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This paper is a discussion of how the educational attitudes, perspectives and experiences of young South Asian women in schools and colleges in the city of Birmingham, UK, are affected by domestic religio-cultural norms and values. Taking into consideration social class and the different types of schools they attend, young South Asian women were interviewed and surveyed to ascertain the effects of religion and culture upon education. The empirical findings show that all young South Asian women had supportive parents who actively encouraged them in education, irrespective of religion. For young Muslim women a strong bond between religion and individual was found, but for Hindus and Sikhs it was more tentative. For young working-class South Asian women, Hindus and Sikhs also regarded religion as less significant in their lives, but for Muslims it was again seen as crucial--but certain practices were argued to be more cultural than religious, and thereby problematic. For some young South Asian Muslim women, it leads to further marginalisation in education, given that they also originate from lower social class positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The views of a range of teachers towards South Asians in schools and colleges in Birmingham are explored in this paper. Based on 23 teachers, often senior in nature, from 11 educational institutions (9 schools [1 independent, 2 selective, 6 comprehensive] and 2 further education colleges), analysis of attitudes is in relation to gender and religion; socialisation and language differences between South Asian groups; and teacher ethnicity and antiracist multicultural education policy. It was broadly found that teachers viewed the education of South Asians based on the modus operandi of the educational institution they represented as well as the way in which differing South Asians based on socio-economic status, ethnicity and gender were thought to act and behave. There are implications for how South Asians are perceived as individuals as well as groups by teachers, as well as how schools can make a real attempt to improve existing home–school relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'EUNOS 2022' marked the 15th biennial congress of the European Neuro-ophthalmology Society. It was held at the University of Birmingham, England between Monday 20 June and Thursday 23 June 2022. This report summarises the highlights of the Neuro-ophthalmology programme of the congress, including the teaching day, scientific symposia and debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines country banking in Birmingham, England, with some emphasis on one of the major banks, Attwoods & Spooner, after 1800 and before the appearance of the Bank of England on the provincial scene in 1827. In the last twenty years scholarship has placed greater emphasis upon the role of banking in the financing of industry during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Although one should not underestimate the extent to which "internal" sources provided funds for investment, the provision of credit and circulating capital is seen to have been the function of a much wider system. Initially, large established merchants and commission agents offered an introduction into the general flow of commerce but as track became more complex and expensive, these services became largely institutionalized in the emerging banking system. These private banks limited by the six-partner rule, tended to be cautious and liquidity conscious. For the main part, they concentrated their efforts on short-term lending and discount services; such support could mean the difference between bankruptcy and survival for individual firms.

Examines the process of student recruitment at University of Birmingham in 1945-1975 in England. Changing nature of the composition of the student body; Analysis of the occupational and social background of students' fathers; Impact of the widening geographical catchment area from the 1950s; Universalization of student grants.

Highlights the January 1999 nongovernmental organization (NGO) conference held in Birmingham, England, organized by Michael Edwards, David Hulme and Tina Wallace. Opportunities for civic action that global trends are creating for the NGO; Conference's focus on thematic panels; Keynote address by Clare Short on the need for the NGO to build a popular base of support for development.

The author comments on the works of Asa Briggs regarding the historiography of nineteenth-century Birmingham, England, focusing on social relations in industry. His model has been considered important in the analysis of class relations in early industrial society. According to the model, industrialization in Birmingham has influenced the rising number of small workshops producing hardware products. Because of this, an identity has emerged between employers and employees. The social cohesion brought about was reflected in the weakness of trade unionism and political movements involving class cooperation. Brigg's extended model had been used to underpin structural-functionalist approaches to social conflict.