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2. Climate Finance Shadow Report 2023: Assessing the delivery of the $100 billion commitment
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Zagema, Bertram, Kowalzig, Jan, Walsh, Lyndsay, Hattle, Andrew, Roy, Christopher, and Dejgaard, Hans Peter
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Aid ,Climate change ,Economics ,Gender ,Inequality ,Aide ,Changement climatique ,Économie ,Justice de genre et droits des femmes ,Inégalités - Abstract
In 2009, high-income countries committed in the Copenhagen Accords to mobilize US$100 billion a year by 2020 in climate finance for low- and middle-income countries. Oxfam reported on the progress of this commitment in 2016, 2018 and 2020. This year’s report finds that high-income countries have not only failed to deliver on their commitment, but also – as in previous years – generous accounting practices have allowed them to overstate the level of support they have actually provided. Moreover, much of the finance has been provided as loans, which means that it risks increasing the debt burden of the countries it is supposed to help., This paper calls on high-income countries to accelerate the mobilization and provision of climate finance, and to make up the shortfall from previous years, in a way that is equitable and just. High-income countries must provide finance that is transparent, with genuine accountability mechanisms, and that allows for far more local ownership and responsiveness to the needs of communities it is intended to reach. People on the frontlines of the climate crisis must have the funding they were promised for adaptation and mitigation, and to address the loss and damage they are already experiencing as a result of climate impacts., En 2009, les pays à revenu élevé se sont engagés par le biais de l’Accord de Copenhague à mobiliser 100 milliards de dollars par an avant 2020 dans le cadre du financement climat pour les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Oxfam a rendu compte de la progression dans la réalisation de cet engagement en 2016, 2018 et 2020. Cette dernière édition du rapport révèle que les pays à revenu élevé ont non seulement manqué à leur engagement, mais ils ont, au cours des années précédentes, recouru à des pratiques comptables généreuses leur ayant permis de surestimer le niveau de soutien qu’ils apportent en réalité. De plus, une grande partie des financements ont été fournis sous forme de prêts, au risque d’augmenter le poids de la dette des pays qu’ils sont censés aider., Ce rapport appelle les pays à revenu élevé à accélérer la mobilisation et la fourniture des financements climat ainsi qu’à compenser les lacunes des années précédentes, de manière équitable et juste. Les pays à revenu élevé doivent fournir des financements transparents, s’articulant autour de véritables mécanismes de redevabilité, pour une plus grande appropriation locale et une bien meilleure réactivité aux besoins des communautés visées. Les populations se trouvant en première ligne de la crise climatique doivent impérativement recevoir le financement promis afin de faire face à l’adaptation et à l’atténuation et compenser les pertes et dommages découlant déjà des impacts climatiques.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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3. Enhancing NDCs: Opportunities in agriculture
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Ross, Katherine, Hite, Kristen, Waite, Richard, Carter, Rebecca, Pegorsch, Laurel, Damassa, Thomas, and Gasper, Rebecca
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Climate change ,Food and livelihoods ,Changement climatique ,Alimentation et moyens de subsistance - Abstract
Climate change affects food production in many regions, including lost crops and dwindling employment opportunities. These impacts will become more severe by 2030 and beyond, putting at risk global food security and the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people. Now is the time to scale up efforts to reshape the agriculture sector to support farmers, avoid the extensification of food production, improve the productivity of farms, build resilience and reduce emissions., This paper aims to help countries think through the process of enhancing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by including strengthened actions in the agriculture sector. It highlights the need for tailor-made approaches suited to a country’s unique set of circumstances. It identifies a range of possible actions for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the agriculture sector, given the right enabling environment, and offers examples of how these actions can be included in an enhanced NDC., Les changements climatiques ont des incidences sur la production alimentaire dans de nombreuses régions, notamment la perte de récoltes et la raréfaction des offres d’emploi. Ces impacts s’accentueront d’ici 2030 et au-delà, menaçant ainsi la sécurité alimentaire mondiale et les moyens de subsistance de centaines de millions de personnes. Il est temps de redoubler d’efforts pour repenser le secteur de l’agriculture, afin de soutenir les agriculteurs et agricultrices, d’éviter l’extensification de la production alimentaire, d’améliorer la productivité des exploitations agricoles, de renforcer la résilience et de réduire les émissions., Cette publication vise à aider les pays à envisager le processus d’amélioration de leur CDN au travers de l’introduction de mesures renforcées pour le secteur agricole. Ses auteurs insistent sur la nécessité d’adopter des approches adaptées aux circonstances uniques de chaque pays. Ils présentent une série de mesures possibles, pour autant que les bonnes conditions soient en place, s’agissant de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et de l’atténuation de leurs effets dans le secteur agricole, et proposent des exemples de la manière d’intégrer ces mesures dans une CDN améliorée.
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- 2019
4. Transforming the Systems that Contribute to Fragility and Humanitarian Crises: Programming across the triple nexus
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Infante, Vittorio
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Climate change ,Conflict and disasters ,Humanitarian ,Inequality ,Rights ,Changement climatique ,Conflits et catastrophes ,Travail humanitaire ,Inégalités ,Droits - Abstract
Conflicts and shocks linked to climate change are more frequent and intense, leading to poverty and inequality, exacerbating these phenomena and people’s vulnerability., In this context, humanitarian relief, development programmes and peacebuilding are not serial processes; they are all needed at the same time to tackle the systemic inequalities that trap people in poverty and expose them to risk., The triple nexus, or programming across humanitarian-development-peace pillars, thus means creating synergies and common goals across short-term emergency response programmes and longer-term social change processes in development, as well as enhancing opportunities for peace so that individuals can enjoy the full spectrum of human rights., This briefing paper aims to identify the tensions and dilemmas that Oxfam faces when programming across the nexus and sets out new policy to address these dilemmas, building upon Oxfam’s 2019 discussion paper on the triple nexus., Les conflits et les crises liés au changement climatique sont de plus en plus fréquents et intenses, provoquant pauvreté, inégalités et exacerbant ces phénomènes ainsi que la vulnérabilité de certaines populations., Dans ce contexte, l’aide humanitaire, les programmes de développement et la consolidation de la paix (triple nexus) ne sauraient se résumer à une suite de processus ; ils doivent tous être mis en œuvre simultanément, pour s’attaquer aux inégalités systémiques qui piègent les gens dans la pauvreté et les exposent à des risques., Le triple nexus implique donc la recherche de synergies et d’objectifs communs entre les programmes d’intervention d’urgence à court terme et les processus de changement social à plus long terme dans le domaine du développement, ainsi que la recherche de la paix afin que les individus puissent jouir de l’ensemble des droits de l’homme., Ce document d’information vise à identifier les tensions ou les dilemmes auxquels Oxfam est confrontée lorsqu’elle assure une programmation sur la base du nexus. Il propose la définition d’une nouvelle politique pour répondre à ces dilemmes, en s’appuyant sur le document de discussion d’Oxfam de 2019 au sujet du triple nexus.
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- 2021
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5. Climate Equality: A planet for the 99%
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Khalfan, Ashfaq, Nilsson Lewis, Astrid, Aguilar, Carlos, Lawson, Max, Jayoussi, Safa, Persson, Jacqueline, Dabi, Nafkote, and Acharya, Sunil
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Climate change ,Inequality - Abstract
The world faces twin crises of climate breakdown and runaway inequality. The richest people, corporations and countries are destroying the world with their huge carbon emissions. Meanwhile, people living in poverty, those experiencing marginalization, and countries in the Global South are those impacted the hardest. Women and girls, Indigenous Peoples, people living in poverty and other groups experiencing discrimination are particularly at a disadvantage. The consequences of climate breakdown are felt in all parts of the world and by most people, yet only the richest people and countries have the wealth, power and influence to protect themselves. With that power comes huge responsibility., If no action is taken, the richest will continue to burn through the carbon we have left to use while keeping the global temperature below the safe limit of 1.5°C, destroying any chance of ending poverty and ensuring equality. The world needs an equal transformation. Only a radical reduction in inequality, transformative climate action and fundamentally shifting our economic goals as a society can save our planet while ensuring wellbeing for all., Find all the underlying data on SEI's emissions inequality dashboard: Emissions Inequality, To find out more information, please visit the dedicated website: Climate Equality: A planet for the 99%
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- 2023
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6. Climate Finance Short-changed: The real value of the $100 billion commitment in 2019–2020
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Carty, Tracy and Kowalzig, Jan
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Aid ,Climate change ,Inequality ,Aide ,Changement climatique ,Inégalités - Abstract
In 2009, high-income countries promised to provide $100bn a year in climate finance to low- and middle-income countries by 2020. They have failed to keep this promise. Their official reports claim that the climate finance they provided and mobilized reached $83.3bn in 2020, but Oxfam estimates the real value was only around a third of that reported., Immediate action is needed to restore trust in the $100bn goal and ensure that the provision of climate finance is fair and robust. For too long, most high-income countries have persisted in counting the wrong things in the wrong way. There are too many loans, too much debt, too few grants, too little for adaptation, and too much dishonest and misleading accounting., This paper sets out recommendations for action at COP27 and beyond to rectify these issues, restore trust in climate finance and stop the world’s poorest climate-vulnerable countries and communities being short-changed of the climate finance they urgently need, and to which they are entitled., En 2009, les pays à revenu élevé se sont engagés à verser 100 milliards de dollars par an de financement climat aux pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire d’ici 2020. Ils n’ont pas atteint cet objectif. Leurs rapports officiels affirment que le financement climat fourni et mobilisé a atteint 83,3 milliards de dollars en 2020, mais Oxfam estime que la valeur du financement climat effectivement fourni n’a représenté qu’un tiers environ du montant déclaré., Une action immédiate est nécessaire pour restaurer la confiance dans l’objectif des 100 milliards de dollars et pour veiller à ce que le financement climat soit équitable et solide. La plupart des pays à revenu élevé ont trop longtemps continué de comptabiliser des éléments inappropriés de façon incorrecte. Il y a trop de prêts, trop de dettes, trop peu de subventions, trop peu pour l’adaptation, et trop de comptabilité malhonnête et trompeuse., Ce rapport formule des recommandations d’action pour la COP27 et au-delà en vue de corriger ces problèmes, de restaurer la confiance dans le financement climat et d’éviter que les pays et les communautés les plus pauvres du monde, vulnérables sur le plan climatique, soient privés du financement climat dont ils ont besoin de toute urgence et auquel ils ont droit.
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- 2022
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7. Towards a Just Energy Transition: Implications for communities in lower- and middle-income countries
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Dalabajan, Dante, Mayne, Ruth, Bobson, Blandina, Qazzaz, Hadeel, Ushie, Henry, Ocharan, Jacobo, Farr, Jason, Romero, Jorge, Priego, Karla, Gomez Correa, Laura Victoria, Gomez Ortiz, Leandro, Socci, Ludovica, Buenaventura Goldman, Marianne, Rosario Felizco, Maria, Dabi, Nafkote, Chauke, Nkateko, Haq, Oskar, Martinez Arellano, Pilar, Mojica Enciso, Sandra Patricia, Khoirun Ni’mah, Siti, and Fadzai Zano, Veronica
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Climate change ,Inequality ,Rights ,Changement climatique ,Inégalités ,Droits - Abstract
More frequent or intense floods, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and typhoons devastate people’s homes, livelihoods and the natural world. A clean energy transition is urgently needed to reduce carbon emissions and prevent the impacts worsening. Wealthy countries have the prime historic responsibility for the climate crisis and therefore for its mitigation. But as the clean energy transition gathers speed, it inevitably also impacts lower-income, lower-emitting countries and communities. This research report, written by 20 co-authors from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, the US and Europe, investigates the implications of the energy transition for them, and asks how the world can achieve a truly just, as well as fast, transition., The findings highlight the stark choice facing humanity. If the transition is undertaken with justice and respect for communities’ rights at its heart, it offers an unprecedented opportunity to simultaneously mitigate the climate crisis and reduce poverty and inequality. Conversely, an unjust transition, which entrenches or exacerbates inequalities, risks generating public resistance and slowing the transition with devastating human consequences., Inondations, vagues de chaleur, incendies de forêt, sécheresse et typhons… Ces phénomènes de plus en plus fréquents ou intenses ont des effets dévastateurs sur les habitations, les moyens de subsistance et le milieu naturel. La transition vers une énergie propre est plus que jamais nécessaire pour réduire les émissions de CO2 et éviter des conséquences encore plus lourdes. Premiers responsables historiques de la crise climatique, les pays riches ont aussi la responsabilité d’en atténuer les effets. Mais à mesure que la transition vers l’énergie propre s’accélère, elle n’est pas sans répercussions sur les pays et les communautés à faible revenu, qui produisent moins d’émissions. Le présent rapport de recherche, fruit du travail conjoint de 20 auteur·es d’Afrique, d’Asie, d’Amérique latine, du Moyen-Orient, des États-Unis et d’Europe, se penche sur les conséquences de la transition énergétique pour ces pays et communautés, en s’interrogeant sur la manière dont le monde pourrait mettre en œuvre, sans tarder, une transition véritablement juste., Ce rapport aboutit à la conclusion que l’humanité est aujourd’hui confrontée à un choix difficile. Si cette transition énergétique se déroule en prenant comme axe central l’équité et le respect des communautés, elle offre une opportunité sans précédent d’atténuer à la fois la crise climatique et la pauvreté et les inégalités. À l’inverse, une approche injuste, qui perpétue voire aggrave les inégalités, risque de provoquer des réticences parmi la population et de ralentir la transition, avec des conséquences humaines désastreuses.
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- 2022
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8. The Future of Agriculture: Synthesis of an online debate
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Manzi, Maya, Zwart, Gine, and Fried, Mark
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Food and livelihoods ,Climate change ,Private sector ,Alimentation et moyens de subsistance ,Changement climatique ,Secteur privé - Abstract
The fear that global demand for food will outstrip supply has led to significant debate. Oxfam hosted an online discussion in December 2012 to get beyond the question of securing steady supplies of raw materials for food and beverage companies and to rise above polarized discourses on large-scale industrialized vs. smallholder farms. The two-week debate on the future of agriculture formed part of Oxfam’s efforts to develop a creative and positive vision of global food production that can ensure that everyone has enough to eat always., This paper offers a synthesis of the online debate, the 23 essays by food and development experts from 16 countries that formed the basis of the discussion, and Oxfam’s brief concluding remarks., La crainte de voir la demande alimentaire mondiale dépasser l’offre a suscité des débats passionnés. Oxfam a organisé en décembre 2012 une discussion en ligne afin d’aller au-delà de la question qui vise à assurer un approvisionnement régulier en matières premières des entreprises du secteur alimentaire et des boissons et pour dépasser les débats polarisés entre les grandes exploitations industrielles et les petites exploitations agricoles. Ce débat, tenu sur deux semaines et ayant pour thème l'avenir de l'agriculture, entre dans le cadre des efforts déployés par Oxfam pour développer une vision positive et innovante de la production alimentaire pour un monde où chacun mange toujours à sa faim., Ce document propose une synthèse de ce débat en ligne, une annexe avec les 23 essais d’experts des secteurs de l’alimentaire et du développement de 16 pays qui ont étayé la discussion, et de brèves remarques d’Oxfam en guise de conclusion.
- Published
- 2013
9. Footing the Bill: Fair finance for loss and damage in an era of escalating climate impacts
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Carty, Tracy and Walsh, Lyndsay
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Aid ,Climate change ,Humanitarian ,Inequality ,Aide ,Changement climatique ,Travail humanitaire ,Inégalités - Abstract
The world has entered a new and dangerous era of climate change impacts, causing huge loss and damage and driving up inequality in the world’s poorest countries and communities that have contributed least to the climate crisis. New research by Oxfam estimates that funding requirements for UN humanitarian appeals linked to extreme weather are eight times higher than they were 20 years ago, and over the past five years nearly half of appeal requirements have gone unmet. Funding for emergency humanitarian response is piecemeal and painfully inadequate, as is broader support to address loss and damage such as rebuilding homes and vital infrastructure., Scaled-up financial support from governments, corporations and individuals most responsible for causing the climate crisis, and most able to pay, is an immediate necessity. A new finance facility must be created to help ensure that finance to address loss and damage is accessible and sustained, is additional to adaptation, mitigation and ODA commitments, and is delivered in accordance with the principles of climate justice.
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- 2022
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10. Dangerous Delay 2: The cost of inaction
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Farr, Emily, Finnegan, Leah, Grace, Joanne, and Truscott, Mathew
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Aid ,Climate change ,Conflict and disasters ,Food and livelihoods ,Gender ,Health ,Humanitarian ,Aide ,Changement climatique ,Conflits et catastrophes ,Alimentation et moyens de subsistance ,Justice de genre et droits des femmes ,Santé ,Travail humanitaire - Abstract
In 2011, Somalia experienced a devastating famine that killed over a quarter of a million people. Afterwards, leaders in the region made a commitment to end drought emergencies by 2022. The international community sought to ensure that there would be no repeat of the failures that led to famine. Next time, the world would heed the warnings and act early to avoid the crisis. But despite various warnings and alarms over the past two years, the commitment to anticipatory action has proven half-hearted. We are once again responding too late and with too little to avert the crisis., In this follow-up to their 2012 briefing A Dangerous Delay, Oxfam and Save the Children, supported by the Jameel Observatory, examine what has changed and what has not in the humanitarian system since 2011. They explain how it must evolve in order to enable and fully fund anticipatory action. With the climate crisis set to deepen, the current system must change quickly in order to meet the challenges we face in the years ahead., En 2011, la Somalie a connu une famine particulièrement dévastatrice, qui a coûté la vie à plus de 250 000 personnes. À son terme, les dirigeant·es de la région se sont engagé·es à mettre un terme aux situations d’urgence liées à la sécheresse avant 2022. La communauté internationale voulait s’assurer que les erreurs qui ont conduit à la famine ne se répéteraient pas. La prochaine fois, le monde tiendrait compte des mises en garde et agirait avant l’heure pour éviter ce genre de crise. Pourtant, même si la sonnette d’alarme a été tirée à plusieurs reprises ces deux dernières années, les initiatives visant à tenir cette promesse restent timorées. Une fois de plus, nous réagissons trop tard et avec trop peu de moyens pour éviter la crise., Dans cette suite apportée au document d’information Un retard dangereux publié en 2012, Oxfam et Save the Children se sont associées à l’Observatoire Jameel pour passer en revue ce qui a changé ou non dans le système humanitaire depuis 2011. Elles expliquent les évolutions nécessaires pour financer entièrement l’action anticipée et la favoriser. La crise climatique étant amenée à s’aggraver, le système doit évoluer rapidement si nous voulons faire face aux défis qui se profilent au cours des prochaines années.
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- 2022
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11. Climate Change Risks and Supply Chain Responsibility: How should companies respond when extreme weather affects small-scale producers in their supply chain?
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Thorpe, Jodie and Fennell, Shelly
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Food and livelihoods ,Climate change ,Private sector - Abstract
What role can companies play in strengthening the capacity of small-scale producers in developing countries to adapt to climate change, and in doing so, make their global value chains more resilient? While some leading companies have made progress in taking greater responsibility for what happens throughout their supply chains, there has been little discussion about the threat that climate change poses to the livelihoods of small-scale producers. Through interviews with three companies: Starbucks, Marks & Spencer, and The Body Shop, the paper examines how smallholders involved in coffee production in Colombia, sesame in Nicaragua, and cotton in Pakistan have been affected by climate change and what it means for the companies' businesses. From this research, Oxfam identifies key actions for companies to begin to address the challenges to small-scale producers, and raises questions for further discussion.
- Published
- 2012
12. Let Them Eat Coal: Why the G7 must stop burning coal to tackle climate change and fight hunger
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Hanks, Kiri and Richards, Julie-Anne
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Climate change ,Food and livelihoods - Abstract
Climate change is already the biggest threat to winning the fight against hunger. Coal is the biggest single cause of climate change, yet the G7 countries are still burning huge amounts, despite efficient, affordable, renewable alternatives being available. G7 coal power stations emit twice as much fossil fuel CO2 as the whole of Africa, and their contribution to global warming will cost Africa alone more than $43bn per year by the 2080s and $84bn by 2100, and lead to several million tonnes of staple crops lost worldwide., This year will see crucial new UN climate talks in Paris. To set the tone for a successful climate agreement at the UN talks in December, the G7 must lead the world in setting out clear plans for a just transition away from coal. This Oxfam briefing paper shows how with the right mix of regulatory and policy measures, some countries can move to coal-free electricity grids within the next decade. Oxfam commissioned the think-tank E3G to review the current coal situation in all G7 countries. This paper summarizes their findings; full detailed reports for each G7 country can be found on the E3G website.
- Published
- 2015
13. 'Disaster is Nature Telling Us how to Live Resiliently': Indigenous disaster risk reduction, organizing, and spirituality in Tierradentro, Colombia
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Vitale, Riccardo and Gingerich, Tara R.
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Climate change - Abstract
Seeking to gain knowledge about resilience, this case study considered a 2007-09 Red Cross preparedness project funded by the Disaster Preparedness European Community Humanitarian Office (DIPECHO). The project was implemented around the Nevado del Huila volcano in Colombia, in a largely rural area with a predominantly indigenous population. The findings and analysis point to the importance of listening to and learning from the community, including its traditional and indigenous resilience practices, as well as the iterative nature of resilient development. The field research also yielded interesting material about perceptions and practices of resilience in Nasa indigenous communities., This report is part of a series that seeks to draw lessons from resilience projects in Latin America and the Pacific. Follow the links below to the other papers in the series: Addressing Water Shortages: A catalyst for more resilient development in Fiji Building Resilience Through Iterative Processes: Mainstreaming ancestral knowledge, social movements and the making of sustainable programming in Bolivia Learning from Hindsight: A synthesis report on Oxfam resilience research, This research was conducted with the support of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.
- Published
- 2017
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14. Building Resilience through Iterative Processes: Mainstreaming ancestral knowledge, social movements, and the making of sustainable programming in Bolivia
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Vitale, Riccardo and Gingerich, Tara R.
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Climate change - Abstract
This case study takes a retrospective look at the 2010–11 Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG-ECHO) Small-Scale Disaster Project in La Paz and the context within which it took place. Our research found that absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities can be fostered by iterative development processes. It also demonstrated that disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation are strongly tied to resilient, sustainable, long-term development. Resilience, however, is not an a priori conceptual framework of development programming; rather it is a life process engendered within specific communities. Consequently, development practitioners must construct programs based on rigorous, ethical, and sound research integrating scientific with local and ancestral knowledge. This is the only approach that can generate environmentally healthy and productive, sustainable, and equitable life systems., This report is part of a series that seeks to draw lessons from resilience projects in Latin America and the Pacific. Follow the links below to the other papers in the series: Addressing Water Shortages: A catalyst for more resilient development in Fiji “Disaster is Nature Telling Us How to Live Resiliently”: Indigenous disaster risk reduction, organizing, and spirituality in Tierradentro, Colombia Learning from Hindsight: Synthesis report on Oxfam resilience research, This research was conducted with the support of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.
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- 2017
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15. Learning from Hindsight: Synthesis report on Oxfam resilience research
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Gingerich, Tara R., Vitale, Riccardo, and Gingerich, Tara R.
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Climate change ,Food and livelihoods ,Natural resources - Abstract
What can we learn about resilience by examining completed resilience, disaster risk reduction, and climate change adaptation projects? Oxfam conducted three such case studies in Bolivia, Colombia, and Fiji, looking at the conditions required for successful resilient development as well as issues around timing and duration. This synthesis report presents a summary of the three projects and distills the findings that were common to our analysis of them as well as a related climate change adaptation project in Vanuatu., This report is part of a series that seeks to draw lessons from resilience projects in Latin America and the Pacific. Follow the links below to the other papers in the series: Addressing Water Shortages: A catalyst for more resilient development in Fiji Building Resilience Through Iterative Processes: Mainstreaming ancestral knowledge, social movements and the making of sustainable programming in Bolivia “Disaster is Nature Telling Us How to Live Resiliently”: Indigenous disaster risk reduction, organizing, and spirituality in Tierradentro, Colombia, This research was conducted with the support of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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16. Climate Finance Shadow Report 2018: Assessing progress towards the $100 billion commitment
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Carty, Tracy and Le Comte, Armelle
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
Climate finance efforts by developed countries are at a critical juncture. There are only two years before the deadline by which developed countries have committed to jointly mobilize $100bn per year to support climate action in developing countries. This $100bn commitment has a pivotal role to play in supporting developing countries to reduce their emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This year will also see governments at the 24th Conference of Parties (COP24) in Katowice agree new rules to govern how climate finance is accounted under the Paris Agreement – rules that will shape the quality and transparency of climate finance provision for many years to come., This briefing paper offers an assessment of progress towards the $100bn goal. The second in a series, it looks at the latest donor figures for 2015–16, with a strong focus on public finance. It considers how close we are to the $100bn goal; where the money is coming from; where it is going; what it is being spent on; and how donors are counting the money they report.
- Published
- 2018
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17. Uprooted by Climate Change: Responding to the growing risk of displacement
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Richards, Julie-Anne and Bradshaw, Simon
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Climate change - Abstract
Climate change is already forcing people from their land and homes, and putting many more at risk of displacement in the future. Supercharged storms, more intense droughts, rising seas and other impacts of climate change all magnify existing vulnerabilities and the likelihood of displacement – disproportionately affecting low-income countries, women, children and Indigenous peoples. This paper describes the effects on communities and how responding to these growing realities demands far stronger action towards ending global climate pollution, supporting resilient communities, ensuring rights for people on the move and developing long-term strategies to ensure that those who are forced to move in the future are able to do so safely and with dignity.
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- 2017
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18. Tightening the Net: Net zero climate targets – implications for land and food equity
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Sen, Aditi and Dabi, Nafkote
- Subjects
Climate change ,Food and livelihoods ,Inequality ,Rights ,Changement climatique ,Alimentation et moyens de subsistance ,Inégalités ,Droits - Abstract
Many governments and companies are adopting net zero climate targets as they recognize the urgency of the climate crisis. Without clear definition, however, these targets risk being reliant on using vast swathes of land in low-income countries to capture carbon emissions, allowing the biggest emitters to avoid making significant cuts in their own emissions. ‘Net zero’ could end up being a dangerous distraction that could delay the rapid reductions in emissions that high-emitting countries and companies need to make if we are to avoid catastrophic climate breakdown. It could also lead to an explosion in demand for land which, if not subject to careful safeguards, might risk increasing hunger and fuelling land inequality. Net zero should be a pathway to real and transformative climate action and not greenwash. Carbon emissions need to be reduced now, and land-based climate solutions must centre ‘food-first’ approaches that help achieve both zero emissions and zero hunger., De nombreux gouvernements et entreprises adoptent des objectifs climatiques « zéro émission nette » face à l’urgence de la crise climatique. Mais sans définition claire, ces objectifs risquent de reposer sur l’utilisation de vastes étendues de terres dans les pays à faible revenu pour capturer les émissions de carbone et éviter ainsi aux plus grands émetteurs de réduire considérablement leurs propres émissions. L’objectif « zéro émission nette » pourrait devenir un moyen dangereux de faire diversion, susceptible de retarder la réduction des émissions que les entreprises et les pays fortement émetteurs doivent mettre en place d’urgence pour éviter un dérèglement climatique catastrophique. Il pourrait également entraîner une flambée de la demande en terres qui, si elle n’est pas assortie de garanties, risquerait d’exacerber la faim et d’alimenter les inégalités foncières. L’objectif « zéro émission nette » ne doit pas devenir un « vernis vert », mais s’accompagner de véritables actions climatiques synonymes de changement. Il est indispensable de réduire dès maintenant les émissions de carbone. Les solutions climatiques basées sur le foncier doivent suivre des approches qui privilégient la production alimentaire afin d’atteindre le double objectif « zéro faim, zéro émission ».
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Shining a Spotlight: A critical assessment of food and beverage companies' delivery of sustainability commitments
- Author
-
Fawcett, Emma and Zweben, Suzanne
- Subjects
Climate change ,Food and livelihoods ,Gender ,Inequality ,Private sector ,Rights - Abstract
From 2013 to 2016, Oxfam's Behind the Brands campaign called on the world’s 10 biggest food and beverage companies to adopt stronger social and environmental sourcing policies and spurred significant commitments on women’s empowerment, land rights and climate change. Now, as the coronavirus pandemic worsens inequality and food insecurity around the world, we assess whether the companies have taken meaningful steps to implement the commitments they made in response to the campaign., In this report we find that while companies have taken action at the global level, progress stalls in translating those approaches to countries and through supply chains. There are positive examples and innovations happening in key sourcing countries. But key blockages must be addressed – including by providing the right incentives, disclosing suppliers and supporting suppliers to take up the agenda – to create change at scale.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020: Assessing progress towards the $100 billion commitment
- Author
-
Carty, Tracy, Kowalzig, Jan, and Zagema, Bertram
- Subjects
Climate change ,Inequality - Abstract
International climate finance is vital to global cooperation on climate change. As many developing countries reel from the effects of coronavirus, the prospect of climate-induced extreme weather risks compounding crises and poverty. Climate change could undo decades of progress in development and dramatically increase global inequalities. There is an urgent need for climate finance to help countries cope and adapt., Over a decade ago, developed countries committed to mobilize $100bn per year by 2020 to support developing countries to adapt and reduce their emissions. The goal is a critical part of the Paris Agreement., As 2020 draws to a close, Oxfam’s Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020 offers an assessment of progress towards the $100bn goal. The third in a series, this report looks at the latest donor figures for 2017–18, with a strong focus on public finance. It considers how climate finance is being counted and spent; where it is going; how close we are to the $100bn goal; and what lessons need to be learned for climate finance post-2020.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Breaking the Standoff: Post-2020 climate finance in the Paris agreement
- Author
-
Bradshaw, Simon, Carvalho, Annaka, Gore, Tim, Hanks, Kiri, and Kowalzig, Jan
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
Climate finance is fundamental to a fair and effective global climate agreement. Too few countries have delivered on their obligations. As a result, the world’s poorest people have not benefitted from the necessary investment, and climate finance has been a major obstacle to achieving a global climate change agreement., This paper suggests a new approach that recognizes the failings of the current climate finance regime and is better informed by needs and opportunities at the national level. It could break the current standoff and trigger a collaborative effort that delivers effective investment at scale in both mitigation and adaptation. Along with ambitious emissions reduction pledges by developed countries, this is key to success in the 2015 Paris climate negotiations., See also Stockholm Environment Institute discussion brief ‘Estimating International Mitigation Finance Needs: A top-down perspective’
- Published
- 2014
22. Food, Fossil Fuels and Filthy Finance
- Author
-
Stoddart, Hannah and Prieg, Lydia
- Subjects
Climate change ,Economics ,Food and livelihoods - Abstract
Climate change is already making people hungry, and the use of fossil fuels is largely to blame, representing the single biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions globally. On current trends, the world will be 4–6ºC hotter by the end of the century, exceeding 2ºC within the lifetimes of most people reading this report. This could put up to 400 million people in some of the poorest countries at risk of severe food and water shortages by the middle of the century., This paper shows how, despite some steps in the right direction to tackle climate change, a ‘toxic triangle’ of political inertia, financial short-termism and vested fossil fuel interests is blocking the transition that is needed. To help break this, governments must commit to phase out fossil fuel emissions by early in the second half of this century, with rich countries leading the way.
- Published
- 2014
23. Growing a Better Future: Food justice in a resource-constrained world
- Author
-
Bailey, Robert
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change - Abstract
The global food system works only for the few – for most of us it is broken. It leaves billions of us lacking sufficient power and knowledge about what we buy and eat and the majority of small food producers disempowered and unable to fulfil their productive potential. The failure of the system flows from failures of government – failures to regulate, to correct, to protect, to resist, to invest – which mean that companies, interest groups, and elites are able to plunder resources and to redirect flows of finance, knowledge, and food. This report describes a new age of growing crisis: food price spikes and oil price hikes, devastating weather events, financial meltdowns, and global contagion. Behind these, slow-burn crises smoulder: creeping and insidious climate change, growing inequality, chronic hunger and vulnerability, the erosion of our natural resources. Based on the experience and research of Oxfam staff and partners around the world, Growing a Better Future shows how the food system is both a driver of this fragility and highly vulnerable to it, and why in the twenty-first century it leaves 925 million people hungry. The report presents new research forecasting price rises for staple grains in the range of 120–180 per cent within the next two decades, as resource pressures mount and climate change takes hold. For more on interpreting the food price scenarios outlined in Growing a Better Future, see the Note on Food Price Scenarios added in November 2011. The report is now also available as an eBook, presenting expanded versions of case studies from Bolivia to Malawi, alongside new papers and research which develop and update the main themes of the report. The iBook edition is optimised for use on the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch, and includes a video endorsement from Brazil’s former President Lula da Silva and a short documentary on India’s failing food system. It is available to download free from the iBookstore. The standard EPUB edition is suitable for iOS, Android and Windows Phone 7 devices, and can also be accessed in full using a desktop eBook reader or Calibre. Its smaller file size means it is more suitable for a low-bandwidth connection. A Kindle edition is available from the Amazon Kindle Store.
- Published
- 2011
24. Carbon Billionaires: The investment emissions of the world’s richest people
- Author
-
Maitland, Alex, Lawson, Max, Stroot, Hilde, Poidatz, Alexandre, Khalfan, Ashfaq, and Dabi, Nafkote
- Subjects
Climate change ,Changement climatique - Abstract
The world’s richest people emit huge and unsustainable amounts of carbon and, unlike ordinary people, 50% to 70% of their emissions result from their investments. New analysis of the investments of 125 of the world’s richest billionaires shows that on average they are emitting 3 million tonnes a year, more than a million times the average for someone in the bottom 90% of humanity., The study also finds billionaire investments in polluting industries such as fossil fuels and cement are double the average for the Standard & Poor 500 group of companies. Billionaires hold extensive stakes in many of the world’s largest and most powerful corporations, which gives them the power to influence the way these companies act. Governments must hold them to account, legislating to compel corporates and investors to reduce carbon emissions, enforcing more stringent reporting requirements and imposing new taxation on wealth and investments in polluting industries., Les personnes les plus fortunées du monde émettent des quantités énormes et insoutenables de carbone, et contrairement aux citoyen·nes ordinaires, 50 à 70 % de leurs émissions résultent de leurs investissements. Une nouvelle étude portant sur les investissements de 125 des milliardaires les plus riches du monde montre que chacun·e émet en moyenne 3 millions de tonnes par an, soit plus d’un million de fois la moyenne des 90 % les plus pauvres de l’humanité., Cette étude révèle également que les investissements des milliardaires dans des industries polluantes comme les combustibles fossiles et le ciment sont deux fois plus élevés que la moyenne pour les entreprises de l’indice S&P 500. Les milliardaires détiennent des participations importantes dans de nombreuses entreprises parmi les plus grandes et les plus puissantes du monde, ce qui leur donne le pouvoir d’influencer la façon dont ces entreprises agissent. Les États doivent les obliger à rendre des comptes, en légiférant pour contraindre les entreprises et les investisseurs à réduire les émissions de carbone, en imposant des exigences plus strictes en matière de reporting et en instaurant une nouvelle fiscalité sur les richesses et les investissements dans les industries polluantes.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Making it Happen: Oxfam’s proposals for the post-2015 framework
- Author
-
Taylor, David
- Subjects
Climate change ,Governance and citizenship ,Inequality - Abstract
In 2015 the world has a historic opportunity to set ambitious goals to end poverty and protect the planet. As the era of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) comes to an end, two major injustices continue to undermine the efforts of millions of people to escape poverty and hunger: inequality and climate change. The post-2015 framework that succeeds the MDGs must address these twin challenges through stand-alone goals to eradicate extreme economic inequality and to ensure climate-resilient and sustainable low-carbon development, as well as in targets throughout the framework that address both., This paper puts forwards Oxfam’s proposals for what new goals and targets should be included and how they can be designed to bring about lasting change.
- Published
- 2014
26. Standing on the Sidelines: Why food and beverage companies must do more to tackle climate change
- Author
-
Cook, Chris, Grainger, Matt, Gore, Tim, Tamir, Irit, and Watson, Gabrielle
- Subjects
Climate change ,Food and livelihoods ,Private sector - Abstract
For the food and beverage industry, climate change is a major threat. For millions of people, it means more extreme weather and greater hunger. The Big 10 companies are significant contributors to this crisis, yet they are not doing nearly enough to help tackle it., In this paper, Oxfam calls on the Big 10 to face up to the scale of greenhouse gas emissions produced through their supply chains, and address the deforestation and unsustainable land-use practices they allow to happen., The Big 10 must set new targets to cut greenhouse gas emissions throughout their supply chains. But they cannot tackle climate risk by acting alone. They have a duty to step off the sidelines and use their influence to call for urgent climate action from other industries and governments.
- Published
- 2014
27. No Accident: Resilience and the inequality of risk
- Author
-
Hillier, Debbie and Castillo, Gina E.
- Subjects
Humanitarian ,Aid ,Climate change ,Conflict and disasters ,Approach and methodology ,Gender - Abstract
A new international emphasis on building resilience offers real promise to allow the poorest women and men to cope with, and ultimately thrive, in the face of shocks, stresses, and uncertainty. But only if risk is more equally shared globally and across societies - this will require a major shift in our approach to poverty reduction and fundamentally challenging the inequality that exposes poor people to far more risk than the rich., In this paper, Oxfam calls on governments and aid agencies to tackle the politics and power at the heart of the increasing effects of climate change, rising inequality and people’s vulnerability to disasters. Major external risks are increasing faster than attempts to reduce them. Since 1970, the number of people exposed to floods and cyclones has doubled. And it’s not just disasters: 100 million people have fallen into poverty just because they have to pay for health care. Many of these risks are actively dumped on poor people, with women facing an overwhelming burden because of their social, political and economic status.
- Published
- 2013
28. Facing Risk: Options and challenges in ensuring that climate/disaster risk finance and insurance deliver for poor people
- Author
-
Hillier, Debbie
- Subjects
Climate change ,Conflict and disasters - Abstract
Reducing the impacts of disasters on poor people is absolutely vital. Climate/disaster risk financing could play a useful role if it is part of an approach that includes risk reduction, if it strengthens social protection, and if it has real participation from civil society. Insurance, as one component of risk financing, could play a supportive role if carefully designed – keeping in mind the limitations, including the risk of worsening income and gender inequality., The InsuResilience Global Partnership should build more evidence of what works for poor people, invest in pro-poor business models, and ensure the insurance schemes developed are part of a broader approach to reduce risks and the inequalities that make people vulnerable to disasters.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Survival of the Fittest: Pastoralism and climate change in East Africa
- Author
-
Kirkbride, Mary and Grahn, Richard
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change - Abstract
Climate change is having a destructive impact on many groups around the world. Pastoralists in East Africa have been adapting to climate variability for millennia and their adaptability ought to enable them to cope with this growing challenge. This paper explains the policies required to enable sustainable and productive pastoralist communities to cope with the impact of climate change and generate sustainable livelihoods.
- Published
- 2010
30. Suffering the Science: Climate change, people, and poverty
- Author
-
Renton, Alex
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
Climate change is damaging people’s lives today. Even if world leaders agree the strictest possible curbs on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the prospects are very bleak for hundreds of millions of people, most of them among the world’s poorest. This paper puts the dramatic stories of some of those people alongside the latest science on the impacts of climate change on humans. Together they explain why climate change is fundamentally a development crisis. The world must act immediately and decisively to address this, the greatest peril to humanity this century.
- Published
- 2009
31. Burning Land, Burning the Climate: The biofuel industry's capture of EU bioenergy policy
- Author
-
Herman, Marc-Olivier and Mayrhofer, Jan
- Subjects
Climate change ,Private sector - Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence of the harm caused by the European Union’s current bioenergy policy to people in developing countries, to the climate and to Europe’s own sustainable development. The policy is on a collision course with the Paris climate agreement and the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals., This briefing follows the trail of destruction left by the policy on three continents. It assesses the extraordinary lobbying ‘firepower’ and powerful network of influence at the disposal of the European biofuel industry and its allies, which is blocking reform. In the past year alone, actors in the biofuel value chain – from feedstock growers to biofuel producers – spent over €14m and hired nearly 400 lobbyists. Biofuel producers spend as much on EU influencing as the tobacco lobby. EU decision makers must free themselves from the stranglehold of powerful corporate groups – and choose genuinely sustainable and renewable energy to meet their 2030 climate and energy goals.
- Published
- 2016
32. Rock Glaciers and Climate Change in the Bolivian Andes: Mapping new water resources
- Author
-
Rangecroft, Sally
- Subjects
Climate change ,Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Abstract
Climate change is affecting glaciers worldwide, and the vulnerability and sensitivity of glaciers in the Bolivian Andes is a warning indicator for mountain regions in other areas. Reduced water security is projected for the Bolivian Andes due to an expected increase in demand and a decline in the supply of water. In turn, this will have an impact on food security, power generation and livelihoods. Rock glaciers are protected under rock formations and can sometimes play an important role in long-term water storage. They should be factored into water management and climate change adaptation strategies. This report describes research to create the first rock glacier inventory for Bolivia, and highlights the need to prioritize the preservation of areas where rock glaciers are located in the interests of water security for vulnerable populations. The inventory could also be used to protect rock glaciers from the effects of mining activity, and the report suggests that legislation should be encouraged in Bolivia to guarantee the protection of glaciers, along with the conservation and restoration of wetlands and other ecosystems crucial to water storage and supply and ultimately, to the achievement of the human right to water.
- Published
- 2015
33. From Words to Facts: Acting on climate change in Central America
- Author
-
Landa, Rosalba and Olivera, Beatriz
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
Central American countries contribute little to climate change, but will endure some of its most negative consequences. As well as greatly affecting food production and the life of farming and indigenous communities, it will also increase the magnitude and frequency of extreme climatic events that impact the region. With the support of partners, this research report presents, by country, the consequences of climate change in Central America. It also presents recommendations from Oxfam and the Central America Vulnerable Network United for Life (Red Centroamérica Vulnerable Unida por la Vida) as to the actions and policies needed from governments to tackle the challenge.
- Published
- 2014
34. Confronting Carbon Inequality: Putting climate justice at the heart of the COVID-19 recovery
- Author
-
Gore, Tim
- Subjects
Climate change ,Inequality ,Changement climatique ,Inégalités - Abstract
Despite sharp falls in carbon emissions in 2020 linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, the climate crisis – which is driven by the accumulation of emissions in the atmosphere over time – continued to grow. This briefing describes new research that shows how extreme carbon inequality in recent decades has brought the world to the climate brink. It sets out how governments must use this historic juncture to build fairer economies within the limits our planet can bear., Malgré une baisse importante des émissions de CO2 en 2020 en lien avec la pandémie de COVID-19, la crise climatique résultant de l’accumulation des émissions dans l’atmosphère a continué de s’aggraver. Un nouveau travail de recherche démontre comment les inégalités extrêmes en matière d’émissions de CO2, à l’œuvre depuis plusieurs décennies, précipitent le monde vers une catastrophe climatique. Il souligne pourquoi et comment les gouvernements doivent saisir ce moment historique afin de construire des économies plus justes et dans des limites soutenables pour notre planète.
- Published
- 2020
35. Behind the Brands: Food justice and the 'Big 10' food and beverage companies
- Author
-
Hoffman, Beth
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change ,Gender ,Private sector - Abstract
Over the past century, powerful food and beverage companies have enjoyed unprecedented commercial success. But these companies have grown prosperous while the millions who supply the land, labor and water needed for their products face increased hardship. Now, a rapidly changing environment, affected communities and an increasingly savvy consumer base are pushing the industry to rethink ‘business as usual’., In this report, Oxfam assesses the social and environmental policies of the world’s ten largest food and beverage companies and calls on them to take the critical next steps to create a just food system., Find out more and take action at www.behindthebrands.org
- Published
- 2013
36. Out of the Bunker: Time for a fair deal on shipping emissions
- Author
-
Gore, Tim and Lutes, Mark
- Subjects
Climate change ,Economics ,Governance and citizenship ,Trade - Abstract
International shipping is a major - and rapidly growing - source of greenhouse gas emissions. Agreement to apply a carbon price to shipping can both reduce emissions and raise funds for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. This paper shows that doing so is possible while ensuring developing countries face no net costs. COP17 in Durban, South Africa at the end of 2011 provides an opportunity to agree the key principles of such a deal.
- Published
- 2011
37. Owning Adaptation: Country-level governance of climate adaptation finance
- Author
-
Pearl-Martinez, Rebecca
- Subjects
Climate change ,Governance and citizenship - Abstract
As financing for climate change adaptation in developing countries begins to flow, it is essential that the governance of funding at the global and country level be shaped so that the needs of the most vulnerable can be met. The core issue is country-level ownership of adaptation finance. Providers of adaptation finance must put developing countries in the driver's seat, while the countries themselves must exercise leadership and respond to the needs of those most affected by climate change. Most importantly, civil society and vulnerable communities must be able to steer and hold accountable the way in which adaptation finance is used.
- Published
- 2011
38. Hang Together or Separately? How global cooperation is key to a fair and adequate climate deal at Copenhagen
- Author
-
Richards, Julie-Anne, Hill, Antonio, and King, Richard
- Subjects
Climate change ,Economics ,Governance and citizenship ,Trade - Abstract
A fair and adequate global climate regime requires a massive effort across the board to reduce the risks to lives and livelihoods that poor people face first and most. Rich countries must reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions first and fastest, with ambitious targets at home. High levels of rich-country pollution over the last century mean that even ambitious emissions-reductions targets will not be enough to avoid catastrophic climate change. Deep emissions reductions in rich countries are still critical, but climate security will now be won or lost as a result of co-operative efforts in which rich countries finance large-scale reductions in emissions in developing countries. Establishing a Global Mitigation and Finance Mechanism could achieve these reductions while respecting principles of equity, and delivering tangible development gains for poor people. This must be a centrepiece of the Copenhagen deal in December 2009. But much greater political attention and support is needed for this vital part of the deal to be developed in time.
- Published
- 2010
39. Credibility Crunch: Food, poverty, and climate change: an agenda for rich country leaders
- Author
-
Lawson, Max
- Subjects
Aid ,Climate change ,Food and livelihoods - Abstract
The year 2008 is halfway to the deadline for reaching the Millennium Development Goals. Despite some progress, they will not be achieved if current trends continue. Aid promises are predicted to be missed by $30bn, at a potential cost of 5 million lives. Starting with the G8 meeting in Japan, rich countries must use a series of high-profile summits in 2008 to make sure the Goals are met, and to tackle both climate change and the current food crisis. Economic woes must not be used as excuses: rich countries' credibility is on the line.
- Published
- 2010
40. Climate Alarm: Disasters increase as climate change bites
- Author
-
Magrath, John
- Subjects
Climate change ,Conflict and disasters - Abstract
Climatic disasters are increasing as temperatures climb and rainfall intensifies. A rise in small- and medium-scale disasters is a particularly worrying trend. Yet even extreme weather need not bring disasters; it is poverty and powerlessness that make people vulnerable. Though more emergency aid is needed, humanitarian response must do more than save lives: it has to link to climate change adaptation and bolster poor people's livelihoods through social protection and disaster risk reduction approaches.
- Published
- 2010
41. Another Inconvenient Truth: How biofuel policies are deepening poverty and accelerating climate change
- Author
-
Bailey, Robert
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
The current biofuel policies of rich countries are neither a solution to the climate crisis nor the oil crisis, and instead are contributing to a third: the food crisis. In poor countries, biofuels may offer some genuine development opportunities, but the potential economic, social, and environmental costs are severe, and decision makers should proceed with caution. Biofuels are presented in rich countries as a solution to two crises: the climate crisis and the oil crisis. But they may not be a solution to either, and instead are contributing to a third: the current food crisis.
- Published
- 2010
42. Adapting to Climate Change: What's needed in poor countries, and who should pay
- Author
-
Raworth, Kate
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change ,Conflict and disasters ,Governance and citizenship - Abstract
Climate change is forcing vulnerable communities in poor countries to adapt to unprecedented climate stress. Rich countries, primarily responsible for creating the problem, must stop harming, by fast cutting their greenhouse-gas emissions, and start helping, by providing finance for adaptation. In developing countries Oxfam estimates that adaptation will cost at least $50bn each year, and far more if global emissions are not cut rapidly. Urgent work is necessary to gain a more accurate picture of the costs to the poor. According to Oxfam's new Adaptation Financing Index, the USA, European Union, Japan, Canada, and Australia should contribute over 95 per cent of the finance needed. This finance must not be counted towards meeting the UN-agreed target of 0.7 per cent for aid. Rich countries are planning multi-billion dollar adaptation measures at home, but to date they have delivered just $48m to international funds for least-developed country adaptation, and have counted it as aid: an unacceptable inequity in global responses to climate change.
- Published
- 2010
43. Righting Two Wrongs: Making a new global climate fund work for poor people
- Author
-
Carty, Tracy
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
Climate change is already negatively affecting the lives and livelihoods of poor men and women. Yet it is estimated that less than a tenth of climate funds to date have been spent on helping people in vulnerable countries adapt to the impacts of climate change. The poor are losing out twice: they are hardest hit by climate change they didn’t cause, and they are being neglected by funds that should be helping them. Climate finance can and must be made to work from the bottom up, particularly for women smallholder farmers. Starting with the formal establishment of a new Global Climate Fund, decisions on climate finance governance need to set a new direction for a post-2012 era. This paper presents a vision for a new Fund and broader finance system that is effective in meeting the scale of developing country financing needs, and is widely considered – by governments and civil societies – to be legitimate in its decision-making.
- Published
- 2010
44. Investing in Agriculture in Burundi: Improving food security and conditions for women farmers
- Author
-
San Pedro, Paula
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change ,Gender - Abstract
Burundi has alarming levels of food insecurity for a country dependent on agriculture. The work of women farmers is at the core of agriculture in Burundi, but they have few rights and very limited access to resources. Investment in the primary sector is essential, and in order to contribute to the country's development, agricultural spending must be directed to where it is needed most. The best way to do this is with the full participation of farmers' organizations and civil society. Now that Burundi’s government has pledged to increase the agricultural budget, it must not waste this historic moment to achieve significant progress for the country.
- Published
- 2011
45. Climate Change and Women Farmers in Burkina Faso: Impact and adaptation policies and practices
- Author
-
González, Ana, Belemvire, Adama, and Saulière, Saya
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change ,Gender - Abstract
This report aims to analyse the specific impact of climate change on women in Burkina Faso's agricultural sector, and analyses how gender and women are taken into account in national adaptation and rural development policies and programmes. It examines adaptation practices aimed at women and the outcomes of such practices in terms of both gender and adaptation.
- Published
- 2011
46. People-Centred Resilience: Working with vulnerable farmers towards climate change adaptation and food security
- Author
-
Siedenburg, Jules, Pfeifer, Kimberly, and Hauser, Kelly
- Subjects
Food and livelihoods ,Climate change - Abstract
Globally, 1.7 billion farmers are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The many who are already hungry are particularly vulnerable. Yet scaling up localised ‘resilience’ successes offers hope for these farmers, while helping to address the climate problem. New thinking to recognise vulnerable farmers as critical partners in delivering solutions is needed to increase their resilience and to enable them to help combat climate change. Bold new public investment to the supporting institutions will be needed.
- Published
- 2009
47. Climate Change Adaptation: Enabling people living in poverty to adapt
- Author
-
Pettengell, Catherine
- Subjects
Climate change ,Changement climatique - Abstract
Climate change is fast pushing the poorest and most marginalized communities beyond their capacity to respond. This report draws on case studies from around the world and on Oxfam's experience working with rural communities. It sets out what is needed to enable people living in poverty to adapt to climate change, and a range of interventions that are available. Oxfam's approach brings together experience in the areas of livelihoods, natural resource management, and Disaster Risk Reduction, with robust decision making in order to manage uncertainty and risk, and to build adaptive capacity from household to national and global levels. The report identifies the combined need for bottom-up and topdown processes in order to create the enabling conditions needed for people living in poverty to adapt to climate change., Les changements climatiques sont en passe de dépasser les capacités de réponse des communautés les plus pauvres et les plus marginalisées. Le présent rapport se base sur des études de cas provenant du monde entier et sur l’expérience de travail d’Oxfam avec les communautés rurales. Il présente les mesures nécessaires pour donner aux personnes vivant dans la pauvreté les moyens de s’adapter aux changements climatiques, ainsi qu’une gamme d’interventions qui sont déjà disponibles., L’approche d’Oxfam rassemble l’expérience dans les domaines des moyens de subsistance, de la gestion des ressources naturelles et de la Réduction des risques de catastrophes et une prise de décisions apter à gérer l’incertitude et le risque et à renforcer la capacité d’adaptation du niveau du ménage aux niveaux national et mondial. Ce rapport met en évidence la nécessité de conjuguer les processus ascendants et descendants afin de créer les conditions propices dont ont besoin les personnes vivant dans la pauvreté pour s’adapter aux changements climatiques.
- Published
- 2010
48. Bolivia: Climate change, poverty and adaptation
- Subjects
Climate change ,Gender - Abstract
Bolivia is a country particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In July 2009, a team of Oxfam researchers travelled to three areas of Bolivia (Trinidad in Beni, the Cochabamba valleys and Khapi under Mount Illimani, in La Paz) to take a snapshot of how poor families are experiencing the changing climate, and how they are adapting to it. Poor women and men throughout Bolivia are already experiencing the consequences of climate change, but in most cases are ill-equipped to adapt to the present and future impacts. The perception of many villagers and local farmers is that the climate is already changing in terms of the unpredictability of the rainfall, more extreme weather events and higher temperatures, with negative impacts for their livelihoods. Women are often the hardest hit., Executive Summary, Introduction, 1. Poverty, vulnerability and climate change, 2. Climate change impacts: past, present and future 3. The highlands, water is life, 4. The valleys, predicting the weather 5. The lowlands, rescuing the past, 6. The Platform of Social Organisations against Climate Change, 7. Government perspectives on climate change and adaptation, 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Published
- 2010
49. Turning Carbon into Gold: How the international community can finance climate change adaptation without breaking the bank
- Author
-
Coleman, Heather K and Waskow, David
- Subjects
Climate change - Abstract
Recognizing that poor communities in developing countries are the least responsible for climate change but most vulnerable to its impacts, the Bali Action Plan calls for ‘new and additional resources’ and ‘innovative finance mechanisms' to address urgent climate adaptation needs. Oxfam suggests that new financing mechanisms linked to emissions reduction regimes could be the way forward in the post-2012 climate negotiations and yield the minimum of $50 billion per year necessary for adaptation needs in developing countries.
- Published
- 2008
50. The Right to Survive in a Changing Climate
- Author
-
Bailey, Robert and Wren-Lewis, Liam
- Subjects
Climate change ,Conflict and disasters - Abstract
Driven by upward trends in the number of climate-related disasters and human vulnerability to them, by 2015 the average number of people affected each year by climate-related disasters could increase by over 50 per cent to 375 million. This figure is likely to continue to rise as climate change gathers pace - increasing the frequency and/or severity of such events - and poverty and inequality force ever more people to live in high-risk places, such as flood plains, steep hillsides and urban slums, while depriving them of the means to cope with disaster. Climate change is a human tragedy that threatens to completely overload the humanitarian system. The potential human costs are unimaginable, and will be borne overwhelmingly by those least responsible for causing the problem: the world's poor.
- Published
- 2009
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