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The global economic crisis that began in 2008 led to major cuts to the welfare state in Spain and across Europe (Gambino, 2018), affecting key areas such as health, education, social care and youth employment. This was accompanied by drastic reductions in public spending and welfare benefits, which affected women particularly severely. Through ethnographic fieldwork with a gender and feminist perspective, this paper attempts to cast light on the trajectories of young Spanish women who emigrated to London in the ambiguous ‘au pair’ category. The figure of the au pair is interesting because it is an ad hoc, liminal, ambiguous, transient construction configured in such a way that it is ‘between’ categories, spaces and bounds, responding to the domestic care needs of English families’ offspring as part of a commodification of care brought about by a lack of regulation and resources from the state. The employment trajectories and strategies of young Spanish women are embedded in a context of precarious employment, in which young women with secondary and higher education seek financial and personal autonomy but are compelled to negotiate gender norms in order to overcome structural inequalities that increasingly devalue care work. The naturalisation of care and its attribution to women, as well as the ongoing association of women with the ‘good mother’ model, serves to reinforce gender hierarchies.

When examining citizens’ behaviour in elections to the European Parliament (EP), second order elections (SOE) and economic voting (EV) have overlooked each other as alien traditions. However, they should not be seen as incompatible: voters may use EP elections to support national incumbents but, at the same time, this support may be the result of an economic assessment. This paper blends both frameworks and finds that, even though EP elections are not intended to evaluate domestic politics, voters use them to reward or punish national incumbents (i.e. SOE) for the state of the economy (i.e. EV); a behaviour referred to here as ‘second-order economic voting’. The predominance of second-order EV is relevant for EU politics. If EP elections enhance national incumbents’ accountability while the European executive remains unacknowledged, this could be disturbing for European economic institutions.

Political scientists have studied state democracy for decades using sophisticated methods for conceptualization and measurement to evaluate the explanatory power of various theories. They have paid little attention, however, to democracy in nonstate political systems. This paper fills this gap by characterizing democracy in college student government and investigating the factors affecting the levels of students’ union democracy (SUD) in Chilean colleges. Utilizing concepts from political science and sociology, the study identifies different dimensions of SUD with data from 162 campuses in 2018. The dimensions are aggregated to build an index of democracy for students’ unions. Although the majority of Chilean university students attended colleges with democratic unions, our findings reveal a deficit in democratic student representation in most institutions. The article also draws from the comparative politics, trade union democracy, and higher education literatures to explore the factors that vary by institution that could explain differences in levels of SUD. Ordered logistic regression analyses suggest that SUD is associated with institutional quality, membership in inter-university organizations, and student body size and socioeconomic makeup. The results increase our understanding of the features, status, and correlates of democracy beyond the state.

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to verify whether the ISO 9001 standard has an impact on the three components of intellectual capital, namely: human, structural, and relational capital. Design/methodology: Drawing on the absorptive capacity theory, the knowledge creation theory, and the sociotechnical systems theory, we developed a conceptual model that was tested on a sample of 100 Moroccan companies certified under ISO 9001. Findings: The results indicate a direct impact of the ISO 9001 standard on human capital, an indirect impact on structural capital through human capital, and finally, the ISO 9001 standard influences relational capital through a serial mediation of human and then structural capital. Originality / Value: This paper is a response to the current international debate on the importance of intellectual capital for value creation. Indeed, for intellectual capital to create value, it must be developed, and ISO 9001 standard precisely enables this development, as demonstrated by the results. Considering that more than a million organizations hold ISO 9001 certification worldwide, this aligns with the international scope of the debate on intellectual capital.

Este artículo analiza la reemigración de mujeres latinoamericanas residentes en España para trabajar en un sector agrícola de la Provenza (Francia) en el contexto posterior a la crisis económica de 2008 y a la ocasionada por la pandemia del covid-19. Se analizan las trayectorias laborales y de movilidad de estas trabajadoras desde una perspectiva feminista, en la que se contempla la articulación entre los cuidados y el trabajo remunerado. Este análisis nos ha permitido aproximarnos tanto a las subjetividades y a las estrategias de las trabajadoras como a las transformaciones que, a raíz de ambas crisis, están teniendo lugar en este enclave de agricultura intensiva provenzal. Los resultados muestran que, para estas mujeres, dicha movilidad posee efectos ambivalentes, pues les ha permitido mejorar sus condiciones de vida y acceder a salarios más elevados, pero también las ha relegado a unos empleos con los que no se identifican y que se caracterizan por una gran dureza física y malas condiciones laborales. Asimismo, hemos visto que, junto a factores estructurales relacionados con la situación socioeconómica y de los mercados laborales, el trabajo reproductivo, concretamente el cuidado de hijos e hijas pequeños, modela las trayectorias profesionales y de movilidad de estas trabajadoras. Este artículo es fruto de una investigación cualitativa, en la que se han realizado observaciones y entrevistas en profundidad.

El artículo presenta un estudio de caso de las políticas de la Generalitat Valenciana orientadas al retorno de migrantes —la Estrategia Valenciana de Retorno y el Plan GenT—, con el propósito de enriquecer el debate teórico actual sobre la migración de retorno y las políticas de emigración. A través del análisis documental, el estudio analiza y compara los distintos elementos que componen estas políticas según la perspectiva analítica de la teoría de la acción propuesta por Subirats (2012). Los resultados del estudio muestran, por un lado, divergencias en ambas iniciativas en cuanto al carácter participado, en la representación social de la persona migrante retornada, en la percepción de la reintegración y en cómo se refleja en las medidas propuestas; mientras que, por otro lado, evidencian similitudes en la consideración del enfoque transnacional en algunos de sus supuestos y en el desarrollo de las mismas, así como en qué medida el retorno es percibido como el final del ciclo migratorio.

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This paper analyses lenition of lamino-alveolar and apico-alveolar fricative sibilants in Basque in casual conversations between speakers of the variety of Beasain (Central Basque dialect). To describe the phonetic realisation of sibilants, the following measures were used: the proportion of voiced frames, the centre of gravity and relative intensity. Results show that 13% of sibilants can be classified as ‘voiced’ (i.e. they show uninterrupted voicing during the middle 50% of the duration) and another 25% has at least one voiced frame in the middle interval. Several factors were identified as important predictors of voicing: context, speech rate and the presence of the word boundary. It is also shown that voicing lowers the sibilants’ centre of gravity and relative intensity. Finally, the paper discusses potential lexical effects in lenition phenomena.

Purpose: This paper provides a bibliometric insight into the development of the field with the focus on the role of intangible capital in the economic literature. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review of the development of the field of intangible capital is relying on bibliometric methods, combined with a standard descriptive approach to literature review to add depth. Bibliometric methods are used, focusing primarily on identifying timeline, key authors and author cooperations, most important papers, topics and most cited papers. Findings: After the Corrado et al. (2005, 2006) paper there is a significant number of papers dealing with methodology, measurement and empirical analysis, either of intangible capital as a whole or specific component. The study of the references reveals a clear indirect link between the micro and macro-level research, however a clear void between the very empirical economics and the more conceptual management field. Originality/value: It is the first such comprehensive bibliometric study of the intangible capital literature in economics, and as such complements the approach taken by very few other authors. It sheds light on the most notable authors and papers and their importance in the field, but also highlights the diversity in the literature.

La emigración española hacia Europa, surgida tras la crisis económica de 2008, se describió como una migración fluida y transitoria, conocida como migración líquida. En efecto, el punto de partida de esta movilidad para muchos jóvenes españoles venía marcado por procesos como la emancipación familiar, la ampliación de estudios o la incorporación al mercado laboral. Ha pasado ya más de una década desde que algunos de estos jóvenes se marcharon y protagonizaron una transición entre la juventud y la madurez. Este artículo analiza qué motivos han provocado la transición vital desde un proyecto migratorio temporal hacia una migración permanente, una cuestión que ha recibido menor atención en la literatura académica. Los motivos de anclaje pueden resumirse en tres tipos: estar motivados por la consolidación laboral y económica, estar motivados por cuestiones vinculadas al ciclo de vida familiar (tener pareja e hijos en destino) y también a motivos involuntarios que hacen imposible el regreso a España. La metodología utilizada es de carácter cualitativo y analizará 38 entrevistas en profundidad a emigrantes españoles residentes en el Reino Unido y Francia con un proyecto migratorio de permanencia.

This paper deals with the sensory and culturally situated dimension of knowing, which I refer to as “aesthetics of knowledge”, and focuses on knowing and knowledge in two fields of the modern and contemporary cultural sphere: science and religion. Since its emergence during the 19th century, science has been sharing many elements of the aesthetics of knowledge with modern Western religion. These are shaped by common heritage from the Romantic period and, while often dismissed as superficial borrowings, they contribute to construct scientific meaning. Based on existing literature, this paper endeavours to show how a focus on shared aesthetics of knowledge in science and religion can provide new insights in science, media and art studies by complementing other approaches.

La distribución de áreas de poder en las democracias contemporáneas se canaliza a través de la asignación de comisiones. Tomando como punto de partida que los procesos institucionales están generizados de acuerdo con los postulados del institucionalismo feminista, en este artículo se argumenta que la asignación de comisiones sigue estando generizada incluso en un contexto de paridad. Para ello se utiliza una base de datos original sobre la composición de las comisiones y las características de los representantes de las 14 legislaturas del Congreso de los Diputados español, así como entrevistas a diputados y diputadas de la legislatura xiv. Además, se repiensan las teorías de la organización legislativa bajo una perspectiva de género, con la finalidad de comprender el fenómeno en su totalidad. La principal conclusión del presente artículo es que la distribución de materias de poder ha sido asimétrica. Mientras que en los espacios de poder tradicionalmente dominados por hombres las mujeres aumentan su presencia en paralelo a su presencia numérica en el total de la Cámara, en aquellas materias estereotípicamente femeninas la presencia de mujeres se mantiene y aumenta, siendo el género la principal variable explicativa de pertenecer a este tipo de comisiones.

This paper studies the relationship between artistic intelligence and artificial intelligence (IA) in terms of their creative potential to produce works of art. Emphasizing the importance of randomness for creative processes, it will argue that, on a higher level, artificial intelligence is only capable of imitating creativity but not of really being creative, also because AI lacks the ability to critically reflect on its own experiences and insights. For the use of artificial intelligence as a tool for artists, the paper pleads for a critical handling that goes beyond the options that AI programs offer.

Los estudios sobre las actitudes hacia la inmigración se han convertido en una constante en la investigación social de los países de acogida, en buena parte por el auge de posiciones restrictivas en algunas democracias pluralistas. La elaboración de tipologías nos ofrece la posibilidad de captar la división de la población en grupos en función de sus posiciones ante la inmigración y los inmigrantes: «ver el bosque» y entenderlo, frente a la suma de árboles (ítems de encuesta sobre diferentes facetas) que impiden una visión global. En España, esta labor tipológica se venía realizando anualmente en los informes encuesta del CIS-OBERAXE, pero su edición más reciente data de 2017. El presente trabajo propone nuevos perfiles de las actitudes hacia la inmigración y los inmigrantes en España elaborados a partir de una encuesta monográfica de ámbito nacional realizada en otoño de 2020 (N = 2.344), posterior por tanto a la irrupción de Vox en las instituciones. Nuestro estudio propone cambios metodológicos que conducen a una tipología más adaptada al objeto de estudio y ofrece una mayor precisión al recoger cinco perfiles actitudinales frente a los tres contemplados por tipologías anteriores. Tres de esos cinco perfiles recogen posturas desfavorables, pero se sostienen sobre diferentes argumentos y se relacionan con distintas características sociodemográficas e ideológicas, de modo que su distinción tiene implicaciones importantes para posibles intervenciones políticas.

Existe una importante producción científica en España sobre delincuencia femenina y, especialmente, sobre la situación de las mujeres en prisión. No obstante, encontramos un vacío de conocimiento sobre esta delincuencia en etapas previas al encarcelamiento, ya que apenas hay investigaciones sobre esta cuestión y los datos oficiales ofrecen muy poca información al respecto. El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer qué características tiene la delincuencia femenina que llega a los tribunales penales españoles y, en concreto, se quiere conocer la naturaleza de los hechos por los que son juzgadas las mujeres, así como sus circunstancias personales. Para ello, se ha diseñado una investigación transversal de carácter exploratorio en la que se han recogido datos primarios tras una revisión de 1.092 expedientes judiciales de mujeres enjuiciadas. Los resultados de este trabajo evidencian que las mujeres participan en toda clase de delitos, si bien sus delitos suelen ser poco graves y poco violentos. Asimismo, se ha podido constatar que se conoce muy poco sobre las circunstancias personales de las mujeres que llegan al sistema en calidad de acusadas. A pesar de ello, se ha podido conocer que suelen ser españolas, con dificultades económicas, y algunas de ellas con problemas de drogadicción y de salud mental. Al mismo tiempo, se ha podido observar que existe una sobrerrepresentación de algunos colectivos de mujeres —extranjeras y gitanas, principalmente—. Se debaten las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos.

L’article aborda els canvis generacionals en la participació laboral de les dones considerant-ne l’educació i la situació familiar. Utilitzant l’Enquesta de Població Activa, s’han creat biografies laborals fictícies de dones nascudes entre 1926 i 2001. S’ha realitzat una anàlisi descriptiva de les tendències d’activitat, ocupació i atur segons l’edat, el nivell d’instrucció i la situació familiar, i s’han elaborat models de regressió logística multinomial. Els resultats minimitzen la importància atorgada a l’educació en els canvis generacionals de participació laboral femenina i indiquen factors més relacionats amb la demanda, tot i que es destaca més entre les dones que tenen de 45 a 54 anys que no pas entre les de 25 a 34 anys, quan la situació familiar té un impacte més significatiu.

Las transformaciones sociodemográficas asociadas a la gentrificación en algunos barrios de ciudades del sur de Europa están adoptando nuevos rasgos, impulsados por la migración internacional cualificada, la elevada transitoriedad de la nueva población residente y la expansión del turismo urbano. Barcelona, como foco turístico y centro de atracción para la economía del conocimiento, es un ejemplo destacado de estos procesos en los que se entrelazan diversas dinámicas. En este contexto emerge el caso de El Raval, un barrio en el que la sombra de la gentrificación sobrevuela desde hace más de dos décadas, aunque los indicadores sociodemográficos no han acabado de corroborar este proceso de forma inequívoca y general. En este trabajo profundizamos en las dinámicas sociodemográficas más recientes de El Raval a través de los movimientos residenciales y migratorios. Los resultados constatan que, a mediados de la década de 2010, se produjo un importante punto de inflexión en la transformación sociodemográfica del barrio de la mano de la creciente llegada de población extranjera con perfiles educativos y profesionales elevados y un fuerte carácter transitorio. Además, gran parte de la población desplazada también es de origen extranjero y se ve abocada a experimentar trayectorias residenciales especialmente precarias e inestables. La marcha de los grupos de bajos ingresos y su sustitución por profesionales cualificados de origen extranjero está convirtiendo El Raval en un caso emblemático de los procesos de gentrificación transnacional de las ciudades globales del sur de Europa.

Actualmente han ganado visibilidad nuevos discursos que ponen en tela de juicio la imagen hegemónica de la paternidad —vinculada al rol de proveedor económico— y que apuestan por una paternidad más involucrada y cuidadora. Dado que el género es siempre relacional y la masculinidad se define socialmente en contraposición a la feminidad, este trabajo analiza cuáles considera la ciudadanía que son las imágenes predominantes de ser padre y ser madre en la sociedad española. Para ello se ha utilizado la Encuesta Social General Española publicada en 2018 y realizada por el CIS a una muestra representativa de la población. Los resultados muestran que la ciudadanía cree que la imagen social del padre y de la madre sigue estando claramente diferenciada: para la figura paterna predomina el rol de sustentador económico de la familia, mientras que la madre aparece vinculada a las tareas rutinarias de cuidado de menores. Las mujeres, las personas con más alto nivel de estudios e ingresos y las menos religiosas son las que en mayor medida creen que la sociedad vincula la imagen del padre al rol de proveedor. Finalmente, se sugieren algunas implicaciones políticas de estos resultados, que a su vez se reflejan en las demandas sociales que señalan la necesidad de realizar un cambio real del actual modelo de paternidad.

Partiendo de la base de que la actividad de servicios residenciales para personas mayores es un sector fuertemente feminizado, y con la hipótesis de que la segregación laboral ha cristalizado en él, nos planteamos como principal objetivo estudiar cuál es la estructura de los puestos de trabajo y cómo se distribuyen y se cuantifican entre ellos mujeres y hombres, de forma que podamos conocer el alcance de las dimensiones de dicha segregación, además de saber si la externalización de la gestión de estos servicios por parte de la Administración pública y la colaboración público-privada, que han dado lugar a diferentes modelos según la titularidad y la gestión, presentan diferencias. A partir de los datos facilitados por la Consejería de Justicia, Interior y Administración Pública de las relaciones de personal publicadas en la Plataforma de Contratación de la Generalitat Valenciana, así como de cuestionarios ad hoc y entrevistas realizadas a informantes clave de los centros, analizamos el caso de las residencias para personas mayores de la Comunidad Valenciana centrando nuestro estudio en el año 2019. Los datos recopilados evidencian que la presencia de las mujeres en los diferentes puestos de trabajo resulta asimétrica y desproporcionada a pesar de la alta feminización del sector, con una clara infrarrepresentación en los puestos de mayor autoridad, poder, responsabilidad, área de influencia y retribución (incluso de mayor prestigio y valoración social en algún caso), así como una sobrerrepresentación en los puestos menos cualificados, retribuidos y valorados socialmente, lo que demuestra marcados estereotipos de género. También hemos encontrado diferencias significativas según el modelo de titularidad y de gestión.

El presente artículo toma por objetivo el estudio de las representaciones sociales que los medios de comunicación generalistas españoles elaboran y reproducen acerca de los colectivos de personas migrantes llegadas a territorio español y procedentes del sur global, en particular del continente africano. Para ello, se ha empleado una metodología cualitativa, basada en el análisis discursivo de diversas piezas periodísticas, tanto escritas como audiovisuales, producidas alrededor de dos acontecimientos de gran relevancia mediática sucedidos en 2021: la apertura de la frontera terrestre entre Ceuta y Marruecos en mayo de 2021, por una parte, y el aterrizaje forzoso de un vuelo comercial en el aeropuerto de Palma de Mallorca, en noviembre del mismo año, por la otra. Los análisis realizados muestran que en las coberturas informativas de estos sucesos se despliegan diversas estrategias discursivas —coherencia y consistencia, transformación y legitimación— que, a partir de la movilización de emociones morales y la despolitización de los fenómenos migratorios, articulan un cierre discursivo en el que se reproducen y se reelaboran diversos imaginarios neocoloniales en torno a la figura de la persona migrante. Dichas epistemes hegemónicas favorecen y perpetúan los procesos de deshumanización y subalternización de las comunidades en movimiento en los territorios fronterizos.

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar las características sociodemográficas de las niñas y las adolescentes que migran solas a España, así como sus motivaciones y trayectorias migratorias, con el fin de mejorar los procesos de su acogida institucional. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido cualitativo de la totalidad de expedientes de niñas y adolescentes migrantes en el Sistema de Protección de Menores de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (España), registrados entre los años 2000 y 2021. Los resultados permiten identificar sus orígenes y profundizar en los condicionantes de género que colocan a estas menores en situaciones de vulnerabilidad específica, tanto en sus rutas migratorias como en los procesos de acogida institucional. Como resultado del análisis de expedientes se propone una tipología con tres perfiles no excluyentes entre sí: las víctimas de explotación (sexual, doméstica o de otro tipo), aquellas cuya migración se produce a consecuencia de las relaciones familiares (reagrupación, violencia de género o maltrato) y las que presentan un manifiesto componente de promoción personal (o familiar). Por último, se identifican puntos críticos en la acogida institucional de estas chicas, vinculados a las particularidades de las situaciones de vulnerabilidad en las que se encuentran y a la necesidad de establecer protocolos e itinerarios de acogida diferenciados. La migración de niñas y adolescentes no acompañadas es poco visible y relativamente estable en el tiempo. Para atender sus necesidades y garantizar sus derechos se recomienda introducir una perspectiva de género interseccional en los servicios sociales especializados.

Este artículo analiza el proceso de acreditación y profesionalización de las trabajadoras de cuidados de atención directa desde la perspectiva de las y los profesionales implicados en la gestión y organización de las residencias de mayores. En la última década, cambios legislativos han exigido a las trabajadoras del sector certificar su cualificación mediante un sistema acreditativo o una formación específica. El estudio se enfoca en discursos de profesionales que guiaron y formaron a las trabajadoras en su proceso de formación y estabilización laboral, con el objetivo de lograr la profesionalización en el ámbito de los cuidados institucionalizados. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se llevaron a cabo 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a estos profesionales. Para el análisis de los discursos, se empleó el enfoque temático descriptivo de Braun y Clarke (2006), destacando las diferencias entre los discursos de expertos masculinos y femeninos para explorar cómo se percibe el proceso formativo de las trabajadoras y su impacto en la profesionalización de las tareas de cuidado. Los resultados resaltan las dificultades que enfrentan las trabajadoras para cumplir con los requisitos de acreditación, así como la expansión de oportunidades laborales para aquellas que superan los estándares de formación. También se revelan efectos no deseados del proceso de estabilización, como la volatilidad en el empleo y el agravio comparativo entre las cuidadoras. La perspectiva de estos profesionales que acompañan de cerca las experiencias formativas de las cuidadoras proporciona una visión más completa del proceso, destacando tanto sus ventajas como desafíos.

Durante la segunda década de este siglo, en España las personas en edad activa han pasado a tener un riesgo de pobreza sensiblemente más alto que las personas en edad no activa, lo que acrecienta el interés por la relación entre pobreza y participación laboral. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar el riesgo de pobreza de la población en edad activa en España. Se describe el riesgo de pobreza en función de la intensidad laboral del hogar, se profundiza en la composición de las rentas de los hogares y se analiza el efecto de las prestaciones sociales y de otras características del hogar para evitar la pobreza. Para ello, se utilizan los microdatos de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (ECV). Los resultados muestran que la intensidad laboral es la variable con una mayor influencia tanto en el riesgo como en la composición de la pobreza de los hogares en España: casi la mitad de los hogares pobres no alcanzan el 50% de su capacidad de empleo. Las prestaciones sociales son uno de los principales instrumentos para evitar el riesgo de pobreza, especialmente si se combinan con rentas laborales: las contributivas tienen un efecto mayor por su generosidad y relación con el historial de empleo anterior, lo que refuerza, de nuevo, la importancia del empleo e indica una baja progresividad; y las ayudas familiares muestran efectos reducidos que evidencian la necesidad de revisar su diseño y cuantía.

This paper responds to Breathe:2022, a multi-sited public artwork across London and the UK by mixed media artist Dryden Goodwin. Read as artivism, I argue that Breathe:20222 demarginalizes existing discourse on air pollution by intervening in public space and framing air pollution as an embodied and intersectional experience. This paper contextualizes Breathe:2022 in relation to a contemporary politics of atmospheric governance following the tragic case of Ella Kissi-Debrah. I hold that Goodwin’s artistic portrayal of breathing shows a processual condition of exposure that resituates knowledge of air in the breathing body. In doing so, the work suggests a possible paradigm shift in narratives of air pollution whereby phenomenological understandings of breathing and breathlessness might enhance, corroborate, put into perspective or hold to account scientific measurements of air quality. To orientate this approach, I put forward the notion of “breathing interfaces” as material and affective zones (buildings, bodies and digital media) where qualities of air become palpable and where bodies and worlds become together. Circling back to Breathe for Ella in the conclusion, I reflect forces of hope and uncertainty regarding the legacy of Goodwin’s artivism and its related campaigns.

Local governments are increasing their efforts to provide services to older adults ranging from health and care for dependents to leisure and cultural activities. Despite the widespread adoption of the active aging paradigm, the intensity of the aging process and the capacity and preferences of local governments to address the consequences of aging are not uniformly distributed. This study examines variations in local government responses to aging based on a survey conducted between October 2018 and February 2019 among government officials and political representatives in municipalities in the Community of Madrid with a population exceeding 10,000 inhabitants. A descriptive exploration of the survey responses suggests variability in local governments’ approach to aging, which is associated with factors such as the concentration of older adults in the municipality and differences in available income levels. In municipalities that prioritize resource-intensive policies, such as health care and programs targeting poverty and the prevention of social exclusion, there is a higher concentration of older adults and lower levels of available income. Conversely, wealthier municipalities tend to focus on policies aimed at promoting leisure and culture. This divergence in local policy responses highlights the heterogeneity within the active aging paradigm. Furthermore, it provides a nuanced understanding of how these policies can be adapted and responsive to the specific needs of each municipality.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este artículo es entender las condiciones sociales de producción o estructura social de los discursos o las ideologías del enfermo como héroe a partir de la teoría de las tomas de posición y las posiciones en el espacio social de Pierre Bourdieu, poniendo especial énfasis en si el estado del bienestar y de derecho desempeña algún papel en la producción de estos discursos, y en si aparecen otros tipos de discursos, especialmente protagonizados por la religión, si ese estado es débil o inexistente. Método. A tal efecto se construyó una base de datos con las 1.068 respuestas de los 1.068 individuos diferentes que en Twitter respondieron a un tuit de una persona con una enfermedad legitimada como la ELA. Mediante varios análisis (análisis temático de contenidos cualitativos, análisis de correspondencias múltiples [ACM] y análisis jerárquico de conglomerados [AJC]) se logró construir la estructura social de los discursos heroicos. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 12 tipos de respuestas, que se podían dividir en dos grandes grupos: discursos de superación o heroicos y discursos religiosos sobre la enfermedad. Conclusión. Se evidenció que existía una clara relación entre el tipo de estado del bienestar y de derecho (más o menos débil) y el tipo de discursos, por lo que, en entornos con estados del bienestar y de derecho relativamente más fuertes (como España), los dominantes eran los discursos o las ideologías del enfermo como héroe, y en los que tenían estados del bienestar más débiles (como Venezuela), la religión monopolizaba el discurso y las ideologías a partir de las cuales se construía la imagen social del enfermo.

En este artículo analizamos el impacto que tuvo la COVID-19 en la valoración de los trabajos remunerados de cuidados a personas mayores y dependientes en el contexto español. A través de un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadoras y gestores/as de servicios de cuidados —centros de día, servicios sociales básicos, asistencia personal y servicios de ayuda a domicilio—, examinamos las medidas de gestión política de la pandemia que afectaron a los trabajos de cuidados, las estrategias individuales y colectivas por parte de los agentes implicados en ellos y sus principales demandas y reivindicaciones sobre la valoración de la actividad. A partir de la propuesta teórica de reconocimiento y redistribución de los cuidados, hemos identificado las continuidades y las rupturas en la valoración del trabajo de cuidados. Los resultados muestran que la gestión de la pandemia desde las políticas públicas ha intensificado las desigualdades estructurales en relación con los trabajos de cuidados, ya que no ha contribuido a su reconocimiento ni redistribución. Sí que ha propiciado, en las personas implicadas, el debate y la toma de conciencia sobre este reconocimiento y su importancia. El artículo pretende contribuir a la consideración del cuidado como una cuestión sociopolítica compleja y a poner en evidencia la necesidad de repensar el modelo de cuidados desde la perspectiva de la justicia social que promueva el reconocimiento y la redistribución de los trabajos de cuidados.

El fenómeno de la soledad se está convirtiendo, cada vez más, en un problema amplio y relevante de las sociedades contemporáneas. En consecuencia, son muchas las investigaciones que abordan esta realidad, como numerosas son también las intervenciones que tratan de hacerle frente, en especial tras la pandemia provocada por la COVID-19. Para acercar al lector a esta realidad, en el presente artículo se exponen de forma heurística las diversas posturas existentes sobre la soledad mediante una novedosa cartografía teórica que propone un nuevo recorrido por el actual estado de la cuestión del campo de la soledad, formado por las aportaciones de distintas disciplinas. Para ello se ha seguido un método de revisión bibliográfica reflexiva con el objetivo de generar nuevos alineamientos teóricos que esclarezcan las posiciones desde las que hoy se escribe acerca de la soledad. Finalmente, el texto esboza algunas líneas reflexivas que el acercamiento sociológico a la soledad deberá tener en cuenta para constituirse como interlocutor válido y valioso en el actual campo de estudio de la soledad.

Las transiciones entre el sistema educativo y el mercado laboral son un proceso clave en la población joven. Este artículo investiga el efecto relativo del nivel educativo alcanzado y de la escolarización en edad postobligatoria en distintas medidas de inserción laboral en las cohortes de nacidos entre 1996 y 1998. Para ello, se explotan los datos de la última edición de la Encuesta de Transición Educativo-Formativa e Inclusión Laboral, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, publicada en 2019, a través de la aplicación de modelos Logit. Los resultados señalan la mayor relevancia de la titulación a la hora de explicar los resultados en la primera etapa de los jóvenes y las jóvenes en el mercado laboral. Además, los que han permanecido en el sistema educativo en edades postobligatorias sin incrementar su titulación tienen unas posibilidades más reducidas de encontrarse activos, ocupados y de tener un contrato indefinido.

The post-COVID-19 panorama presents serious economic and social challenges, prompting the European Union (EU) to allocate extensive funds to its Member States. The central financing instrument created for this purpose, NextGenerationEU (NGEU), requires the Member States to implement ambitious reforms to bring about green and digital transitions within their National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs). Despite innovative elements in NGEU’s decision-making process, legal basis and fiscal integration policy, the role of sub-state authorities in the context of multilevel governance (MLG) demonstrates a centralised tendency. In order to understand this issue, the management of NRRPs in the Spanish system of autonomous communities and Italian regionalism will be taken as emblematic case studies. Specifically, the constitutional significance of the MLG model in the context of the NGEU recovery package will be evaluated in light of the principles of solidarity, subsidiarity, proportionality and partnership. This paper ultimately aims to offer broader insights into NGEU’s role in the ongoing EU federalisation process and its shortcomings with respect to national decentralised systems.

Aquest article té per objecte presentar quina ha estat l’evolució de la normativa en matèria lingüística en el Parlament de les Illes Balears, i fer una breu descripció dels usos lingüístics institucionals, en un context de canvi en el paper i el tractament de la llengua catalana, pròpia de les Illes Balears, a causa de la recent aprovació, el mes de febrer de 2024, de l’anomenat Acord per al bilingüisme. En els usos lingüístics institucionals, hi podem diferenciar tres etapes, que es corresponen, pràcticament, amb les legislatures següents: l’etapa inicial, que comprèn la primera i la segona legislatures (des de la promulgació de l’Estatut d’autonomia de l’any 1983 fins a l’any 1991), l’etapa de consolidació de l’ús institucional de la llengua catalana (legislatures segona a desena, de l’any 1991 a l’any 2023) i l’etapa actual de l’onzena legislatura (a partir de febrer de 2024).

The tension between the equality of citizens and the autonomy of regions continues to be a topic of debate in decentralised states. In this context, the clauses that allow the central government to interfere in jurisdictions that are not its own in order to achieve certain objectives (equal rights and duties, the essential level of benefits, or uniformity in living conditions) are still unclear elements that can disrupt the system of distribution of powers as a whole. This article analyses this problem in Spain, Italy and Germany, with a special focus on the confusion caused by Article 149.1.1 of the Spanish Constitution (CE in Spanish) in our system: both in relation to its overlap with other jurisdictions and its abuse. Therefore, this paper reviews the use of Article 149.1.1.1 CE, accompanied by the Constitutional Court’s interpretation of it and concludes with some guidelines for its current application.

The supposedly exclusive powers of the Spanish autonomous communities on housing are strongly conditioned by the concurrent powers of the State. The interpretation of these powers made by the Spanish Constitutional Court has prioritised the objective consideration of housing as a principle over the subjective consideration of housing as a right and its economic dimension over the social one. This paper highlights some paradoxes and perplexities caused by this approach, as well as the opportunity provided by the Right to Housing Act to solve them.

This paper summarises some of the main changes in Northern Irish society since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, both at the electoral level and in religious and national identities, as well as in preferences over constitutional future. The data show an increase in Catholic and more pro-Irish identities but also the rise of a social sector that is not aligned with the two main historical blocs. The literature has linked Irish identity and the Catholic religion to the cause of Irish reunification, so this may have been reflected in an increase in support for it. However, following trends in the analysis of independence in other territories, this article aims to analyse whether socio-economic or public policy-related factors also play a role today. To corroborate this hypothesis, logistic regression models are used to show the main explanatory variables in favour of this territorial option. The results show the pre-eminence of national and political identities, but instrumental factors also appear, such as the position on the Northern Ireland Protocol, especially in the case of the “non-aligned” sectors.

Purpose: This paper analyses the effect on economic profitability of the adoption of work-life balance practices. Design/Methodology/Approach: Based on a sample of Spanish listed companies during the period 2015-2019, the aim was to contrast the effect of a work-life balance index on economic profitability. Findings: The regression analysis clustered at firm level, shows a positive and significant effect of the index on economic profitability, suggesting that companies' practices to achieve a work-life balance can be a source of motivation for their human resources. Originality/Value: Investigating the consequences of work-life balance practices at company level not at individual level and, performing a longitudinal study as opposed to cross-sectional studies, more frequent in the literature. Adding evidence in a Continental European country, Spain, as opposed to previous studies carried out mainly in Anglo-Saxon countries so like considering the work-life balances actually used by listed firms in the Spanish market.

This study analyzes the integration of the Arabic dialectal loan wesh into the French language and the language habits of the French. Through the suburban language commonly defined as "slang" and hip hop culture, particularly rap, this borrowing has undergone several important semantic shifts and numerous graphic variants. The various definitions of this term in the Petit Robert 2023 (paper version) and the Wiktionnaire (online), as well as statistical research in Internet corpora, reveal evolutions, linguistic variations and trends generated essentially by sociolinguistic functions.

This paper deals with the complex relationship between human beings, technical objects and the natural environment within a transdisciplinary framework at the intersection of human-computer interaction, philosophy, and materiality. It begins by examining the role of tactile coding systems in Andean fiber support, then draws upon diverse disciplines including art, computer science, philosophy of technology and media archaeology. Through the analysis of historical artifacts, contemporary artistic practices and philosophical frameworks, it aims to explore dynamic methodologies beyond the Western canon. The goal is to question entrenched power structures in a framework that foregrounds interconnectedness as a relational ontology inspired by Andean worldviews, embracing syncretic approaches so to reformulate technological narratives.

In this paper I rehearse a method for studying media that is engaged by what I am calling a transient methodology. This work with “transients“ emerges as much as an analytical tool as it does as a material engagement, in direct connection with my encounter with a GDR-era synthesizer prototype, the Subharchord I/II, and its use of a specific audio filter design which is found again only forty years later as a building block for most state-of-the-art speech recognition algorithms. I am particularly interested in one such algorithm, namely the so-called “Dialect Recognition Software”, a proprietary machine learning solution in use since 2017 by the German Office for Migration and Refugees in cases of undocumented asylum seekers in the country. By bringing these two stories closer and mobilizing them through the work of transients – a concept that works in sound as much as it does in movement – I seek to activate an experimental, speculative media archaeology that focuses on the haptics of listening. Transient methodologies, I argue, offer the potential to critically listen to these two technologies together while at the same time slowing them down for critical inquiry and analysis.

Screenology, or Media Archaeology of the Screen, has occupied me for over twenty years. I am more and more convinced that its investigations must be taken far back in time and also beyond the Western world. Media screens can be understood as dedicated artifacts that are distinct from the forms and contents that keep appearing on them. In brief, they are interfaces that connect the close and the remote, the present and the absent, the material and the discursive. To understand their genealogy from extended spatiotemporal perspectives, it is important to pay attention to “screen-like” things that may not even have been called “screens”, “écrans” or “Leinwands” by their creators and users. One example of such screen-like objects that commands attention are the “screens” produced in East-Asian cultures like Japan and China since times immemorial. They have specific histories, interconnections, forms, iconographies and uses. Although such objects do not seem to match the later Western idea of media screens (their decorations and the pictures they carry are permanent), they deserve attention from a screenological perspective not only as what they are, but also because they became integrated into the cultural, political and economic processes that brought different parts of the world together. We can talk about “traffic in screens”, which has become an extensive phenomenon. Oriental “screens” were transported to different parts of the world, including Europe and Latin America. They became submitted to cultural trends and were given signification by the receiving cultures. Obvious examples are the Western trends Chinoiserie and Japonisme, which saw these “screens” in very different ways compared with those who had conceived and produced them. Western “Orientalist” (E. Said) interpretations influenced how these objects were seen in the environments where they had been produced. In this paper, I will suggest that making sense of such cross-cultural exchanges will add important insights to our efforts to understand the formative developments of media screens from perspectives that go beyond Western views and ideological formations.

This essay and manifesto define speculative photography from a historical perspective and through practical poetics, as photography that integrates fantastic and experimental elements in both its subjects and processes. Such photography is even more urgent at a time when generative artificial intelligence (AI) and computational photography are driving photography to an impasse of fabricated yet all-pervasive realism. The text defines speculative photography in its semiotic and information-theory aspects, outlines a taxonomy of speculative qualities in photography alongside examples of photographers and photographic communities practicing them, and pays particular attention to contemporary subcultures of early-2000s digital camera (digicam) reuse and internet pop-cultural redefinitions of “aesthetics”. While theories and definitions of speculative photography have existed since the 1970s, they are scattered and cover only select aspects of the broader concept proposed here. This paper argues that speculative photography rejects empiricism and notions of truth while practicing an art of the “medium” in its most literal – physical, artistic and spiritual – meanings.

This essay and manifesto define speculative photography from a historical perspective and through practical poetics, as photography that integrates fantastic and experimental elements in both its subjects and processes. Such photography is even more urgent at a time when generative artificial intelligence (AI) and computational photography are driving photography to an impasse of fabricated yet all-pervasive realism. The text defines speculative photography in its semiotic and information-theory aspects, outlines a taxonomy of speculative qualities in photography alongside examples of photographers and photographic communities practicing them, and pays particular attention to contemporary subcultures of early-2000s digital camera (digicam) reuse and internet pop-cultural redefinitions of “aesthetics”. While theories and definitions of speculative photography have existed since the 1970s, they are scattered and cover only select aspects of the broader concept proposed here. This paper argues that speculative photography rejects empiricism and notions of truth while practicing an art of the “medium” in its most literal – physical, artistic and spiritual – meanings.

Screenology, or Media Archaeology of the Screen, has occupied me for over twenty years. I am more and more convinced that its investigations must be taken far back in time and also beyond the Western world. Media screens can be understood as dedicated artifacts that are distinct from the forms and contents that keep appearing on them. In brief, they are interfaces that connect the close and the remote, the present and the absent, the material and the discursive. To understand their genealogy from extended spatiotemporal perspectives, it is important to pay attention to “screen-like” things that may not even have been called “screens”, “écrans” or “Leinwands” by their creators and users. One example of such screen-like objects that commands attention are the “screens” produced in East-Asian cultures like Japan and China since times immemorial. They have specific histories, interconnections, forms, iconographies and uses. Although such objects do not seem to match the later Western idea of media screens (their decorations and the pictures they carry are permanent), they deserve attention from a screenological perspective not only as what they are, but also because they became integrated into the cultural, political and economic processes that brought different parts of the world together. We can talk about “traffic in screens”, which has become an extensive phenomenon. Oriental “screens” were transported to different parts of the world, including Europe and Latin America. They became submitted to cultural trends and were given signification by the receiving cultures. Obvious examples are the Western trends Chinoiserie and Japonisme, which saw these “screens” in very different ways compared with those who had conceived and produced them. Western “Orientalist” (E. Said) interpretations influenced how these objects were seen in the environments where they had been produced. In this paper, I will suggest that making sense of such cross-cultural exchanges will add important insights to our efforts to understand the formative developments of media screens from perspectives that go beyond Western views and ideological formations.

The censorship of artists on social media impacts their freedom of expression and their ability to monetize and engage with their audiences. Furthermore, this fosters a process of cultural standardization. Several legal arguments have been raised against art censorship in social media platforms, mainly based on public law, however, they are not effective in all jurisdictions, as demonstrated by U.S. case law. The purpose of this paper is to shift the spotlight and provide solutions from a private law perspective, specifically from contract law. The main argument here is that courts should abandon their traditional bilateral/vertical approach and embrace a more nuanced one that better reflects the complexity of the relationships taking place in social media. This would give those affected access to concrete contractual remedies and allow for greater control over the content moderation process.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to clarify the human resource management (HRM) literature in small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by empirically identifying possible combinations of HRM practices from the perspective of managers, and analyzing the relationships among them and with organizational performance in order to identify which combinations are most effective. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the AMO (Ability- Motivation-Opportunity) framework, we ask whether there are significant interactions between AMO-based HRM bundles and, if so, to what degree and by what means they influence organizational performance. To explore this question, we tested a theoretical model using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques and compared the interaction and main effects. The research sample comprises SMEs operating in the Basque Region of Spain. Findings: The study confirms the existence of hierarchies among bundles. The practices most strongly related to the SMEs’ performance lie in the bundle of motivation-enhancing practices. The results indicate that motivation-enhancing practices have a positive effect on organizational performance and when they are combined with ability-enhancing practices this effect grows. Research limitations/implications: The cross-sectional nature of the data means that it is not possible to establish clear causal relationships among the variables studied. It would therefore be beneficial in the future to use longitudinal designs and examine cause-effect over time, as well as use samples from other geographic locations. Practical Implications: High-performance HRM practices in the three Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) dimensions should not automatically be assumed to be complementary in an SME context, as many managers believe. Our results suggest that managers would be well advised to adopt motivational practices, combining them with training, to improve SMEs’ performance. Originality / value: This is one of the few studies to focus on testing the interaction effects among dimensions of Ability-Motivation-Opportunity-enhancing-practices on SMEs’ organizational performance, as observed by managers. It will encourage SME managers to consider more carefully the possible combinations of AMO dimensions and to focus on those combinations most likely to have positive effects.

Purpose: This study examines the impact of social media influencers (SMIs) on online repurchase intentions through brand trust and customer engagement in the cosmetics sector. Design/methodology/approach: The study framework and hypotheses in this paper were tested using a questionnaire survey approach, with the consumer as the unit of analysis. The study’s main target was individuals who purchase cosmetics products through social media platforms. Questionnaire items were created using a measurement scale employed in an earlier study. A Likert scale of seven points, ranging from 1 to 7, was used to grade the questionnaire items. Responses ranged from strong disagreement to strong agreement. Findings: In general, this study revealed that social media influencers have a significant positive direct impact on brand trust, customer brand engagement, and online repurchase intentions. Moreover, social media influencers were the most vital determinant of online repurchase intention, followed by brand trust and customer brand engagement. Moreover, customer brand engagement had a significant positive impact on brand trust. Additionally, brand trust and customer brand engagement impacted significantly and positively on online repurchase intention. The mediation analysis results found that customer brand engagement did not mediate the positive impact of social media influencers on online repurchase intention. Furthermore, it was found that brand trust mediated the positive impact of social media influencers on online repurchase intentions. This study is among the first to offer empirical evidence to demonstrate that social media influencers act as a route to online repurchase intention through brand trust and customer brand engagement. Research limitations/implications: This study has several limitations. The first one is that it was only conducted in one country. Using samples from a single country (Jordan) may produce culture-specific findings that are difficult to generalise across other settings. The second limitation of this study is related to the target population. In this study, researchers surveyed individuals who purchased cosmetics products through social media platforms. Practical implications: As the use of social media rises, social media influencers have an ever-greater impact on customers' online purchase and repurchase intentions, as customers deem influencers to be ideal role models they aim to imitate. Originality/value: The study is highly valuable for marketing strategies, as social media influencers have a powerful impact on effective marketing strategies.

In this article, we address the central topic of the call for papers, childhood educates space, from the perspective of children’s and young people’s spatial knowledge. We argue that both childhood and youth educate as much as are educated by space. To shed light on this dynamic and complex interaction, we focus on the arenas and agencies at play within the production and acquisition of spatial knowledge. The term arena refers to the spatial conditions that delineate an area of activity related to the production and acquisition of spatial knowledge, and agency denotes the crucial means, agents, and tools that are instrumental in and buttress such area of activity. To render operative the analysis, we draw on two driving themes: (i) the gradual development of a comprehensive conception of space and (ii) its accompanying (and traversing) learning processes. Moreover, to substantiate the assertion that education between childhood and youth and space is mutually constitutive, we present a selection of findings from a qualitative meta-analysis conducted to reconstruct the evolution of young people’s spatial knowledge from the 1970s onwards. All in all, we claim that the process of production and acquisition of spatial knowledge forms the basis of, on the one hand, the keenness and depth of the perception that children and young people have of the physical world and, on the other, the ways they subjectively and symbolically characterize it.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

Goals: The objective of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the profiles and publications of Spanish university libraries on TikTok: to what extent they are present in this medium, what their posts are like, the topics they cover and how many interactions they receive, in order to identify good practices to help other libraries. Methodology: Eight university library profiles on TikTok were analyzed in the second half of March 2023, all of which were active at the time of the analysis,. Quantitative data such as the number of posts or the number of followers were captured. Quantitative and qualitative data were also extracted from each of the 207 publications in the accounts from their creation date until February 28, 2023, such as their duration or topic or the interactions they received. Results: The results provide information about the presence of Spanish university libraries on TikTok, which is still scarce but is increasing. Variables such as the frequency of publication, video length, video content, the number of views, the interactions they receive and the engagement rate are analyzed. Two university libraries with the best audience engagement on TikTok were identified. The characteristics of the ten posts with the most views and interactions are analyzed. All of them share the mixture of information about the library, transmitted through a short and simple message, with a humorous, fun or informal approach. Some follow fashion trends on TikTok.

This article discusses the representation of women in Colloquial Egyptian proverbs (CEPs). Even though myriad studies have tackled the image of women in many linguistic genres, this is the first study to discursively examine such portrayal in Egyptian proverbs. Proverbs are usually laden with a moral legacy so instructive that it can steer the rudder of social ideologies. In patriarchal societies, however, sexist proverbs represent women negatively and sediment their submissiveness. The aim of this paper is to explore the major themes in the representation of women in CEPs. To this end, we conducted a thematic analysis of the data from a feminist critical discourse analysis perspective, employing Glick and Fiske’s (2001) Ambivalent Sexism Inventory with its two types of sexism, hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. The data revealed six major themes and 17 subthemes, all exhibiting either hostile or benevolent sexist depictions of women. The data showed that the CEPs were mostly designed to enforce male supremacy over women. Women were portrayed as a source of shame if they did not obey the rules of patriarchal society. While women were objectified and commodified, superficially valuing women for their stereotyped female attributes of domesticity and nurturing of their children, women’s worth is depicted as conditional upon men’s evaluation.

This paper focuses on the Autonomous Region of Andalusia (Spain), and analyses messages posted in 2020 on the Instagram profiles of the by-then five main political parties of the region: Partido Popular, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Ciudadanos, Vox, and Adelante Andalucía. Through a content analysis of the 1,805 posts published during the pandemic year of 2020, we study the degree of interactive communication of these parties (by using indicators that are both primary and secondary) as well as the main topics and purposes of the political posts in each profile. The results point to a lack of genuine interaction, a primary focus on the economy and health as main topics, and the positioning of individual politicians or parties as predominant purposes of the posts. These results are discussed on the grounds of the literature on Instagram political communication, and the theory of social media interactivity.