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To investigate the factors influencing the severity of tourism traffic accidents, this paper selected 3 861 tourism traffic safety accidents in China, based on the analysis of its spatialtemporal distribution characteristics, further examined the factors influencing the severity of tourism traffic accidents. An ordered multi-classified logistic regression model was employed to explore the contributing factors to the severity of tourist traffic safety accidents. The results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2019, the different severity levels of tourism traffic accidents in China show a fluctuating downward trend. (2) The severity levels of tourism traffic accidents display a heterogeneous distribution, with high-incidence areas mainly concentrated in Yunnan and Hunan provinces. (3) The five categories of factors, including personnel, vehicles, roads, management, and environment, are significantly correlated with the severity of tourism traffic accidents. The varying strength of their connection with different provincial domains is an important reason for the heterogeneous distribution of accident severity. The results help to reveal the characteristics and causes of tourism traffic safety accidents nationwide and provide a theoretical basis for improving tourism traffic safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the process of studying the diatom diversity of Hunan Province, we find that a Cymbella species collected from Xiang River possesses the following diagnostic features:(1)Cells are small and their lengths are less than 29 μm;(2)Valves exhibit slight dorsiventrality;(3)Distal raphe fissures are dorsally deflected;(4)Apical pore fields are very small and composed of 1-3 transapical rows of porelli, which comprise two forms, one is slit-like, similar to the areolae on the valve face, and the other is rounded with internal openings covered by the flap-like silica projections;(5)Striae 10-12/10 μm at the dorsal middle part, 11-13/10 μm at the ventral middle part, and areolae 30-40/10 μm;(6)And 1-2 stigmata exist near the valve ventral central area. After comparing this species with the type population of Cymbella pavanaensis A. Vigneshwaran et al., in this paper, it is identified as C. pavanaensis. This paper provides a clearer knowledge of the ultrastructure of C. pavanaensis, enlarges its geographical distribution region, and reports it for the first time in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the victory in the War of Resistance against Japan, the rural economy of Hunan province was in decline. In southern provinces, where per capita arable land was minimal and the proportion of tenant farmers considerable, the tenancy system was notably harsh. In 1945, the Guomindang government implemented a one-year rent reduction policy in the recovered territories. However, due to real difficulties, Hunan province postponed its implementation until 1946 and again enacted a rent limit protection policy for tenants in 1947. Nevertheless, with the establishment of the Hunan Provincial Senate in 1946, provincial senators, representing local gentry interests, engaged in a conflict with the rent reduction ordinance put forth by the Hunan provincial government. The conflicting understandings between the two sides about the relationship between the existing system and rent reduction led to an impasse in the legislative process. Eventually, due to the provincial government's compromises, the rent reduction ordinances were repeatedly revised and ultimately became hollow in substance. At the grassroots level, seeing this situation, implementation was delayed, turning the ordinances into mere paper decrees. Throughout this process, the tenant farmers, deceived by the landlords, resented the government, and the credibility of the Guomindang government was gradually depleted. 摘要 抗战胜利后，湖南农村经济凋敝。南方各省人均耕地较少，佃农比例较大，租佃制度情况颇为恶劣。1945年，国民政府在收复区推行一年的免赋减租政策。湖南省因现实困难迁延至1946年补办，又在1947年推行了限租护佃政策。然而随着1946年湖南省参议会的成立，代表着地方士绅利益的省参议员跻身民意机关，化身为民意代表与湖南省政府的减租法令相博弈。双方对现行制度与减租关系认识的不同，导致省府交议法案搁置难决。最终由于省府的妥协，使减租法令不断被删改，徒具形式。基层见状则迁延执行，终使法令成为具文。在这一过程中，佃农反受地主愚弄而怨恨政府，国民政府的公信力也逐渐消耗殆尽。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Since 2017, an anthracnose was extensively occurred on P. cyrtonema in the Hunan province of China. The present paper aimed to clarify the pathogen and the sensitivity of the pathogen to fungicides.【Method】The pathogen fungal stains were isolated from symptomatic leaves and identified by both morphological and molecular tools using both the ITS, ACT, CHS-1 and GPDH gene regions. Pathogenicity was confirmed with inoculation experiments that fulfilled the Koch's postulates. On this basis, the indoor toxicity of 5 fungicides to the pathogen was determined by mycelial growth rate method.【Result】By tissue isolation, 16 morphologically identical strains were isolated from the diseased diseased leaves of four plantation in Hunan province, and the colony morphology and culture characteristics of the strains were observed to confirm that they were Colletotrichum sp.. Molecular identification of CLHJY4-3 determined that the pathogen was C. spaethianum. The pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation and the Koch's postulates was verified. The average growth rate of the hyphae of this pathogen was 1.1 cm/day. Conidia were 18.4 to 25.0 μm long and 3.9 to 5.3 μm wide. The seta were dark brown, with 2-3 septs, 79-107 μm long. The results of indoor toxicity determination showed that among the five agents, prochloraz had the strongest inhibitory effect on hyphal growth, EC50 was 0.031 μg/mL, followed by pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole, with the EC50 of 0.049 and 0.252 μg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effects of thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim were relatively poor, with the EC50 of 2.911 and 1.763 μg/mL, respectively. 【Conclusion】C. spaethianum was the pathogen of leaf spot of P. cyrtonema in Hunan province. Moreover, prochloraz and pyraclostrobin were screened as better fungicides against the pathogen fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from traditional explanations arguing that population pressure led to the cultivation of maize, this paper believes that maize in the Qing dynasty planted by traditional slash and burn farming method of Xiangxi took the place of some conventional crops and became a new coarse cereal, which was caused by multiple factors such as national policy, market and eco-utilization. Emperor Yongzheng’s policy of the bureaucratization of native officers formed a unified market network and attracted external population to western Hunan, boosting tung oil industry and creating some areas of western Hunan with concentrated maize. Besides, emperor Jiaqing’s policy of agricultural collective production helped further expand the planting scale of tung trees and enabled the Miao-populated area to become the concentrated production region of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the appropriate amount and tillage effect of straw-rotted organic fertilizer + vertical rotary tillage in tobacco production in Hunan's tobacco-rice rotation, with the aim of improving the soil environment of tobacco planting in Hunan and providing scientific basis for improving the quality and increasing the yield of tobacco. [ Method] The experiment used 7 treatments in randomized group design, Tl: no straw-rotted organic fertilizer + conventional tillage; T2: straw-rotted organic fertilizer 1150 kg/hm² + conventional tillage; T3: straw-rotted organic fertilizer 2300 kg/hm² + conventional tillage; T4: straw-rotted organic fertilizer 4600 kglhm2 + conventional tillage; TS: application of straw-rotted organic fertilizer 1150 kg/hm² + vertical rotary tillage ; T6: application of straw-rotted organic fertilizer 2300 kg!hm2 + vertical rotary tillage; T7: application of straw-rotted organic fertilizer 4600 kg/hm² + vertical rotary tillage. The effects of different treatments on soil nutrients, agronomic traits of tobacco plants, physical traits, appearance quality, chemical composition and economic traits of tobacco leaves after baking were studied by ANOV A and comprehensive evaluation. [ Result] The application of straw-rotted organic fertilizer + vertical rotary tillage significantly increased soil organic matter and fast-acting nutrient content, and the highest soil fertility level was achieved when the straw-rotted organic fertilizer was applied at 4600 kg/hm² . At the same level of organic fertilizer application, the treatment of organic fertilizer + vertical rotary tillage had higher soil nutrients, agronomic properties of tobacco plants, physical properties of post-baking tobacco leaves, appearance quality, chemical composition and economic properties than the treatment of organic fertilizer alone. Among them, the 17 treatment had the highest appearance quality and chemical compatibility scores, with an average increase of 19. 86%, 3. 70% and 11. 53%, 2. 78% compared with Tl and T4. The tobacco yield and production value of 17 treatment increased by 12. 85%, 8. 10% and 26. 84%, 10. 46% compared with Tl and T4. The rate of top quality tobacco increased by 13. 80 and 6. 71 percentage points compared with Tl and T4. [Conclusion ] The application of 4600 kg/hm² straw-rotted organic fertilizer + vertical rotary tillage was the best, and most beneficial to the production of high-quality tobacco in the tobacco-rice rotation area of Hunan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the influence of the production area on the growth of Dendrobium carulidum and the composition of metabolites, the different metabolites of D. candidum from different production areas were screened. [ Method] The present study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) combined with principal component analysis ( PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis ( PLS-DA) and other multivariate statistical analysis methods for non-targeted metabolomics analysis of Dendrobium mobile samples from different productions. [ Result] The principal component analysis of Dendrobium metabolites from different producing areas can distinguish cultivated varieties from wild varieties except Hunan, combined with partial least square discriminant analysis and T test (Student's-test) to compare Hunan wild species and indoor cultivated species to carry out differential metabolite analysis. The cluster heat map analysis ( HCA) was used to verify the differential metabolites, and 20 extremely significant different metabolites were found finally including Propionic acid, Threonine ( P < 0. 01). [Conclusion] There are 20 significantly different metabolites between wild D. candidum and cultivated varieties, mainly organic acid and polysaccharide metabolites. The study can provide a theoretical basis for the identification and authenticity of D. carulidum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the disaster, the increase of suspended matter in water and the high water content crops will lead to the low accuracy of conventional methods of water body information extraction. In response to this problem, a new method of extracting flood submerging area for farmland based on tasseled cap transformation is presented in this paper. First, the remote sensing images before and after disaster are pre-processed by radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction. Then, the tasseled cap transformation is performed based on the coefficients corresponding to the sensor to obtain the greenness component and the wetness component. Third, the wetness component is divided by the OTSU method, and combined with the greenness component to obtain the warterbody information. Finally, the spatial overlay analysis of the waterbody information and farmland vector data is carried out to extract the flood submerging area for farmland. Taking Yueyang City of Hunan Province and its vicinity as research area, the accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively to verify the validity and applicability of the method. The results shows that the boundary of flood submerging area for farmland is clear, the range is more accurate, and the producer's accuracy and the user's accuracy are 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. This paper provides references for agricultural risk evaluation and dynamic monitoring of flood disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mountainous and hilly areas, cultivated land resources are scarce, and the phenomenon of cultivated land fragmentation is serious. The long and narrow arable land plots are complex in structure, which makes it difficult to obtain the information of cultivated land at the land level quickly and accurately, and hinders the application of precise digital agricultural services based on high resolution remote sensing images in mountainous and hilly areas. Parcle-level cultivated land information can intuitively show the spatial distribution, boundary details of farmland, and is of great significance for precision agriculture management, distribution of planting subsidies, and agricultural resource survey. Existing edge detection/semantic segmentation networks-based farmland extraction methods ignore the structural features of the parcel, thus have limit performance for handling narrow and small plots, and there is also a blurring boundary problem. To address these issues, we proposed an accurate extraction method of cropland in mountainous area based on geographic parcels. This method combines the advantages of semantic segmentation and edge detection, and effectively extracts and integrates the linear features of the boundary and the internal texture features of the parcel, so as to improve the recognition accuracy of the cultivated land. The main features of the model in this paper are as follows: 1) The edge of cultivated land is regarded as a new class independent of cultivated land parcels, so that the semantic segmentation network can better distinguish the edge and internal area of cultivated land parcels; 2) A cascaded semantic segmentation and edge detection network is introduced to correlate the prediction of cultivated land surface and line, realize the fusion of boundary and texture features of cultivated land parcels and strengthen the edge features of cultivated land, so as to improving the accuracy of cultivated land block edge detection; 3) A focus training technique is proposed to address the problem that the edge pixels of cultivated land are far fewer than non-edge pixels, by enforcing the model pay more attention to the important but underrepresented edge pixels in high resolution remote sensing images in the training process, so as to improve the edge detection accuracy. We conduct experiments in Shaodong County, Hunan Province in the southwest mountainous area, using the Google Earth high-resolution remote sensing images as the data source, with a spatial resolution of 0.53 m. After manual selection, a total of 1000 512×512 image patches are obtained. Among them, 600 pieces are used as the training set, 200 pieces are used as the verification set, and 200 pieces are used as the test set. Experimental results show that the presented model achieves satisfying results with an overall accuracy of 92.91% and IoU (Intersection-Over-Union) of 82.84% on the test set, which was 4.28% and 8.01% higher than the baseline method respectively. Compared with the existing methods, the cultivated land extracted in this study is more consistent with the actual distribution pattern of cultivated land, which provides a practical method for accurate extraction of cultivated land information at the plot scale in mountainous and hilly regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to evaluate the potential of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) as forage grass and ecological engineering plant on paddy field ridges in southern China. [Method] The clover was planted on the ridge of paddy fields in Ilengnan, Ilunan province and Jiangyou, Sichuan province in the spring of 2015. Cabover-ground parts, mainly leaves and petioles, were harvested monthly from July of 2016 to June of 2017. Dry matter was weighted after desiccation in a stove at 105 °C for 15 minutes and 70 °C for 24 hours. Dry samples harvested in the same season were mixed after storing at -20 °C . The contents of crude protein, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of such mixed samples were then determined by the standard procedures. The antagonism experiment with Alternant her a philoxeroides was conducted by face-to-face cultivation in concreted circles located in a plastic greenhouse from July of 2017 to March of 2018. [Result] At the experiment site in Sichuan, the highest dry matter weight of the white clove was obtained at the first harvest and the dropped until January of 2017 and increase gradually till the end of the experiment. It dropped also in Ilunan after the first harvest but started to increase since August and reached the highest point in April of 2017. The contents of crude protein, nitrogen and phosphorus were the highest in the first quarter at both sites. The content of potassium was the highest in the third quarter at Jiangvou but in the second quarter at Ilengnan. In the antagonism experiment, the growth of A. philoxeroides under each treatment was obviously better than that of clover in the summer, but white clover grew significantly better than A. philoxeroides under each irrigation regime and dominated the community in terms of occupying area, fresh weight and dry weight. [Conclusion] White clover on paddy didges has shown strong regeneration ability both in Sichuan and Hunan and could be used as high-quality forage and green manure crop. It could strongly inhibit the growth of A. philoxeroides at low temperature and soil humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop straw is a valuable biomass energy resource and raw material for livestock forage, organic fertilizer and industrial use. However, the comprehensive utilization level of straw resources in China is not high due to various reasons including agricultural intensification, capital shortage and farmers’ cognition. Regional, seasonal and structural surplus of crop straw is common in China and a lot of straw is discarded and burned casually, especially in rural areas. It is not only a huge waste of resources, but also leads to serious atmosphere and soil environment pollutions. Thus, it is of great importance to improve the straw utilization rate. That take regional planning as a whole and realize full utilization of the regional total straw resources is a good strategy. Assessment of regional straw resources’ quantity, type, and distribution pattern is the prerequisite to achieve regional straw resources full utilization. In addition, the utilization modes and levels of straw resources are also restricted by many other factors including the social and economic development status. Thus, to make better use of straw resources and optimize utilization structure, it is necessary to take all the above factors into comprehensive consideration, carrying out scientific layout and rational planning. Hunan province is an important agricultural province and also a main producing area of double cropping rice in China. The present study estimated the straw quantity and amount per capita of the main crops in Hunan province. The spatial distribution patterns of straw resources in Hunan province were also analyzed. In addition, the paper also analyzed the potential of full utilization of the total straw resources in the province through comparing the current straw utilization structure and quantities with their corresponding competitive straw demands. The results showed that the theoretical and collectable amount of the main crop straw resources in Hunan province in 2018 were 4 021.7× 104 t and 3 039.1×104 t, respectively. The mean amount per capita of straw resource is only 0.68 t, which is much lower than the national average level. The straw of rice, rape, maize and vegetables accounted for 64.7%, 16.0%, 6.1% and 7.5% of the total straw resources of the Province, respectively. The various types of crop straws exhibited different spatial distribution patterns. The amount of rice, rape and vegetable straw increased from west to east and south to north in the province, whereas corn straw displayed an opposite distribution trend. Through estimating the potential utilization ways of straw resources, the competitive demand of straw in Hunan province included 887.3×104 t for fertilizer, 885.1×104 t for fodder, 65.7×104 t for raw material and 83.2×104 t for stroma material. The remaining amount of straw for potential energy utilization was 1 117.9×104 t. Considering the current straw utilization structure and the results as above, the overall trend of realizing full utilization in the province should be to improve the ratio of fodder and energy utilization and slightly reduce fertilizer utilization on the basis of maintaining the amount for stroma and raw material utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anhua, located in Hunan province, is a state poverty county, whose types of terrain are divided into high mountainous, reservoir and low-mountain hilly area. Considering different terrain areas and poor rural households, analyzing the poverty characteristics and influencing factors under the regional type is conducive to take targeted poverty alleviation measures. Based on the data sources of 578 questionnaires of poor rural households and combined with the actual situation of three types of terrain area, this paper analyzes poverty characteristics, influencing factors and interaction of two-factor under different terrain area using spatial autocorrelation and geo-detector in Anhua county. The results show that: 1) The poverty degrees of different terrain area are different. Specifically, the order of the absolute value of mean poverty level is that the is reservoir area (0.214), high mountain area (0.187) and low-mountain hilly area (0.115). The per capita net income of the reservoir area is low, and the source of economic income is only relying on the reservoir aquaculture industry. The per capita net income of high mountainous area is low, and the source of economic income is mostly self-sufficient planting and poultry farming. The per capita net income is higher, the source of economic income is diversified, such as going out to work and developing family planting. 2) Poverty influencing factors in different terrain types are different: the reservoir area is mainly affected by infrastructure construction, policy implementation degree and terrain slope. Among the main influencing element, the impact values of factors are policy, nature, economy, human capital; the high mountainous area is mainly affected by the terrain slope, labor population and family business income factors, the influence value of natural factors is the highest, followed by human capital, economic factors, and policy factors; the low-mountain hilly area is mainly affected by the labor population, policy implementation and wage income factor, the human capital has the highest influence value, followed by policy, economic, natural element. 3) The intensity of the interaction between the influence factors of different terrain area are that the interaction intensity of economic element and natural element is higher than the interaction intensity between policy element and other element. The high mountainous and reservoir area are mainly family-run incomes for planting and breeding. The low-mountain hilly area is mainly based on wages income, non-agricultural employment has been selected as their main livelihood strategy choice, giving play to the external role of policy elements, taking into account the economic factor forms of each district. 4) The significant impact factors of poverty degree in different terrain area are different. The reservoir area is significantly affected by policy element, the high mountainous area is significantly affected by natural element, the low-mountain hilly area is mainly affected by human capital. To implement differentiated policies for different terrain areas, so as to ensure the precise implementation of policies in poverty alleviation. Different terrain area should combine regional internal and external, policy element and economic element, financial capital and human capital in the work of poverty alleviation and work to achieve stable poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to clarify the genetic diversity and composition of non-toxic genes of Magnaporthe oryzae in Taojiang. [Method] Genetic diversity of 29 M. oryzae isolated and purified from several late rice varieties in Taojiang disease nursery was analyzed by 8 pairs of SSR primers. And nontoxic gene of 19 isolates were identified through 18 near-isogeniclines(NILs) whose resistance gene to blast were known. [Result]The results indicated that under the 0. 70 similarity coefficient and 0. 30 difference coefficient level, the total isolates of twenty-nine could be divided into seven genealogies. The dominant genealogy 1 contained 12 isolates, accounting for 41.3 % of the total isolates. The V genealogy contained 7 isolates, accounting for 24. 1 % of the total isolates. The other 5 genealogies contain 1 -3 isolates, accounting for 34.6 % of the total number of isolates. The pathogenic frequency (pathogenic frequency = the number of susceptible rice varieties / the number of total tested rice varieties x 100 %) ranged from 35 % to 75 % , and there were 3 strong pathogenic iso-lates (pathogenic frequency > 70 %) which accounted for 15. 7 % of the total isolates ;7 isolates were highly pathogenic (70 % > pathogenic frequency ^50 %) , accounting for 36. 8 % of the total isolates. Nine medium pathogenic isolates (50 % > pathogenic frequency ^20 %) , accounted for 47. 5 % of the total isolates, and the average pathogenic frequency of the tested isolates was 49.86 % . The virulence frequencies of 19 isolates to NILs (virulence frequencies = the number of isolatesto be tested the virulence with NILs / the number of all isolates x 100 %) were identified by avirulence gene, it was shown that more than 70 % of the virulent genes what with highly virulent were Pi-ks, Pi-ztand Pi-ta. The resistance gene whose virulence frequency was between 50 % and 70 % with medium virulence were pi-kp , pi-z5 , pi-t, pi-sh and Pi-5. The virulence frequency of the other resistance genes was less than 50 %. [Conclusion] The population of Pyricularia oryzae in Taojiang, Hunan province has abundant genetic diversity and complicated pathogenicity differentiation. The resistance genes Pi-3, Pi-i, Pi-11, Pi-19 and Pi-12 have excellent resistance to M. oryzae in Taojiang area and can be used in disease resistance breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist attractions are not only the prerequisites and core carriers of tourism development, but also the most important and fundamental tourism supply. Based on the data of high- level tourist attractions in Western Hunan, this paper introduces the index of development difference of high-level scenic spots, and uses spatial statistical methods such as Standard Deviation Ellipse, nuclear density estimation and global spatial autocorrelation to measure the spatio- temporal distribution of high- level tourist attractions in 2007, 2012 and 2016. And then, it uses traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) model and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the influencing factors in the high- level tourist attractions of Western Hunan. Results show that: Generally, the spatial distribution of high-level tourist attractions in Western Hunan has a NE-SW trending, and the overall trend is a small counter- clockwise rotation; the spatial pattern of high- level tourist attractions shows the evolution from "three cores and two districts" to "single pole and many points" and then to "blossom all over" driven by dual-core. The spatial positive correlation of the number of high- level tourist attractions is decreasing, and its spatial distribution shows a certain dependence; regional economic development level, government policy support, traffic conditions and tourism resources have significant influence on the spatial distribution of the high-level tourist attractions in Western Hunan, and different influencing factors show a certain spatial difference. The research conclusion provides scientific basis and reference value for deepening the reform of mechanism of tourist attractions in the context of all-for-one tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pig-biogas project-fruit circular economy development model is characterized by the “waste farming-biogas project-fruit tree fertilization” waste recycling route, which is to solve the current non-point source pollution of pig farms in the agricultural field and provide an effective means of application for the energy and fertilizer industries. In this waste recycling, the integrated analysis of material flow and value flow is the main method to measure its engineering technology and economic benefits. At present, compared with the relatively mature material flow analysis methods, the value flow method reflecting economic input and output is relatively rare in the agricultural field. Based on this, this paper proposed a pig-biogas project-fruit” circular economy value stream analysis model, revealed its material flow balance mechanism, and constructed “material flow (technology)-value flow (economic)-environmental damage cost assessment (environment)” . Through the two-dimensional mechanism analysis of the material flow-value flow of its resource recycling, the material flow balance map was determined around the goal of “recycling waste”, and the different production centers with gradual carry-over relationship in the circulation were divided to collect the input cost, calculate the effective use of resources, waste loss costs, and make an objective assessment of the external environmental damage costs (governance opportunity costs) of waste. The integrated calculation and evaluation method system was applied to the verification and demonstration of a large-scale farm in Hongshilin Town, Guzhang County, Western Hunan. The application results showed that: 1 755 pigs were slaughtered in the pig farm, and the biogas project was built, and the grassland was 4.67 hm² and the organic orchard was 4 hm². Through the observation and analysis of the production material process, four interrelated material circulation cost calculation and evaluation centers for pig production, pig fattening, biogas engineering and organic orchard were established, and according to production input, intermediate conversion, recycling, and product output. In the five major parts of landfill treatment, the panoramic view of value circulation was calculated, and the distribution of the whole material flow and value flow at a glance was investigated. According to the calculation data and the changes of pig farm waste discharge before and after the development of circular economy, the costs of pig farm labor, depreciation, energy, etc (internal resource cost loss), and the recovery and control of pig farm waste discharge environment were compared and analyzed. The opportunity cost (cost of external environmental damage) was reduced, and the production efficiency (product increase efficiency) of prolific pigs, energy and fruits was obtained, and the evaluation results were obtained. In this case, the result of the analysis was that the internal resources were reduced by about 1 400 yuan, the external environmental damage was reduced by about 19 300 yuan, and the product added benefit was about 36 600 yuan. The research results could provide decision-making basis for enterprises to improve resource recycling efficiency and government implementation of agricultural policy subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pig-biogas project-fruit circular economy development model is characterized by the “waste farming-biogas project-fruit tree fertilization” waste recycling route, which is to solve the current non-point source pollution of pig farms in the agricultural field and provide an effective means of application for the energy and fertilizer industries. In this waste recycling, the integrated analysis of material flow and value flow is the main method to measure its engineering technology and economic benefits. At present, compared with the relatively mature material flow analysis methods, the value flow method reflecting economic input and output is relatively rare in the agricultural field. Based on this, this paper proposed a pig-biogas project-fruit” circular economy value stream analysis model, revealed its material flow balance mechanism, and constructed “material flow (technology)-value flow (economic)-environmental damage cost assessment (environment)” . Through the two-dimensional mechanism analysis of the material flow-value flow of its resource recycling, the material flow balance map was determined around the goal of “recycling waste”, and the different production centers with gradual carry-over relationship in the circulation were divided to collect the input cost, calculate the effective use of resources, waste loss costs, and make an objective assessment of the external environmental damage costs (governance opportunity costs) of waste. The integrated calculation and evaluation method system was applied to the verification and demonstration of a large-scale farm in Hongshilin Town, Guzhang County, Western Hunan. The application results showed that: 1 755 pigs were slaughtered in the pig farm, and the biogas project was built, and the grassland was 4.67 hm2 and the organic orchard was 4 hm2. Through the observation and analysis of the production material process, four interrelated material circulation cost calculation and evaluation centers for pig production, pig fattening, biogas engineering and organic orchard were established, and according to production input, intermediate conversion, recycling, and product output. In the five major parts of landfill treatment, the panoramic view of value circulation was calculated, and the distribution of the whole material flow and value flow at a glance was investigated. According to the calculation data and the changes of pig farm waste discharge before and after the development of circular economy, the costs of pig farm labor, depreciation, energy, etc (internal resource cost loss), and the recovery and control of pig farm waste discharge environment were compared and analyzed. The opportunity cost (cost of external environmental damage) was reduced, and the production efficiency (product increase efficiency) of prolific pigs, energy and fruits was obtained, and the evaluation results were obtained. In this case, the result of the analysis was that the internal resources were reduced by about 0.14 million yuan, the external environmental damage was reduced by about 19 300 yuan, and the product added benefit was about 36 600 yuan. The research results could provide decision-making basis for enterprises to improve resource recycling efficiency and government implementation of agricultural policy subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming climate has been a global concern. Methane is an important greenhouse gas. Double rice cropping system in Hunan province contributes a large proportion of the national rice production. In this study, we studied the effect of agricultural managements of rice on methane emissions from double cropping paddy fields in Hunan Province, China based on Meta-analysis method. Only studies designed as side-by-side paired field experiments were included in this study. Field management practices, treatments, and controls were described in detail in each study, and the location of the experiment was provided. If seasonal accumulative CH4 emission fluxes were not directly provided, these values were calculated by multiplying time and mean CH4 emissions by the measurement period. A total of 53 published peer-reviewed papers published before 2018were obtained by reference retrieval. From them, 840 groups of data were drawn. The management measures included crop rotation, symbiosis ecosystem, tillage, nitrogen fertilizer input, organic manure and residue retention. The control and treatment groups were fallow versus winter crops, paddy-rice system versus rice-duck and rice-fish systems, conventional versus no tillage, no fertilizer-N input versus fertilizer-N input, no manure input versus fertilizer-N and manure input, and fertilizer-N input versus residue retention. Natural log of response ratio was used as the effect size in the random effect meta-analysis. Results showed that CH4 emissions from both early and late rice accounted for 97.9% of annual CH4 emissions, and more CH4 emissions from late rice was observed than that for early rice. In the double rice cropping system, adding winter crops could significantly increase CH4 emissions from double rice season by 43.88% (P < 0.05) compared to winter fallow. Moreover, the increase in methane emissions from early rice was significantly higher than that from late rice. Symbiosis ecosystem of rice (i.e., with ducks or fishes) and adopting no-till significantly decreased CH4 emissions by 37.02% and 26.84% (P < 0.05), respectively. The decrease in the emission from early rice field was much higher than that from late rice field. As for yield-scaled emission, application of N fertilizer decreased yield-scaled CH4 emissions by 40.01% (P < 0.05) mainly due to the yields increased by 73.87% (P < 0.05). Additionally, organic fertilizer application and residue retention increased 68.11% and 71.80% (P < 0.05) of yield-scaled CH4 emissions without impacting the rice yield. The results suggested adopting symbiosis ecosystem rice production or no-till along with optimized N input is conducive to balancing rice yield and CH4 emissions from fields with double rice cropping system in Hunan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As provincial new distributions, one genus and eight species(including two varieties)of dicotyledon from West Hubei and Northwest Hunan are reported in this paper. Among these species, new distributions of Hubei are Tubocapsicum anomalum, Thalictrum alpinum var. elatum, Sanguisorba filiformis, S. officinalis var. glandulosa, Embelia undulate, Physaliastrum chamaesarachoides, Mentha sachalinensis and Salvia tricuspis. Among these species, Tubocapsicum anomalum belongs to Tubocapsicum, which is a newly recorded genus in Hubei. New distribution of Hunan is Gleadovia mupinense. According to IUCN Red List Criteria, G. mupinense is regarded as endangered(EN). These new distributions enrich floristic region of central China and have some significance for plant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]