and (5) the perceived adequacy of monetary incentives. Based on the issues identified in the study, several suggestions are made for future recruitment and retention of racial/ethnic minorities in technology-based intervention studies (eg, appropriate intervention period, innovative and creative motivation strategies, acceptable measurement scales and devices, and adequate monetary reimbursement)., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Each person possesses a unique view surrounding depressive symptomology and etiology that is shaped by idiosyncratic experiences. However, the influence that subjective etiological beliefs regarding a person's depressive symptoms have on actual symptom presentation and organization is seldom considered., Methods: The current study employed network analytic techniques to examine how subjective views surrounding the cause of depressive symptoms altered actual symptom presentation networks. Additionally, the interaction between depressive symptoms and various etiological beliefs was examined., Results: The results revealed that characterological beliefs, representing the idea that depression is caused by an internal sense of self, are strongly connected to a negative view of self, as well as a saddened mood. Additionally, the characterological beliefs node exhibited the greatest node predictability in its respective network, as well as in an omnibus network consisting of all depression symptoms and potential etiological beliefs. Whereas an achievement-based view of depression has a strong connection with concentration difficulties, a physical view of depression tends to form strong connections with physically based depressive symptoms., Conclusion: Subjective views regarding the cause of depression have the potential to influence symptom presentation and organization within a network, which may influence a person's willingness to engage in treatment or specific treatment preferences., (© 2024 British Psychological Society.)

D-limonene is a widely used flavouring additive in foods, beverages and fragrances due to its pleasant lemon-like odour. This study aimed to investigate the effects of D-limonene on the central nervous system when subjected to chronic restraint stress in rats for 21 days. Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: i) control, ii) D-limonene, iii) restraint stress, iv) restraint stress+D-limonene and v) restraint stress+fluoxetine. Following the induction of restraint stress, the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the novel object recognition test and the forced swimming test were performed. The levels of BDNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and caspase-1 were measured from hippocampal tissue using the ELISA method. Sucrose preference test results showed an increase in consumption rate in the stress+D-limonene and a decrease in the stress group. The stress+D-limonene group reversed the increased defensive behaviour observed in the open-field test compared to the stress group. In the novel object recognition test, the discrimination index of the stress+D-limonene group increased compared to the stress group. BDNF levels increased in the stress+limonene group compared to the stress group. In contrast, IL-1β and caspase-1 levels increased in the stress group compared to the control and decreased in the stress+limonene group compared to the stress group. In this study, D-limonene has been found to have antidepressant-like properties, reducing anhedonic and defensive behaviours and the impairing effects of stress on learning and memory tests. It was observed that D-limonene showed these effects by alleviating neuroinflammation induced by chronic restraint stress in rats., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Neuroscience published by Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the mental health symptoms endorsed by DACA recipients. This study included qualitative and quantitative original, peer-reviewed articles related to mental health or psychological state or wellbeing of DACA recipients. Articles were abstracted from PsychInfo, PubMed, and GoogleScholar. The results included a total of fifteen articles, which were divided into qualitative and quantitative findings. The qualitative articles had a common theme of endorsement of depressive symptoms and negative affect associated to changes in familial and financial responsibilities and living in a difficult sociopolitical climate in the United States. The quantitative articles identified lower odds or symptom severity of depression and other internalizing symptoms compared to undocumented individuals. This summary review was limited by the ample exclusion of access to health care studies among DACamented individuals, which could have provided a broader picture about the health and accessibility for DACA recipients. Despite the limitations, this review identifies DACA as a policy that allows this group to improve their social function and quality of life compared to undocumented individuals but still endorse high levels of negative affect related to perceived challenging sociopolitical atmospheres., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study examines the impact of post-migration living difficulties (PMLDs) and quality of life (QoL) on the mental health of 55 young refugees who arrived in Germany either accompanied or unaccompanied. The results reveal that nearly 62% of the participants exhibited clinically significant symptoms of depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Regression analyses indicate that psychopathology was associated with being unaccompanied and experiencing lower QoL, while QoL was associated with higher economic status and lower PMLDs. Mediation analysis further demonstrates that higher economic status and reduced PMLDs were associated with higher QoL, which, in turn, correlated with lower levels of psychopathology. These findings emphasise the importance of considering PMLDs and QoL, as well as economic status and being accompanied/unaccompanied, in the assessment and treatment of young refugees in the host country., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Consumption of sucrose-sweetened drinks (SSDs) during pregnancy and breastfeeding can lead to various health and metabolism issues, but the potential impact on neurodevelopment and long-term effects remains unclear. This study aims to examine how maternal consumption of SSDs during gestation and lactation influences anxiety and depression-related behavior in adult offspring. Adult female CD-1 mice were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or a sucrose group (SG) 2 weeks before gestation. The SG had 2 h of access to an SSD (15% w/w, 0.6 kcal/ml) for 2 weeks before mating, during pregnancy, and throughout lactation, totaling 8 weeks. Adult offspring were then evaluated for depressive-related behaviors and anxiety-related behaviors. Our findings reveal that perigestational consumption of SSDs does not lead to offspring presenting behaviors related to depression, but it does increase swimming behavior. However, maternal consumption of SSDs could impact the fighting response due to a diminished motivational component. In contrast, perigestational consumption of SSDs has apparent effects on anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, female offspring appeared to be particularly vulnerable, exhibiting a higher anxiety index compared with controls. These findings indicate that females could be more vulnerable to the effects of maternal consumption of SSDs, being more susceptible to the presence of anxiety-related behaviors., (© 2024 International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.)

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative anxiety and depression levels on baseline and postoperative pain in patients who underwent arthroscopic frozen shoulder release., Methods: The study included 59 patients with more than three months of idiopathic frozen shoulder. All patients had arthroscopic frozen shoulder release. Two patients were excluded from statistical analysis. Therefore, the statistical analysis was performed on the remaining 57 patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to HADS scores: group 1 which included 28 patients with a healthy psychological status (anxiety ≤ 7 and depression ≤ 7), and Group 2, which included 29 patients with psychological distress ( anxiety ≥ 8 or depression ≥ 8)., Results: The hallmark finding of this study is that patients complaining of frozen shoulder symptoms and having psychological distress (HADS ≥ 8) experienced higher pain scores preoperatively and at one-year follow-up after arthroscopic release. All patients showed significant improvement between the preoperative period and the one year follow-up regarding the abduction, forward flexion, external rotation at the side and the VAS pain score with a P value of 0.001., Conclusions: Arthroscopic frozen shoulder release significantly lowers the VAS pain score over the 12-month., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Itch as the most common symptom in dermatology has been shown to be related to psychological factors such as stress, anxiety and depression. Moreover, associations were found between perceived stigmatization and itch. However, studies investigating the differences between patients with dermatoses with and without itch regarding perceived stress, stigmatization, anxiety and depression are missing. Therefore, one of the aims of the second study of the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP study II) was to investigate these relationships in a large cohort of patients with different itchy dermatoses., Results: 3399 patients with 14 different itchy dermatoses were recruited at 22 centres in 17 European countries. They filled in questionnaires to assess perceived stigmatization, stress, signs of clinically relevant anxiety or depression, itch-related quality of life, the overall health status, itch duration, frequency and intensity. The most significant association between the severity of itching and the perception of stress was observed among individuals with rosacea (correlation coefficient r = 0.314). Similarly, the strongest links between itch intensity and experiences of stigmatization, anxiety, and depression were found in patients with seborrheic dermatitis (correlation coefficients r = 0.317, r = 0.356, and r = 0.400, respectively). Utilizing a stepwise linear regression analysis, it was determined that within the entire patient cohort, 9.3% of the variation in itch intensity could be accounted for by factors including gender, levels of anxiety, depression, and perceived stigmatization. Females and individuals with elevated anxiety, depression, and perceived stigmatization scores reported more pronounced itch intensities compared to those with contrary attributes., Conclusion: This study underscores the connection between experiencing itch and its intensity and the psychological strain it places on individuals. Consequently, psychological interventions should encompass both addressing the itch itself and the interconnected psychological factors. In specific cases, it becomes imperative for dermatologists to direct individuals towards suitable healthcare resources to undergo further psychological assessment., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.)

Background: Retirement is a major life event and factors driving depression in the retirement transition might differ in men and women. The aim was to prospectively study depressive symptoms across the retirement transition in men and women and to test associations with emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal), adjustment difficulties, and work centrality., Methods: The sample included 527 individuals from the population-based Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study who were working at baseline and retired during one of the following four annual measurement waves. Participants contributed with a total of 2635 observations across five measurement waves. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); total score was modelled as a function of time to and from retirement. Changes over the retirement transition were analyzed with multilevel growth curve models. Gender differences in associations with emotion regulation, adjustment difficulties and work centrality were examined by including interaction effects with sex., Results: We observed a general reduction of depressive symptoms in the early years of retirement in both men and women. Higher suppression was related to higher depression scores while higher cognitive reappraisal was related to lower levels of depressive symptoms. Women more often used cognitive reappraisal, and men more often suppression, but no significant gender interaction in associations with depressive symptoms could be shown. Retirement adjustment difficulties and greater importance of work for self-esteem were related to higher depression scores. Greater meaning of work, on the other hand, was related to lower levels of depressive symptoms, and this association was stronger in men., Conclusions: There was a general reduction of depression scores in the early years of retirement in both women and men. Findings suggest that basing one's self-esteem on workplace performance was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms after retirement, while perceiving one's job as important and meaningful may facilitate better adjustment in terms of lower depression symptom levels, especially in men., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Independent decision making requires forming stable estimates of one's preferences. We assessed whether adolescents learn about their preferences through choice deliberation and whether depressive symptoms disrupt this process. Adolescents aged 11-18 (N = 214; participated 2021-22; Female: 53.9%; White/Black/Asian/Mixed/Arab or Latin American: 26/21/19/9/8%) rated multiple activities, chose between pairs of activities and re-rated those activities. As expected, overall, participants uprated chosen and downrated unchosen activities (dz = .20). This value refinement through choice was not evident in younger participants but emerged across adolescence. Contrary to our predictions, depressive symptoms were associated with greater value refinement. Despite this, more depressed adolescents reported lower value certainty and choice confidence. The cognitive processes through which choice deliberation shapes preference develop over adolescence, and are disrupted in depression., (© 2024 The Authors. Child Development published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Research in Child Development.)

Depression is a global health issue. It is spoken about everywhere and can affect anyone at any age. In the past century, medical technology and preventative medicines have increased in availability and accessibility, resulting in an increase in global life expectancy. However, as a result of increased life expectancy, the number of elderly adults have also increased. Due to chronic conditions, decreased social support, increased physical dependency and other natural events that come with age, it has caused a great number of elderly individuals to be impacted by depression. Furthermore, changes in traditional family and social structures have made it harder for the elderly to be cared for at home by their children and has resulted in an increase of elderly individuals living in nursing homes. Due to the loss of independence associated with nursing homes, it has further increased the prevalence of depression amongst the elderly. Elderly depression is not normal and can greatly impact quality of life and result in poor health outcomes, thus it is imperative that nurses address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of depression to the elderly population and to community health nursing, as well as to explore potential solutions for elderly depression using a strengths-based approach. Furthermore, this paper discussed implications for nursing practice on elderly depression. Depression is a serious health concern to the elderly population that nurses must address using strength and asset-based perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Psychometric analyses of patient reported outcomes typically use either classical test theory (CTT), item response theory (IRT), or Rasch measurement theory (RTM). The three papers from the ISOQOL Psychometrics SIG examined the same data set using the tree different approaches. By comparing the results from these papers, the current paper aims to examine the extent to which conclusions about the validity and reliability of a PRO tool depends on the selected psychometric approach. Main text Regarding the basic statistical model, IRT and RTM are relatively similar but differ notably from CTT. However, modern applications of CTT diminish these differences. In analyses of item discrimination, CTT and IRT gave very similar results, while RTM requires equal discrimination and therefore suggested exclusion of items deviating too much from this requirement. Thus, fewer items fitted the Rasch model. In analyses of item thresholds (difficulty), IRT and RMT provided fairly similar results. Item thresholds are typically not evaluated in CTT. Analyses of local dependence showed only moderate agreement between methods, partly due to different thresholds for important local dependence. Analyses of differential item function (DIF) showed good agreement between IRT and RMT. Agreement might be further improved by adjusting the thresholds for important DIF. Analyses of measurement precision across the score range showed high agreement between IRT and RMT methods. CTT assumes constant measurement precision throughout the score range and thus gave different results. Category orderings were examined in RMT analyses by checking for reversed thresholds. However, this approach is controversial within the RMT society. The same issue can be examined by the nominal categories IRT model. Conclusions While there are well-known differences between CTT, IRT and RMT, the comparison between three actual analyses revealed a great deal of agreement between the results from the methods. If the undogmatic attitude of the three current papers is maintained, the field will be well served.