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The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. These papers are from the CIAE 2020 Virtual International Pre-Conference. The global aberration, called COVID-19, defined 2020 beyond national borders. COVID-19 reshaped the format of the 69th annual AAACE conference by replacing the traditional bustling human interaction with virtual meetings and presentations. These "Proceedings" contain 12 papers from 17 authors. The preeminence of COVID-19 in the 2020 International Pre-Conference papers demonstrates CIAE's commitment to being globally responsive and relevant. The word COVID appearing 88 times and COVID-19 appearing 86 times with mentions in two paper titles are an acknowledgement of the common threads of humanity and of hope for a surpassing future. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

Selected papers are as follows: "Member Perceptions of the Association for International Agricultural & Extension Education" (Eaton et al.); "Historical Review of U.S. Involvement in International Agricultural Education between World War II and Enactment of Title XII" (Thuemmel, Meaders); "Educational Needs of International Graduate Students as Perceived by Graduate Faculty" (Miller, Ng); "Rethinking the Landscape" (Beilin); "Personal Networks and Agricultural Extension" (Armonia); "Extension Staff Development Program" (Trail, Malindi); "Learning Styles of Extension Personnel and the Implications for Designing Inservice Computer Training Programs" (Park, Gamon); "Agricultural Education and Global Sustainability" (Vahoviak, Etling); "Importance of Extension Education in the Post Harvest Activities of Soybean in Nigeria" (Osho); "Perceptions Regarding Agricultural Extension Education in Swaziland" (Dube, Martin); "Philosophy, Mission, and Focus of Agricultural Extension in Africa, Asia, and Latin America" (Mohamed et al.); "Educational Needs for Enhancing Non-Farm Activities and Entrepreneurship" (Singh, Comer); "Assessment of the Use of Contact Farmers in Training and Visit Extension System in Nigeria" (Omotayo, Arokoyo); "Village Extension Workers (VEWs), Agricultural Extension Officers, and Contact Farmers Perceptions of VEW Visits under the Training and Visit (T&V) System" (Radhakrishna, Yoder); "Expert Identification of Inservice Training Needs of Field Agents Working in T&V Systems of Extension" (Alawy, Safrit); "Creating a Stronger Model for International Youth Exchange" (Etling); "Perceptions Held by Secondary School Agricultural Educators in Iowa Regarding Adding a Global Perspective to the Agriculture Curriculum" (Perez-Morales, Miller); "Development of Vocational Agriculture in Swaziland" (Mndebele, Crunkilton); "Extension Serving Women Farmers" (Morrone); "Nonformal Education for Empowerment" (Nti, Etling); "Factors Influencing Rural Women Cassava Processors' Intended Participation in an Agricultural Extension Education Program" (Ojomo, McCaslin); "Cooperative Efforts for Agricultural Extension and Rural Development" (Brewer, Meaders); "Need for U.S. and International Collaborative Rural Leadership Education for the 21st Century" (Dhanakumar et al.); "University's Role in Agricultural Development" (Cristovao, Koehnen); "Educational Needs of International Graduate Students of Extension Education" (Mohamed et al.); "Review and Synthesis of Extension Problems in Africa and Asia" (Ukaga et al.); "Development of Rural Youths through Farmers' Training and Education" (Auta, Akpoko); and "Mobilizing Rural Youths for a Career in Farming" (Arokoyo, Omotayo). (YLB)

These proceedings contain the papers of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Madrid, Spain, February 28-March 2, 2014. The Mobile Learning 2014 International Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Supporting Teachers to Design and Use Mobile Collaborative Learning Games (Iza Marfisi-Schottman and Sébastien George); (2) Ebooks as PDF Files, in Epub Format or as Interactive Ibooks? Digital Books in Physics Lessons of Secondary Education (Manfred Lohr); (3) Mobile Learning and Early Age Mathematics (Shir Peled and Shimon Schocken); (4) M-Learning--On Path to Integration with Organisation Systems (Shilpa Srivastava and Ved Prakash Gulati); (5) Improving History Learning through Cultural Heritage, Local History and Technology (Graça Magro, Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho and Maria José Marcelino); (6) Intrigue at the Museum: Facilitating Engagement and Learning through a Location-Based Mobile Game (Jetmir Xhembulla, Irene Rubino, Claudia Barberis and Giovanni Malnati); (7) Mobile-Based Chatting for Meeting Negotiation in Foreign Language Learning (María Dolores Castrillo, Elena Martín-Monje and Elena Bárcena); (8) Student Preferences for M-Learning Application Characteristics (Ömer Delialioglu & Yasaman Alioon); (9) Learning and Teaching with Mobile Devices An Approach in Secondary Education in Ghana (Margarete Grimus and Martin Ebner); (10) Cross-Cultural Design of Mobile Mathematics Learning Service for South African Schools (Tanja Walsh, Teija Vainio and Jari Varsaluoma); (11) Mobile Learning and Achievement Goal Orientation Profiles (Minna Asplund); (12) A Review of Integrating Mobile Phones for Language Learning (Ramiza Darmi and Peter Albion); (13) Overlapping Chat's Accessibility Requirements between Students with and without Disabilities Due to the Mobile Limitiations (Rocío Calvo, Ana Iglesias and Lourdes Moreno); (14) UML Quiz: Automatic Conversion of Web-Based E-Learning Content in Mobile Applications (Alexander von Franqué and Hilda Tellioglu); (15) Pedagogical Applications of Smartphone Integration in Teaching--Lectures', Students', & Pupils' Perspectives (Tami Seifert); (16) MOOC's to Go (Jan Renz, Thomas Staubitz and Christoph Meinel); (17) Strategies and Challenges in Ipad Initiative (Chientzu Candace Chou, Lanise Block and Renee Jesness); (18) Blending Classroom Teaching and Learning with QR Codes (Jenni Rikala and Marja Kankaanranta); (19) Programming Education with a Blocks-Based Visual Language for Mobile Application Development (Can Mihci and Nesrin Ozdener); (20) Shifting Contexts: Investigating the Role of Context in the Use of Obiquitious Computing for Design-Based Learning (Katharine S. Willis and Gianni Corino); (21) Evaluation Framework for Dependable Mobile Learning Scenarios (Manel Bensassi and Mona Laroussi); (22) Initial Evaluation of a Mobile Scaffolding Application that Seeks to Support Novice Learners of Programming (Chao Mbogo, Edwin Blake and Hussein Suleman); (23) Defining a Set of Architectural Requirements for Service-Oriented Mobile Learning Environments (Nemésio Freitas Duarte Filho and Ellen Francine Barbosa); (24) Portability and Usability of Open Educational Resources on Mobile Devices: A Study in the Context of Brazilian Educational Portals and Android-Based Devices (André Constantino da Silva, Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, Vitor Hugo Miranda Mourão, Márcio Diógenes de Oliveira da Cruz and Heloísa Vieira da Rocha); (25) Evaluating QR Code Case Studies Using a Mobile Learning Framework (Jenni Rikala); (26) Developing a Mobile Social Media Framework for Creative Pedagogies (Thomas Cochrane, Laurent Antonczak, Matthew Guinibert and Danni Mulrennan); (27) Factors Affecting M-Learners' Course Satisfaction and Learning Persistence (Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Eugene Lim and Hae Jin Kim); (28) A Framework to Support Mobile Learning in Multilingual Environments (Mmaki E. Jantjies and Mike Joy); (29) Mobile Technology Integrated Pedagogical Model (Arshia Khan); (30) Representation of an Incidental Learning Framework to Support Mobile Learning (Eileen Scanlon, Mark Gaved, Ann Jones, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme, Lucas Paletta and Ian Dunwell); (31) Using Mobile Apps and Social Media for Online Learner-Generated Content (Paul David Henry); (32) Tweeting as a Tool for Learning Science: The Credibility of Student-Produced Knowledge Content in Educational Contexts (Kaja Vembe Swensen, Kenneth Silseth and Ingeborg Krange); (33) What Mobile Learning and Working Remotely Can Learn from Each Other (Koen Depryck); (34) In-Time On-Place Learning (Merja Bauters, Jukka Purma and Teemu Leinonen); (35) M-Learning and Technological Literacy: Analyzing Benefits for Apprenticeship (Carlos Manuel Pacheco Cortés and Adriana Margarita Pacheco Cortés); (36) Designing a Site to Embed and to Interact with Wolfram Alpha Widgets in Math and Science Courses (Francisco Javier Delgado Cepeda and Ruben Dario Santiago Acosta); (37) An Environment for Mobile Experiential Learning (Otto Petrovic, Philipp Babcicky and Thomas Puchleitner); (38) Supporting Situated Learning Based on QR Codes with Etiquetar App: A Pilot Study (Miguel Olmedo Camacho, Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Carlos Alario-Hoyos, Xavier Soldani, Carlos Delgado Kloos and Sergio Sayago); (39) Raising Awareness of Cybercrime--The Use of Education as a Means of Prevention and Protection (Julija Lapuh Bele, Maja Dimc, David Rozman and Andreja Sladoje Jemec); (40) Mobile Game for Learning Bacteriology (Ryo Sugimura, Sotaro Kawazu, Hiroki Tamari, Kodai Watanabe, Yohei Nishimura, Toshiki Oguma, Katsushiro Watanabe, Kosuke Kaneko, Yoshihiro Okada, Motofumi Yoshida, Shigeru Takano and Hitoshi Inoue); (41) The Theory Paper: What is the Future of Mobile Learning? (John Traxler and Marguerite Koole); (42) Rapid Prototyping of Mobile Learning Games (Maija Federley, Timo Sorsa, Janne Paavilainen, Kimo Boissonnier and Anu Seisto); (43) Preparing Lessons, Exercises and Tests for M-Learning of IT Fundamentals (S. Djenic, V. Vasiljevic, J. Mitic, V. Petkovic and A. Miletic); (44) The Motivating Power of Social Obligation: An Investigation into the Pedagogical Affordances of Mobile Learning Integrated with Facebook (Nurhasmiza Sazalli, Rupert Wegerif and Judith Kleine-Staarman); (45) When Everyone is a Probe, Everyone is a Learner (Boris Berenfeld, Tatiana Krupa, Arseny Lebedev and Sergey Stafeev); (46) Mobile Learning and Art Museums: A Case Study of New Art Interpretation Approach for Visitor Engagement through Mobile Media (Victoria López Benito); (47) Learner Centric in M-Learning: Integration of Security, Dependability and Trust (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (48) M-Learning Pilot at Sofia University (Elissaveta Gourova, Pavlin Dulev, Dessislava Petrova-Antonova and Boyan Bontchev); (49) A Mobile Service Oriented Multiple Object Tracking Augmented Reality Architecture for Education and Learning Experiences (Sasithorn Rattanarungrot, Martin White and Paul Newbury); (50) Learners' Ensemble Based Security Conceptual Model for M-Learning System in Malaysian Higher Learning Institution (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (51) Supporting the M-Learning Based Knowledge Transfer in University Education and Corporate Sector (András Benedek and György Molnár); and (52) The future of Ubiquitous Elearning (Timothy Arndt). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of these proceedings.

While research on the impact of a Eurocentric curriculum has often focused on marginalized populations in developing nations, it is paramount that scholars also examine the impact of this curriculum on students in the Global North. To this end, this paper begins by first defining and then critiquing what is often referred to as the "Eurocentric curriculum", and how standard Eurocentric content, such as Eurocentric mathematics and its pedagogical practices may alienate learners from their families, societies, and cultures. It will then suggest an alternative approach, "Ethno-mathematics" introduced by D'Ambrosio (1985), and will apply this concept to educational outcomes in both South Africa and the USA. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how these cultural imbalances within a school's curriculum, if not corrected, may negatively impact the academic success of all students, particularly the marginalized. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted teaching and learning in higher education institutions globally and Ghana is no exception. Educational institutions have had to adapt to new models of teaching as well as engagement of students through the use of technology with a purpose of enabling continuity in academic work. Using the connectivism learning model and a purposive sample of eighteen undergraduate students from six public and private higher education institutions, this paper explored their perspectives about institutional adaptation of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection procedures included in-person or phone semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that though the majority of higher education institutions did not have adequate structures to smoothly transition teaching and learning online during the COVID-19 pandemic, they were able to adapt and make do with available technology that suited a majority of students for teaching and learning to continue. Participants revealed challenges encountered during online teaching and learning to include inadequate network bandwidth that was further impacted by one's location, data insufficiency, and inconsistent online scheduling by faculty members which affected student availability. It was also noted that there were variations in the ways higher education institutions implemented online learning to aid student academic engagement, teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, there is therefore a call for the promulgation of a policy to standardize the delivery of online learning in higher education institutions in Ghana. [For the full proceedings, see ED625421.]

This paper explores student satisfaction of tutor services provided at the University of Ghana Learning Centres specifically, Koforidua Learning Centre. A simple random sampling method was used to select current 150 undergraduate students pursuing varied degree programmes at the Koforidua Learning Centre. There was an observed significant relationship between the dimensions of service quality namely reliability, responsiveness, and empathy and student satisfaction in relation to tutors' service quality. Generally, the findings indicate that students for some specific programs were dissatisfied with tutor services at Koforidua Learning Centre. Overall, the findings indicate that the use of SERVQUAL outcomes may lead to improved tutor performance at the undergraduate level. Findings may also guide other Learning Centres of public higher education institutions in Ghana to put in place measures that will enhance the quality of services tutors provide. [For the full proceedings, see ED613257.]

Research on digital divide is on the ascendancy; however, there have been relatively few studies assessing digital inclusion focusing on how technological savvy was acquired by digital immigrant mobile phone users to explore the myriad opportunities of their mobile phones. Using semi-structured interviews this paper assesses digital inclusion as it explores how market women in Accra acquire technological savvy to use their mobile phones. The study findings show the importance of informal learning in the acquisition of digital literacy among digital immigrants: as majority of these women were able to use their mobile phones for the first time based on the informal teachings they received from their children. However, they appear to be digitally excluded as they under-utilized the mobile phone they own. They use their mobile phones predominantly for calling due to their low educational levels. For a fully digitized economy to be realized in Ghana, these women need adult literacy and market-based programmes that focus on developing digital literacies to enable them fully to join the digital society. Hence, there should be a call for adult education practice by promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all digitally excluded to attain 21st century skills to become part of the digital economy. [For the full proceedings, see ED613257.]

This study sought to ascertain how job satisfaction affected learners' biology achievement in the New Juaben North District. The study's methodology was a survey design. The participants in the study are head teachers of senior high schools and teachers of biology in the district. To choose the participants for this particular research, purposive and random samplings were used. 84 individuals composed of the sample size, including 4 school heads and 80 biology teachers were used for this particular study. The main tool for data collection was a structured questionnaire, and the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). According to the data analysis, 72.62% (61) of respondents were of the believed that changing teachers' working circumstances will have a favorable impact on students' academic achievement. Again, half of the biology teachers 32% (40) were of the view that their pay is insufficient and some must be done about it. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

The study aimed to examine the important predictors of Ghanaian classroom Diploma in Basic Education teacher trainees' growth mindset toward student learning. Participants included a purposive sample of 328 (177 male and 151 female) second- and third-year teacher trainees in one college of education in the northern part of Ghana. The predictor variables were the type of program, year in program, age, sex, and marital status. The student learning subscale of the Physical Education and Sports Ability Survey (Sofo et al., 2016) served as the main data source. The items were adapted for the classroom setting. Most of the trainees had a growth mindset but with some fixed ideas for student learning (80.18%). Approximately 19.21% of the trainees had a strong growth mindset in student learning. The mean decreased Gini (MDG) values for the year in the program, program type, and marital status (married vs. single) showed that these predictors were important for student learning. A logistic regression analysis showed that type of program, year in program, and marital status were significant predictors of growth mindset for student learning. Trainees in the early childhood program were approximately seven times more likely to have a growth mindset regarding student learning compared to those in the primary education program. Trainees in their third year were approximately 145 times more likely to have a growth mindset regarding student learning compared to trainees in their second year. Single teacher trainees were approximately 213 times more likely to have a growth mindset regarding student learning compared to married teacher trainees. The study provides insights for teacher educators regarding the profiles and factors that promote the development of a growth mindset in teacher education settings in Ghana. [For the full proceedings, see ED656038.]

The study tried to ascertain the impact of instructors' credentials and professional expertise on students' biology achievement in Birim Central Municipality, Eastern Region, Ghana. The study used survey design. The respondents were chosen using simple and selective probability sampling. 80 biology teachers and four head teachers gave us the 84-sample size. A questionnaire served as the main research tool, and the data analysis was accomplished with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Many respondents (60.7%) firmly agreed that teachers who possess superior knowledge and skills are better able to instruct students. Majority of those surveyed strongly agreed that experienced teachers are more understanding whenever it involves dealing with behavioral issues of children. This study was intended to considerably add to knowledge in order to enhance students' biology performance and comprehension. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

The Ghanaian mathematics curriculum expects teachers to adopt technologies as an instructional tool to assist students to learn mathematics relationally. Teachers' dispositions (knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes) towards technology are critical in translating the curriculum intention into practice. This paper presents teachers' initial dispositions related to technology integration and their views about a professional development model. In this model, they worked in teams to develop and enact GeoGebra-based mathematics lessons with support from expert, exemplary materials, and demonstration lessons. The results indicate that the model of professional development is promising in engaging teachers in technology integration.

This study examines mathematics teachers' assessment practices for senior high school students in Ghana. Formative assessment has been identified in the literature as having a significant impact on students' learning. However, less attention has been given to students' perceptions of teachers' assessment practices in Ghana. Data involved questionnaires for 420 senior high school students and 308 senior high school teachers in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The results showed that students and teachers hold different perceptions of assessment practices, and suggest teachers should pay more attention to questions, homework, student observation, student demonstration and group work to support students' progress and better examination attainment.

This study reports on the development, validation, and reliability of a geometry disposition scale (GDS) to measure pre-service teachers' (PSTs') attitudes to geometry learning. PSTs from two Colleges of Education (CoEs) in Ghana volunteered to participate in the study (N = 153). A principal component analysis (PCA) extracted four factors: deep affect (positivity expressed towards geometry learning), working privately, collaborative working and technology or calculator use. The final GDS contained 15 items. While validation is still not fully tested, the psychometric properties to-date suggest the GDS has promising benefits in measuring PSTs' attitudes to geometry learning, which may enable the adjustment of the teaching of geometry accordingly.

This study aimed at exploring Senior High School Mathematic Teachers, Prospective Teachers and Student's conceptual misunderstanding on Senior High School algebra with an intent to uncover the errors they make as a result of conceptual misunderstanding. A test consisting of fourteen (14) tasks was used for data collection. A sample of 210 consisting of sixty (60) prospective senior high school mathematics Teachers from mathematics education department of University of Education Winneba forty (40) SHS mathematics teachers and one hundred and ten (110) senior high school students from four (4) selected senior high schools in Ashanti region of Ghana. The study employed convenience, purposive and simple random sampling as sampling techniques and descriptive survey design as the research design. The data collection tools used were test and semi structured interview guide. Constructivism and behaviourism theories were employed as the theoretical frame work for the study. The study identified seven (7) categories of conceptual misunderstanding in Senior High School algebra among the prospective teachers and the students' whiles six of these seven were also found among the teachers. The seven conceptual misunderstanding identified were on algebraic variables, algebraic expressions, algebraic equations and algebraic word problems. The study recommends that teachers, prospective teachers and students should be aware of the existence of conceptual misunderstanding in teaching and learning of algebraic concept. The study also recommends that, heads of schools should organize workshops and refresher courses for mathematics teachers on sensitive topics like conceptual misunderstandings in mathematics. [For the complete proceedings, see ED631021.]

The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. These "Proceedings" are from the Commission of International Adult Education's (CIAE) 2022 International Pre-Conference. This year's "Proceedings" contain 12 papers from 18 authors, representing CIAE's usual diversity of authors and topics. Researcher and research sites include Canada, China, Ghana, Italy, Nigeria, and the United States. A major theme continuing from the 2021 conference is the impact of COVID-19 on learners in a variety of settings, including teacher training, adult basic education, and higher education. A second major theme concerns cross-cultural learning, including among migrants and in higher education. Some papers address adult learning experiences in myriad social contexts, such as learning for democracy, aging, military, and spiritual learning. A special feature at this year's Pre-Conference is a focus on CONFINTEA VII and the Marrakech Framework for Action. A panel and discussion session on these important endeavors are part of the Pre-Conference Agenda, with key documents provided in the 2022 Proceedings. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

Culture is a predominant force in people's lives that impacts learning and thus culture influences learning transfer. Because working across nations has become the norm and every year billions of dollars are spent on professional learning around the world, it is crucial for organizations to understand the role culture plays on the learning transfer process. Using a multidimensional model of learning transfer as a conceptual framework, this qualitative study used a case study approach to examine the impact of culture on learning transfer in Burkina Faso and Ghana, West Africa. Interviews were conducted with 20 principals who attended leadership professional learning in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Data collection also included observations. Findings indicated that several cultural factors influenced learning transfer in these two nations in the area of pretraining. Specifically, cultural differences pertained to the notion of time, the preference to avoid uncertainties, the importance of formalities and power dynamics. Based on these findings, the author offers recommendations. [For the full proceedings, see ED625421.]

The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. These "Proceedings" are from the Commission of International Adult Education's (CIAE) 2021 International Pre-Conference. This year's "Proceedings" contain 17 papers from 37 authors, representing CIAE's usual diversity of authors and topics. Researcher and research sites include Belgium, Belize, Burkina Faso, Canada, China, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Nigeria, Norway, Serbia, and the United States. Not surprisingly, a major theme explored is the impact of COVID-19 on learners in a variety of settings, including school teachers, communities, parents, and higher education. A second major theme concerns digital resources and addressing the digital divide. Some papers address practices and research methods that enhance adult learning and others explore professional development, workplace learning, and cultural aspects of learning. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

With the on-going "Learning Culture Survey", we aim to foster the implementation of culture-sensitive education. The motivation of this study is based on the need of a better understanding of the reasons for intercultural conflicts in education. These issues are particularly pertinent to international learning scenarios, such as in urban education, or Internet-based e-Learning. The results of this research are geared towards a development of activities that prevent students from losing their initial learning motivation. With our standardized questionnaire, we collected and analysed data from Germany, Ghana, and South Korea. In such a comparative culture-related analysis, the population is usually considered as a whole, regardless of the respondents' socio-cultural differences and assuming a single representative value per item. In this paper, we first analyse and discuss the results of our questionnaire section "Gender Issues". Afterwards, we analyse the overall questionnaire data to focus on the extent to which female and male students' answers differed. Finally, we engage in a discussion to what degree these differences impact the design of e-Learning scenarios. [For full proceedings, see ED557189.]

Every country's educational policy directs the implementation and success or otherwise of education outcomes. This study analysed some educational policies of the Ministry of Education of Ghana to determine the current state of use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in science instruction in senior high schools and its implications for students' learning outcomes. Most of the policies aimed at promoting functional learning through use of ICTs. However, the various senior high school science syllabuses are not explicit on the use of ICTs such as computer, mobile technologies, print, audio-visual, radio and TV broadcasts as some of the means of integrating ICTs in teaching and learning. It was found that local stakeholders' engagement in developing the various curricula is minimal as policy documents were developed by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) with occasional involvement of few personnel from the Ministry. Despite the many policy directions and training workshops given to teachers, use of ICTs in instruction has remained at the policy stages with little or no ICTs integration into school science teaching. Also ICTs integration in science teaching at the senior high school levels has been constrained by uncoordinated and a flurry of policy implementation procedures and directions given by donor agents. Students' performance in science examinations has not yielded the expected learning outcomes. It is recommended that education should be democratised to engage local practitioners of education rather than the many donor agencies seeking to correct the shortcomings of science teaching and learning. [For full proceedings, see ED621941.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the 7th International Conference on Educational Technologies 2020 (ICEduTech 2020), which has been organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and co-organised by the University of São Paulo ("Universidade de São Paulo"), Brazil, from 5 to 7 February 2020. ICEduTech is the scientific conference addressing the real topics as seen by teachers, students, parents and school leaders. ICEduTech conference topics include: (1) Education in Context; (2) Education as Professional Field; (3) Curricular Evolution; (4) Learner Orientation; (5) Integrating Educational Technologies; and (6) International Higher Education. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

The purpose for this study was to add to the body of research and to further examine how mobile learning can help remedy the limitations e-learning poses for students who live in Ghana with lack of access to electrical power and internet connectivity issues. Qualitative approach was employed with a total sample size of 807 students, composed of 58 percent male and 42 percent female. When the question was asked about students' willingness to purchase a new mobile device if they thought it would improve their performance at school; 87 percent indicated "yes." About 95 percent of the students indicated that having course materials such as lecture notes, practice quizzes, videos, and PowerPoints available on their mobile devices would be beneficial for their study process. The participants stated that they would be comfortable to allow their lecturers to contact them through their mobile devices. They also indicated that, apart from using their mobile phones to make and receive calls, texting using WhatsApp Messenger was the activity they often engaged in with their mobile phones. In this study, I made several assertions that, for WhatsApp Messenger to work properly in any classroom in Ghana, there must be intentional designs and step-by-step approach to teach both the faculty and the students how to use the application to achieve the utmost outcomes. I, therefore, concluded that using WhatsApp Messenger in a blended mobile learning context may help resolve many of the contextual difficulties that plague students in a e-learning situation in Ghana. [For the complete proceedings, see ED601080.]

The Gender and Sexuality in Mathematics Education Working Group convened in 2018 with a focus on (1) language use, multidimensional understandings of gender and sexuality, and influences of these on methods, results, and interpretations; (2) interactions between gender/sexuality and students' self-perceptions; and (3) the roles of curriculum, pedagogy, and teacher education in students' experiences of gender and sexuality. The 2019 Working Group will continue with these foci, but with an added dimension of learning through examination of work in gender and sexuality in mathematics education across the world, including country/culture-specific studies, and cross-cultural studies. [For the complete proceedings, see ED606556.]

The aim of the 2018 International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA) conference was to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agent systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aims to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. Main tracks have been identified. However innovative contributions that do not easily fit into these areas will also be considered as long as they are directly related to the overall theme of the conference -- cognition and exploratory learning in the digital age. The CELDA 2018 Conference received 85 submissions from more than 31 countries. Each submission was reviewed in a double-blind review process by at least two independent reviewers to ensure quality and maintain high standards. Out of the papers submitted, 37 were accepted as full papers, 20 were accepted as short papers, and 5 were accepted as reflection papers. In addition to the presentation of full, short and reflection papers, the conference also includes one keynote presentation from internationally distinguished researcher, Professor Tobias Ley, Professor for Learning Analytics and Educational Innovation, Head of the Center of Excellence in Educational Innovation, Tallinn University, Estonia. Individual papers contain figures, tables, and references. An author index is provided.

The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. The following purposes summarize the work of the Commission: (1) To develop linkages with adult education associations in other countries; (2) To encourage exchanges between AAACE and associations from other countries; (3) To invite conference participation and presentations by interested adult educators around the world; (4) To discuss how adult educators from AAACE and other nations may cooperate on projects of mutual interest and benefit to those we serve. The Commission holds its annual meeting in conjunction with the AAACE conference. The following papers were presented at the 62nd annual conference: (1) Obstacles Facing Adult Education in Saudi Arabia (Sarah M. Alajlan, Claudette Peterson, Obaidalah H. Aljohanis); (2) Learning National Identity in a Divided Country: How Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot Young Adults Make Sense of Their National Identity (Christos Anagiotos); (3) A Global Examination of Policies and Practices for Lifelong Learning (Phyllis A. Cummins, Suzanne R. Kunkel); (4) When Learning Falls into Place (Tony Dreise); (5) An Hypothetical Model to Help Facilitators in the Use of Learning Contracts with Learners (Monica Fedeli, Ettore Felisatti, Mario Giampaolo); (6) Matrix of Teacher Profle: Guidelines and Development Plans to Design Teacher Training (Ettore Felisatti, Monica Fedeli, Cristina Mazzucco, Mario Giampaolo); (7) Men's Learning in International Settings (Barry Golding); (8) Important New Developments in Andragogical Perspectives (John Henschke); (9) Effective Learning Systems through Blended Teaching Modules in Adult Secondary Education Systems in Developing Nations: Need for Partnership (Eucharia Ike, Ibeh Bartholomew Okechukwu); (10) Benefits, Challenges, Joys and Successes of Study Abroad (Waynne B. James, Helena Wallenberg-Lerner, Gianina Hayes, Eunkyung Na); (11) Advantages of Graduate Programs with International Components (Melisa Kakas, Nora Cavazos, Carrie Boden-McGill); (12) Is the Olympic Truce Relevant Today to the Modern Olympic Games? A Coach's Perspective (Cameron Kiosoglous); (13) Dynamics of Adult Education Provision in the African Sub-Region: Focus on University-Based Adult Education in Ghana (Olivia A. T. Frimpong Kwapong); (14) Benefits of Correctional Education in South Africa: Implications for Adult Inmates as Group with Special Needs (Matata J. Mokoele); (15) The WEA [Workers Educational Association] in Sydney, 1913-2013: Achievements; Controversies; and an Inherent Difficulty ( Roger K. Morris); (16) Language Policy, Civil Rights, and the Adult Learner in a Globalized World (William R. Naugle); (17) Education for Including the Excluded: Case Study of Almajiri Education in Nigeria (Olaniran, Sunday Olawale); (18) The Future of Entrepreneurship and the Role of Adult Education in Nigeria (Simeon-Fayomi B.C., Abimbola Olugbenga Fayomi, Adedolapo Femi-Aderinto); (19) Individualistic Teacher, Collectivist Student (LaNette W. Thompson); (20) Collaboration Agenda of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (Mouau): For Future Learning (Nneka A. Umezulike); (21) The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Cognitive Domain of Intercultural Maturity (Melanie L. Wicinski); and (22) Intercultural Sensitivity at the Army Medical Department Center and School as Measured by the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (Roberta E. Worsham, Melanie L. Wicinski). [Individual papers contain references.]