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2. Learning with Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times. Occasional Paper Series 50
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Bank Street College of Education, Samyia Ambreen, Kate Pahl, Samyia Ambreen, Kate Pahl, and Bank Street College of Education
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Issue #50 of the Bank Street Occasional Paper Series, "Learning With Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times Learning with Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times," is intended to be hopeful. Articles in this issue contribute to the envisioning of new practices and to an architecture of knowledge to waymark a more sustainable route into the future. Trees are vital for the present and future health of the planet, its inhabitants, and ecosystems. They store carbon and breathe out oxygen. Their leaves filter dangerous pollutants. Their branches provide shade and a shelter for a myriad of other beings, allowing diverse species to thrive. They provide cooling, control erosion, and filter water. Articles in this issue include stories from teachers and their students about learning with trees, and descriptions of how engagements with trees can transform research and ways of thinking, feeling, and being. Across multiple pieces, authors reflect on how connecting with trees facilitates greater connection among humans and between humans and the more-than-human occupants of our planet.
- Published
- 2023
3. Autonomous Schools, Achievement and Segregation. Discussion Paper No. 1968
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), Natalie Irmert, Jan Bietenbeck, Linn Mattisson, and Felix Weinhardt
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We study whether autonomous schools, which are publicly funded but can operate more independently than government-run schools, affect student achievement and school segregation across 15 countries over 16 years. Our triple-differences regressions exploit between-grade variation in the share of students attending autonomous schools within a given country and year. While autonomous schools do not affect overall achievement, effects are positive for high-socioeconomic status students and negative for immigrants. Impacts on segregation mirror these findings, with evidence of increased segregation by socioeconomic and immigrant status. Rather than creating "a rising tide that lifts all boats," autonomous schools increase inequality
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- 2023
4. Economic Benefits of Meeting the Ambitions Set out in the Schools White Paper
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Department for Education (DfE) (United Kingdom)
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This government's Levelling Up mission for schools is that, by 2030, 90% of children will leave primary school having achieved the expected standard in reading, writing and maths, up from 65% in 2019. In addition, this white paper sets an ambition to increase the national GCSE average grade in both English language and in maths from 4.5 in 20193 to 5, for all secondary school pupils by 2030. In this report it is estimated the economic returns associated with achieving these ambitions. To achieve the Levelling Up mission, around one in four pupils will need to make sufficient improvements in Key Stage 2 (KS2) attainment by 2030 to reach the expected standard. It is estimated that the size of the attainment improvement will need to be equivalent to 0.87 of a standard deviation, or around 10 months of progress.
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- 2022
5. Developing a data repository to support interdisciplinary research into childhood stunting: a UKRI GCRF Action Against Stunting Hub protocol paper.
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Conway-Moore K, Tetsa Tata D, Wood P, Katerinchuk V, Yadav DMD, Augustine LF, Munikumar M, Diop A, Tairou F, Jobarteh ML, Kulkarni B, Faye B, Haggarty P, and Heffernan C
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- Humans, Child, United Kingdom epidemiology, Databases, Factual, Child, Preschool, Growth Disorders epidemiology, Growth Disorders prevention & control, Interdisciplinary Research
- Abstract
Introduction: As a topic of inquiry in its own right, data management for interdisciplinary research projects is in its infancy. Key issues include the inability of researchers to effectively query diverse data outputs and to identify potentially important synergies between discipline-specific data. Equally problematic, few semantic ontologies exist to better support data organisation and discovery. Finally, while interdisciplinary research is widely regarded as beneficial to unpacking complex problems, non-researchers such as policy-makers and planners often struggle to use and interrogate the related datasets. To address these issues, the following article details the design and development of the UKRI GCRF Action Against Stunting Hub (AASH)'s All-Hub Data Repository (AHDR)., Methods and Analysis: The AHDR is a single application, single authentication web-based platform comprising a data warehouse to store data from across the AASH's three study countries and to support data querying. Four novel components of the AHDR are described in the following article: (1) a unique data discovery tool; (2) a metadata catalogue that provides researchers with an interface to explore the AASH's data outputs and engage with a new semantic ontology related to child stunting; (3) an interdisciplinary aid to support a directed approach to identifying synergies and interactions between AASH data and (4) a decision support tool that will support non-researchers in engaging with the wider evidence-based outputs of the AASH., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval for this study was granted by institutional ethics committees in the UK, India, Indonesia and Senegal. Results will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals; presentations at international conferences and community-level public engagement events; key stakeholder meetings; and in public repositories with appropriate Creative Commons licences allowing for the widest possible use., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2024
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6. Evaluation of Dried Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Filter Paper Spots for Storing and Transporting Clinical Material for the Molecular Diagnosis of Invasive Meningococcal Disease.
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Kwambana-Adams, Brenda A., Clark, Stephen A., Tay, Nicole, Agbla, Schadrac, Chaguza, Chrispin, Kagucia, Eunice W., Borrow, Ray, and Heyderman, Robert S.
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MENINGOCOCCAL infections , *FILTER paper , *MOLECULAR diagnosis , *CEREBROSPINAL fluid examination , *CEREBROSPINAL fluid , *NEISSERIA meningitidis , *NUCLEOTIDE sequencing , *WHOLE genome sequencing - Abstract
To improve the storage and transport of clinical specimens for the diagnosis of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) infections in resource-limited settings, we have evaluated the performance of dried blood spot (DBS) and dried cerebrospinal fluid spot (DCS) assays. DBS and DCS were prepared on filter paper from liquid specimens previously tested for Nm in the United Kingdom. Nm was detected and genogrouped by real-time PCR performed on crude genomic DNA extracted from the DBS (n = 226) and DCS (n = 226) specimens. Targeted whole-genome sequencing was performed on a subset of specimens, DBS (n = 4) and DCS (n = 6). The overall agreement between the analysis of liquid and dried specimens was (94.2%; 95% CI 90.8–96.7) for blood and (96.4%; 95% CI 93.5–98.0) for cerebrospinal fluid. Relative to liquid specimens as the reference, the DBS and DCS assays had sensitivities of (89.1%; 95% CI 82.7–93.8) and (94.2%; 95% CI 88.9–97.5), respectively, and both assays had specificities above 98%. A genogroup was identified by dried specimen analysis for 81.9% of the confirmed meningococcal infections. Near full-length Nm genome sequences (>86%) were obtained for all ten specimens tested which allowed determination of the sequence type, clonal complex, presence of antimicrobial resistance and other meningococcal genotyping. Dried blood and CSF filter spot assays offer a practical alternative to liquid specimens for the molecular and genomic characterisation of invasive meningococcal diseases in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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7. Implementation of major trauma app: usability and data completeness.
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Butler, Miss Joanna, Arneil, Clare, Whitelaw, Alan S., Thomson, Kevin, Gordon, Malcolm W. G., Thorburn, Josh, Shiels, Darren, and Lowe, David J.
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DIGITAL transformation ,ELECTRONIC paper ,TIMESTAMPS ,ELECTRONIC records ,ACQUISITION of data ,TRAUMA centers - Abstract
Background : The current UK standard for major trauma patients is to record notes in a paper trauma booklet. Through an innovative collaboration between a major trauma centre and a digital transformation industry partner, a TraumaApp was developed. Electronic notes have been shown to have fewer errors, granular data collection and enable time stamped contemporaneous record keeping. Implementation of digital clinical records presents a challenge within the context of trauma multidisciplinary trauma resuscitation. Data can be easily accessible and shared for quality improvement, audit and research purposes. This study compared paper and electronic notes for completeness and for acceptability data following the implementation of the TraumaApp. Methods: Trauma team members who performed scribe function attended training for the newly launched TraumaApp. Two staff members acted as scribe, using either the paper trauma booklet or TraumaApp, and attended major trauma calls. A framework for comparison of paper and electronic notes was created and used for a retrospective review of major trauma patients' notes. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed t-test. Staff using the TraumaApp completed a System Usability Score questionnaire. Results: There was a total of 37 data points for collection per case. The mean numbers collected were paper notes 24.1 of 37 (65.1%) and electronic notes, 25.7 of 37 (69.5%). There was no statistical significance between the completeness of paper and electronic notes. The mean System Usability Score was 68.4. Discussion: Recording accurate patient information during a major trauma call can be challenging and the role of the scribe to accurately record events is critical for immediate and future care. There was no statistically significant difference in completeness of paper and electronic notes, however the mean System Usability Score was 68.4, which is greater than the internationally validated standard of acceptable usability. Conclusion: It is feasible to introduce digital data collection tools enabling accurate record keeping during trauma resuscitation and improve information sharing between clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Developing a disease-specific patient reported outcome measure to enhance understanding of the lived experiences of ANCA associated vasculitis: A protocol paper.
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Floyd, Lauren, Dhaygude, Ajay, Mitra, Sandip, and Rowland, Christine
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PATIENT reported outcome measures , *PATIENT experience , *RENAL replacement therapy , *ANTINEUTROPHIL cytoplasmic antibodies , *PATIENTS' attitudes - Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting condition associated with increased morbidity. Previous research has shown patients with AAV report high levels of fatigue, pain, depression and anxiety. Over recent years successful work has been carried out to improve clinical outcomes, resulting in reduced mortality and end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Despite this, little work has been done to better understand the role of the patient within this condition. The prevalence of AAV is increasing and to date, there is a shortage of specific tools that assess and measure key features relating to patient reported outcomes (PROs). This protocol details how we can better understand the lived experiences of those with AAV through the development of a disease specific, patient reported outcome measure (PROM), to be used in clinic practice. This will allow us to recognise and validate PROs and the impact the disease and its treatment has on patients' health related quality of life (HRQoL). In addition, we aim to identify potential differences in PRO's between demographics, organ involvement and treatment subgroups in AAV as well as outcomes relating to the patient experience. Patients from a single centre in the UK will be recruited to take part in the exploratory qualitative study which will include focus groups and semi-structured interviews. The inclusion criteria comprise anyone with a diagnosis of AAV and willing to participate, including those who have active or relapsing disease, those are economically active, unemployed, retired and patients receiving renal replacement therapy. The aim of the project is to identify key issues patients experience in relation to their disease and its management and how these can be better assessed in a new PROM developed for use in the clinic setting. This will enable better delivery of individualised care and inform shared decision making, while also serving as a platform for future research looking at PROs in other glomerulonephritides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. "The Will to Survive": The Lives of Young People with "No Papers" in the United Kingdom.
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Deveci, Yeṣim
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YOUNG adults , *WELL-being , *RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
This article considers how undocumented youth in the UK survive and construct their everyday lives in precarious circumstances. Drawing on multiple in-depth narrative interviews with (n = 7) undocumented youth, I illustrate how these young people focus on the future and engage in purposeful activities as a way of enduring the everyday challenges of living with no papers. I reflect on the relationships, which young people draw on to enable them to endure adversity and rebuild their everyday lives. I conclude that the presence of love and community is critical for young people's survival, safety and wellbeing, and I suggest how practitioners and researchers might make use of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. The UK Gambling White Paper: comments on implementation and timing.
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Chamberlain SR, Ioannidis K, and Bowden-Jones H
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- Humans, United Kingdom epidemiology, Gambling diagnosis, Gambling epidemiology
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- 2023
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11. Nature of the evidence base and approaches to guide nutrition interventions for individuals: a position paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences.
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Hickson, Mary, Papoutsakis, Constantina, Madden, Angela M, Smith, Mary Anne, and Whelan, Kevin
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DIETETICS ,MEDICAL protocols ,PROFESSIONAL practice ,NATURAL foods ,PROFESSIONAL associations ,FOOD security ,NUTRITIONAL requirements ,MISINFORMATION ,INFORMATION resources ,NON-communicable diseases ,DIETETICS research ,NUTRITION services ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,DIET ,DISEASE progression ,NUTRITION education - Abstract
This Position Paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences is the third in a series which describe the nature of the scientific evidence and frameworks that underpin nutrition recommendations for health. This paper focuses on evidence which guides the application of dietary recommendations for individuals. In some situations, modified nutrient intake becomes essential to prevent deficiency, optimise development and health, or manage symptoms and disease progression. Disease and its treatment can also affect taste, appetite and ability to access and prepare foods, with associated financial impacts. Therefore, the practice of nutrition and dietetics must integrate and apply the sciences of food, nutrition, biology, physiology, behaviour, management, communication and society to achieve and maintain human health. Thus, there is huge complexity in delivering evidence-based nutrition interventions to individuals. This paper examines available frameworks for appraising the quality and certainty of nutrition research evidence, the development nutrition practice guidelines to support evidence implementation in practice and the influence of other sources of nutrition information and misinformation. The paper also considers major challenges in applying research evidence to an individual and suggests consensus recommendations to begin to address these challenges in the future. Our recommendations target three groups; those who deliver nutrition interventions to individuals, those funding, commissioning or undertaking research aimed at delivering evidence-based nutrition practice, and those disseminating nutritional information to individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Multidisciplinary paper on patient blood management in cardiothoracic surgery in the UK: perspectives on practice during COVID-19.
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Al-Attar N, Gaer J, Giordano V, Harris E, Kirk A, Loubani M, Meybohm P, Sayeed R, Stock U, Travers J, and Whiteman B
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- Humans, State Medicine, Blood Transfusion, United Kingdom, COVID-19, Specialties, Surgical
- Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted all surgical specialties significantly and exerted additional pressures on the overburdened United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service. Healthcare professionals in the UK have had to adapt their practice. In particular, surgeons have faced organisational and technical challenges treating patients who carried higher risks, were more urgent and could not wait for prehabilitation or optimisation before their intervention. Furthermore, there were implications for blood transfusion with uncertain patterns of demand, reductions in donations and loss of crucial staff because of sickness and public health restrictions. Previous guidelines have attempted to address the control of bleeding and its consequences after cardiothoracic surgery, but there have been no targeted recommendations in light of the recent COVID-19 challenges. In this context, and with a focus on the perioperative period, an expert multidisciplinary Task Force reviewed the impact of bleeding in cardiothoracic surgery, explored different aspects of patient blood management with a focus on the use of haemostats as adjuncts to conventional surgical techniques and proposed best practice recommendations in the UK., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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13. Worth the paper it's written on? A cross-sectional study of Medical Certificate of Stillbirth accuracy in the UK.
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Rimmer MP, Henderson I, Parry-Smith W, Raglan O, Tamblyn J, Heazell AEP, and Higgins LE
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- Infant, Newborn, Female, Pregnancy, Humans, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fetal Death etiology, Gestational Age, United Kingdom epidemiology, Stillbirth epidemiology, Placenta
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Background: The Medical Certificate of Stillbirth (MCS) records data about a baby's death after 24 weeks of gestation but before birth. Major errors that could alter interpretation of the MCS were widespread in two UK-based regional studies., Methods: A multicentre evaluation was conducted, examining MCS issued 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 in 76 UK obstetric units. A systematic case-note review of stillbirths was conducted by Obstetric and Gynaecology trainees, generating individual 'ideal MCSs' and comparing these to the actual MCS issued. Anonymized central data analysis described rates and types of error, agreement and factors associated with major errors., Results: There were 1120 MCSs suitable for assessment, with 126 additional submitted data sets unsuitable for accuracy analysis (total 1246 cases). Gestational age demonstrated 'substantial' agreement [K = 0.73 (95% CI 0.70-0.76)]. Primary cause of death (COD) showed 'fair' agreement [K = 0.26 (95% CI 0.24-0.29)]. Major errors [696/1120; 62.1% (95% CI 59.3-64.9%)] included certificates issued for fetal demise at <24 weeks' gestation [23/696; 3.3% (95% CI 2.2-4.9%)] or neonatal death [2/696; 0.3% (95% CI 0.1-1.1%)] or incorrect primary COD [667/696; 95.8% (95% CI 94.1-97.1%)]. Of 540/1246 [43.3% (95% CI 40.6-46.1%)] 'unexplained' stillbirths, only 119/540 [22.0% (95% CI 18.8-25.7%)] remained unexplained; the majority were redesignated as either fetal growth restriction [FGR: 195/540; 36.1% (95% CI 32.2-40.3%)] or placental insufficiency [184/540; 34.1% (95% CI 30.2-38.2)]. Overall, FGR [306/1246; 24.6% (95% CI 22.3-27.0%)] was the leading primary COD after review, yet only 53/306 [17.3% (95% CI 13.5-22.1%)] FGR cases were originally attributed correctly., Conclusion: This study demonstrates widespread major errors in MCS completion across the UK. MCS should only be completed following structured case-note review, with particular attention on the fetal growth trajectory., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.)
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- 2023
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14. Impact of sampling and data collection methods on maternity survey response: a randomised controlled trial of paper and push-to-web surveys and a concurrent social media survey.
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Harrison, Siân, Alderdice, Fiona, and Quigley, Maria A.
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RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *SOCIAL media , *ACQUISITION of data - Abstract
Background: Novel survey methods are needed to tackle declining response rates. The 2020 National Maternity Survey included a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and social media survey to compare different combinations of sampling and data collection methods with respect to: response rate, respondent representativeness, prevalence estimates of maternity indicators and cost. Methods: A two-armed parallel RCT and concurrent social media survey were conducted. Women in the RCT were sampled from ONS birth registrations and randomised to either a paper or push-to-web survey. Women in the social media survey self-selected through online adverts. The primary outcome was response rate in the paper and push-to-web surveys. In all surveys, respondent representativeness was assessed by comparing distributions of sociodemographic characteristics in respondents with those of the target population. External validity of prevalence estimates of maternity indicators was assessed by comparing weighted survey estimates with estimates from national routine data. Cost was also compared across surveys. Results: The response rate was higher in the paper survey (n = 2,446) compared to the push-to-web survey (n = 2,165)(30.6% versus 27.1%, difference = 3.5%, 95%CI = 2.1–4.9, p < 0.0001). Compared to the target population, respondents in all surveys were less likely to be aged < 25 years, of Black or Minority ethnicity, born outside the UK, living in disadvantaged areas, living without a partner and primiparous. Women in the social media survey (n = 1,316) were less representative of the target population compared to women in the paper and push-to-web surveys. For some maternity indicators, weighted survey estimates were close to estimates from routine data, for other indicators there were discrepancies; no survey demonstrated consistently higher external validity than the other two surveys. Compared to the paper survey, the cost saving per respondent was £5.45 for the push-to-web survey and £22.42 for the social media survey. Conclusions: Push-to-web surveys may cost less than paper surveys but do not necessarily result in higher response rates. Social media surveys cost significantly less than paper and push-to-web surveys, but sample size may be limited by eligibility criteria and recruitment window and respondents may be less representative of the target population. However, reduced representativeness does not necessarily introduce more bias in weighted survey estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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15. Institutional choice among medical applicants: a profile paper for The United Kingdom Medical Applicant Cohort Study (UKMACS) prospective longitudinal cohort study.
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Harrison D, McManus IC, Rees EL, and Woolf K
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- Career Choice, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Schools, Medical, United Kingdom, School Admission Criteria, Students, Medical
- Abstract
Purpose: To generate a large cohort of those in 2019 seriously considering applying to study Medicine, collecting data on a range of socioeconomic and other demographic factors that influence choice of medical schools and to link to other datasets to form a longitudinal study of progress through medical school and careers in medicine., Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire studies, part of the longitudinal UK Medical Applicant Cohort Study (UKMACS)., Setting: UK medical school admissions in 2020., Participants: UK residents aged 16+ and seriously considering applying to study Medicine. The cohort was primarily drawn from those registering in 2019 for the U(K)CAT (University Clinical Aptitude Test (formerly the UK Clinical Aptitude Test)) with additional potential applicants responding to an open call. Participants consented to their data being linked within the UK Medical Education Database., Findings to Date: UKMACS Wave 1 questionnaire respondents consisted of 6391 consenting respondents from across the UK. In 2019, 14 980 of the 17 470 UK-domiciled medicine applicants were first-time applicants. The questionnaires show that many of these applicants have a need for more help and guidance to make informed choices, with less advantaged groups reporting themselves as being at a disadvantage when applying due to limited understanding of information and limited access to guidance to enable informed and effective decision-making., Future Plans: To link the cohort with successive Universities and Colleges Admissions Service and other datasets to analyse outcomes of applications and establish national longitudinal evidence to understand how medical choices are made and how they impact on educational, career and workforce outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2022
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16. Preventing unscheduled hospitalisations from asthma: a retrospective cohort study using routine primary and secondary care data in the UK (The PUSH-Asthma Study)-protocol paper.
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Simms-Williams N, Nagakumar P, Thayakaran R, Adderley N, Hotham R, Mansur A, Nirantharakumar K, and Haroon S
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- Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Hospitalization, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United Kingdom epidemiology, Asthma drug therapy, Asthma epidemiology, Secondary Care
- Abstract
Introduction: Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in children and adults. Asthma results in significant disease-related morbidity, healthcare costs and, in some cases, death. Despite efforts through implementation of national guidelines to improve asthma care, the UK has one of the highest asthma-related morbidity and mortality rates in the western world. New approaches are necessary to prevent asthma attacks in children and adults. The objectives of this study are to assess the association between demographic and clinical factors and asthma-related hospital admissions in children and adults, describe the epidemiology of asthma phenotypes among hospital attenders, and externally validate existing asthma risk prediction models., Methods and Analysis: This is a retrospective cohort study of children and adults with asthma. Data will be extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database, which holds anonymised primary care data for over 13 million actively registered patients and covers approximately 19% of the UK population. The primary outcome will be asthma-related hospital admissions. The secondary outcomes will be prescriptions of short courses of oral corticosteroids (as a surrogate measure for asthma exacerbations), a composite outcome measure including hospital admissions and prescriptions of short courses of oral corticosteroids and delivery of asthma care management following hospital discharge. The primary analysis will use a Poisson regression model to assess the association between demographic and clinical risk factors and the primary and secondary outcomes. Latent class analysis will be used to identify distinct subgroups, which will further our knowledge on potential phenotypes of asthma among patients at high risk of asthma-related hospital admissions. A Concordance statistic (C-statistic) and logistic regression model will also be used to externally validate existing risk prediction models for asthma-related hospitalisations to allow for the optimal model to be identified and evaluated provide evidence for potential use of the optimal performing risk prediction model in primary care., Ethics and Dissemination: This study was approved by the CPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (reference number: 21_000512). Findings from this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated at national and international conferences., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2022
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17. Worth the paper they are printed on? Findings from an independent evaluation of the understandability of patient information leaflets for antiseizure medications.
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Noble, Adam J., Haddad, Sara, Coleman, Niamh, and Marson, Anthony G.
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READABILITY (Literary style) , *PEOPLE with epilepsy , *PAMPHLETS , *DRUGS , *PREGABALIN , *COLLEGE students - Abstract
Objective: The Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) is an authoritative document that all people with epilepsy in the EU receive when prescribed antiseizure medication (ASM). We undertook the first independent, comprehensive assessment to determine how understandable they are. Regulators state that when patients are asked comprehension questions about them, ≥80% should answer correctly. Also, recommended is that PILs have a maximum reading requirement of US grade 8. Methods: Study 1: We obtained 140 current ASM PILs written in English. "Readability" was assessed using four tests, with and without adjustment for influence of familiar, polysyllabic words. A total of 179 online materials on epilepsy were also assessed. Study 2: Two PILs from Study 1 were randomly selected (Pregabalin Focus; Inovelon) and shown to 35 people from the UK epilepsy population. Their comprehension was assessed. Study 3: To understand whether the student population provides an accessible alternative population for future examination of ASM PILs, Study 3 was completed, using the same methods as Study 2, except that participants were 262 UK university students. Results: Study 1: No PIL had a reading level of grade 8. Median was grade 11. Adjusting for context, the PILs were still at grade 10.5. PILs for branded ASMs were most readable. PILs were no more readable than (unregulated) online materials. Study 2: Users struggled to comprehend the PILs' key messages. The eight questions asked about pregabalin were typically answered correctly by 54%. For Inovelon, it was 62%. Study 3: Most student participants comprehended the PILs' key messages. The questions about Inovelon were answered correctly by 90%; for pregabalin it was 86%. Significance: This is the first independent and comprehensive examination of ASM PILs. It found that PILs being used fail to meet recommendations and regulatory requirements and risk not being understandable to a substantial proportion of users. In finding that people from the epilepsy population differ markedly in comprehension of PILs compared to students, this study highlights the importance of completing user testing with the target population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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18. Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: A Bibliometric Analysis of the 100 Most-cited Publications.
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Dayal, Devi, Gupta, Brij Mohan, Mamdapur, Ghouse Modin, Vaishya, Raju, Gupta, Atul, and Bansal, Madhu
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TYPE 1 diabetes ,SERIAL publications ,SOCIAL network analysis ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,MENTAL illness ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,CITATION analysis ,PEDIATRICS ,MEDICAL research ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,QUALITY of life ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress ,DATA analysis software ,GENETICS ,MENTAL depression ,DISEASE complications - Abstract
Background: The most impactful research on pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unknown. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characteristics and impact of the 100 most-cited articles on pediatric T1D. Materials and Methods: Using a predefined bibliometric strategy, the Scopus database was searched for high-cited papers (HCPs) published from 2001 to 2020. Articles were evaluated for data on the publication year, countries, authors, journals, topics, and types. Social network analysis was performed to visualize the interaction among countries, organizations, and authors using VOSviewer software. Results: The top 100 HCPs received 390 to 4634 citations, averaging 773.5 citations per paper (CPP). The funded HCPs (n = 50) had a higher impact (CPP 791.5). The majority of HCPs (n = 83) were collaborative. Classifying by research type, 65 studies were clinical (n = 65), risk factors (n = 27), epidemiology (n = 26), pathophysiology (n = 16), treatment outcome (n = 13), genetics (n = 12), complications (n = 3), quality of life (n = 2), and prognosis (n = 1). The number of authors involved was 1,101, affiliated with 545 organizations in 27 countries; the USA (n = 64) and the UK (n = 24) were the most productive countries, whereas Australia and the UK were the most impactful. D.M. Nathan and J.M. Lawrence were the most prolific authors, while P. Raskin and J.M. Lachin were the most impactful. Conclusions: High-income countries such as the USA, UK, and Australia contribute significantly to high-impact pediatric T1D research. Funding and collaboration improve the impact of citations in publications. Less researched areas such as treatment outcomes, genetics, complications, quality of life, and prognosis should be the focus of future research on pediatric T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Festschrift for Mike Jackson: Call for papers for a special issue of Systems Research and Behavioral Science.
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Flood, Robert L. and Midgley, Gerald
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CRITICAL thinking ,SYSTEM analysis ,SPECIAL days - Abstract
The article announces the submission of papers about systems thinking and operational research in commemoration of the contribution of Emeritus Professor Mike Jackson.
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- 2022
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20. Hey ChatGPT, give me a title for a paper about degree apathy and student use of AI for assignment writing.
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Playfoot, David, Quigley, Martyn, and Thomas, Andrew G.
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APATHY , *CHATGPT , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *ACADEMIC achievement , *STUDENT surveys , *MACHIAVELLIANISM (Psychology) - Abstract
ChatGPT could allow students to plagiarize the content of their coursework with little risk of detection. Little is known about undergraduate willingness to use AI tools. In this study, psychology undergraduates (N = 160) from the United Kingdom, indicated their willingness to use, and history of using, ChatGPT to write university assignments. Almost a third (32%) indicated that they would use such tools; 15% indicated that they had used them already. Neither personality (conscientiousness, agreeableness, Machiavellianism, narcissism), academic performance, nor study skills self-efficacy could predict future use of AI tools. A novel Degree Apathy Scale was the only significant predictor. Willingness to use AI tools was greater when the risk of getting caught was low, and punishment was light, particularly for those high in degree apathy. Findings suggest that degree apathy is a key risk factor in academic misconduct. Wider research and pedagogical applications of degree apathy are discussed. • Thirty-two percent of students surveyed reported that they would use ChatGPT on future academic assignments. • Future use of AI tools was significantly predicted by a new Degree Apathy Scale. • Big Five and Dark Triad scores were not significant predictors, nor was previous academic performance. • Likelihood of cheating using ChatGPT was reduced with increasing risk of detection or severity of punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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21. Review Papers Examining accountability in relation to local football communities.
- Author
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Burns, John Edward and Jollands, Stephen
- Subjects
SOCCER ,VALUE (Economics) ,DELIBERATION - Abstract
Purpose: Most football clubs were founded by members of the local community within which they are based. The success of a club is built on the time, effort and resources given by these locals, which is offered due to the benefits that football promises to the community in return. However, the game has increasingly been dominated by a focus on financial (monetary) value, at the expense of such benefits being delivered to the clubs' local communities. This article examines a need for deliberation over what accountability is owed by football clubs to their local communities in the context of questioning what and for whom football is for. Design/methodology/approach: This exploration is undertaken within the context of the English game, where a series of issues has resulted in the UK Government undertaking a "fan led review of football governance". The report produced by this review is analysed to understand whether the contents and recommendations enters the debate over what accountability is owed to local communities. Findings: While the UK Government's fan led review recognises the pivotal role of local communities in the formation of the English game, its focus and resulting recommendations are mostly on the financial sustainability of the clubs. The analysis demonstrates that, due to their focus on financial value, the implementation of the report's recommendations is more likely to exacerbate the underlying issues rather than resolving them. Originality/value: The call for deliberation over whether and what accountability is owed to local communities has been repeated over time. The UK Government's fan led review provided an important opportunity to engage in that deliberation. However, the dominance of financial value within football has all but silenced any call for and action regarding this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
22. Correctness and Completeness of Breast Cancer Diagnoses Recorded in UK CPRD Aurum and CPRD GOLD Databases: Comparison to Hospital Episode Statistics and Cancer Registry (Companion Paper 2).
- Author
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Hagberg, Katrina Wilcox, Vasilakis-Scaramozza, Catherine, Persson, Rebecca, Neasham, David, Kafatos, George, and Jick, Susan
- Subjects
CANCER diagnosis ,HOSPITAL statistics ,GOLD ,MEDICAL coding - Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the new Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database, we estimated 'correctness' (ie accuracy, validity) and 'completeness' (ie presence, missingness) of malignant breast cancer diagnoses recorded in CPRD Aurum compared to external linked data sources: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) Admitted Patient Care (APC), HES Outpatient (OP), and Cancer Registry (CR), and to the previously validated CPRD GOLD.Methods: Linkage-eligible, female patients with incident malignant breast cancer diagnosis recorded in at least one study data source were selected. Correctness was the proportion of malignant breast cancer cases recorded in CPRD Aurum or GOLD who also had a diagnosis recorded in HES APC/OP (2004– 2019) or CR (2004– 2016). Completeness was estimated by identifying all malignant breast cancer diagnoses in HES APC/OP or CR and calculating the proportion with a concordant diagnosis in CPRD Aurum or GOLD.Results: Compared to HES APC/OP, there were 85,659 and 31,452 eligible patients in CPRD Aurum and GOLD, respectively. Correctness estimates were high (CPRD Aurum 83.5%, GOLD 81.7%). Compared to CR, there were 70,190 and 29,597 eligible patients in CPRD Aurum and GOLD, respectively: correctness was 89.1% for CPRD Aurum and 88.2% for GOLD. Completeness estimates for CPRD Aurum and GOLD were high (> 90%). Diagnoses were recorded in CPRD Aurum within − 7 to 74 days of those in the linked sources. Reasons for discordant diagnostic coding included presence of treatment or other clinical codes only, diagnosis coded after end of follow-up, non-malignant breast cancer in linked data, and administrative codes in lieu of diagnostic codes.Conclusion: These results indicate that correctness and completeness of malignant breast cancer diagnoses in CPRD Aurum were high and similar to CPRD GOLD. This provides confidence in use of CPRD Aurum for research purposes. Where complete case capture is important, researchers should consider linkage to HES APC or CR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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23. Presence of Breast Cancer Information Recorded in United Kingdom Primary Care Databases: Comparison of CPRD Aurum and CPRD GOLD (Companion Paper 1).
- Author
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Hagberg, Katrina Wilcox, Vasilakis-Scaramozza, Catherine, Persson, Rebecca, Neasham, David, Kafatos, George, and Jick, Susan
- Subjects
BREAST cancer ,PRIMARY care ,MEDICAL record databases ,CANCER diagnosis ,BREAST cancer research ,GOLD ,FORCEPS - Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the presence of data elements related to diagnosis and treatment of malignant breast cancer in CPRD Aurum compared to those in the previously validated CPRD GOLD.Methods: Females in CPRD Aurum or GOLD with a first-time code for malignant breast cancer, mastectomy, or ≥ 1 prescription for tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (2004– 2019) were selected. We compared the presence of the codes for breast cancer diagnosis, surgeries (mastectomy, lumpectomy), tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor prescriptions, radiation, chemotherapy, and supporting clinical codes (suspected breast cancer, lump symptoms, biopsy, lumpectomy, cancer care, referral/visit to specialist, palliative care). Age standardized incidence rates of breast cancer diagnosis in CPRD Aurum and GOLD were calculated.Results: There were 131,936 eligible patients in CPRD Aurum and 69,102 patients in GOLD. A similar proportion of patients in CPRD Aurum and GOLD had codes for breast cancer diagnosis, mastectomy, drug prescriptions, lump, biopsy, lumpectomy, chemotherapy, and cancer and palliative care coded in their electronic record during follow-up. However, suspected breast cancer, radiation, and referral/visits to specialists were coded more frequently in patients in CPRD Aurum compared to GOLD. Age-standardized incidence rates were similar for CPRD Aurum and GOLD.Conclusion: Overall, there was consistency between data elements related to malignant breast cancer recorded in CPRD Aurum and GOLD, particularly for the most informative clinical details. These findings provide reassurance that breast cancer information recorded in CPRD Aurum is generally comparable to that recorded in the previously validated CPRD GOLD and support the use of CPRD Aurum for breast cancer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
24. Bibliometric Analysis of ChatGPT's Applications in Medicine: A Comprehensive Assessment of its Impact and Potential.
- Author
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K. K., Mueen Ahmed and M., Chaman Sab
- Subjects
CHATGPT ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,LANGUAGE models ,DATABASES ,GRAPHIC methods in statistics - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the paper "Bibliometric Analysis of ChatGPT's Applications in Medicine: A Comprehensive Assessment of its Impact and Potential" is to conduct a systematic evaluation of how ChatGPT, an AI language model, has been applied in the field of medicine. The study aims to assess the impact of ChatGPT's applications in medicine and explore its potential contributions to the healthcare domain. Materials and Methods: The Scopus database was selected and the search query (All (ChatGPT AND Medicine) was developed on 11, July 2023 to retrieve all the bibliographic records on the domine of interest. From each record, we retrieved data on the title, author, organizations, journals, publications type, source, country, collaboration, etc. They were exported to MS-Excel for bibliometric analysis and VOSviewer software was used for analyzing Co-Occurrence networks and the data and descriptive analysis were classified, collected one by one, and loaded into the Bibliometric R-package program to create science maps and statistical graphs. Results: ChatGPT - related Medicine papers in the Scopus database constitute 532 papers. these publications received 1046 citations, these authored by 1771 authors published 203 article type and etc. Average citations per document 1966 received and 111 (20.86%) received extremal funding support from 62+ research agencies supporting research in this area. selected 65 significant keywords appearing in ChatGPT and Medicine. USA and UK were contributed the highest papers. Medicine is the broad subject of the study were published highest number of papers (312). Conclusion: The findings from this study can help researchers, practitioners, and policymakers better understand the impact and potential of ChatGPT in advancing medical knowledge, patient care, and healthcare practices. Additionally, the paper may contribute to identifying knowledge gaps and guide further research in this rapidly evolving field at the intersection of AI and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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25. RESEMIOTISING TEXT MEANINGS: The UK Law Commission and the summary of consultation paper on surrogacy.
- Author
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PENNISI, GIULIA ADRIANA
- Subjects
LAW reform ,COMMUNICATION laws ,COMMUNICATION in law ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,LEGISLATION drafting ,INTERPERSONAL communication ,SURROGATE mothers - Abstract
Modern legislative drafting theory urges legislative drafters in common law jurisdictions to bare the text from preliminary provisions and to start as early as possible with the regulatory message that the government is trying to convey to citizens. In line with the present legislation needs, the UK Law Commission Annual Report 2018-2019 states that "We have a statutory duty to promote the reform of the law and continue to work hard in this area", alongside the production of graphics, infographics, images and pictures "to explain in plain English each new law reform project". In this paper, O'Halloran et al.'s 2016 concept of intersemiotic translation, which takes place within and across the semiotic products or artefacts resulting from resemiotisation processes (Iedema 2003), provides the theoretical basis for the research conducted on the UK Summary of Consultation Paper "Building Families Through Surrogacy. A New Law" (2018-2019). From the analysis of the semiotic resources deployed in the Summary, it is possible to see how they function as system of meanings (i.e. experiential, logical, interpersonal and textual) and are processed at various levels (Halliday 1978, 2013; Halliday, Hasan 1985; Halliday, Matthiessen 2014). As the analysis shows, the Law Commission of England and Wales and the Scottish Law Commission develop an innovative cultural/informative communication to propose a law reform project, and deploy different semiotic resources to construct a layman's experience of the world, and the interpersonal relations, through a resemiotisation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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26. New money is issued in the UK.
- Subjects
BRITISH kings & rulers ,PAPER money ,ROYAL houses - Abstract
The Bank of England has released new paper money featuring King Charles III, making him the second monarch to appear on UK banknotes after his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. The new £5, £10, £20, and £50 bills will feature Charles' portrait, while the rest of the design will remain the same. The old banknotes with Queen Elizabeth's portrait can still be used, but as they wear out or the demand for paper money increases, new ones with Charles' likeness will be printed and put into circulation. The process follows guidelines set by the royal family to reduce waste, cost, and environmental impact. The king was presented with the first of the new banknotes at a ceremony, and some people are eager to obtain bills from the earliest batch, which will be more valuable to collectors. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
27. Community initiatives for well‐being in the United Kingdom and their role in developing social capital and addressing loneliness: A scoping review.
- Author
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Tierney, Stephanie, Rowe, Rosie, Connally, Emily L, Roberts, Nia W, Mahtani, Kamal R, and Gorenberg, Jordan
- Subjects
WELL-being ,CINAHL database ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,SOCIAL support ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SOCIAL capital ,COMMUNITY support ,MENTAL health ,SOCIAL isolation ,LONELINESS ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL attitudes ,LITERATURE reviews ,MEDLINE ,SOCIAL skills ,TRUST - Abstract
Introduction: Loneliness can have a negative impact on people's physical and psychological well‐being; building social capital is a potential means of addressing this connection. Community initiatives (e.g. groups, clubs, neighbourhood activities) may be a route that enables people to build social capital to tackle loneliness. Understanding what is known, and where gaps in knowledge exist, is important for advancing research on this topic. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken to explore the question – What community initiatives, with a focus on well‐being, have been evaluated in the United Kingdom that include information about social capital and loneliness? Four databases (Medline, CINAHL, ASSIA and Embase) were searched for relevant research papers. References were screened by two researchers to identify if they met the review's inclusion criteria. Data were summarised as a narrative and in tables. Results: Five papers met the review's inclusion criteria. They all used qualitative methods. Findings suggested that social capital could be developed through creating a sense of trust, group cohesion and reciprocity among participants in the community initiatives. This connection enabled people to experience a sense of belonging and to feel they had a meaningful relationship with others, which appeared to alleviate feelings of loneliness. Conclusion: More research is warranted on the review topic, including studies that have employed quantitative or mixed methods. Clarity around definitions of social capital and loneliness in future research is required. Engagement with community initiatives can provide a formalised route to help people develop connections and counteract limitations in their social networks. However, individuals may be wary about attending community initiatives, needing support and encouragement to do so. Social prescribing link workers are one means of motivating people to access groups, events or organisations that could improve their well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
28. Export performance: a comprehensive bibliometric overview.
- Author
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Aksoy, Beyza, Akpınar, Ayhan, and Ünüsan, Çağatay
- Subjects
GLOBAL value chains ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,CONCEPT mapping ,QUANTITATIVE research ,DATABASES - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to present a bibliometric overview of the academic research on export performance (EP) in the business and management areas. Design/methodology/approach: A bibliometric overview of 1,463 papers from 1968 to 2021, including performance analysis, science mapping analysis and graphical mapping, was conducted using the Scopus database. SciMAT software was used for thematic analysis and conceptual evolution mapping of the EP domain, and VOSviewer software was used for graphical visualization. Findings: This study shows that EP research experienced spectacular growth, especially between 1998 and 2003, and the interest in this field continues to increase. Also, the USA and the UK appear to be the absolute leaders in EP research, with the best indicators of productivity and influence in all dimensions analyzed. The findings from the analysis through SciMAT indicate that "capabilities" and "R&D" are the main Motor themes that have contributed the most to the EP literature, whereas "global value chain" and "start-up" are emerging themes as new areas of interest. Research limitations/implications: This study develops a baseline for representing certain and exhaustive insights in the EP field and specifies trends over a period. Using a single database and excluding book chapters/conference papers are limitations of this study. Originality/value: EP is a research field that has gained wide acceptance in the academic community and international marketing literature. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no bibliometric overview has analyzed the EP literature. This study presents the first systematic quantitative analysis of academic research on EP in the business and management areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Evaluation of Public Involvement in Doctoral Research Using a Four‐Dimensional Theoretical Framework.
- Author
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Teodorowski, Piotr, Tahir, Naheed, and Ahmed, Saiqa
- Subjects
PATIENT selection ,SOCIAL media ,RESEARCH funding ,HUMAN research subjects ,INTERVIEWING ,DATA analytics ,COMMUNITIES ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,MEDICAL research ,RESEARCH methodology ,ORGANIZATIONAL change ,PATIENT participation ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
Background: Working together and co‐production with public advisors have become popular among health researchers. This practice extends to doctoral researchers who involve public advisors at different stages of their research or throughout their doctoral journey. Objective: A doctoral researcher and two public advisors jointly evaluated public involvement in doctoral research. Methods: Using the established public involvement evaluation framework by Gibson and colleagues, public advisors and a doctoral researcher mapped and evaluated their experiences of public involvement in doctoral research. The four‐dimensional framework allowed the authors to reflect on (1) the strength of the public voice, (2) the number of ways in which public advisors had an opportunity to get involved, (3) whether the discussion was about the public or organisation's (doctoral researcher, university or funder) concerns and (4) if the organisation changed or resisted feedback. Results are presented in a diagrammatic and narrative way. Results: Public advisors saw themselves as having a stronger voice in doctoral research than the doctoral researcher perceived. All agreed that there existed multiple ways for public advisors to be involved. Public advisors' feedback was taken on board, but it was also limited due to restrictions of what the doctoral programme allowed. Conclusion: Public advisors ensured that the doctoral research was more relevant to the public. The ongoing involvement also shaped the doctoral researcher's thinking and views. Patient and Public Involvement: Two public advisors were involved throughout the 3 years of this doctoral research. They co‐evaluated this involvement and are co‐authors of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Following the paper trail: the UK scientific and technological knowledge space and its reliance on international knowledge spillovers.
- Author
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Kogler, Dieter F. and Keungoui Kim
- Subjects
SCIENTIFIC knowledge ,FREE trade ,ECONOMIC expansion ,ECONOMIC development ,COMPETITIVE advantage in business - Abstract
Knowledge is an essential ingredient for economic development, growth and gaining a competitive advantage. In order to produce novel and valuable knowledge, it is advantageous, perhaps vital, to rely on insights gained from prior research efforts. Those knowledge spillovers (KS) provide the rationale for sustained economic growth and produce unique place-based knowledge spaces. Due to the spatial embeddedness and stickiness of knowledge, most investigations mainly pay attention to the localized nature of KS, but what about those spillovers from other jurisdictions, or perhaps even from across the globe? To analyse the role played by international KS, the present study investigates to what extent international KS shape the evolution of the UK science and technology space. The first step involves creating knowledge spaces following the methodology outlined by Kogler et al. (2013; 2017) for the period 2006-15. Subsequently, we are following the paper trail of publications and patents developed by UK authors and inventors to depict to what degree international KS in specific science and technology domains have contributed to the production of novel knowledge in the UK. The results indicate that four out of five citations made in publications and patents in the UK are the works of authors and inventors residing elsewhere. This has important policy implications considering recent tendencies to curtail trade and the free movement of labour, all of which contribute to the diffusion of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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31. Whistleblowing in Health Care Organizations: A Comprehensive Literature Review.
- Author
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Wiśniewska, Małgorzata Z.
- Subjects
WHISTLEBLOWING ,WHISTLEBLOWERS ,MEDICAL care ,GREY literature ,PATIENT safety - Abstract
Copyright of Management Issues / Problemy Zarządzania is the property of Problemy Zarzadzania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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32. Exploring Whether and How People Experiencing High Deprivation Access Diagnostic Services: A Qualitative Systematic Review.
- Author
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Vincent, Christine, Fenge, Lee‐Ann, Porter, Sam, and Holland, Sharon
- Subjects
HEALTH services accessibility ,MEDICAL care use ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,HEALTH literacy ,NATIONAL health services ,DIAGNOSTIC services ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,HEALTH attitudes ,CINAHL database ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,RESPONSIBILITY ,EMOTIONS ,EXPERIENCE ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,THEMATIC analysis ,MEDICAL databases ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,HEALTH equity ,PATIENT decision making ,MEDICAL screening ,MINORITIES ,SOCIAL isolation ,PATIENTS' attitudes ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,SOCIAL stigma - Abstract
Introduction: To contribute to addressing diagnostic health inequalities in the United Kingdom, this review aimed to investigate determinants of diagnostic service use amongst people experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using three databases (EBSCO, Web of Science and SCOPUS) to search studies pertaining to diagnostic service use amongst people experiencing high deprivation. Search terms related to diagnostics, barriers and facilitators to access and deprivation. Articles were included if they discussed facilitators and/or barriers to diagnostic service access, contained participants' direct perspectives and focussed on individuals experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom. Articles were excluded if the full text was unretrievable, only abstracts were available, the research did not focus on adults experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom, those not including participants' direct perspectives (e.g., quantitative studies) and papers unavailable in English. Results: Of 14,717 initial papers, 18 were included in the final review. Determinants were grouped into three themes (Beliefs and Behaviours, Emotional and Psychological Factors and Practical Factors), made up of 15 sub‐themes. These were mapped to a conceptual model, which illustrates that Beliefs and Behaviours interact with Emotional and Psychological Factors to influence Motivation to access diagnostic services. Motivation then influences and is influenced by Practical Factors, resulting in a Decision to Access or Not. This decision influences Beliefs and Behaviours and/or Emotional and Psychological Factors such that the cycle begins again. Conclusion: Decision‐making regarding diagnostic service use for people experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom is complex. The conceptual model illustrates this complexity, as well as the mediative, interactive and iterative nature of the process. The model should be applied in policy and practice to enable understanding of the factors influencing access to diagnostic services and to design interventions that address identified determinants. Patient or Public Contribution: Consulting lived experience experts was imperative in understanding whether and how the existing literature captures the lived experience of those experiencing high deprivation in South England. The model was presented to lived experience experts, who corroborated findings, highlighted significant factors for them and introduced issues that were not identified in the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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33. Challenges Faced by International Students Studying in the United Kingdom with Main Focus on Nigerian Students
- Author
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Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu, Queen Chioma Nworgu, and Chinuru Achinewhu
- Abstract
The rational for this research paper is to examine the challenges faced by international students with focus on Nigerian students embracing the British education system and impact on their motivation and academic performance. The paper presents a critical overview in relation to the barriers faced by Nigerian students in terms of obtaining and maintaining their visas, seeking employment, cultural integration, and access to education and how these challenges impact on their motivation and academic performance. The study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative research methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by Nigerian students in regard to studying in the UK and keeping up to visa requirements with limited working hours given to study. To ascertain the degree of impact, a primary data was carried out to hear from few of the students. Findings of research shows that majority of the Nigerian students that came to study in the UK had high expectations with the hope that coming to study and work in the UK was the best option to escape from the problem of high unemployment and hardship faced back in their home countries. Some expressed the disappointments on how they struggled to find accommodation with family and not sure if coming to the UK was worth the money, they paid to facilitate their study visa. The most disappointed expectations were the cost of living and not being able to get the twenty hours jobs allowed to work while studying to help them with excessive cost of living. Some felt that more support is needed to help international students in their studies in the UK considering the high fees paid to gain British education. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]
- Published
- 2024
34. The Trends and Content of Research Related to the Sustainable Development Goals: A Systemic Review.
- Author
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Yeh, Shin-Cheng, Hsieh, Yi-Lin, Yu, Hui-Ching, and Tseng, Yuen-Hsien
- Subjects
DOCUMENT clustering ,WEB databases ,SCIENCE databases ,SYSTEM analysis ,PUBLIC sector ,USER-generated content - Abstract
Featured Application: Bibliometric analysis of SDG-related papers with CATAR can help academic scholars, public sectors, and practitioners utilize the growing volume of literature. This study employed a comprehensive systematic review of the literature (SRL) process with the Content Analysis Toolkits for Academic Research (CATAR) for conducting a bibliometric analysis of the 2814 general SDG-related papers and 92 review papers selected from the Web of Science database from 2013 to 2022. The overview analysis found that the US and UK took the lead in publication and citation. The WHO and several universities were identified as the most prominent institutes around the globe. The field distribution of the most cited papers revealed the existence of a "strong sustainability" paradigm and the importance of science and technology. A landscape of 1123 papers was included in eight clusters according to the bibliographic coupling algorithms in the Multi-stage Document Clustering (MSDC) process. These clusters were then categorized into three groups, "synergies and trade-offs", "networking", and "systems analysis", demonstrated in the theme maps. As for the 92 SDG-related review papers, most were shaped based on literature analysis without specified countries. Moreover, SDG 3 was identified as that exclusively studied in most papers. The information presented is expected to help research scholars, public sectors, and practitioners monitor, gather, check, analyze, and use the growing volume of SDG-related academic articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. How is ethnicity reported, described, and analysed in health research in the UK? A bibliographical review and focus group discussions with young refugees.
- Author
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Lam, Joseph, Aldridge, Robert, Blackburn, Ruth, and Harron, Katie
- Subjects
FOCUS groups ,YOUNG adults ,ETHNICITY ,RACIAL inequality ,PUBLIC health research - Abstract
Background: The ethnicity data gap pertains to 3 major challenges to address ethnic health inequality: 1) Under-representation of ethnic minorities in research; 2) Poor data quality on ethnicity; 3) Ethnicity data not being meaningfully analysed. These challenges are especially relevant for research involving under-served migrant populations in the UK. We aimed to review how ethnicity is captured, reported, analysed and theorised within policy-relevant research on ethnic health inequities. Methods: We reviewed a selection of the 1% most highly cited population health papers that reported UK data on ethnicity, and extracted how ethnicity was recorded and analysed in relation to health outcomes. We focused on how ethnicity was obtained (i.e. self reported or not), how ethnic groups were categorised, whether justification was provided for any categorisation, and how ethnicity was theorised to be related to health. We held three 1-h-long guided focus groups with 10 young people from Nigeria, Turkistan, Syria, Yemen and Iran. This engagement helped us shape and interpret our findings, and reflect on. 1) How should ethnicity be asked inclusively, and better recorded? 2) Does self-defined ethnicity change over time or context? If so, why? Results: Of the 44 included papers, most (19; 43%) used self-reported ethnicity, categorised in a variety of ways. Of the 27 papers that aggregated ethnicity, 13 (48%) provided justification. Only 8 of 33 papers explicitly theorised how ethnicity related to health. The focus groups agreed that 1) Ethnicity should not be prescribed by others; individuals could be asked to describe their ethnicity in free-text which researchers could synthesise to extract relevant dimensions of ethnicity for their research; 2) Ethnicity changes over time and context according to personal experience, social pressure, and nationality change; 3) Migrants and non-migrants' lived experience of ethnicity is not fully inter-changeable, even if they share the same ethnic category. Conclusions: Ethnicity is a multi-dimensional construct, but this is not currently reflected in UK health research studies, where ethnicity is often aggregated and analysed without justification. Researchers should communicate clearly how ethnicity is operationalised for their study, with appropriate justification for clustering and analysis that is meaningfully theorised. We can only start to tackle ethnic health inequity by treating ethnicity as rigorously as any other variables in our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Carbon footprint of clinical trials: A high-level literature review.
- Author
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Billiones, Raquel
- Subjects
EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,ECOLOGICAL impact ,CLINICAL trials ,LITERATURE reviews ,CARBON dioxide - Abstract
Thousands of clinical trials are conducted globally each year. Yet, little is known about their environmental impact. This paper presents the results of a high-level literature review of the carbon footprint of clinical trials. Five papers were identified and their contents summarised qualitatively. All papers were authored by UK researchers. Carbon footprint metrics from 14 trials were presented in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO
2 e). Emissions were broken down by three broadly defined clinical trial activities: operations, travel, and supplies. Recommen - dations for carbon reduction are discussed. The review showed a dearth of publications on greenhouse gas emissions generated by clinical trials. More work in this area is needed to achieve sustainable, low carbon clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
37. A systematic review of factors influencing habitat connectivity and biodiversity along road and rail routes in temperate zones.
- Author
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Cork, Nicholas A., Fisher, Rachel S., Strong, Neil, Ferranti, Emma J. S., and Quinn, Andrew D.
- Subjects
VEGETATION management ,TRANSPORTATION corridors ,HABITATS ,CORRIDORS (Ecology) ,RAILROADS ,TEMPERATE climate ,PREDATION - Abstract
This systematic review, part funded by Network Rail Ltd (UK), considers the role of transportation corridors in habitat connectivity within temperate climates, through verge habitat, surrounding matrix, movement along and across the corridor, the wider landscape context and management practices. PICO terms were developed for the bibliographic search on 15/11/22 using Web of Science (all databases), yielding 168 studies for review. The risk of bias was minimised by excluding non-peer reviewed papers. Large and exotic taxa were excluded due to a focus on temperate zones, as were studies on invasive species and climate change where the primary focus was not ecological connectivity. Emergent themes were used to structure the paper. Results indicate that transportation corridors have significant potential for habitat connectivity, especially for generalist and open-specialist species, which favour early to mid-successional habitats. However, physiology is a key determinant in dispersal ability. Vegetation management should consider representative communities rather than individual species. Gaps exist in the range of taxa studied, understanding of seasonal variations and lifecycle stages supported in verges, survival factors such as predation and disease and changes to community structure. Rail environments are under-represented and there is limited knowledge on the relative impacts of vegetation management regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Nomenclature of the symptoms of head and neck cancer: a systematic scoping review.
- Author
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Bradley, Paula T., Lee, Ying Ki, Albutt, Abigail, Hardman, John, Kellar, Ian, Odo, Chinasa, Randell, Rebecca, Rousseau, Nikki, Tikka, Theofano, Patterson, Joanne M., and Paleri, Vinidh
- Subjects
HEAD & neck cancer ,SYMPTOMS ,MEDICAL records - Abstract
Introduction: Evolution of a patient-reported symptom-based risk stratification system to redesign the suspected head and neck cancer (HNC) referral pathway (EVEREST-HN) will use a broad and open approach to the nomenclature and symptomatology. It aims to capture and utilise the patient reported symptoms in a modern way to identify patients’ clinical problems more effectively and risk stratify the patient. Method: The review followed the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews. A search strategy was carried out using Medline, Embase and Web of Science between January 1st 2012 and October 31st 2023. All titles, abstracts and full paper were screened for eligibility, papers were assessed for inclusion using predetermined criteria. Data was extracted pertaining to the aims, type of study, cancer type, numbers of patients included and symptoms, presenting complaints or signs and symptoms. Results: There were 9,331 publications identified in the searches, following title screening 350 abstracts were reviewed for inclusion and 120 were considered for eligibility for the review. 48 publications met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. Data from almost 11,000 HNC patients was included. Twenty-one of the publications were from the UK, most were retrospective examination of patient records. Data was extracted and charted according to the anatomical area of the head and neck where the symptoms are subjectively and objectively found, and presented according to lay terms for symptoms, clinical terms for symptoms and the language of objective clinical findings. Discussion: Symptoms of HNC are common presenting complaints, interpreting these along with clinical history, examination and risk factors will inform a clinician’s decision to refer as suspected cancer. UK Head and Neck specialists believe a different way of triaging the referrals is needed to assess the clinical risk of an undiagnosed HNC. EVEREST-HN aims to achieve this using the patient history of their symptoms. This review has highlighted issues in terms of what is considered a symptom, a presenting complaint and a clinical finding or sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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39. The application for innovative methods and materials for greater sustainability in residential buildings in the UK: "a bibliometric review".
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Turner, Jordan, Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo, and Chinyio, Ezekiel
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DWELLINGS ,SUSTAINABILITY ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,ENERGY consumption ,ECOLOGICAL houses ,BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
The provision of sustainable housing should factor energy efficiency, the use of sustainable building methods and materials and address the current associated barriers. This consideration triggered an ongoing study in UK which has so far conducted a bibliometric analysis of 275 papers using the VOSviewer software. More papers have been published in the last 5 years compared to the previous 15, and the UK is less engaged in successful collaborations in comparison to other economically developed nations. The lesser use of innovation in the UK has been identified. Also, the uses of sustainable methods and materials in residential housing are not fully exploited for achieving energy efficiency. A future research direction emerging is the potential to study the combined impact of using innovative materials and methods to achieve greater energy efficiency in UK housing provision. Through technological innovations and the need to move from fossil fuels (for example, through the use of heat pumps) a new approach can move the UK closer to achieving net-zero in housing provision and operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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40. Development of an outcome indicator framework for a universal health visiting programme using routinely collected data.
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Horne, Margaret, Marryat, Louise, Corby, D. Helen, Doi, Lawrence, Astbury, Ruth, Jepson, Ruth, Morrison, Kathleen, and Wood, Rachael
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HEALTH programs ,BREASTFEEDING promotion ,CHILD welfare ,ORAL health - Abstract
Background: Universal health visiting has been a cornerstone of preventative healthcare for children in the United Kingdom (UK) for over 100 years. In 2016, Scotland introduced a new Universal Health Visiting Pathway (UHVP), involving a greater number of contacts with a particular emphasis on the first year, visits within the home setting, and rigorous developmental assessment conducted by a qualified Health Visitor. To evaluate the UHVP, an outcome indicator framework was developed using routine administrative data. This paper sets out the development of these indicators. Methods: A logic model was produced with stakeholders to define the group of outcomes, before further refining and aligning of the measures through discussions with stakeholders and inspection of data. Power calculations were carried out and initial data described for the chosen indicators. Results: Eighteen indicators were selected across eight outcome areas: parental smoking, breastfeeding, immunisations, dental health, developmental concerns, obesity, accidents and injuries, and child protection interventions. Data quality was mixed. Coverage of reviews was high; over 90% of children received key reviews. Individual item completion was more variable: 92.2% had breastfeeding data at 6–8 weeks, whilst 63.2% had BMI recorded at 27–30 months. Prevalence also varied greatly, from 1.3% of children's names being on the Child Protection register for over six months by age three, to 93.6% having received all immunisations by age two. Conclusions: Home visiting services play a key role in ensuring children and families have the right support to enable the best start in life. As these programmes evolve, it is crucial to understand whether changes lead to improvements in child outcomes. This paper describes a set of indicators using routinely-collected data, lessening additional burden on participants, and reducing response bias which may be apparent in other forms of evaluation. Further research is needed to explore the transferability of this indicator framework to other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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41. Embedding Public Involvement in a PhD Research Project With People Affected by Advanced Liver Disease.
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Beresford, Cathy J., Rahman, Mahabuba, Gray, Yvonne, Ramshaw, Sandra, Gelling, Leslie, Baron, Sue, and Dominey, Jackie
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LIVER disease treatment ,SOCIAL media ,PATIENT selection ,RESEARCH funding ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,DATA analysis ,DOCTORAL programs ,PATIENT psychology ,HUMAN research subjects ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DECISION making ,MEDICAL research ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,ACQUISITION of data ,GROUNDED theory ,STAKEHOLDER analysis ,COMMITMENT (Psychology) ,PATIENT participation ,PATIENTS' attitudes ,CAREGIVER attitudes - Abstract
Background: Liver disease is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom and can be challenging to live with in the advanced stages. There has been little research exploring the healthcare experiences of UK individuals with decompensated disease when the liver cannot carry out its functions properly. A PhD research project was developed with people who have liver disease to explore care experiences in decompensated advanced liver disease. Public involvement (PI) is an essential aspect of meaningful health research, and this paper reports on the progression of our PI approach in this ongoing study. Objective: To embed PI throughout the research project to ensure that the study is meaningful to individuals with liver disease and the people who support them. Methods: The research adopts a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to develop a theory of care experience. Various PI approaches were considered in developing the PI strategy for this qualitative study. Initially, Embedded consultation was the preferred model, which has evolved to include aspects of collaboration and coproduction. A PI group was set up to oversee the project through the national public engagement website VOICE, and reflections on PI from three members of the group are included in this paper to illuminate the PI process. Results: Six individuals with liver disease and three carers from across the United Kingdom are part of an ongoing PI group. Their role includes commenting on the findings of the systematic literature review for this project and contributing to decisions about recruitment, data collection and data analysis. Additionally, they had a direct impact on changing the focus of the research. The PI group will continue involvement until the completion of the project. Conclusion: Successfully embedding PI into doctoral research, as demonstrated in this project, requires commitment, planning and dedication to reciprocal working for the benefit of PI contributors as well as the research. This approach could be adopted by other postgraduate researchers. Patient or Public Contribution: This project is overseen by the PI group, whose contribution is described throughout, including reflections from three PI group members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Personal Development of Doctoral Students.
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Riby, Deborah M. and Rees, Simon
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MATURATION (Psychology) ,DOCTORAL students ,STUDENT development ,STUDENT aspirations ,SELF-esteem ,HIGHER education ,SELF-consciousness (Awareness) - Abstract
Definition: Personal development refers to the process of increasing one's self-awareness, associated increases of self-esteem, increasing skills, and fulfilling one's aspirations. The current paper reflects on these elements within the doctoral journey, for PhD students within the UK Higher Education system. The paper makes particular reference to frameworks to encourage and capture personal development needs and supervision or coaching styles that may be used to encourage a continual reflection of personal development throughout the doctorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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43. Approaches and experiences implementing remote, electronic consent at the Leeds Clinical Trials Research Unit.
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Cragg, William J, Taylor, Chris, Moreau, Lauren, Collier, Howard, Gilberts, Rachael, McKigney, Niamh, Dennett, Joanna, Graca, Sandra, Wheeler, Ian, Bishop, Liam, Barrett, Adam, Hartley, Suzanne, Greenwood, John P, Swoboda, Peter P, and Farrin, Amanda J
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CLINICAL trials ,MEDICAL research ,PATIENT preferences ,NEUROLINGUISTICS ,DATA protection ,DEGLUTITION ,PUBLIC health research - Abstract
Background: Use of electronic methods to support informed consent ('eConsent') is increasingly popular in clinical research. This commentary reports the approach taken to implement electronic consent methods and subsequent experiences from a range of studies at the Leeds Clinical Trials Research Unit (CTRU), a large clinical trials unit in the UK. Main text: We implemented a remote eConsent process using the REDCap platform. The process can be used in trials of investigational medicinal products and other intervention types or research designs. Our standard eConsent system focuses on documenting informed consent, with other aspects of consent (e.g. providing information to potential participants and a recruiter discussing the study with each potential participant) occurring outside the system, though trial teams can use electronic methods for these activities where they have ethical approval. Our overall process includes a verbal consent step prior to confidential information being entered onto REDCap and an identity verification step in line with regulator guidance. We considered the regulatory requirements around the system's generation of source documents, how to ensure data protection standards were upheld and how to monitor informed consent within the system. We present four eConsent case studies from the CTRU: two randomised clinical trials and two other health research studies. These illustrate the ways eConsent can be implemented, and lessons learned, including about differences in uptake. Conclusions: We successfully implemented a remote eConsent process at the CTRU across multiple studies. Our case studies highlight benefits of study participants being able to give consent without having to be present at the study site. This may better align with patient preferences and trial site needs and therefore improve recruitment and resilience against external shocks (such as pandemics). Variation in uptake of eConsent may be influenced more by site-level factors than patient preferences, which may not align well with the aspiration towards patient-centred research. Our current process has some limitations, including the provision of all consent-related text in more than one language, and scalability of implementing more than one consent form version at a time. We consider how enhancements in CTRU processes, or external developments, might affect our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. Research delivery secondments: A scoping review.
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Hare, Naomi, Grieve, Sharon, Valentine, Janine, and Menzies, Julie
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RESEARCH ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,CINAHL database ,ONLINE information services ,PROFESSIONAL practice ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MIDWIFERY ,SERIAL publications ,JOB descriptions ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,PROFESSIONAL employee training ,TIME ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,ENDOWMENT of research ,NATIONAL health services ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,CLINICAL supervision ,NURSING research ,CLINICAL competence ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LITERATURE reviews ,MEDLINE ,EMPIRICAL research ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,ALLIED health personnel - Abstract
Aim: To explore and summarise published literature with regards to secondments to clinical research and to identify the gaps in research to inform further work. Design: Systematic scoping review. Method: A scoping review was undertaken in accordance with the Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence and Research framework. Databases searched included CINAHL, PubMed, Medline and Embase. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied by two independent reviewers. Two reviewers independently retrieved full‐text studies for inclusion and applied the framework as a tool for synthesising Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence and Research recommendations. Results: Six papers and one abstract published between 2003 and 2018 were included. All secondees (n = 34) were released from NHS posts, with secondments (where specified) ranging in duration from 0.25 to 2 years and for 40%–100% of their working hours. All seven papers reported benefits for personal and professional development, predominantly in the form of personal reflections. Few described involvement with research delivery teams. Conclusion: Published initiatives vary in nature and lack standardised reporting and measurement of impact. Further research is required to identify benefits at a departmental or organisational level, the facilitators for setting up secondments and the application of knowledge gained from secondment opportunities. Implications for the Profession: Undertaking a research secondment is reported to offer professional and personal benefit for clinical staff. Research secondments are one way in which a research culture can practically be embedded within clinical settings. Impact: This scoping review identified a lack of published empirical research seeking to understand research secondments as a tool to enhance research and evidence engagement. Although there is a suggestion that secondments could positively impact staff retention, there is limited evidence about the benefit for the organisation or for patient care. These findings have implications for staff, managers and their organisations. Reporting Method: The PRISMA‐ScR guidelines were used to guide reporting. No Patient or Public Contribution: This was not relevant to the research design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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45. Understanding for whom, under what conditions and how smoking cessation services for pregnant women in the United Kingdom work—a rapid realist review.
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Tatton, Claire and Lloyd, Jenny
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SMOKING cessation ,PREGNANT women ,WOMEN'S programs ,SOCIAL cues ,MEDICAL personnel ,BIRTHING centers ,INFANT health - Abstract
Background: Maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with several adverse maternal and infant health outcomes including increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, preterm birth, and asthma. Progress to reduce rates of smoking at time of delivery in England have been slow and over the last decade, less than half of pregnant women who accessed services went onto report having quit. This realist review was undertaken to improve the understanding of how smoking cessation services in pregnancy work and to understand the heterogeneity of outcomes observed. Methods: The initial programme theory was developed using the National Centre for Smoking Cession and Training Standard Treatment Programme for Pregnant Women and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance on treating tobacco dependency. A search strategy and inclusion criteria were developed. Four databases were searched to identify published papers and four websites were hand searched to identify any unpublished literature that could contribute to theory building. Realist logic was applied to the analysis of papers to identify the contexts in which the intended behaviour change mechanism(s) were triggered, or not, and towards what outcomes to develop context mechanism outcome configurations. Results: The review included 33 papers. The analysis produced 19 context mechanism outcome configurations structured under five closely interconnected domains (i) articulating harm, (ii) promoting support, (iii) managing cravings, (iv) maintaining commitment and (v) building self-efficacy. This review identifies two key processes involved in how services achieve their effects: how material resources are implemented and relationships. Of the two key processes identified, more existing literature was available evidencing how material resources are implemented. However, the review provides some evidence that non-judgemental and supportive relationships with healthcare workers where regular contact is provided can play an important role in interrupting the social cues and social practice of smoking, even where those around women continue to smoke. Conclusions: This review clarifies the range of interconnected and bi-directional relationships between services and the personal and social factors in women's lives. It underscores the importance of aligning efforts across the models five domains to strengthen services' ability to achieve smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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46. Trade unions and institutional power resources in the United Kingdom.
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Rigby, Mike and García Calavia, Miguel Angel
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POWER resources ,LABOR unions ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,SOCIAL groups ,LABOR union recognition ,COLLECTIVE labor agreements - Abstract
Purpose: The paper examines the approach of United Kingdom (UK) Trade Unions to the use of institutional power resources (IPR) in the second half of the twentieth century. Design/methodology/approach: Using secondary material, it examines the unions' approach to IPR in three cases; collective bargaining; worker representation and trade union structure. Findings: The paper concludes that unions did not appreciate the importance of, and lacked a strategic approach to, IPR. Although employer and government action were largely responsible for the decline of industrial relations institutions, the failure of the unions to engage with IPR contributed to this process. It explains the failure of the unions to engage with IPR by reference to their lack of strategic capabilities and skills in relation to power resources (PRs) in general and IPR in particular. Research limitations/implications: It would have been interesting to collect primary data via interviews with union actors from the period examined to test the interpretation of secondary data contained in the article. Practical implications: The paper has identified the kind of strategic decision-making which is necessary for unions to engage effectively with IPR. It is has also indicated the key skills which unions need to develop to be able to manage their engagement with IPR. Social implications: The paper has implications for the role of trade unions in society, showing the need for them to develop narratives to convince society of the importance of their role and action and to develop the skills which enable them to connect with other social groups, e.g. intermediation, engagement with coalitional resources. Originality/value: Analysis of the decline of industrial relations institutions in this period has emphasized the role of employers and the state. This paper contributes to a more balanced perspective on this decline by drawing attention to the lack of a union strategy towards IPR and the importance of the detail of the management and employment of power resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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47. Introducing NumisTravel: United Kingdom Adventure.
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COIN collecting ,NUMISMATICS ,BANK notes ,PAPER money - Published
- 2024
48. An ecological approach to understanding transitions and tensions in complex learning contexts.
- Author
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McCrone, Luke and Kingsbury, Martyn
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ACTIVE learning ,LEARNING ,STUDENT engagement ,STEM education ,HIGHER education ,LEARNING by discovery - Abstract
The move away from transmission-based lecturing toward a more student-centred active learning approach is well evidenced in STEM higher education. However, the examination of active learning has generally remained confined to formal timetabled contexts, with assumptions made that students independently manage the transition between timetabled and non-timetabled learning. This paper introduces research findings from a mixed methods study that used an ecological approach when investigating student transitions between a formal lecture theatre and adjacent informal breakout space in a UK STEM university. Using quantitative occupancy monitoring data to analyse usage patterns of both spaces, in combination with qualitative ethnographic observations and field interviews, permitted a purposeful exploration of student engagement with transitions within and between the two learning spaces. The ecological approach aided the discovery of spatial, pedagogic and agentic transitions and tensions, which subsequently informed strategic modification of space across the institution to facilitate the adoption of active learning pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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49. Organisational factors associated with healthcare workforce development, recruitment, and retention in the United Kingdom: a systematic review.
- Author
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Alkan, Erkan, Cushen-Brewster, Noreen, and Anyanwu, Philip
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EMPLOYEE retention ,CORPORATE culture ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL personnel ,PSYCHOLOGICAL burnout ,RESEARCH funding ,WORK environment ,LABOR turnover ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,AGGRESSION (Psychology) ,EMPLOYEE recruitment ,INTENTION ,JOB stress ,ONLINE information services ,QUALITY assurance ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,LABOR supply ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,EMPLOYEES' workload - Abstract
Aims: To synthesise evidence regarding organisational practice environment factors affecting healthcare workforce development, recruitment, and retention in the UK. Methods/data sources: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and PsycINFO yielded ten relevant studies published between 2018 and 2023 and conducted in the UK (the last search was conducted in March 2023). Adhering to The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, two independent reviewers conducted screening, sifting, and data extraction, applying the quality assessment tool for risk of bias. Results: Results highlight key factors associated with staff intention to leave/turnover/retention: workplace challenges, aggression, moral distress, on-the-job embeddedness, leadership involvement, organisational support, and flexible shift patterns. Notably, aggression from colleagues, including clinical staff but not interdisciplinary personnel, has a more detrimental impact on staff intention to leave than aggression from patients. Conclusion: The complex and context-dependent impacts of these organisational factors on the UK healthcare workforce underscore the need for tailored interventions. The review acknowledges limitations, including bias from excluding qualitative studies, a small pool of included studies, and nurse overrepresentation. Summary statement: What is already known: Securement and retainment issues affect different aspects of health and care services. Moreover, healthcare workforce shortages persist in the UK. What this paper adds: Our findings on the importance of workplace challenges and aggression, moral distress, on-the-job-embeddedness, leadership, flexible shift pattern, and organisational support in staff retention are important to addressing the current UK healthcare workforce crisis. Implications for practice/policy: The findings of this review are important to healthcare commissioners, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering valuable insights for dealing with factors contributing to shortages in the healthcare workforce and enhancing staff satisfaction and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRACTICES: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
- Author
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de Figueiredo Sarmento, Thaís Lira, Meurer, Sara, van Bellen, Hans Michael, and Petri, Sérgio Murilo
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CIRCULAR economy ,LITERATURE reviews ,SUSTAINABLE development ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,PERFORMANCE evaluation - Abstract
Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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