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Purpose: This paper intends to contemplate the evolution and growth of green intellectual capital over the period 2008 to 2022, consequences of green intellectual capital, its sectoral classification, current trends and future scope of research. Design/Methodology/Approach: For a better understanding of this concept, a systematically arranged review was performed following PRISMA framework. For this, data has been extracted from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Collected data were confined on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The paper was sectioned into two types of analysis: bibliometric analysis and content analysis. Findings: Results highlighted that green intellectual capital has important meanings in influencing organisational performance, namely economic, social and financial performance. Findings also deduced that researchers were mainly focused on the manufacturing sector. Practical implications: This study will provide useful insights to researchers, practitioners, managers and policymakers. Findings suggest intangible resource-green intellectual capital should be managed efficaciously which will provide competitive benefits and also contribute to undertakings’ financial, social and environmental performance. Originality/value: The existing literature needs to be apprehended and streamlined for enabling synergy in deciphering its explicit outcomes. Also, there are only a few studies focusing on this construct and on its systematic literature review.

Purpose: This paper discusses whether the gender dimension of immigrants influences their entrepreneurial activities in host societies. Human capital theory, social capital theory, and disadvantage theory are used to explore immigrant entrepreneurship and its understanding as a migration research field worthy of more attention. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the systematic analysis of literature and peer-reviewed papers, a comprehensive analytical framework was developed. This framework is provided with an overview to discover the 20 articles written between 2000 and 2021 from different countries are discussed. Findings: It has been found that female immigrant entrepreneurs face many different challenges to sustain their businesses in the host countries, based on their human capital, social-capital, and disadvantage perspectives. Consequently, this research adds to the literature on female immigrants and has practical implications for policymakers and the immigrant community. Social Implications: The implication of this study is that destination countries should do something to improve the human and social capital of female immigrants to decrease the disadvantages they face. Originality/value: In this study, we specifically consider female immigrant enterprises to be as important as male enterprises in the destination countries to support the social and economic integration of migrants. On the other hand, this study also shows the disadvantages female immigrant entrepreneurs face before establishing a business and after starting their entrepreneurial activities.

Purpose: This research is motivated by the development of the debates on the role of board gender diversity and green innovation on firm performance. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of green innovation on the effect of board gender diversity and firm performance. Design/methodology/approach: This research employs regression analysis. The dataset using samples of 518 public listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange over the period of 2017–2019. Findings: Based on 1,554 firm-year observations for the period of 2017 to 2019, the results revealed that the presence of board gender diversity had a negative effect on green innovation and the relationship between green innovation and firm performance was insignificant. However, we found that board gender diversity showed a positive effect on firm performance. More importantly, green innovation is not an essential factor in the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance. Research limitations/implications: This research used only sample companies in a single country, therefore, the theory implication might apply to emerging countries with similar conditions (Indonesia). Future research needs to do more in more samples with multiple countries. Also, future research might apply with others corporate governance characteristics variables. Practical implications: Our result findings, first, can be used to support the company to implement the alternative of the low cost of green innovation. Second, this paper can be used to give insight for the government of Indonesia in supporting the business-based environment by strengthening the regulation on the environmental aspect, provide the incentives for companies with green innovation implementation. Social Implications: This paper’s result can be used as a reference to enhance women’s participation in the board’s firm. Furthermore, this study also brings the changes of the community behavior to use and consume the product with green and environmental concerns. Originality/value: Our study contributes to the literature in many ways, first, on gender literature that the presence of female directors on board is still proven to have more commitment to improve the firm performance. Second, the findings also provide an important insight of green innovation’s role in the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance that it is still a controversial issue, where green innovation is not an important factor in the relationship of gender to firm performance improvement.

Purpose: This paper aims to research the strengths and weaknesses of service-learning programs in order to identify the challenges of their application, the educational possibilities of service-learning and the impact on students. Design/methodology/approach: An observational case study model was used, through a qualitative research approach based on participant observation. Additional data collection tools were used before and after the service-learning methodology; these included personal interviews, field diaries and videos. Data analysis was performed using Atlas.ti7 qualitative software. Findings: This paper shows the relevant educational possibilities of service-learning. Students have the potential to take action in response to social problems, using the professional skills they have learned in their degree program, encouraging their critical awareness through reflection processes and promoting their involvement as citizens engaged in their own reality. This work reveals both the strengths and weaknesses of service-learning programs, including the needs assessment, project-based learning, and partnership engagement, all of which are outlined as challenges in terms of their application. Research limitations: The findings of this qualitative paper pertain to one single case, but they are generalizable to related theories. Practical implications: This research could be used to a guide to begin or improve service-learning projects in higher education. Social implications: The findings on the social impact of service-learning for all the agents involved show the positive value of service-learning. Moreover, it shows service-learning is an efficient tool to introduce sustainability and the SDGs in the students’ curriculum. Originality/value: this research reveals the importance of the promotion and evaluation of service-learning in an area where little research has been done in this regard.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to form a comprehensive definition to describe the term “job crafting”. Design/methodology/approach: Through a systematic review of the literature found in databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, Emerald and ABI, articles containing the words “job crafting” in the title and abstract were identified. After following several criteria applied by previous similar analyses, the resulting final sample was 47 articles. Findings: In this research paper on the term “job crafting”, 76 different definitions of its meaning were identified. After a systematic analysis of these definitions, with the aim of extracting the common elements that characterise job crafting, a definition is proposed, which makes it possible to include any typology, based on three key elements: the employee’s proactivity, the impact on the environment and the context in which the activity is carried out. Research limitations/implications: The analysis is based on a review of extant literature, which previously has not considered the impact of such definitions of job crafting on hybrid (physical and remote) and virtual (metaverse) environments. Practical implications: The paper aims to provide a simple and all-inclusive definition of job crafting that serves as a basis for identifying attitudes and behavior that will help in talent attraction, selection and development processes. Social implications: This integrated definition will help individuals to develop the attitudes and behavior which will enable them to adapt their professional activities in a context where, according to the World Economic Forum (2020 study), 50% of the jobs we know today will disappear by 2030. Originality/value: This article attempts to provide a succinct and all-inclusive definition of the term job crafting; something which has not previously been achieved.

The rise of algorithmic pricing has transformed perfect price discrimination from a theoretical concept into a real possibility. Through self-learning pricing algorithms, a strategy can be developed that approximates consumers’ reservation prices with ever-improving accuracy. This paper analyzes algorithmic pricing from a law and economics perspective to identify the efficiency and equity effects that the practice could cause and determine to which extent it is regulated under the current legal framework. This paper finds that under competitive market conditions, algorithmic pricing could be welcomed from an efficiency perspective, but from an equity and ethical perspective serious concerns need to be raised. If these concerns are to be taken seriously, the legal framework provides only a partially functional approach to address algorithmic pricing. Additional appropriate remedies are, therefore, needed to protect consumers adequately and effectively against exploitation that reduces their welfare.

This paper is an attempt to understand the communicative potential of political cartoons in the face of censorship. The Emergency Years in India (1975-77) saw the most stringent censorship of mass media in the public sphere in independent India, and thus has been chosen as the period of study. The cartoonist Abu Abraham, who continued to draw cartoons for the national daily Indian Express throughout the period and claims to have not been disturbed much by censorious authorities becomes the axis of this analysis. Taking cues from theorists Judith Butler and Louis Althusser, the paper focusses on the techniques and strategies employed by Abraham in his cartoons that allowed most of his cartoons to pass through the censorship filters, and still make an impact on the general public.

This paper presents an ethnographic case study of DIY design practices at a skatepark in London, UK. The skatepark is presented as an urban commons, offering a framework for DIY infrastructuring that contrasts top-down and inequitable urbanisation processes. Three key themes emerge from the fieldwork that demonstrate the capacities and limitations of DIY design. Firstly, DIY practices are viewed as “learning-by-doing”, wherein skateboarders not only learn how to construct a skatepark but also an array of vocational and soft skills. Here, DIY’s qualities of low barriers to participation, multidisciplinarity, and low risk of failure foreground a rich environment of vernacular knowledge exchange that underpins the research methodology of this paper utilising skatepark construction as object-orientated, research-through-design. Secondly, DIY design is found to support a community of practitioners that transcend the space as just a skatepark, incorporating a community garden, collaborative theatre project and arts-based workshops that transcend male-dominated histories of DIY skateboarding cultures. Here, Participatory Design (PD) notions of ‘infrastructuring’ mirror an emergent and open-ended design process that supports inclusive socio-material worldmaking. Thirdly, DIY design practices influence the ways in which the space is governed, in which there are found to be contradictory notions of “prefigurative politics.” Here, the space is argued to be inclusive and anarchic yet centres agency around notions of “core skateboarding” that reinforce masculine hegemonies. Collectively, this paper argues that DIY design has the potential to serve as a worldmaking agent underpinned by a unique set of values and modes which are well-suited to times of uncertainty, flux and crisis, yet highlights the necessity for critically engaging with the politics and practices of both DIY and skateboarding communities.

The practice of ecological restoration spans a wide range of human interventions in socio-ecological systems. These interventions include activities ranging from plant propagation to river rerouting, and are done with the intention of bringing about desirable futures in response to ecosystem degradation. Through restoration, post-industrial sites have been transformed into thriving oases, and forests decimated by severe fire have been revegetated. This ever-expanding global body of work offers concrete, longstanding examples of people working together to design for transitions and create restored human habitats. In this paper, I frame this widespread movement of multiple epistemic cultures and their restorative projects as examples of designing for transitions. This paper concentrates on one specific subculture within restoration: the international Ecosystem Restoration Communities movement, which is a network of more than fifty restoration communities across thirty different countries working at the grassroots level to restore degraded land. I analyse the case of the Ecosystem Restoration Communities movement using the lens of “theories of change” from the Transition Design framework, bringing the two fields into conversation. Transition Design scholarship argues for greater consideration of the theories of change that drive designing. As such, those who design for transitions need concrete examples of how a theory of change may be translated into a design strategy and designed artifacts as part of a change-making process. To this end, I present four themes of change theories present in the Ecosystem Restoration Communities network. I discuss how they are translated into restoration approaches and subsequently into designed artifacts through individual Ecosystem Restoration Communities. I present this case to strengthen the connection between designing for transitions and restoration, as well as to illustrate how theories of change can guide the work of designing transformative change.

The word “literacy” has come to be used to describe a wide range of competencies, including design literacy – a term that, despite its presence in design discourse, is still characterised by a certain fuzziness. In this paper, we explore this highly discursive theoretical field in order to gain a more nuanced and expanded understanding of the topic. In doing so, we argue that these divergent positions are also due to the ambiguity of the term “design”. We understand design as the perpetual de- and reconstruction of the world, as a way of worldmaking, both physically and conceptually. Thus, design literacy can be understood as a way to perceive traces of design and its processes, to perceive the world as contingent: a circular cognitive process of recognising that something – if not everything – in our cultural pluriverse is designed, understanding how it was designed and that it can potentially become the subject of design again and again. In our paper, we emphasise the contingency of design – and the ethical level that can arise from understanding the possibility of a different design. Ultimately, our aim with this paper is to emphasise that design literacy is a crucial competence for encouraging pluralistic perspectives and initiating transition processes, as it helps to acknowledge the temporary necessity but long-term non-necessity of things (which particularly includes the transitory nature of one’s own creations).

En este artículo presento los principales excesos, insuficiencias y ambigüedades de la teoría del actor-red (actor-network theory). Para ello, reviso los textos esenciales de su miembro más influyente, Bruno Latour, y los de otros de sus miembros destacados, como Michael Callon y John Law. Discuto su división binaria interesada entre una errada y convencional sociología de lo social y una plausible e innovadora sociología de las asociaciones. Y rechazo que debamos sumarnos a esa retórica de una refundación sociológica a partir de los severos pero inmerecidos reproches latourianos contra las sociologías crítica, durkheimiana y socioconstructivista. Expongo y defiendo, en suma, los motivos específicos y entrelazados por los que esta teoría es muy original y polémica, pero también muy poco útil y relevante para la sociología, otras ciencias sociales, los grupos humanos marginados y el conjunto de la ciudadanía.

La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre gobernanza multinivel desde una perspectiva de género han tenido como variable dependiente las políticas de igualdad (Haussman et al., 2010). Por el contrario, son menos frecuentes las investigaciones que analizan la presencia de las mujeres como protagonistas de la gobernanza multinivel, sus formas de actuación o el efecto de sus acciones en el resultado final (Gushchina y Kaiser, 2021). Esta investigación aborda esta perspectiva en una situación de pandemia, donde la urgencia y la interdependencia estimulan la regla de participación ejecutiva. La limitada presencia de mujeres en la gestión intergubernamental de la pandemia está estrechamente relacionada con su escasa presencia en los gobiernos. El poder ejecutivo y, en especial, la jefatura de gobierno siguen siendo un terreno cerrado para las mujeres. Actualmente, casi la mitad de los países de la Unión Europea no han tenido en su historia a ninguna mujer como primera ministra (Novo-Arbona, 2020). Sin embargo, los sistemas federales y descentralizados han representado una vía de acceso de las mujeres a las jefaturas de los poderes ejecutivos, y su presencia ha sido más común en las jefaturas de las unidades constituyentes. El porcentaje de mujeres ministras también ha aumentado considerablemente, y ellas han ocupado carteras más prestigiosas, como las de Asuntos Exteriores, Defensa o Economía, aunque tradicionalmente —y todavía hoy— es más habitual su presencia en las relacionadas con los cuidados, como los servicios sociales o el ámbito sanitario (Kroeber y Hüffelmann, 2021). Este artículo identifica los órganos de decisión multinivel más relevantes desde la declaración de la pandemia, la presencia de mujeres en ellos y su rol dentro de las organizaciones.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a multifaceted crisis, impacting health, the economy, policy and society at large, and also resulting in a humanitarian crisis. These crises have impacted everyone, although the effects have been unevenly distributed, leading to further disadvantage and marginalisation for those who were already vulnerable and marginalised. The pandemic laid bare and intensified pre-existing gender inequalities in many aspects of life, from the labor market and educational opportunities to health and social protection systems. The unequal impacts on women and men have been observed in the economy and employment, in domestic work and care, in physical and mental health, and in violence. The collection of articles in this special issue critically interrogates these key issues relating to the impact of the pandemic on gender equality in Europe, highlighting exacerbated gender inequalities, policy responses and the potential for a gender-responsive recovery. This special issue brings together a collection of eight articles that investigate various aspects of gender inequality exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that explore potential pathways towards achieving greater gender equality in the post-pandemic world. They summarise the findings and contributions of several social scientists and also of two EU funded projects: RESISTIRÉ (GA 101015990) and GEARING Roles (GA 824536). The articles are structured around five main themes: labor market disparities, education and skill development, social and political responses, post-pandemic opportunities, and care. Each article contributes unique insights, empirical findings and policy recommendations from a feminist perspective to enrich the ongoing discourse on gender equality. Together, the articles show the necessity of feminist analysis of crisis, and reveal the structural roots of inequalities while simultaneously emphasising the necessity for transformative action to address inequalities.

This article problematises gender-mainstreaming in Swedish policy responses to COVID-19 in relation to economic politics. The aim is to understand how gender mainstreaming was implemented, and with what effects. Little is still known about gender mainstreaming in crisis management and policymaking, and even less is known in relation to pandemic policy responses. To contribute to this field of knowledge, the article therefore analyses the Swedish National Recovery and Resilience Plan, supplemented by interviews with public servants, to understand the factors that impact the implementation of gender mainstreaming in policymaking in times of societal crises. At a theoretical level, the article draws on feminist institutionalism and implementation studies, the notion of resilience, and insights from critical frame analysis. The data is based on a larger dataset collected as part of the EU-funded RESISTIRÉ: Responding to Outbreaks through Co-creative Inclusive Equality Strategies project. The results indicate that gender mainstreaming is limited in its rationale and scope in times of crisis and that the integration of a gender equality perspective in crisis management needs to be developed in several important ways.

El present article analitza el paper de les dones del moviment republicà irlandès encarcerades a l’única presó femenina del nord d’Irlanda —Her Majesty’s Armagh Prison— entre 1971 i 1982. S’hi fa un repàs en clau de gènere de les diferents campanyes dutes a terme per les persones empresonades. Així, analitza el paper del moviment republicà irlandès respecte del rol actiu de les dones en la lluita armada i el comportament que aquestes hauran de tenir com a presoneres de l’IRA. De la mateixa manera, s’hi examina com elles subvertiran aquest rol per donar poder al seu activisme, al seu cos i, en definitiva, a la seva lluita per la consecució d’una Irlanda unificada i socialista de trenta-dos comtats.

This paper is made in continuation of the article of Fabrice Marsac, Witold Ucherek and Magdalena Dańko “De l’infinitive de perception dans la pratique traductologique” (Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46/1, 2019); both papers fall within the framework of the bilateral Polonium program “On the translation of French perception structures into Polish” (n° PPN/BIL/2018/1/00181), implemented and financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA), the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI). In the present case, we intend to report on the content and progress of the part “multi-dimensional labelling” of this long-term French-Polish project. Therefore, we describe the formal encoding of structures, categories and functions of the items in the large multi-label corpus (French-Polish) we have been collecting since 2019.

The paper explores the problems related to the idea of intergenerational transfer of memory, using the structure coined by Marianne Hirsch with the word postmemory, and analyzes in particular the case of the translingual author Edith Bruck, a representative of first generation, who experienced the persecutions first hand. In particular will be taken into account the book Signora Auschwitz (1999), that reflects on the impossibility of overcoming the horror of the Lager, despite the act of witnessing, and the last book released Il pane perduto (2021). Finally, the paper focuses on the second generation of Jews, trying to show how we can talk also in Italy of a «postmemorian literature» for what concerns the trauma of the Shoah, starting from the case of Helena Janeczek (Lezioni di tenebra, 1997).

The criminal justice system, the criminal enforcement system and the prison system are realities built from an androcentric perspective. The fact that only a small part of the crimes that are prosecuted and sentenced have been committed by women places them in a minority position in the enforcement system, which means they have less access to resources and services. This paper aims to analyse what strategies have been undertaken in recent years in order to introduce gender-based transformations in criminal enforcement in Catalonia and to determine what challenges remain. Firstly, we present quantitative and qualitative data relating to the population of women in prison. We then analyse how the passing of new legislation aimed at recognising and extending the principle of equality and non-discrimination in Catalonia impacts criminal enforcement, favouring the deployment of initiatives such as the creation of gender referents for penitentiary centres and specific programmes for women in prison. After reviewing some interesting initiatives promoted from outside the Catalan territory, the paper concludes with six proposals aimed at improving the situation of women who come in contact with the criminal enforcement system and at introducing a gender perspective in the penitentiary system.

In Spain, regional policies on gender equality in the workplace must be coordinated with other policies at the European and national levels, in a multi-level governance framework. With this approach, this paper analyses, transversally and with a power distribution perspective, the areas of action and the powers of the autonomous communities in terms of making policies that achieve real equality between women and men in the workplace. The main premise of this paper is that in the field of labour relations, although autonomous communities do not have regulatory powers, they do have a wide range of action in the design and strategies of socio-labour policies and in their implementation. It is concluded that in Catalonia, the Statute of Autonomy of 2006 — which extensively recognises the rights linked to gender equality in the workplace — orders the creation of its own Catalan labour relations space where progress can be made in this direction through agreements and collective bargaining. Likewise, the approval of the Catalan Equality Law, although late, regulates a series of policies, objectives and instruments that allow for progress in greater gender equity in the field of labour relations.

Onitsha is a city in southeastern Nigeria driven by an urban market phenomenon. It is currently the third largest urban area in Africa, trailing behind Cairo and Lagos, respectively. The constructions of spatialities, and under the notion of terra nullius and extreme otherness in post-colonial Africa, worsened the challenges of rapid and uncontrolled urban growth. The paper provides insights on how the successive political events on the African continent shaped the manifestations of contemporary spatialities and potential pathways to reverse the trend. A review of planning approaches in Nigeria was conducted, starting from colonial cantonments to current epoch of extreme uncertainty, and through the lens of Onitsha markets spatialities. The markets in Onitsha reveal emergent forms of spatialities in response to the extreme otherness and uncertainty in the city. The paper presents arguments on the need to rethink the current architecture, urban design, and planning practices and pedagogies beyond alterity, while embracing the complexity of post-colonial urban Africa. It also provides an opportunity for developing alternative theorizing, tools and frameworks towards equitable and livable urban futures.

This paper is part of a broader research project, which aims to explore multi-scale methods and strategies (from territorial to building scale) and multidisciplinary approaches to recover underused areas in the mountains of Northern Italy. For decades, these territories have suffered from high incidences of abandonment phenomena due to their proximity to metropolitan areas, leading to loss of care and an increase in territorial fragility. Nevertheless, they are rich in cultural meaning expressed it’s in the close relationship between natural and anthropogeographical landscapes. In this framework, identity value is an essential element for the protection and care of the territories themselves and as a planning tool to establish the resilience of these territories. This paper aims to focus on the area of the Highlands of Bergamo, which are complex places since they are almost close to the urban center of Milan, but are areas considered marginal in terms of wider logic. In fact, in the past years, the Orobic massif has been one of the main objects of industrial and tourist exploitation (the 1960s-80s), before suffering from abandonment phenomena that have forced and continue to push these areas to the point of major reconsideration. In this direction, the paper points out which are the most critical points to consider for the rebirth of these neglected mountains.

Purpose: This paper explains the influence of social media as voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital in university performance. Design/methodology/approach: We conduct an analysis of all universities in Indonesia and observe social media accounts that are used, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube channels, and then correlate with university performance. Findings: The results show that social media can be used as a voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital. The popularity of a university in social media has a positive correlation with the performance of relational capital and institutional performance. We have not found the impact on the number of students. We also find a significant difference in the use of social media between public and private universities in Indonesia. Research limitations/implications: Data comes from one country. Therefore, it may be possible to analyze several countries with different social media platforms in the future Practical implications: Viewed from a strategic management perspective, we see an opportunity for universities to manage social media that is used effectively. This will have an impact on increasing popularity in cyberspace and institutional performance. We recommend that universities have a special part in managing their social media content in order to be able to develop and manage digital communications effectively as a strategy to improve the performance of institutions. Social Implications: Social media plays an important role in improving the performance of an organization and informing stakeholders. Besides that, the existence of intangible assets also plays an important role in the existence of an organization. Originality/value: The paper specifically empirically examines the impact of using social media on public sector organizations (universities), we focus on the role of social media as voluntary disclosure from the performance of intellectual capital.

This article is the result of a research process within the Resistiré project, which evaluates the responses to the COVID crisis in social policy processes in several European countries. This study has taken into account the experience of girls and adolescents in situations of neglect in the circumstances that have surrounded their educational processes and their academic reality in the COVID period. Situations of neglect in childhood are those that affect the normal personal, social and material development of minors, generating situations of high vulnerability that imply the need to activate alternative protection measures that guarantee the subjective right of every child and adolescent. Thought should be given to the special relevance that the health crisis has had on the reality of these girls and adolescents whose legal guardians —affected by particular life situations— have been able to suffer in an aggravated manner in the face of a reality that previously constituted a highly vulnerable situation. The article focuses on the reality of girls and adolescents in the Basque Country (Spain). For this purpose, and through the access to their narratives, the particularity of their vital conditions is identified, showing their high resilient capacity, as well as the difficulties, alternatives and capacities developed to face adversity.

This paper examines the impact that the concept of environmental personhood has had on art and culture, and suggests that projects such as The Embassy of the North Sea hint at the possibility of environmental statehood. First, it reviews how the Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act 2017 – which granted juridical personhood to the Whanganui River in New Zealand – inspired the creation of new works such as Weathering, Embedding: Ochopee Trail, terra0, A Voice for the Eel, and F/EEL. Next, a heuristic model called the agency-personhood continuum (APC) is used to identify the aesthetic tropes of environmental personhood. Analysis indicates that artworks that represent environmental personhood often utilize strategies of amplification, translation, performance, time compression, and metonymy. Finally, this paper seeks to encourage new discussions by suggesting that The Embassy of the North Sea and “Theatre of Negotiations” anticipate the concept of environmental statehood, which has the potential to provide greater protections for natural entities that span multiple countries – such as the Amazon River, the Andes, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Theoretically, environmental statehood could also provide greater representation in supra-governmental assemblies such as the UN General Assembly. Ultimately, this article suggests that the culture-law feedback loop for environmental personhood presents a new ontological paradigm that provides greater recognition of the agency, identity, and sovereignty of natural entities.

The present paper seeks to provide a global perspective on commercial greenwaching practices by first identifying its principal characteristics and forms. Then, it examines some prevalent issues susceptible to harm the greening consumer welfare, with views of suggesting solutions in support of a more global policy-making perspective which the latest European reforms on sustainability reflect. A holistic reform is proposed, stepping beyond the traditional framework and rationale of consumer protection rules. The paper advocates the need for some further consideration regarding the extraterritorial effect of EU law, as well as the introduction of costs and benefits redistribution, EU credits transfer and tolerance schemes into the circular economy. It also propones the enhancement of auto- regulation, transparency and reporting to strengthen the accountability of businesses in the context of their professional diligence.

Esta presentación tiene como objetivo contextualizar y presentar los trabajos incluidos en el número monográfico de la revista Papers titulado «Transiciones educativas y desigualdades sociales: una perspectiva sociológica». Asimismo, pretende explicar la importancia de este tema para la investigación y la reflexión sociológica. Las transiciones educativas tienen una relevancia clave para mostrar las dinámicas de desigualdad social, especialmente en las etapas posobligatorias. Asimismo, los momentos de transición educativa son especialmente indicados para el estudio de las interacciones entre estructura y agencia, tan arraigados dentro de la perspectiva sociológica en general y de la sociología de la educación y de la juventud en particular. Finalmente, la investigación especializada ha enfatizado de forma creciente la importancia de estudiar las elecciones y transiciones de las personas jóvenes para entender el proceso de configuración de sus identidades. Por todo ello, el análisis de las transiciones educativas es un objeto de estudio especialmente pertinente para la sociología. Las contribuciones del monográfico, de forma individual y colectiva, ayudan a identificar una gran diversidad de factores sistémicos, institucionales y subjetivos que suponen un aporte clave para el estudio de las transiciones educativas de las personas jóvenes desde una perspectiva sociológica.

In the Italian academic discourse research, Master’s degree theses used to be studied mainly from the perspective of linguistic competencies of their authors. However, strictly linguistic skills are not the only challenge for undergraduate, who must also convey intellectual content in appropriate discursive and rhetorical forms. The paper explores the patterns of a peculiar form of “collaborative writing”, i.e. the cooperation between the thesis supervisor and the student. Using the example of Master’s theses in linguistics, written in Italian as a foreign language, three basic didactic approaches are discussed in the paper. In the didactics of content the supervisors emphasize knowledge, i.e. linguistic concepts expected to be applied in a Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms, the supervisors focus on the linguistic code, that is, on grammatical and lexical correctness of the Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms of content the supervisors use regularities observed in academic discourse, such as genre and rhetorical structures, as valuable teaching resources likely to help students develop metacommunicative awareness.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to suggest determinants and variables that affect employability, entering the labour market and professional success. Design/methodology/approach: Our analysis has been conducted among Economy and Business graduates in Catalonia. The data was collected from the Agencia Catalana per a la Qualitat Universitària (AQU) survey that was carried out in 2014; the results were published in 2017. We have defined two dependent variables: the amount of time spent in finding a first job and the salary level two years after concluding graduate studies. We have defined eight independent variables. The independent variables are related to academic, economic and social questions as well as to those aspects related to the labour market. We analysed the relationship between, dependent and independent variables using correlation analysis. Findings: Our results show that academic variables are not important in relation to the duration of entering the labour market. Nevertheless, the socio-economic variables and previous experience in the labour market play an important role. If our analysis focuses on professional success, the factors related to the academic and socio-economic backgrounds and the type of professional contract will play a decisive role. The labour situation is very important to guarantee professional success. Precarious job conditions pose an obstacle in professional advancement. The relationship to work experience before finishing graduate studies is not clear. Originality/value: The study that we have carried out in this paper, aims to alert future employees about the factors that improve employability and professional success. In this way, graduates can plan their professional life.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze the degree of TR transparency and its relation with the audit firm size, fees, either from audit services, or from other services, and with the human capital. Design/methodology/approach: In this study we considered 282 audit firms, and our final sample includes 268 transparency reports from 2013 through 2017. For this period under analysis, audit firms financial information, human resources information and transparency reports were collected. TR report information was divided in four types of information: Mandatory Information I, Mandatory Information II, Voluntary Information and Extra Information. These indexes measure the fulfillment of each information on the total of information considered in each index. Firstly, a descriptive statistical analysis of the dataset was performed, for them to address the research questions, multivariate analysis was considered. Findings: Our results show a high level of transparency regarding mandatory information I, but a lower accomplishment regarding all other information. In general, the auditor experience, the number of auditors, the number of PIE clients and percentage of extra audit services have a significant impact on the information disclosed in the TR. Originality/value: Our paper contributes to the current literature by assessing the influence that human capital has on the information disclosed in the transparency reports. As far as the authors know, this an original contribution of the paper.

Purpose: This article addresses the main concerns of existing literature about resistance to change (RC) in organizations, namely the limited interpretative position regarding RC focusing mainly on negative aspects and excluding potential benefits, and the poor consensus or even understanding of RC sources in organizations. Design/methodology/approach: To approach our goal, a systematic literature review will be carried out. The initial sample, obtained using reproducible search algorithms on Scopus and Web of Science, comprises 65 papers. After applying five inclusion/exclusion criteria supported by previous systematic reviews, the final sample consists of 30 papers. Findings: This article demonstrates the prevalence of a negative position toward RC and reveals efforts to harness the potential benefits of RC. In addition, from 126 specific RC sources extracted from the analyzed papers, it discovers and discusses 22 sub-typologies of RC sources, which are grouped into five typologies. Practical implications: The paper enables the future identification of, evaluation of, and intervention in 22 potential RC sources in organizations distinguished into five typologies. The taxonomy also enables researchers to organize and summarize study topics/subtopics regarding RC in the organizational arena. Social implications: This paper draws attention to the need to recognize the meaning and implications of three alternative positions relating to RC in organizations (positive, negative, and neutral). Originality/value: The paper provides a comprehensive taxonomy of RC sources beyond the traditional classification of individual/organizational factors.

En España, anualmente unas 340.000 mujeres dan a luz y se convierten en protagonistas de un proceso que las llevará a ejercer la maternidad en su sentido más amplio. Durante los primeros años, la lactancia emerge de forma central entre las prácticas maternas, ya que conecta con las formas de alimentar la nueva vida. De este modo, en el siguiente artículo nos acercamos al estudio de las vivencias de las mujeres alrededor de la lactancia. Qué expectativas tienen sobre la práctica lactante, qué posibilidades han vivido o qué cambios han transitado son cuestiones que nos han llevado a profundizar en este tema. Así pues, tras el objetivo inicial de conocer las experiencias de las mujeres que han sido madres, presentamos los resultados de una investigación de corte cualitativo que surge de la respuesta a un cuestionario abierto a 72 mujeres que habían dado a luz en los últimos cinco años. Entre los hallazgos, hemos podido observar que la lactancia es una gran preocupación para las mujeres, lo que nos ha llevado a preguntarnos si se ha producido o no una redefinición social de la lactancia materna. Concluimos que hay un juego de cruces entre las expectativas iniciales, los marcos disciplinarios que se configuran alrededor de la lactancia y las posibilidades de acción de las mujeres, de manera que es necesario repensar cómo se ofrece apoyo, acompañamiento e información por parte de las personas profesionales, y también un mejor conocimiento y concienciación en los círculos cercanos familiares y de la sociedad en general.

Este artículo explora el fenómeno de la intermediación lingüística por parte de menores (ILM), es decir, las tareas de traducción e interpretación que los hijos de familias inmigradas realizan para adultos con competencias lingüísticas limitadas. Partiendo del objetivo de reflejar la perspectiva de los progenitores que en alguna ocasión han recurrido a los hijos —todavía niños o adolescentes— para comunicarse en los servicios públicos, los autores emplean entrevistas en profundidad con padres y madres de los colectivos árabe, amazig, pakistaní y chino, residentes en la provincia de Barcelona, para exponer las complejidades emocionales y las dificultades prácticas que entrañan este tipo de eventos comunicativos. La conclusión es que la ILM no es la solución óptima para resolver los problemas que derivan de las barreras lingüísticas en el contexto migratorio, a pesar de ser un fenómeno habitual y espontáneo en los cuatro colectivos entrevistados.

This article asks whether attitudes towards the moral obligation to care for parents is a gender issue that is generalisable to all European countries, or whether different models of the welfare state and provision of assistance to older people are factors that modify the views of informal carers. To this end, the article analyses the European Values Study as applied to five countries which, according to previous correspondence, represent different cultural models: Norway, Germany, Russia, Italy and Spain. The article provides an analysis of each of these countries in order to identify the impact of sociodemographic variables (sex and living together with parents), as well as a comparative analysis aimed at identifying differences and similarities among different models of welfare (Scandinavian, former communist, Central European and familialist). The aim is to determine whether the associated factors have an individual character, with a strong gender impact, or rather a cultural character, with the welfare model providing a strong associated impact. The analysis reveals that in the case of opinions gathered in different European countries, the model of welfare appears as the most influential associated factor. Similarly, it can be said that despite the existence of strongly familialist welfare models in southern Europe, Spain moves towards a greater resemblance to central European countries on this issue.

Este artículo aborda el chatarreo y otras actividades económicas informales realizadas por los gitanos rumanos en Valencia, con un triple objetivo. Uno, analizar el chatarreo como actividad económica informal de reciclaje y las estrategias y los recursos utilizados. Dos, captar las implicaciones del chatarreo y de su valoración social en la situación del colectivo. Tres, conocer los principales factores que establecen diferencias entre la situación en Valencia y otras ciudades europeas occidentales, con algunas poblaciones del sur global con experiencias más positivas para los recicladores informales. Basado en una metodología cualitativa, con trabajo de campo realizado entre septiembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2018, nuestro análisis del chatarreo y sus diferentes tareas, realizadas activando una diversidad de estrategias, relaciones y redes sociales, permite caracterizar al chatarreo como economía informal del reciclaje, con claros elementos de la concepción latinoamericana de economía popular. Sin embargo, en Valencia y otras ciudades de Europa Occidental no tiene la consideración comunitaria de trabajo, está estigmatizado y tiende a reforzar la exclusión social que padece el grupo, una situación que contrasta con otras realidades más positivas en algunas ciudades del sur. Si bien el chatarreo es una actividad global, sus implicaciones son diferentes según el marco social, el grado de formalización económica, la presencia del Estado y el grado de organización y arraigo social de los recicladores informales.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar el modo en el que las nuevas tecnologías digitales influyen en el poder de negociación del mundo del trabajo y cómo se expresa el mismo en el plano de la protesta y en las formas de organización colectiva. Analizamos específicamente tres sectores que son representativos de los principales impactos que ejercen las nuevas tecnologías digitales: el caso de las personas trabajadoras de la industria del software y de los servicios informáticos tecnológicos, el sector representado por las plataformas digitales y el caso paradigmático de la industria automotriz. Nuestra hipótesis es que el cambio tecnológico en curso tendría un efecto ambivalente en el poder de negociación y en el plano de la protesta, ya que si bien las nuevas tecnologías digitales pueden acentuar la precarización y/o la fragmentación de algunos sectores laborales, también pueden incrementar su poder estructural e incentivar fenómenos de organización y lucha.

La incorporación de los adolescentes de origen extranjero al sistema educativo español es uno de los retos que hubo que afrontar desde los primeros años de la inmigración a España. Sin embargo, a día de hoy, estos adolescentes continúan enfrentándose a las desventajas educativas derivadas de su origen social, de su posición social en destino y de la etnificación de la diferencia cultural. En este trabajo analizamos la situación del alumnado de origen extranjero, principalmente marroquí, en un contexto determinado por la agricultura intensiva, donde se emplea más de la mitad de los trabajadores extranjeros de Almería. Para ello, revisamos los retos clásicos para comprobar hasta qué punto están vigentes más de veinte años después. En el marco del proyecto FAMILIA, se realizaron 15 entrevistas en profundidad a docentes y profesionales de servicios sociales y asociaciones en junio de 2019. La investigación ha puesto de manifiesto que, pese a que el discurso culturalista todavía está vigente a la hora de explicar las desventajas educativas de este alumnado, emergen más voces críticas desde los propios docentes hacia la práctica educativa de aquellos que ejercen formas de discriminación hacia el alumnado y sus familias. Además, estos apuntan a la necesidad de mejorar la formación en interculturalidad tanto del profesorado como del personal administrativo.

Desde diversas áreas de las ciencias sociales, recientes investigaciones ponen en cuestión el diagnóstico sobre la obsolescencia del funcionalismo. El presente trabajo pretende efectuar un ejercicio similar e indagar su vigencia en la teoría sociológica contemporánea comparando el modo en que Talcott Parsons y Niklas Luhmann conciben el método funcional. Para realizar la tarea, la primera sección detalla la evolución de la postura metodológica de Parsons; la segunda examina el contexto de crítica al funcionalismo parsoniano y la emergencia de alternativas teóricas, con especial atención al neofuncionalismo; la tercera desarrolla la peculiaridad del método funcional luhmanniano; la cuarta contrasta el posicionamiento de los autores seleccionados sobre el tema y evalúa si es posible asociar a Luhmann con el neofuncionalismo; finalmente, las conclusiones argumentan que la distinción que tanto Parsons como Luhmann establecen entre teoría y método representa un aporte clave. En primer lugar, porque permite diferenciar teoría de método funcional y, en base a ello, afirmar que ambos aportan al desarrollo del segundo. A su vez, porque proporciona un criterio útil para evaluar críticas externas e inconsistencias internas del funcionalismo.

El ámbito científico-académico y la organización de los grupos de investigación se han transformado y complejizado profundamente, lo que ha llevado a investigadores e investigadoras a experimentar tensiones y contradicciones en términos de interdependencia/autonomía y verticalidad/horizontalidad. En este artículo abordamos cómo el personal científico gestiona estas tensiones a través de un análisis discursivo de entrevistas semiestructuradas a integrantes de grupos de investigación españoles de «alto rendimiento» de diferentes disciplinas y rangos, combinadas con observaciones etnográficas. Nos centramos en cómo se enuncia el sujeto, individual y colectivo, estudiando el uso de pronombres y otros términos que representan el grupo. Proponemos que, a pesar de una vocación colaborativa, el grupo se concibe como el marco donde hay individuos que trabajan autónomamente y, ocasionalmente, confluyen. Factores como las trayectorias profesionales y la posición de miembros en el equipo, la diversidad de edades y la organización espacial de los grupos condicionan el apego expresivo a formas más o menos colectivas de colaboración.

More-than-human networks and the impact of material non-human entities have come into focus, in both social and computer sciences, since the late twentieth century. In social sciences, a plethora of conceptualizations emerged to describe complex, dynamic, heterogeneous and non-hierarchical structures of material and non-material, human and non-human, congruent and conflicting entities. In computer science, the birth of the Internet and the subsequent emergence of the World Wide Web drew scientists’ attention to networks, as well. Later, the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) contributed to a shift in the prevailing perception of the Internet, from an immaterial entity to a network of interconnected material objects. Critical media artists explore the agency of non-human entities and the hybrid networks they articulate with heterogeneous agents. Some of them employ interconnected material objects to initiate tactical interventions at the intersection of art and activism. In this paper, we study tactical media artworks that incorporate material and technologically augmented everyday objects. We treat material objects as threefold entities – social, artistic and technological – and focus on the heterogeneous dynamic networks articulated around them. We investigate the actions and interactions of the entities involved, which result in a transformation of the emerging network. We show that these actions and interactions establish small-scale spatiotemporal spheres in which power relations are redistributed. The paper begins with a review of selected social and philosophical theories that introduced new terms, topologies and concepts for describing more-than-human networks. It then moves on to the advancement of networked technologies, focusing on the Internet’s materiality and the Internet of Things. Finally, it examines more-than-human networks, their transformations and the role of material objects in tactical media artworks through the analysis of two selected case studies.

La Llei 14/2010, del 27 de maig, dels Drets i les Oportunitats en la Infància i l’Adolescència en el seu preàmbul «reconeix el dret de totes les persones menors d’edat a rebre l’atenció integral necessària per al desenvolupament de llur personalitat i benestar en el context familiar i social». Així mateix, segons l’article 1, l’objecte d’aquesta llei és promoure el benestar dels infants i les actuacions de prevenció, atenció, protecció i participació per tal de garantir l’exercici dels seus drets, l’assumpció de les seves responsabilitats i l’assoliment del seu desenvolupa­ment integral. L’Administració pública, doncs, té l'obligació d’assegurar el compliment dels drets de la infància que es troba sota el sistema de protecció. Però què en pensen els infants i adolescents sobre el compliment d’aquests drets? I com afecta això l’avaluació del seu benestar subjectiu? A partir d’un estudi de cas de l’Equip d’Atenció a la Infància i l’Adolescència (EAIA) del Vallès Occidental, i amb un disseny metodològic mixt seqüencial, aquest article exposa, d’una banda, la centralitat que ocupa la percepció de la garantia dels drets a l’hora d’avaluar el benestar subjectiu de la infància i adolescència que es troba dins del sistema de protecció; d’altra banda, mostra que la manca de l’exercici d’aquests drets percebuda apareix com a fil connector de totes les entrevistes realitzades. Finalment, es discuteix sobre la consegüent necessitat d’establir mecanismes per fer efectius els drets dels infants en el marc del sistema de protecció.

La presente investigación pretende contribuir al estudio del mensaje populista en Instagram, red social ya consolidada como herramienta digital de difusión política en periodos electorales. Mediante el empleo de un análisis de contenido que combina metodologías tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas, se han analizado las publicaciones (N = 386) subidas a la cuenta oficial de Instagram de los principales candidatos a presidir el Gobierno central durante las dos campañas electorales de las elecciones generales celebradas en 2019 en España. Esto ha permitido responder al objetivo principal de la investigación, que pretendía comprobar si Instagram se sitúa como plataforma proclive a la transmisión de discursos y estilos de corte populista. Asimismo, para obtener una visión más general de ambas campañas en la misma red social, se han investigado qué temas componen la agenda de los candidatos durante el mismo periodo de tiempo. Los principales resultados demuestran que Instagram, como ocurre con Twitter y Facebook, permite a los líderes políticos emitir mensajes que contienen una narrativa populista en esencia, además de utilizar la red social como medio de propaganda electoralista evitando en gran medida difundir las propuestas de su programa.

En este artículo se analizan los procesos de resistencia, lucha y organización de trabajadores de plataformas de reparto en Argentina desde la teoría de los recursos de poder. Se indaga sobre cuatro tipos diferentes de recursos de poder (el poder estructural, el poder asociativo, el poder social y el poder institucional) en un conjunto de experiencias organizativas, tanto de sindicatos establecidos como de organizaciones de base, a lo largo de distintas ciudades de Argentina. Para ello, se realizó un abordaje eminentemente cualitativo basado en entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a trabajadores, activistas y dirigentes sindicales, entre 2018 y 2020, incorporando el primer período de la pandemia de COVID-19.

Este artículo analiza el proceso de precarización creciente de las condiciones laborales de la población joven. Mediante análisis de secuencias, se realizan análisis longitudinales de trayectorias laborales de dos cohortes poblacionales durante su juventud, la que ha vivido la Gran Recesión de 2008 y la precedente, a partir de la muestra continua de vidas laborales, combinando la perspectiva del curso de vida y la generacional. Los análisis se centran en los residentes en la ciudad de Barcelona en 2016. Los resultados evidencian la mayor precariedad laboral de la cohorte más joven que ha vivido la Gran Recesión. Además, las mujeres de la cohorte más joven afrontan una doble brecha que hace que sufran mayor precariedad laboral que sus coetáneos masculinos y que las mujeres de la generación que las precedió.

Desde la mirada de la prevención de riesgos psicosociales, este artículo analiza los cambios en las condiciones de trabajo que supuso la implementación de prácticas de participación directa consultiva grupal en tres empresas con una organización del trabajo taylorista y autoritaria. La representación laboral sindicalizada negoció y supervisó su implantación para conseguir enriquecer el trabajo y evitar la competitividad y la intensificación, con el fin de que resultara saludable. Este estudio se basa en grupos focales y un análisis de contenido categorial de los testimonios de trabajadoras y trabajadores en puestos de ejecución. Su objetivo es comprender en qué sentido la aplicación de estas prácticas podría suponer unas mejores condiciones de trabajo en estos puestos, como señalan algunos estudios cuantitativos poblacionales en España y en la UE. La participación directa consultiva grupal ni representa el cuestionamiento de la prerrogativa empresarial ni la democracia en el trabajo. Sin embargo, aplicada en las condiciones adecuadas, permitiría atenuar operativamente la drástica separación entre diseño y ejecución, enriquecer un trabajo simple y estandarizado y crear dinámicas de colaboración y solidaridad en puestos individualizados, incrementando la influencia y las posibilidades de aplicar y adquirir habilidades y conocimientos y posibilitando el apoyo de compañeras, compañeros y superiores, sin intensificar ni extensificar el trabajo. De esta manera, la participación directa grupal podría reducir la exposición nociva y desigual a los riesgos psicosociales, lo que conllevaría unas condiciones laborales que generarían menos problemas de salud mental y cardiovascular. Ni más ni menos.

Este trabajo lleva a cabo una aplicación del efecto complacencia-survey satisfacing en la realidad española y analiza concretamente la mayor elección de las primeras opciones de respuesta cuando la persona entrevistada dispone de información visual, y de las últimas cuando la información se transmite de forma oral. Además, se estudia si estos efectos son similares en las preguntas con opciones verticales (totalmente etiquetadas) y en las que responden a una escala horizontal (etiquetadas en los extremos). Utilizando una encuesta presencial que emplea tarjetas de respuesta, se comparan las respuestas de las personas entrevistadas que utilizan y no utilizan estas tarjetas. El análisis de resultados desvela la presencia de efectos de primacía y recencia en preguntas de actitud, muy superiores en las preguntas con opciones verticales respecto a las presentadas de forma horizontal. Pese a que las tarjetas disponían de una opción final —«No recuerdo / No sé, no sabría decir»—, esta no es la más elegida por los que responden con tarjetas. De hecho, las personas entrevistadas que no las utilizan presentan un mayor número de elecciones «No sé». Es posible que la temática de la investigación, un concepto complejo y posiblemente poco cristalizado en la sociedad española, pueda explicar los efectos detectados.

The paper discusses Raymond Boudon’s theory of ordinary rationality as well as his assessment of the so-called “analytical sociology”. On the first point, the paper argues that, in order to combine the realism of an unconstrained conception of rationality with the ex-ante facto predictive power of the narrow version of rational choice theory, we should better understand the relation between potentially triggering events and the actor’s “reasons”. Heuristics, social identity, and emotions are regarded as good candidates to advance in that direction. On the second point, the paper recalls some factual elements suggesting that Boudon’s assessment of analytical sociology is excessively severe and explains why some analytical sociologists are right in devoting especial attention to computational modelling.

This paper briefly compares two research traditions: empiricism and generative mechanisms. Moreover, it briefly recalls the arguments of empiricist epistemology and its philosophical justification, whose paradigmatic expression is positivism. The paper then examines the criticisms that have been addressed against this trend and sets out the principles of the generative mechanisms strategy in sociology by focusing on several studies by Boudon which are the most representative of this methodological orientation.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the entrepreneurial behavior of managers of technology-based companies in specific stages of the business life cycle. Design/methodology/approach: Structured questionnaire based on the entrepreneurial behavior characteristics was applied to the thirty-one managers of the technology-based companies mapped for the paper. The collected data were processed by the Hierarchical Process Analysis (AHP) technique in a multicriterial approach to measure the entrepreneurial behavior according stages of the business life cycle. Findings: The results of the paper show that the level of entrepreneurial behavior of managers follows the development of the company. Managers working in technology-based companies at later stages of the business life cycle showed more entrepreneurial characteristics. The results showed that the experience that the manager acquires as the company evolves influences his or her behavior and consequently the company's performance. Moreover, certain characteristics could be related to the particularities of each stage of the business life cycle. Originality: The results of this paper can provide managers with understanding of how entrepreneurial behaviors diversify according to the stage of the technology-based company. Since both entrepreneurial behavior and the stages of the business life cycle influence the performance of technology-based companies, the results provide important knowledge for managers to improve their businesses. These managers can use the contributions of the paper as a management practice throughout the stages of their existence, which may provide the adoption of more appropriate strategies, being a connection between the theory studied and the business practices.

This paper presents new data on the interpretation and processing of homonymy in Spanish. The objectives are to define the theoretical concept of homonymy and to offer experimental data on how these units are processed. Firstly, the definition of homonymy is reviewed, from a diachronic and synchronic point of view. Then a brief state of the art on the processing of homonymous words, considering different psycholinguistic studies that have found an ambiguity effect on word processing. Due to the fact that the material of English experiments may be problematic regarding the concept of homonymy that they use, and that the results in Spanish are not consistent, in this paper two experimental studies are presented. They aim to answer two research questions: how homonymy is interpreted in Spanish and how it is processed. All these data have implications for the models of mental representation.

Presentación de los artículos recogidos en el número monográfico de la revista Papers como resultado de diversos intercambios y trabajos de colaboración realizados en el marco del proyecto europeo International Network for Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities (INCASI). Se trata de una red de veinte universidades de cinco países europeos (España, Italia, Francia, el Reino Unido y Finlandia) y de cinco países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Brasil y México), dedicada a la investigación comparativa de las desigualdades sociales desarrollando un proyecto europeo del programa Horizon 2020 (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Research and Innovation Staff Exchange, Grant Agreement GA-691004). Los artículos tratan, en una perspectiva comparada, las temáticas de la segmentación del mercado laboral, los trabajadores autónomos profesionales, la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas, la heterogeneidad socioeconómica y la medición de las clases sociales, movilidad social e migraciones, y las brechas de género en el trabajo no remunerado de los hogares. Las diferentes contribuciones buscan encontrar puntos de confluencia y divergencia a través de análisis empíricos comparativos de aspectos específicos de las desigualdades sociales entre países de Europa y América Latina, derivados del marco analítico propuesto por la red INCASI (http://incasi.