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Carbon abatement efforts in China are penetrating to sub-national level. Zhejiang province, as the 4th wealthy region in China and important player in global market (e.g., textiles, cloth, petroleum, and chemical products), lacks in-depth study of its climate change mitigation efforts, especially after China's accession to the WTO in 2001. This paper analyzed carbon emissions and intensity in Zhejiang province using most comprehensive and time-series dataset available to date since 2002. Its carbon emissions were growing at a declining speed, and carbon intensity was almost halved. The leading emitters largely agglomerate around Hangzhou Bay, close to Zhoushan Port and Shanghai Port. The growth in absolute emissions primarily arose from higher investment (323.1 Mt) and exports (280.6 Mt), while the slower growth was mainly due to efficiency improvements (− 245.7 Mt) stemming from energy and carbon abatement policies and inflows of emission-intensive products from the rest of China. Similarly, declined carbon intensity was mainly attributed to efficiency improvement. Major contributors were sector S13-Non-metallic minerals, S12-Chemicals, S26-Transport, storage and post, S07-Textiles, and S10-Paper. Economic restructuring played different roles on emissions and intensity during various development stages. Policy implications of the findings are discussed for future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All provinces of China respond to the central government, predict future carbon dioxide emissions, and formulate action plans detailing how the province intends to fulfill its target of carbon emission peaking before 2030. Based on the bottom‐up energy consumption prediction and top‐down goal verification, this paper constructs a set of regional carbon dioxide emission prediction methods. Compared to the traditional bottom‐up prediction method, this method could simplify the parameters while improving the prediction accuracy. This model is used to predict and analyze the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking in Zhejiang. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the retrospective prediction value is only 1.56%. Zhejiang will reach carbon dioxide emission peaking around 2029–2030, and the peak value will be 569.7 million tons. Different factors have different effects on the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking. There is a strong correlation between the peak time of carbon dioxide emission and the production time of major energy‐consuming projects in Zhejiang. Meanwhile, if the 16 nuclear reactors are not put into operation, Zhejiang will not be able to achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission peaking. Besides, the basic data used in this model is mainly from the local statistical departments of the region. Thus, it can be applied to other provinces and regions conveniently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Zhuma Township, which is located in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, has a long history of camellia cultivation, holds the title of "the hometown of camellia in China", and is an agricultural town with a strong history characterized by its camellia industry. This paper first overviews the development and application of the theory of "socio-spatial" relationships and then formulates a theoretical framework for analyzing characteristic industrial villages according to this theory. Following the study of Zhuma Township, the process of local, industry-driven rural development is divided into three periods: slow growth, rapid expansion, and orderly transition. Then, we summarize the construction mechanism of characteristic industrial villages from the four levels of social relationship reorganization, industrial value increase, local culture reshaping, and spatial order reconstruction. Finally, we present a guide to the practice of rural construction. This paper aims to provide a useful reference for the construction of characteristic industrial villages on both theoretical and practical levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries monitoring is instrumental to effective fisheries management. Stimulated by technology development and management objective evolution, fisheries monitoring faces a transition into a more timely and accurate data reporting scheme. This transition features the replacement of traditional paper logbooks with electronic logbooks (e-logbooks). In 2017, China launched its first total allowable catch (TAC) pilot in Zhejiang Province, with an aim to develop and implement an e-logbook scheme in fisheries monitoring and management. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of e-logbook-based monitoring system against traditional paper logbooks and summarized the important lessons learned from the pilot. We compared the data reported by paper and e-logbooks, examined the role of observers and transshipment vessels in fisheries monitoring, and interviewed stakeholders for their reflections. We found that e-logbooks could improve data quality and report timeliness. However, significant differences were observed between data reported from paper and e-logbooks. These findings matched with the mixed opinions from different users. Fishermen rated e-logbooks poorly due to difficulties in use and frequent malfunctions, while managers, observers and scientists preferred e-logbooks to paper logbooks. Based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, we identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for future implementation of e-logbooks. We also noted that inadequate legislations, fishermen's low literacy, high training and running cost, and unregulated transshipment could hinder the implementation of e-logbooks. The refined lessons fill the gaps of the evaluation of TAC pilots in China and can contribute to the future application of e-logbooks in China and elsewhere. • The efficacy of the e-logbooks was evaluated against traditional paper logbooks. • logbook outperformed paper logbook in data completeness and report timeliness. • Stakeholders held various opinions of e-logbook. • Observers improved e-logbook performance by providing training and at-sea assistance. • The unfledged legislation, fishermen's low literacy and unregulated transshipment hindered the implementation of e-logbook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more attention is given to green and sustainable industries, an analysis of the industrial impacts on all aspects of life, including inclusive affluence, is gradually developing. Idle rural residential land is a valuable resource and an important factor in promoting sustainable development. Balanced urban and rural development contributes to inclusive prosperity, so understanding the relationship between industry and the balanced development of urban and rural can significantly impact social development. In China, achieving the balanced development requires narrowing the urban-rural income gap. This paper analyzed the impact of reallocating idle rural residential land on promoting the balanced development. The study found that industry development has a positive impact on the balanced development, with a regression coefficient of 1.478. Regions with higher industry indices in counties had better outcomes regarding the balanced development. When the development of rural industry derived from idle residential land was in good condition, the effect increased by 3.326 percentage. The results showed heterogeneity, with the regression coefficient of industry development on the balanced development in county-level cities being 0.498 larger than in urban areas. In summary, the reallocation of idle residential land can promote sustainable development, increase residents' income, and improve overall regional economic development. The results are applicable to the comprehensive reallocation of rural land resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming, white pollution, ecological degradation and other environmental and resource issues have become the focus of attention in all areas of society today, and sustainable development is no longer a slogan. Design practitioners are committed to developing new visions and approaches. The application of materials is an important part of realising a circular economy. Sugar cane is the world's number one sugar crop and the second largest bioenergy crop, while bagasse is one of the most produced agricultural wastes in the world. This study is located in the hometown of brown sugar in China - Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province. The research objective is to develop the design and application of bagasse fibre composites in the brown sugar industry of Yiwu using waste bagasse materials as a starting point. The aim is to use design to drive the circular flow of waste resources, extend the economic chain of the brown sugar industry, and help build a local ecological civilisation and sustainable economic development. The researcher used theoretical framework, qualitative research and data analysis as research methods. In this study, the theoretical framework of sustainable development of the brown sugar industry in Yiwu is proposed, and the circular path diagram of the brown sugar industry ecological park. With theory guiding practice, and successfully developed bagasse paper material and bagasse bioplastic material and applied them in the field of lamps and brown sugar product packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of society, the protection of historical buildings has been paid more and more attention. In recent years, China has increased the surveying and mapping of historical buildings buildings. This paper takes the historical building protection project in Zhejiang Province, China as an example. This paper introduces the method of combining UAV aerial photography, 3D laser scanning, close close-range photogrammetry and traditional surveying and mapping techniques. Mapping and information collection of historical buildings. And on this basis, the content and methods of quality inspection of historical architectural achievements are introduced. Guarantee the reliability of historical building archives and data quality quality. This will play a supporting role in the future repair and maintenance of historical buildings buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalation in carbon dioxide concentration has precipitated global climate warming, accentuating ecological and environmental concerns. Notably, China stands as the world's largest carbon emitter, with the Taihu Lake basin emerging as a carbon-intensive region within the country. This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis spanning 2005 to 2020, calculating the economic contribution coefficient of carbon emissions and the ecological carrying coefficient of carbon absorption in the Taihu Lake basin. The study includes a delineation of carbon balance zones and an exploration of the geographical and spatial influences of both ecosystem and economic factors. The overarching trend in carbon emissions within the Taihu Lake Basin initially exhibited rapid growth, followed by a fluctuating decline, with the pivotal year being 2012, recording the apex of emissions at 575.8293 million tons. Concurrently, total carbon absorption demonstrated a fluctuating growth trajectory, ascending from 82.3503 million tons in 2005 to 85.6488 million tons in 2020. The carbon emission intensity in the basin manifested a pattern of high concentration in the northeast and low concentration in the southwest, while the carbon absorption intensity displayed the inverse pattern. The carbon balance across the Taihu Lake Basin revealed a spatial incongruity, characterized by a suboptimal pattern in the northeast and a favorable pattern in the southwest. Zhejiang Province emerged as an ecological stronghold within the basin, acting as the primary carbon sink functional area. Urban built-up areas and forested regions emerged as principal influencers of carbon balance in the Taihu Lake basin. Urban construction land, population density, and arable land area were identified as primary contributors to carbon emissions, whereas per capita GDP, forests, grasslands, and water bodies were identified as main contributors to carbon absorption in the watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the reshuffle of the global industrial structure, some industrial parks in China are facing problems such as unclear industrial positioning, unclear agglomeration effect, and lack of impetus for independent innovation. It is urgent to seek a way of transformation and upgrading. The arrival of the era of big data also provides new opportunities for the transformation of China's industrial parks. In this context, the model of "character towns" proposed by Zhejiang Province provides a new concept for breaking the bottleneck of industrial park transformation and also provides a platform and space for the application of data technology and digital governance in the era of big data. Based on the theory of creative destruction and self-organization, this paper holds that the essence of industrial park transformation under the concept of character towns is the self-organization process of creative destruction and high-quality reconstruction. After sorting out the development process of parks in China, this paper divides industrial parks into production-oriented parks, consumption-oriented parks, and trade-oriented parks according to the economic activities classified by classical economics. By constructing a six-stage creative destruction model, this paper analyzes the path selection of transformation and upgrading of three types of parks under the concept of character towns and proposes that industrial structure replacement for the production-oriented parks, upgrading the consumption structure for the consumption-oriented parks, and change of trade control points for the trade-oriented parks are the possible transformation paths for the three types of parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is normally difficult to identify the ground deformation of potential landslides in highly vegetation-covered areas in terms of field investigation or remote sensing interpretation. In order to explore a methodology to effectively identify potential landslides in highly vegetation-covered areas, this paper established an integrated identification method, including sliding prone area identification based on regional geological environment analysis, target area identification of potential landslides in terms of comprehensive remote sensing methods, and landslide recognition through engineering geological survey. The Miaoyuan catchment in Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province, southeastern China, was taken as an example to validate the identification methods. Particularly, the Shangfang landslide was successfully studied in terms of comprehensive methods, such as geophysical survey, drilling, mineral and chemical composition analysis, and microstructure scanning of the sliding zone. In order to assess the landslide risk, the potential runout of the Shangfang landslide was evaluated in a quantitative simulation. This paper suggests a methodology to identify potential landslides from a large area to a specific slope covered by dense vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, China is building a historic heritage conservation and management system from upper to lower level. Therefore, as the middle level, provincial level is becoming increasingly important in the management of famous towns and villages. However, due to the excessive quantities of resources, the lagging management skills and other influential factors, the provincial competent authorities still face a series of difficulties in implementing the conservation and management of historic cities, towns and villages. Focusing on the regulatory issues faced by provincial competent authorities, this study combined geospatial information technology with deep learning technology to explore the intelligent auxiliary identification of traditional texture for historic settlements and the provincial planning guidance method based on GIS evaluation. This paper put forward technical optimization suggestions for the stages of declaration and identification, conservation planning, supervision and inspection in provincial conservation and management. The intervention of new technologies provides a reference for provincial competent authorities in enhance conservation and regulatory capacity, and dealing with the situation of "having laws but lacking technology, and difficult to implement". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Longquan celadon industry, located in Zhejiang province in China, which flourished mainly between the Southern Song and early Ming dynasties. The products of this industry are found on archaeological sites across China and the Indian Ocean. This paper attempts a quantified analysis of the development of the industry based on archaeological data, focussing on four aspects: production, domestic consumption, overseas consumption and, to a lesser degree, workshop organisation. Although much of the data is still problematic, and many of the conclusions drawn are necessarily, therefore, tentative, these are the only data available. They allow us at least to demonstrate the value and timeliness of the approach by charting the development of this industry and by arguing that the close integration of the four aspects examined indicates that the Longquan celadon industry was an industry of considerable economic significance across much of the Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhoons are recurring meteorological phenomena in the southeastern coastal area of China, frequently triggering debris flows and other forms of slope failures that result in significant economic damage and loss of life in densely populated and economically active regions. Accurate prediction of typhoon-triggered debris flows and identification of high-risk zones are imperative for effective risk management. Surprisingly, little attention has been devoted to the construction of physical vulnerability curves in typhoon-affected areas, as a basis for risk assessment. To address this deficiency, this paper presents a quantitative method for developing physical vulnerability curves for buildings by modeling debris flow intensity and building damage characteristics. In this study, we selected the Wangzhuangwu watershed, in Zhejiang Province of China, which was impacted by a debris flow induced by Typhoon Lekima on August 10, 2019. We conducted detailed field surveys after interpreting remote sensing imagery to analyze the geological features and the mechanism of the debris flow and constructed a comprehensive database of building damage characteristics. To model the 2019 debris flow initiation, entrainment, and deposition processes, we applied the Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) approach and a two-dimensional debris flow model (FLO-2D). The reconstructed debris flow depth and extent were validated using observed debris flow data. We generated physical vulnerability curves for different types of building structures, taking into account both the degree of building damage and the modeled debris flow intensity, including flow depth and impact pressure. Based on calibrated rheological parameters, we modeled the potential intensity of future debris flows while considering various recurrence frequencies of triggering rainfall events. Subsequently, we calculated the vulnerability index and economic risk associated with buildings for different frequencies of debris flow events, employing diverse vulnerability functions that factored in uncertainty in both intensity indicators and building structures. We observed that the vulnerability function utilizing impact pressure as the intensity indicator tends to be more conservative than the one employing flow depth as a parameter. This comprehensive approach efficiently generated physical vulnerability curves and a debris flow risk map, providing valuable insights for effective disaster prevention in areas prone to debris flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining research methods such as semantic analysis and Space-Time Cube, this paper proposes a "historic urban landscape--cognition--sentiment" analysis framework, covering aspects of heritage intrinsic value, urban functional value, and urban landscape value, and reveals the influencing mechanism of the characteristics of historic urban landscape (HUL) on public sentiments and the spatio-temporal differentiation patterns through the case study of the Shaoxing ancient city in China. The research findings include that different HUL characteristics had differentiated effects on public sentiments, and the effect of a same HUL characteristic on public sentiments varied between weekdays and weekends/holidays, and among different HULs. On weekends/holidays, public sentiments were more influenced by the intrinsic value factors of HUL (e.g., heritage level, heritage age), whereas on weekdays, they were more affected by urban functional value factors, and urban landscape value factors played a greater role in arousing people's positive sentiments. This study aims to provide scientific references for enhancing public perception and emotional experience in urban spaces and for identifying potential spatial improvement opportunities in historic cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial pattern of coarse woody debris (CWD) within the surrounding forest changes continuously during the expansion of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which partly reflects the death process of trees within the community. In this paper, we sampled an area of 0.72 hm2 within the transition zone of Moso bamboo expansion, which included continuous secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (SF), transitional forest (TF), and Moso bamboo forest (MF) in Wuxie National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province. The spatial pattern and spatial correlation of CWD with different diameter classes, different decay classes, and different types in the three forests were analyzed using Ripley's L function. The results showed that, with the expansion of Moso bamboo, the volume of CWD in TF was higher than those in SF and MF, and the total density of CWD in the three forests varied, with a decreasing order of MF > TF > SF. The spatial pattern of CWD in the three forests was aggregated on a relatively small scale, but the pattern changed from aggregated to random distribution with the increase in scale. Moreover, the CWD of Moso bamboo in TF showed aggregated distribution, and the aggregation intensity increased with the increase in scale. With the expansion of Moso bamboo, the spatial pattern and spatial correlation of CWD with different diameter classes, decay classes, and types have changed significantly in the three forests. Our study suggests that the expansion of Moso bamboo is increasingly strengthening the intraspecific and interspecific competition and accelerating the death of neighboring trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: On December 7, 2022, China optimized its virus response and significantly shifted its epidemic policy by downgrading COVID management and gradually restoring offline teaching in schools. This shift has brought many impacts on teachers. Aims: Through qualitative research of thematic analysis, this paper studies the occupational pressure of primary school teachers in China after the shift in epidemic policy. Methods: Two recruitment methods are adopted for this study. One was to email the principals of several primary schools in Zhejiang Province to introduce the research project and indicate the idea of recruiting participants. With their help, we have found teachers who volunteer to participate. The second was to release recruitment information in the network forum (e.g., online teacher forums) to find volunteer participants. Through semi-structured interviews and diaries, 18 primary school teachers from different regions and schools in Zhejiang Province were interviewed. All responses in the interviews were transcribed anonymously. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis was used to analyze the participants' responses. Results: Eighteen participants took part in the research project. Forty-five final codes, generated from 89 codes initially obtained from the dataset, are classified into five final themes: uncertainty, overburdened, neglected, worry about students, and influence, which reflect the professional stress of primary school teachers following the epidemic prevention policies relaxed. Conclusion: Five themes were identified in the research. The problems described by the participants include burdensome offline activities, being disturbed out of hours, and appearing understaffed for the infection. These problems harmed the participants' mental health, including anxiety, fatigue, stress, and other adverse psychological conditions. Awareness and attention to the psychological situation of primary school teachers after the eased COVID control are crucial. We believe protecting teachers' mental health is necessary, especially in this particular period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both long‐term but small number of national stations and short‐term but large number of regional stations have been frequently used to study the extreme hourly precipitation (EXHP) in China. However, few studies focus on the differences of the two for revealing the features of EXHP. In this study, the characteristics of EXHP in Zhejiang Province are investigated using three rainfall data sets at three threshold criteria. The comparison between different data sets shows that increasing the station density can better reflect the climatic spatial distribution of EXHP thresholds if long‐term data is absent. The majority of EXHP can be classified into four weather types: the southwesterly wind type (30.7%–48.5%), the trough type (12.2%–23.6%), the tropical cyclone (TC) type (11.4%–17.5%) and the easterly wind type (4.9%–17.9%). The selection of stations is more sensitive to the proportions of the four weather types than the statistical years and threshold criteria. The monthly and diurnal variations of EXHP, as well as their differences revealed by the three data sets, are varied by weather type. Only using national stations cannot distinguish the spatial differences between the TC type and the easterly wind type, and there is an underestimation for southwesterly wind type and trough type in the mountainous area of southwest Zhejiang. The statistical year and station height are the main reasons for the differences in the duration of EXHP events calculated by different data sets, with the TC type having the largest effect and the southwesterly wind type the smallest. Plain Language Summary: Station data is the most common and reliable data for studying the characteristics of precipitation in China. There are two sources of station data available, that is, national station data with long time series but sparse and regional stations with short time series but numerous. However, few studies have compared the differences between these two sources of data for revealing the characteristics of extreme hourly precipitation (EXHP). In this study, the possible impact of different data sets for revealing the characteristics of EXHP under four weather types are investigated in Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang is located on the southeast coast of China with a long coastline and many mountains. Results suggest that increasing the station density can better reflect the spatial distribution of the EXHP thresholds if long‐term data is absent. EXHP events with strong synoptic‐scale forcing are more sensitive to the results obtained by different data sets. As the national stations are mostly located in the plains, the high frequency centers of EXHP are biased in each weather type if only using national stations, especially in southwest Zhejiang and near the coast. In summary, this paper provides additional perspectives for understanding the characteristics of regional EXHP by using the most common observations. Key Points: The selection of stations is sensitive to the proportions of the four main weather types in Zhejiang where extreme hourly rainfall occursExtreme hourly precipitation events with strong synoptic‐scale forcing are more sensitive to results obtained using different data setsThe sparse national stations located on the plains could hardly reflect the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall in mountainous Zhejiang [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of rural domestic sewage is essential for the comprehensive improvement of the rural environment. At present, the rate of resource utilization of rural domestic sewage is generally low in China, which fits with the actual situation of rural areas, and low cost is becoming the requirement for the development of rural sewage treatment technologies. Adopting a tailored approach based on local conditions for utilising sewage resources is the best option for rural sewage management. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to explore and evaluate the mode of rural domestic sewage resource utilisation. This paper analyzes the current status of sewage resource utilization in rural China. It researches and explores sewage treatment technology and resource utilization models based on 10 study sites in Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province. At the same time, this article evaluates pollution control effectiveness and environmental emission reduction benefits. The results show that the effluent quality of the treated wastewater by the skid-mounted resource utilization equipment met the reuse requirements and maintained stable water quality. The project can save 251,900 tons of high-quality water resources annually, reducing COD by 78.51 tons, reducing NH3-N and TP by 5.62 tons and 0.39 tons, respectively, and reducing carbon emissions by more than 134 tons. The project has achieved significant comprehensive benefits in water conservation, pollution reduction, and carbon reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, policy pilots are not about implementation; it is meant to establish new institutions, adopting new practices or finding new solutions that may not be officially endorsed or publicly recognized yet. Pilots are also not "experiments" in which interventions are clearly designed and executed under strict control. It is to some extent a form of muddling through with both central and local contributions. In this paper, we examine the local government's role in a land pilot scheme in Deqing County in Zhejiang Province since 2015 to examine the relationship between the central and local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As a typical resource energy-intensive industry, the scale of construction industry has been expanding rapidly owing to the large-scale urbanization and the economic booming in China, which results in a sharp increase in the energy consumption of construction industry. However, it is infeasible to mitigate the energy consumption by reducing the production activities of construction industry. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of construction industry is essential for energy saving. Construction industry has close relationships with other industries. The production activities have not only consumed a great deal of energy but they have also generated a massive energy consumption from other industries. Previous literature studied the efficiency of energy consumed directly by the construction industry. However, no research has been found focusing on the efficiency of energy consumed directly by the construction industry and indirectly by the related industries. The purpose of this paper is to put forward a total energy efficiency evaluation framework to measure the energy efficiency of construction industry in depth. Design/methodology/approach: This paper employs the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and the framework of embodied energy efficiency (EEE) to establish a total energy efficiency evaluation model. Next, the comprehensive analysis of direct energy efficiency (DEE) and EEE in different provinces with various levels of urbanization and various economic levels is conducted. Findings: The results show that the embodied energy intensity and its regularities differ greatly between provinces. From the comparison of DEE and EEE, the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu remain DEA-effective and Hainan is the only province in which the EEE is higher than DEE in 2002, 2007 and 2012. Besides, the DEE and EEE in the provinces with higher levels of urbanization and high economic levels are not more effective than those in the provinces with relatively lower levels of urbanization and low economic levels. Originality/value: Previous literature studied the efficiency of energy consumed directly by the construction industry while ignoring the energy consumed indirectly by the related industries. Besides, no research has been found focusing on the regulation of energy efficiency in different provinces with different levels of urbanization and different economic levels. It can be concluded that the increasing levels of urbanization and higher economic levels have not brought development and benefits for improving DEE and EEE. Therefore, under the condition that the self-regulation of construction industry and market fail to facilitate the improvement of DEE and EEE in China, policymakers should develop policies and market incentive mechanism to encourage construction industry for employing new technologies to improve the energy efficiency. Since the EEE can reveal the energy efficiency in depth, the evaluation method of EEE should be paid more attention. Besides the fact that the EEE is lower than the DEE in almost all provinces, except Hainan province, the industrial structure is essential to develop the EEE. Hence, improving the energy structure, increasing the energy efficiency and developing new and renewable energy are the basic energy strategies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The rising public concern for the natural environment is compelling business entities to revise their business models toward green management. Most manufacturing firms have realized that green innovation is a critical factor that drives their success. However, green human resource scholars have overlooked this research line despite the potential contribution it can advance in green management scholarship. This paper empirically models the extent to which green innovation culture (GIC) moderates the relationship between green human resource management (GHRM) and green competitive advantage (GCA). The paper has two-fold objectives. First, to investigate the effects of GHRM and GIC on the firm's GCA and second, to model the extent to which GIC moderates the link between GHRM practices and GCA of manufacturing firms in Zhejiang Province of China. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 324 Chinese employees from the manufacturing sector. The authors captured data from all levels of the organization. The authors made three models equations: two direct and one interactive. The authors then applied structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS 24 to test the study models and hypothesis. Findings: The findings suggest that GHRM practices, which include recruitment and selection, training and development (green abilities); performance management and reward and compensation (green motivation); and employee involvement and leadership (green opportunities) have a significant positive effect on the firms GCA. The findings also indicate that firms that GIC, which include green product innovation (GPDI) and green process innovation (GPRI), promotes the firm's GCA. The paper further reveals that firms that combine GHRM and GIC attain higher GIC than those which practice GHRM only. Originality/value: This paper draws a roadmap on how the top management in manufacturing firms can drive the firm's operations toward a higher GCA. It's the pioneer paper to suggest the combination of GHRM and GCI for enhanced GCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the escalating challenges of climate change and the imperative for carbon neutrality, evaluating the carbon footprint of regional power systems becomes crucial. To address this issue, a low-carbon evaluation framework for regional power systems is developed. First, this study identifies the fundamental requirements that the index system for the low-carbon power system should follow and specifies the general direction for the index system's creation. Second, an evaluation model for carbon reduction ability is proposed by considering generation side, grid side and load side of the power system. Then, a comparative evaluation model for the carbon reduction capability of multi-regional power systems is proposed to spatiotemporally compare the carbon reduction capability of different power systems. Next, a quantification method for the weights of low-carbon evaluation indicators is established based on the power system simulation of multi-scenario scheduling and index sensitivity analysis method. Finally, a low-carbon comprehensive score for regional power systems is created by combining the evaluation results of the system's carbon reduction capacity with index weights. The practical research results in a region of Zhejiang province in China demonstrate that the proposed model can provide a reasonable and feasible evaluation plan for the low-carbon construction of regional power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical studies on evolutionary algorithms have developed vigorously in recent years. Many such algorithms have theoretical guarantees in both running time and approximation ratio. Some approximation mechanism seems to be inherently embedded in many evolutionary algorithms. In this paper, we identify such a relation by proposing a unified analysis framework for a global simple multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (GSEMO) and apply it on a minimum weight general cover problem, which is general enough to subsume many important problems including the minimum submodular cover problem in which the submodular function is real-valued, and the minimum connected dominating set problem for which the potential function is nonsubmodular. We show that GSEMO yields theoretically guaranteed approximation ratios matching those achievable by a greedy algorithm in expected polynomial time when the potential function g is polynomial in the input size and the minimum gap between different g-values is a constant. History: Accepted by Erwin Pesch, Area Editor for Heuristic Search & Approximation Algorithms. Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [11771013, U20A2068]; Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [LD19A010001]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social and organizational innovations are one of the most effective ways to gain social collaboration for effective, rapid, and coordinated interventions. An analysis of the relationship among organizational performance (OP), social innovations (SI) and organizational innovation (OI) in social organizations (SOs) is little discussed in the literature and much less with main component analysis. This paper is an effort to provide some empirical evidences about social and organizational innovations that social organizations in China have implemented to address the social issues of the society. A survey of Chinese SO's is conducted during beginning two months of 2022 in provinces of Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang to attain the statistics and assessing the insights of the executives of the SOs participating in this study with respect to organizational performance, social and organizational innovations. The technique used to select the sample is a non-probabilistic sampling and multiple linear regression model is applied to determine the partial impact of organizational innovations and social innovations on the organizational performance. The grouping of the variables is carried out through main components analysis. The empirical findings of the study highlight that Chinese SOs are innovative because they adopt management strategies to address the social issues associated with their institutional mission. There are four groups of derived components from organizational and social innovations based on the empirical evidence: SO's innovative activities to modify the environment; inside innovative measures to enhance SO's performance; innovative activities of SO's to enhance their relationships with outside actors; innovative measures to improve the management of SOs related to their mission and institutional projects. The findings of this study offer an efficient solution to government and policy makers for involving SOs in terms of planning of social development in China. The social and organizational innovations are very necessary to overcome the social issues so government should encourage the establishment and sustainability of social organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critique of the "specialty towns" program, a key constituent of China's current new-style urbanization campaign. It problematizes the contradictory accounts of the program, namely, emphasizing "place-based" strengths while simultaneously standardizing forms, functions, and goals with a strong "place-neutral" approach. We argue that three key building blocks are critical for understanding specialty towns: place dependence, embeddedness, and locational advantage. Through multiple-case studies in Zhejiang, evidence has shown that there is a mismatch between national policies and local practices in specialty town development. The latter has its own place-specific logic of development shaped by history, geography, institutions, and agency. In particular, existing small-scale growth settings (e.g., industrial parks, specialized markets) and characteristics of local agency are the main factors affecting local practices. This paper argues that without considering the specificities of places in a broader socioeconomic context, the program may fail to work as effectively as expected in its local implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, rapid urbanization and the decline of the canal's shipping function have directly led to the decline of the space and style of ancient towns with canals. The ancient town of Xixing, known to be the first canal town, is located west of the Zhedong canal section of the Grand Canal. It used to be the most active transportation hub and trade transit point in the east Zhejiang Province. However, the canal is now facing problems in protection and renewal, which require urgent attention. For example, the streets of the ancient town are separated from the water system space, the self-organizing and development ability of the ancient town has weakened, and the spatial vitality is scarce. Firstly, by comparing and analyzing whether the canal is used as a road network under two different spatial scales, the area with the highest degree of spatial integration is obtained before judging whether the canal has an important influence and control on the street spaces of the ancient town. Secondly, as the canal is no longer used as a transportation network nowadays, the internal spatial structure characteristics of streets and alleys are analyzed. Finally, the topological structure analysis is carried out in the 3 km area from the border of the planning control area, and the integrated development of the ancient town space and urban transportation network is then discussed. Further, the vitality renewal strategies of the ancient town under different spatial scales are put forward to provide the empirical basis and decision-making reference for the better sustainable development of ancient towns with canals. According to research, once the ancient town is considered on a larger urban scale, the areas with the best integration and accessibility, like the water-adjoined spaces change to intersection spaces and urban road network areas. Consequently, in order to realize the sustainable development of Xixing ancient town, the city system must overcome its shortfalls in operation. The methods and conclusions in the paper can effectively contribute to the development of the ancient town. The research significantly helps to improve the average land sharing, commercial distribution, and public facilities layout in the practice of protection and development in ancient towns and provides an empirical basis and decision-making references for relevant management departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qushandao Granite, mainly composed of alkali‐feldspar granite, is situated in the eastern Zhejiang province of coastal southeast China. In this paper, we present whole‐rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotopes to constrain the age, magma sources, and geodynamic setting of the Qushandao Granite. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating results revealed that the Qushandao Granite was emplaced in the Late Cretaceous (101–98 Ma). Geochemically, the Qushandao Granite exhibits relatively high silica and alkali contents, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 0.98–1.02), and low abundances of phosphorus, titanium, magnesium, and calcium. It is also characterized by enrichment in Rb, K, Th, and depletion in Nb, Ta, P, Ti, and Sr with moderately to weakly negative europium anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.71–0.87). Furthermore, the Qushandao Granite displays lower FeOT/MgO, 104 × Ga/Al, and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y values relative to typical A‐type granites. Therefore, we classify the Qushandao Granite as calc‐alkaline I‐type granite based on a synthesis of geological and geochemical characteristics. The Qushandao Granite shows variable zircon Hf isotopic compositions (εHf(t) = −7.6 to +2.3) and TDM2 model ages of 1.40–0.83 Ga with a mean value of 1.17 Ga. We argue that the Qushandao Granite was most likely generated by mixing of mantle‐derived mafic magma and crust‐derived felsic magma in the lower crust, and that it was formed during post‐collisional extension in the Late Cretaceous, related to the gradually increasing subduction angle of the Paleo‐Pacific plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural E-commerce (EC) has experienced rapid growth in China since 21st century. The formation of Taobao Villages has brought considerable economic and social benefits in farmers' flexible employment and poverty reduction, which contributes to the future development direction of rural and underdeveloped areas. Adopting the panel data of Taobao Villages (TB-villages) in 57 counties of Zhejiang Province from 2010 to 2018, this paper applies the continuous difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate the impact and mechanism of TB-villages on rural residents' incomes. As a result of empirical analysis, TB-villages significantly and positively affect rural residents' incomes. More specifically, per capita net income will increase by 3.6% for every 1% increase in the proportion of TB-villages in administrative villages. In mountainous counties, the income-increasing effect is considerably higher than that of non-mountainous counties. Furthermore, the mechanism analysis reveals that the industry structure has a considerable mediating effect, and the proportion of export to GDP has a significant suppressing effect. Local governments are expected to increase investment in industry structure and create a more conducive environment for rural economic development, according to this paper. Additionally, the policy should be oriented toward mountainous and backward areas. • Taobao Villages substantially increase rural residents' incomes. • Taobao Villages have a higher income increasing effect in mountainous counties. • Industry structure has a considerable mediating effect, while exports exhibit a substantial suppressing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the implementation of the Private Education Promotion Law in China, reasonably evaluating the competence of private higher-learning institutions (PHLIs) has become an urgent issue. Based on an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the existing evaluation methods and index system, this paper proposes a comprehensive method for evaluating the competitiveness of private colleges and universities. The evaluation index system is constructed, and private colleges and universities are then evaluated by means of the best worst method (BWM) and vague set theory. Finally, S university in Zhejiang Province is evaluated as an example. The results show that the university has strong competitiveness in operating its schools, but the quality of the schools and its ability to operate them need to be strengthened. Compared with other experimental approaches, this method can be used for effective and reasonable evaluation of the competitiveness of private universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the institutional root of China's rural industrialization to a historical policy, which paired factories in urban areas with people's communes in the countryside during the Send‐Down Movement in the 1970s. The policy, initially intended to improve the lives of sent‐down youth (SDY), is believed to have provided some initial impetus for industrial development in rural areas before the marketization reform that began in the late 1970s. Based on a manually collected county‐level panel dataset of Zhejiang Province, we find that following the implementation of the pairing policy in 1974, counties that received a higher concentration of SDY, relative to their rural population, achieved faster growth in per capita industrial output of commune enterprises. Our results are consistent with various historical accounts. In addition, our tentative evidence shows that the pairing policy had a prolonged effect on rural economic development, lasting into the 1980s. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of some pre‐reform institutions in shaping China's unique paths towards industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's family enterprises have entered the peak of intergenerational succession, and the succession of the second generation is bound to have a great impact on the development of these enterprises. From the perspective of the resource-based view, this paper constructs a relationship model among intergenerational succession, enterprise intellectual capital and market sustainable competitive advantage. Based on the data of a sample of 189 entrepreneurs from family firms in Zhejiang Province, we use multiple regression and structural equation modeling to explore the impact of intergenerational succession on the market sustainable competitive advantage of family firms and the mediating role of the three dimensions of the firm's intellectual capital, namely, structural capital, relational capital and human capital. The empirical results show that (1) successful succession of a family business significantly promotes the market sustainable competitive advantage of the enterprise; (2) successful succession has a significant promotion effect on the three dimensions of enterprise intellectual capital, and the three dimensions of enterprise intellectual capital play a partial mediating role between intergenerational succession and the market sustainable competitive advantage of the enterprises. This conclusion expands the research on the consequences of intergenerational succession and has important practical significance for the healthy development of family enterprises in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new anchor-siphon drainage combined method used for slope stabilization is proposed in this paper. It includes an anchoring section and a siphon drainage section. The novelty of the anchor-siphon drainage combined method is the realization of the drainage and anchoring in the one inclined borehole. The engineering cost of drilling and the resulting disturbance to the slope is reduced. To validate the feasibility of the proposed method, a numerical method that combines the pore water pressure distribution after siphon drainage and the anchoring force of the anchoring section is used to evaluate the safety of the slope with the anchor-siphon drainage method. The proposed method was illustrated and validated with the Hongpu Village landslide, in Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, in China. Compared with the common anchor bar with the same length in the anchoring section, the factor of safety (FOS) for Hongpu Village slope with anchor-siphon drainage is increased by 0.085. The calculation method of the optimal length ratio between the drainage section and the anchoring section and its influencing factors were studied. For the different design parameters, there is always an optimal length ratio of the drainage section. Compared with the siphon drainage and full-length anchor bar with the same borehole length, the anchor-siphon drainage combined method shows better landslide prevention ability. Moreover, when the optimized parameters with a bond strength of 560 kPa, a borehole inclination of 35°, and no reduction in length are used, the calculated safety factor is 1.316, which is significantly higher than the FOS of 1.131 for the slope with siphon drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important determinants of performance for any firm is the unique bundle of resources the company possesses. To date, however, empirical results on whether "familiness" as an element of this resource bundle has a positive or negative impact on firm performance have been mixed (Dyer, 2018; Gottardo & Moisello, 2019; Oswald et al., 2009; Pitchayado et al., 2018). This paper employs structural equation modeling to examine how entrepreneurs in China's Zhejiang Province include members of their nuclear families, extended kin networks, and professional networks in their top management teams to access different bundles of family and non-family human resources, leading to variance in firm performance results. We find firms that leverage "guanxi" (a particular concept of kin, common in China but not often employed as a construct in western-based research, which encompasses both extended family members and close friends) for industry, technical, or entrepreneurial expertise enjoy certain types of higher performance results. In comparison, firms that leverage nuclear family members for management or marketing expertise achieve certain types of lower performance results. Post-hoc analysis indicates that leveraging guanxi specifically for prior entrepreneurial experience or for technical expertise leads to greater employee growth and higher subjective assessment of success. Conversely, leveraging nuclear family members for management or technical expertise leads to lower levels of these same performance variables. However, only firm size, measured by number of employees at venture founding, is predictive of revenue growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of glocalisation for developing tourism destinations has long been recognised, there needs to be more research on the dynamics of its emergence and developmental changes. Taking Wuzhen, a historical village in China, as an example, using semi-structured interviews from three field surveys and historical archives as data sources and combining tourism history and the critical event technique method, this paper applies qualitative research to analyse the process of glocalisation practice in Wuzhen. It is found that glocalisation is a basic fact that objectively exists in the development process of Wuzhen. At different stages of development, Wuzhen has actively faced the influence of globalisation in different attitudes. Organising and hosting international conferences and exhibitions has been a guide for Wuzhen to overcome the homogenisation crisis. The theoretical research contribution of this paper is to provide an example to test the applicability of the glocalisation theory in the field of tourism destination evolution research and to expand the theoretical boundaries of tourism destination evolution research further. The practical research contribution is to help people understand and know Wuzhen comprehensively, thus providing a reference for the transformation and development of historic villages and towns in globalisation. • Glocalisation in Tourism Destination Evolution (TDE). • Global ties key for historic village revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mismatch between a laborer's abilities and the goals set forth by a training program is one of the most pressing concerns for a labor training program. This paper looks at the incentives for a laborer to enter a rural labor training program and demonstrates a clear method of analyzing the participation issues using instrumental regressions on the data collected from a case study a "poverty city" in the Zhejiang province, China. This paper shows that a pre-program wage drop may induce workers of a higher caliber to enter the training program and cause a "cream-skimming" effect on its outcome because of the S-shaped labor supply curve for the rural population who live in poverty. The result of the cream-skimming effect enhances the traditional view that a pre-program wage drop may reduce "opportunity cost" to enter a training program. This extension can be handy to revise future designs of rural labor training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the acquisition of a Chinese paper tube operation by Sonoco Products Co. in Zhejiang Sheng, China. Annual sales of the company; Serving of the man-made fiber segment of the Chinese textile market.

For regions that are deeply integrated into the global economy, the question of how to remain competitive and resilient in times of uncertainty is a key concern. While strategic coupling is a useful concept for understanding local-global economic dynamics, the idea that a region can simultaneously couple into multiple production networks organised at different spatial scales and that regional actors can increase their autonomy by creatively combining different coupling scenarios has been little explored. This paper explores how regional institutional innovations can facilitate such multiple couplings. We focus on the industrial chain chief model in China's Zhejiang province, which emerged against the backdrop of the U.S.-China trade war and the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that this institutional innovation offers a different way of thinking for regions that have long been exposed to the influence of globalisation, and that it increases the agency of local actors in global production networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports two new species of genus Neoscirula, namely, N. bambus Chen & Jin sp. nov. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and N. pananensis Chen & Jin sp. nov. from Zhejiang province, which are described and illustrated. A key to adult females of Neoscirula species of the China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers’ transformers play an important role in power systems, and they are essential for operation reliability and commercial benefits. In the past, maintenance personnel had to spend plenty of time on examining consumers’ transformers one by one. Nowadays, with the wide deployment of power user electric energy data acquire system (PUEEDAS), informative metering data are becoming available, which can be utilized for further condition monitoring. Thus, this paper proposes a data-driven abnormal condition monitoring algorithm of data acquisition for consumers’ transformers, which could timely send abnormal condition alerts to operators and maintenance personnel. In the proposed algorithm, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is utilized to show the degree of correlation among phase currents, and its t-Statistics is used to determine whether abnormal condition of data acquisition exists based on the hypothesis testing. Finally, actual acquisition data from Zhejiang power system in China are employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and to analyze the characteristics of normal and abnormal conditions, respectively. Sensitive analyses on different significant levels and sampling rates are performed for considering its impact on monitoring results; the application in real power systems is also given to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-commerce poverty alleviation has become a new wisdom in China's rural poverty alleviation, but there are a few empirical researches on e-commerce poverty alleviation based on farmer cooperatives. Taking four typical poverty counties in Zhejiang Province as an example, based on the actor network theory (ANT), this paper defines the participants and their obligatory passage point (OPP) from the e-commerce poverty alleviation actor network (EPAAN), combs the roles and interest demands of various stakeholders, and constructs the EPAAN model based on farmer cooperatives according to the translation process. We found that the EPAAN is a heterogeneous network by constantly updating, which consists of human actors with cooperatives as the main body and non-human actors. Moreover, our study illustrates that the formation and operation mechanism of cooperative e-commerce poverty alleviation network alliance under the background of targeted poverty alleviation can be well analyzed with the help of actor network theory. This study contributes to provide a feasible Chinese plan for the cause of poverty eradication all over the world, and provides a great reference value for global poverty governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the functionality of mobile applications (apps) in flood disasters in China, their usefulness in flood emergency management, and their ability to enable coproduction between participating parties. By conducting a tri-fold analysis on twenty-three mobile apps used nationwide and within Zhejiang province during the 2020-21 flood seasons, this paper finds that mobile apps have established an interconnected, multi-layered, and multi-functional information infrastructure for flood emergency management in China. Mobile apps have the potential to contribute in their respective ways to the core elements and phases of emergency management. In addition, these apps are found able to create the conditions for coproduction across sectors, which was corroborated by some good practice examples from media reports. However, governmental apps are found less ready to engage in cross-sector coproduction although they show signs of cross-department coproduction within the sub-nation government units. It implies a tension between the current way the government facilitates mobile apps in emergency management and the citizen empowerment by the mobile apps. This research contributes to the fields of information and communication technologies (ICT), emergency management communication and collaboration as one of the few studies examining mobile apps in China from the standpoint of emergency management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reveal the relationship between intellectual property protection (IPP) and industrial transformation and upgrading (T&U) in southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. Taking five representative industries as objects, the shift-share analysis was adopted to measure the T&U level of each industry, with the total output in 2004–2019 as the basis. The results show that wholesale and retail, lodging and catering, finance, and real estate are the four advantageous industries. Further, the authors calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between IPP intensity and the T&U levels of the four industries. By the coefficients, the four industries can be ranked in descending order as lodging and catering (0.8743), real estate (0.6908), wholesale and retail (0.5891), and finance (0.5468). In addition, the IPP was found to be positively correlated with total manufacturing output (0.8027). Hence, the IPP can significantly promote the development of these five industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extensive parasitic diseases epidemiology in Zhejiang province has not been carried out since the second national survey in 2004. Therefore, dynamics in prevalence and infection pattern of the major intestinal parasites should be explored.Methods: The distribution of three parasites including soil-transmitted helminths (STH), intestinal protozoa and C. sinensis in Zhejiang from 2014 to 2015 were explored. Kato-Katz technique was used for STH and C. sinensis detection, whereas transparent adhesive paper anal swab was used for pinworm detection, and iodine smear was used for protozoa detection. A questionnaire survey on alimentary habits and sanitary behaviors was conducted in half of the studied counties.Results: This study recruited 23,552 participants: 19,935 from rural and 3617 from urban area. Overall prevalence of intestinal helminth infections was 1.80%. In this study, seven helminth species were identified including A. duodenale, N. americanus, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, C. sinensis, Fasciolopsis buski and pinworm. The average prevalence of STH infection was 1.71%: 1.94% in rural and 0.44% in urban area. Hookworm was the most prevalent infection at 1.58%: 1.79% in rural and 0.44% in urban area. Prevalence varied considerably in the studied counties. Prevalence was highest in Yongkang county at 10.25%. Only 2.79% of children from rural area were infected with pinworm. A proportion of 0.40% of rural participants were infected with protozoa, whereas Endolimax nana was the most prevalent at 0.23%. C. sinensis showed infection only in one man. Awareness on C. sinensis was 24.47% in rural and 45.96% in urban area, respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of STH and protozoa infections declined considerably whereas C. sinensis infections remained few in Zhejiang province compared with the prevalence reported in previous large scale surveys (19.56% for national STH infection in 2004, 18.66% and 4.57% for provincial STH and protozoa infection, respectively in 1999). The findings of this study showed that hookworm, mainly N. americanus remained a parasitic threat to population health, mainly in the central and western Zhejiang. Therefore, more health education regarding fertilization and farming habits is necessary in rural areas. The awareness concerning hookworm infection should be reinforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using first-hand performance evaluation reports from Zhejiang province and a series of interviews, this paper provides a preliminary assessment of performance evaluation in China. Evaluation reports are examined in terms of their format, content, evaluative criteria, conclusion and the characteristics of evaluation staff. China was found to be somewhat open in terms of involving external evaluators, and minimal variance was seen in evaluation scores. China is in the early stages of measuring performance in a context where centralized governance is in place; various reform initiatives are taking shape; the boundaries of scientific evaluations and the potential usefulness of performance evaluations within its political environment are unknown. Many developing economies are in similar situations, so this paper will have relevance well beyond China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Why do some small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) explore more while others exploit further? What are the driving forces of their exploratory and exploitative innovation? These are intriguing questions worthy of in-depth research. The purpose of this paper is to crack these problems from both objective (i.e. organizational slack) and subjective (i.e. market orientation) perspectives. Specifically, the paper examines the effects of unabsorbed and absorbed slack on exploratory and exploitative innovation and the mediating roles played by proactive and responsive market orientation. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected data from 214 SMEs in several industries of China. These businesses were located in the city of Shanghai and the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the southeastern part of China. The survey method was used to test the hypotheses. Findings: Results reveal that unabsorbed and absorbed slack could affect exploratory and exploitative innovation. Proactive and responsive market orientation are related to unabsorbed and absorbed slack, exploratory and exploitative innovation, and they play the roles of mediators in two sets of the relationships. Research limitations/implications: This research presents several profound insights for venture capitalists regarding to making investment decisions and for the entrepreneurs of SMEs in terms of how much resource slack they should gain and retain to reach intended level of exploratory and exploitative innovation. Some of the limitations of this study relate to the single respondent in each firm, lack of examination on relevant contextual factors and potential moderators. Originality/value: This study addresses the gaps in the literature by exploring the mechanisms underlying the effects of different kinds of organizational slack on the two elements of ambidextrous innovation in non-large-scale businesses in a non-Western cultural setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to disclose the farmers’ selection bases among different eco-compensation options for the reduction of fertilizer use, a typical non-point source (NPS) of water pollution. Firstly, the reduction methods were divided into six types. Then a survey was carried out on the farmers near two water bodies in south-eastern China’s Zhejiang Province, namely, Qiaodun Reservoir and Siming Lake Reservoir. It was found that when multiple options are available, financial compensation is the most favoured one among farmers, followed by technical learning and policy compensation; the organic fertilizer has the lowest acceptance. Next, a simultaneous bivariate probit model was established to illustrate the effect of each factor on farmers’ selection between intellectual and non-intellectual technical compensations, and between alternative and organic fertilizers. Meanwhile, the farmers’ intentions on policy compensation were examined by the binary probit model. The modelling results show that: the farmers prefer compensation options that complement each other and wish the government could offer integrated compensation plans of these options; the age and education level of house owner, coupled with family income, farmland area, farmland fragmentation, production efficiency and farmers’ willingness to reduce fertilizer application all have important impacts on the selection of compensation means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The "linkage" role of micro-kinetic parameters between road characteristics and accidents was discovered. • The longitudinal kinetic characteristics of tires can reflect the risk of rear-end accidents. • Demonstrates changes in vehicle operating on high-risk segments through micro-kinetic parameters. • Proposed a relatively novel modeling method. • Reveals the reliability of micro-kinetic parameters in the field of accident analysis. Freeway accidents are a leading cause of death in China, which also triggers substantial economic loss and an emotional burden to society. However, the internal mechanism of how microscopic kinetic parameters of vehicles influenced by road characteristics determine the occurrence of different types of accidents has not been explicitly studied. This research aimed to explore the "link role" of tire microscopic kinetic parameters in road characteristic variables and traffic accidents to aid in facilitating the traffic design and management, and thus to prevent traffic accident. Method: A mountain freeway in Zhejiang Province, China was used as the research object and the data used in this paper were obtained through a real-time vehicle experiment. Multiple estimation models, including the standard ordered logit (SOL) model, fixed parameters logit (FPL) model, and random parameters logit (RPL) model were established. Results: The findings show that road characteristics will affect the longitudinal kinetic characteristics of the vehicle and, consequently, map the level of risk of rear-end accidents. Driving compensation effects were also identified in this paper (i.e., the drivers tend to be more cautious in complicated driving circumstances). Another finding relating to the mountain freeway is that different tunnel characteristics (e.g., tunnel entrance and tunnel exit) have different effects on different types of traffic accidents. Practical Applications: The framework proposed in this article can provide new insight for researchers to enlarge the research subjects of both explanatory and outcome variables in accident analysis. Future research could be implemented to consider more driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza causes excessive morbidity and mortality among older adults. While influenza vaccine provides protection against its infection, the vaccination coverage in China among older adults has been very low. Previous evidence on the cost-effectiveness of government-sponsored free influenza vaccination programs in China was primarily based on literature data, which might not always reflect real-world patient populations. The Yinzhou Health Information System (YHIS) is a regional database that captures electronic health records, insurance claims data, etc. for all residents in Yinzhou district, Zhejiang province, China. We will use YHIS to study the effectiveness, influenza-related direct medical cost and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of the free influenza vaccination program for older adults. In this paper, we describe the study design and innovations in detail. We will establish a retrospective cohort of permanent older residents aged 65 and over, using YHIS between 2016 and 2021. We will estimate the vaccine coverage rate, influenza incidence rate and influenza-related direct medical cost from 2016 to 2021. Regression discontinuity will be used to estimate vaccine effectiveness for the 2020/2021 season. We will build a decision tree model to compare the cost-effectiveness of three influenza vaccination options (free trivalent influenza vaccine, free quadrivalent influenza vaccine, and no policy) from both societal and health system perspectives. Parameter inputs will be gathered from both YHIS and published literature. We will calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio with cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) discounted at 5 % annually. Our CEA solidifies multiple sources including regional real-world data and literature for a rigorous evaluation of the government-sponsored free influenza vaccination program. The results will provide real-world evidence from real-world data on the cost-effectiveness of a real-world policy. Our findings are expected to support evidence-based policy making and to promote health for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most noticeable integrated care-related policies in China is the growth and proliferation of County-level Integrated Health Organizations (CIHOs), which take over a set of primary healthcare institutions to form an integrated delivery network in order to achieve an ordered hierarchical delivery system by strengthening primary care. Objectives: This paper presents emerging findings from an ongoing evaluation of the early impacts of the demonstrator site, Deqing CIHO, in Zhejiang Province, in order to examine the extent to which the implementation has achieved its core objectives: (1) establishing the hierarchical referral system, (2) capacity building of primary healthcare providers, and (3) reducing the costs. Design: This case study was conducted to determine institutional and managerial processes. Settings: Data were collected and analyzed at the CIHO and county level. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Indicators were selected from the existing database of the county health system and arranged into three segments to assess (1) service utilization among each level of care; (2) capacity-building progress for primary care centers, (3) cost-related indicators for both levels of care. Results: Service utilization data show that one year after CIHO implementation, the proportion of patients who chose to get inpatient care outside of the county decreased from 27.3% to 24.5%. Hospital admissions were retrieved from outside the county, while service volume slightly shifted from hospitals to primary care sites. Capacitybuilding indicators for township health centers show that 6 out of 12 items showed better performance compared to the national average growth rate, and a moderated growth rate appeared in terms of per capita cost. Conclusion: Progress evaluation results from Deqing CIHO indicated some positive effects on three main outcomes, which reveal the potential of CIHOs in not only strengthening primary care but also controlling cost as a result of early implementation. Further emphases of evaluation are required to determine the impacts on the quality and experience of care that are estimated using claim-based data at the individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]