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Applying tenets of legal origin theory, this paper traces the origins of banking financial accountability resting behind paragraphs 78 to 82 of the First Schedule of the Companies Act 1862 (UK), where the timely disclosure of a balance sheet and statement of income and expenditure to stakeholders are scrutinised. Comparative legal analysis of 503 banking enactments of the US, Canada and England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reveals that expectations of formal accounts raised by the Companies Act 1862 (UK) were informed by the Colombia Banking Act 1817 (CO) in the US, the Canadian Mauritius Regulations 1830 and the Joint Stock Banks Act 1844 (UK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has a hugely important role to play in meeting many of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Ensuring the economic resilience of farms and improving their capacity to respond to a wide range of challenges is key if agriculture is to contribute positively to achieving SDGs and sustainable growth. This paper aims to calculate the economic vulnerability and resilience of agriculture in England and Wales (UK), by analysing individual farm business data and using it to compute an aggregated agricultural resilience index at regional level across the two countries. The results of our analysis are visualised as maps, showing the geographical distribution of the input indicators and the final composite resilience index. We argue that this type of spatio-economic approach is useful for understanding the geography of agricultural resilience at sub-national levels, which could be valuable for helping to inform decisions and formulate strategies for promoting sustainable agriculture.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For practical purposes the current guidance for attributing fluvial climate change allowances (recommended peak-discharge adjustments) in England is based on percentage changes to the 50-year return level attributed homogeneously to geographical regions. This proof-of-concept study introduces an approach enabling the practitioner to derive allowances for the full distribution of extremes (as opposed to single return periods) and is based on catchment characteristics. A region of influence approach, adopted by the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH), is applied to estimate changes to the parameters of statistical models of extreme flows, as opposed to flow peaks. The approach is distribution neutral and can be applied to any catchment for which an FEH analysis has been undertaken. Results for an example scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5 2080s) are compared to a geographically regional method and an example is provided for a single catchment estimating extremes with the FEH method and adjusting them for the RCP8.5 2080s scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'EUNOS 2022' marked the 15th biennial congress of the European Neuro-ophthalmology Society. It was held at the University of Birmingham, England between Monday 20 June and Thursday 23 June 2022. This report summarises the highlights of the Neuro-ophthalmology programme of the congress, including the teaching day, scientific symposia and debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs housing data from the nine main regions of England and from overall England to compare the volatility risks of housing prices for the first-time buyer (FTB) and former owner-occupier (FOO) markets. This study collects data from February 2012 to March 2020 to assess the volatility characteristics of housing prices in these two markets in each region of England. Additionally, the effect of interest rate shocks and the wealth effect of the stock market on these two markets are observed. The results reveal that for most regions, the FTB market has higher housing price volatility risks compared with the FOO market. Additionally, the FTB market is more easily affected by interest rate shocks and the wealth effect. In contrast to FOOs, FTBs are generally younger and less wealthy. If FTBs are facing a market with higher housing price risk, especially when the overall economy is affected by a shock (such as the European Debt Crisis or the COVID-19 pandemic), the response of the FTB housing market is greater; then the government must pay special attention when implementing policies that interfere with the market since these policies would particularly affect the welfare of FTBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The full population of England and Wales employers and own-account business proprietors is estimated using population censuses 1851–1911. The main contribution of the article is a method of mixed single imputation to overcome the challenge of non-responses to the census 1851–1881. This method is compared with alternatives. Downloads of all data allow replication. The method is used to track trends in proprietor numbers and entrepreneurship rates to reassess the 'decline of Victorian entrepreneurship', onset of the 'U'-shaped trough of the twentieth century, the 'climacteric' of 1901, and compositional changes by sector and sex. There is strong sector and gender diversity, with changes in female participation major drivers of overall trends. Proprietor numbers show slow increases of employers, and rapid rise and then decline of own-account, with a turning point after 1901. The methodology and turning point is compared and confirmed against the 1921 census and national and local trade directories. Current affilition for Piero Montebruno: Geographical Research Economist at the Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political ScienceSupplemental data for this article is available online at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and predicting river floods have always been of concern for hydrologists. Anomalies in flow patterns alert us of upcoming events. The effect of such anomalies on the multifractality and nonlinear dynamics of the river flow is investigated in this research. The river flow of the River Trent in England from 2018 to 2019 was dissected using the multifractal, power spectrum, and phase space reconstruction techniques. Results show a reduction in multifractality strength before the anomalies in the time series. Moreover, receding trajectories from the attractor in the phase space and augmentation of the power spectrum confirmed a decline in flow multifractality due to anomalies. A compliance comparison of multifractality reduction before anomalies in river flow leads to predicting river floods approximately 12 days in advance. Furthermore, if the multifractal strength does not return to its equilibrium, this is a warning that floods are expected in the near future (less than 10 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covert Human Intelligence Sources (CHIS) provide unique access to criminals and organised crime groups, and their collection of intelligence is vital to understanding England and Wales' threat picture. Rapport is essential to the establishment and maintenance of effective professional relationships between source handlers and their CHIS. Thus, rapport-based interviewing is a fundamental factor to maximising intelligence yield. The present research gained unprecedented access to 105 real-life audio recorded telephone interactions between England and Wales police source handlers and CHIS. This research quantified both the rapport component behaviours (e.g., attention, positivity, and coordination) displayed by the source handler and the intelligence yielded from the CHIS, in order to investigate the frequencies of these rapport components and their relationship to intelligence yield. Overall rapport, attention and coordination significantly correlated with intelligence yield, while positivity did not. Attention was the most frequently used component of rapport, followed by positivity, and then coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the dynamics of succession and inheritance in Scottish business families during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Making use of the unusual quality of Scottish testamentary records, it explores the management of succession within family firms, focussing on the relationship between the choices made by business owners, their family circumstances, and the future of their firms. Taking the 'family-centred' approach to business development used by historians such as Morris, Owens and Barker for the period of the industrial revolution in England as a starting point, it argues that a broader understanding of inheritance can explain business succession, and that the control and ownership of family firms was changed by the uses made of limited liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust samples from a residential area next to the Dee estuary saltmarsh, north-west England, UK, were collected at two heights and analyzed to investigate the potential for transporting radioactive dusts inland from the saltmarsh via an eolian pathway. 137Cs activities were found in the range from 20 ± 4 to 794 ± 113 Bq kg−1, with mean of 193 Bq kg−1 and from 15 ± 4 to 252 ± 8 Bq kg−1, with mean of 109 Bq kg−1 in dusts at 2 m and 0.3 m heights, respectively. The total annual effective doses were found as 1–41 µSv y−1 and 2–95 µSv y−1 for minimum and maximum occupancy, respectively. The maximum value of 41 µSv y−1 for the minimum outdoor occupancy falls below the world average value of 70 µSv y−1 but the maximum value of 95 µSv y−1 for the maximum occupancy is 36% higher than the world average value and is non-negligible. The collected dust samples were about 75% organic and 25% mineral particles. During sampling period at 2 m height, mean and maximum wind speeds were found 5-8 m s −1, and 16–22 m s −1, respectively. Detailed examination of radionuclide, grain size and wind data during dust collection period reveal that the estimated threshold wind speeds (5-23 m s −1) over the saltmarsh are sufficient to entrain radioactive dust particles (63–4 µm diameter) to be transported and deposited in inland, and hence poses potential health risks to coastal populations. Copyright © 2021 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]