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The majority of research participants in the social sciences are recruited from populations that are Western , educated , industrialized , rich , and democratic. This has the potential to threaten the external validity and limit the generalizability of research findings. It also highlights the need to provide a historical accounting of participant characteristics and reporting practices across coherent disciplines of research. This paper reports the participant characteristics from studies published in 12 leading journals in the sport and exercise psychology literature. In total, 15,650 peer-reviewed articles were published across these outlets from 1930 to 2021, involving 4,487,437 human participants. A descriptive overview of participant characteristics and reporting practices suggests that empirical understanding of human experiences and outcomes in sport and exercise settings is built from an incomplete and unrepresentative sample of participants. Findings illuminate potential knowledge gaps that may have resulted from the lack of diverse samples and offer potential paths forward for contemporary sport and exercise psychology scholars who wish to address these gaps. • 15,650 articles with 4,487,437 human participants have been published across 12 sport and exercise psychology journals from 1930 to 2021. • 75.6% of participants from these studies have been drawn from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. • Across this literature, many important participant characteristics have gone uncollected and/or unreported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To summarize the effect of the flipped classroom method (FCM) on student engagement in nursing education and provide the implications for future practice. Technological advancement of learning approaches including flipped classroom has become increasingly popular in nursing education. However, no integrative review has been published that specially explore the behaviour engagement, cognitive engagement and emotional engagement of flipped classroom use in nursing education. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) strategies were implemented to investigate the literature from published peer-reviewed papers from 2013 to 2021 in CINAHL, MEDLINE and Web of Science. The initial search identified 280 potentially relevant articles. After comprehensively reviewing the initial catchment using several analytical phases, 16 articles were considered for the final review. Most of articles targeted on undergraduate nursing students and were conducted in the USA and Australia. The review primarily identified positive learning outcomes among nursing students in term of student engagement. However, a few studies reported contrasting findings, possibly due to students are still dependent on traditional lecture-based classroom. This review suggests that use of the FCM in nursing education could promote students' behavioral engagement and cognitive engagement but yield a mixed outcome in emotional engagement. This review contributed to our understanding of the effect of the flipped classroom method on student engagement in nursing education, the strategies for promoting student engagement in future flipped classroom practice and recommendation for future research on flipped classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]