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The Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System and its accompanying executive regulations have introduced into Polish law the provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union (UE) 2016/1148. The fundamental reason for these regulations was to establish a coherent system to ensure the cyber security of the Republic of Poland with accordance to standards adopted for European Union Member States. This paper presents the legal situation of operators of essential services and digital service providers that was created by the provisions of the ANCS. The ANCS not only identifies operators of essential services, digital service providers, and their assigned obligations, but also addresses the competent authorities' tasks of supervising, inspecting and imposing penalties within the cyber security system. The findings, assessments and conclusions presented here are based on the interpretation of the provisions of the ANCS and are supported by prominent claims of academic representatives. The analyses contained within this paper aim to show that despite the comprehensible and contemporary ratio legis -- which falls within the framework of pursuing the state of digital safety -- the provisions of the ANCS require adjustments that acknowledge the legal situation of operators of essential services and digital service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern communication and information technologies are rapidly being deployed at health care institutions around the world. Although these technologies offer many benefits, ensuring data protection is a major concern, and implementation of robust data protection measures is essential. In this context, health care providers and medical care facilities must frequently make difficult decisions and compromises between the need to provide effective medical care and the need to ensure data security and patient privacy. In the present paper, we describe and discuss key issues related to data protection systems in the setting of cancer care hospitals in Europe. We provide real-life examples from two European countries—Poland and the Czech Republic—to illustrate data protection issues and the steps being taking to address these questions. More specifically, we discuss the legal framework surrounding data protection and technical aspects related to patient authentication and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to present preliminary results of the pilot research pertaining to the assessment of the fundamental elements of the local security system, the research being conducted by the authors on the statistically significant sample (4 400 persons) of the inhabitants of local communities of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeship (an administrative unit in Poland). Since the research was very extensive indeed, the present paper contains only a fragment of its results. It transpired that the sense of security of the members of the local communities of the Kuyvian-Pomeranian voivodeship is at a relatively high level. With the assumed scale (ranging from 1 to 10), the greatest number of respondents assessed it at the level of 8 points, and the absolute majority of them assessed it at least at the level of 6. Among all the elements assessed, it was the operations of fire fighters that were evaluated as best. What was assessed as definitely the worst was the functioning of health care and of non-governmental organizations. What came as a sort of surprise are relatively poor (given the allegiance to tradition exhibited by Polish society) scores given to the influence of the Church on the sense of local communality, with a relatively frequent scores falling in 1-4 range. The research method thus put forward by the authors is innovative since it offers a combination of so-called hard elements of security elements with barely measurable sense of security, as assessed by particular persons. A relatively large research sample ensures that the results are significantly informative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to show the development of the information society in Poland through the prism of the use of e-government services in comparison to the other EU countries. At the same time, as part of the research, the aim is to indicate the strategies and methods of data security in intelligent IT systems that eliminate development barriers of the information society and e-government services. Research methodology was based on the desktop-based research that consisted of a document and database review of available information, statistics and other data from international, national, regional sources. The statistical analysis was performed on the basis of qualitative data collected from both Poland and other European Union member countries. Time frame for the research was set up for the year 2019. The analysis of the data presented in this paper shows that the demand for and willingness to use e-government services is enormous. Moreover, organizations ought to actively develop a comprehensive strategic security plan including security policy, procedures to be developed and technologies to be implemented that would integrate new applications and processes, while complying with security requirements and relevant laws and regulations. The paper also rises awareness about the importance of ensuring the protection of sensitive date in ICT and therefore limit the barriers for the development of information society, information systems (IS) and the use of Decision Support Systems (DSS) in e-government services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although biobanks have become fundamental to many research centers and contribute to medical development, they generate many ethical and legal issues that may discourage patients from donating. Materials and Methods To understand patients' perception of ethical and legal issues related to biobanks we conducted a survey among 548 Polish patients with cancer. Results While 93.1% of patients with cancer declared themselves willing to donate biospecimens left over after a medical procedure to a biobank, most opted for one-time consent or study-specific consent, blanket consent being less frequently preferred. Many patients believed that future use of previously collected tissues require second contact. Most patients preferred pseudonymization over anonymization of the data, and supported donors' right to withdraw informed consent at any given moment. Finally, while personal health information was the most expected form of compensation for donation, most patients suggested that all parties, including the biobank concerned, the sponsors of the research, and the donors, should own the rights to cancer tissues donated and profit from the biobank research. Patients' opinions on the ethical and legal issues related to biobank research were associated with age, sex, religiosity, education level, and place of residence. Conclusions Since biobanks generate ethical and legal issues related to informed consent, data protection and storage, as well as the sharing of biosamples, tissue ownership, and profit sharing, that may discourage patients from donation, when asking a patient for a donation, healthcare professionals should communicate in a donor-centered manner and address patients' ethical and moral concerns related to donation and offer resources to help manage these concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to conduct an investigation on criteria of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP)/Customer Relations Management (CRM) systems selection used by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Poland. The main goal was to define the key selection criteria that should be used to ensure the optimal decision of the purchase of the system. The reason for the choice of this research question was that SMEs have to constantly struggle with lack of resources. The choice of the right ERP and/or CRM system can significantly improve their operational efficiency and competitiveness. A synthetic review of the literature on the selection criteria of ERP and/or CRM systems was conducted and presented. Opinions of 83 respondents with work experience in SMEs that had undergone an implementation of an ERP and/or CRM system or vendors of ERP and/or CRM systems for SMEs in Poland were collected in the form of Google Form surveys and analyzed with the use of Spearman's rank order correlation. The main conclusion of this study is that two most important selection criteria are: system functionality and the ability to ensure data security. The study results may be of practical use for SMEs' decisionmakers for the selection of the CRM and/or ERP class system. A further and more comprehensive research into the topic is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the development, implementation and management of a German–Polish telemedicine network in the field of pediatric oncology and hematology in the Euroregion Pomerania. The achievements and challenges of joint medical case reviews involving patients and their care givers, as well as cross-border education activities for physicians, students and nursing staff, are presented. In addition to a progress report, the results of an evaluation of the participants and teachers, likewise the measurement of knowledge growth, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The article deals with the topic of personal data security systems in various local government units (LGUs) located in Poland. In addition, the personal data security system, information technology and personal data were defined. The aim of the article was to draw attention to the importance of data processed in local government units and to present the results of research in this area. Design/methodology/approach: The considerations and analysis made it possible to identify the causes of the negative impact on personal data and to present the types of threats that may occur in connection with incorrect processing of personal data. Findings: The article presents the essence of the information security management system and the most important threats resulting from improper management of personal data. The article defines local government units in the context of knowledge of legal provisions in the field of personal data processing. In addition, the article recommends the use of good practices in the field of proper data protection. Practical implications: Research proves important issues regarding the quality of personal data processing in local government units. Originality/value: The information contained in the article deals with the subject of the functioning of local government units, personal data protection and the growing importance of technology used for data processing, supplementing the limited number of publications on the presented topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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