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Actualment, ens trobem immersos en un procés de globalització i tecnificació a què les administracions públiques, com a part integrant de la societat, no poden romandre alienes. Totes les administracions, en els seus diferents nivells i àmbits d’actuació, han introduït les noves tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació en la seva activitat, i això ha posat en marxa un procés de transformació de caràcter cultural, organitzatiu i jurídic que ha fructificat en un nou model de gestió de l’activitat pública conegut amb el nom d’administració electrònica.L’ús de les noves tecnologies i la transició d’una administració en paper a una administració electrònica han comportat una sèrie de reformes del nostre ordenament jurídic: noves normes i la reforma d’altres de ja existents que regulen els aspectes tècnics derivats de la utilització de les noves tecnologies per part de l’Administració, així com els drets i les garanties dels quals estan revestits els ciutadans quan es relacionen amb l’Administració per mitjans telemàtics. Amb aquest teló de fons, podem definir una llista de principis que han de regir l’actuació de l’administració electrònica i en la qual s’erigeixen com a protagonistes els qui persegueixen garantir la igualtat i la no-discriminació dels ciutadans, i combatre la denominada bretxa digital.We are currently immersed in a process of globalization, with an increasing use of technology. Public authorities, as an integral part of society, cannot remain indifferent to this process. All public authorities, at their varying levels and spheres of action, have incorporated the new information and communication technologies, launching a process of cultural, organizational and legal transformation that has come to fruition in a new model for managing public sector activities known as “electronic administration.” The use of new technologies and the transition from a “paper” government to an electronic government has entailed a series of reforms of our legal system: new regulations, the reform of existing regulations governing the technical aspects derived from the use of new technologies by government authorities, and the rights and guarantees that inure to citizens when they contact government authorities telematically. With this background, we can define a cast of principles governing the behavior of an electronic administration. The leading roles will fall to those principles that aim to guarantee equality while prohibiting discrimination against the citizenry, thereby combating what has come to be known as the “digital divide.”Actualmente, nos encontramos inmersos en un proceso de globalización y tecnificación al que las Administraciones públicas, como parte integrante de la sociedad, no pueden permanecer ajenas. Todas las Administraciones, en sus distintos niveles y ámbitos de actuación, han introducido en su actividad las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, y han puesto en marcha un proceso transformación de carácter cultural, organizativo y jurídico que ha fructificado en un nuevo modelo de gestión de la actividad pública conocido bajo el nombre de Administración electrónica.El uso de las nuevas tecnologías y la transición de una Administración «en papel» a una Administración electrónica han conllevado una serie de reformas de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico: nuevas normas y reforma de otras ya existentes que regulan los aspectos técnicos derivados de la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías por parte de la Administración, así como los derechos y garantías de los que están revestidos los ciudadanos cuando se relacionan con la Administración por medios telemáticos. Con este telón de fondo, podemos definir un elenco de principios que regirán la actuación de la Administración electrónica y en los que se erigen como protagonistas aquellos que persiguen garantizar la igualdad y la no discriminación de los ciudadanos, combatiendo la denominada brecha digital.

Based on a qualitative case study research, this paper investigates the efficacy of indirect translation as a strategy in the translation of terminology in private legal documents from Serbian to Albanian via English in Kosovo. The aim is to examine whether this approach may improve the accuracy, quality, and availability of translation services in an under-resourced linguistic combination. Research within this subfield seems necessary in the context of Kosovo, where Serbian is a minority language and translations of private legal documents in the Albanian < > Serbian language pair have been found to be of low quality, primarily due to a lack of professional translators and resources which are specific for that combination. Two official Albanian < > Serbian translators fluent in English were recruited as participants to translate a list of terms excerpted from documents translated for official procedures. One translator provided a direct translation from Serbian to Albanian and the other an indirect translation from Serbian to Albanian via English. Despite the limitations of the research, the comparative analysis of the submitted translated terminology indicates that the indirect translation via English in the context of Kosovo may provide accuracy, quality, and availability, thereby offering members of minorities in Kosovo the potential guarantee of a fair treatment within legal procedures.

During the second half of the twentieth-century, Mexican fictions operated under a revisionist historical logic that employed national spaces to allegorize the relationship between the individual, society and the nation. Countering this trend, since the mid-nineties, Mexican literature has witnessed a departure from an interest in collectivizing discourses of identity, displaying instead a growing faith in individualism as a means to resist state-driven cultural visions. To analyze this emphasis in individual personal emergence, this paper proposes a comparative reading of subject-formation in Álvaro Enrigue's Vidas perpendiculares (2008), and in José Emilio Pacheco’s canonical novella Las batallas en el desierto (1981). The publication of Vidas and Las batallas coincides with two moments of crisis and transformation in Mexico. Consequently, these novels of formation reflect the reconceptualization of the multiple relations between individuals, communities, and the state prompted by such changes. These coming-of-age fictions use the personal recollections of their protagonists to articulate the narration of their characters’ emergence into adulthood. Vidas and Las batallas present two highly divergent visions of the subject and her or his relationship to the social body, where in the case of Vidas the individual takes primacy over the community. Following Ulrich Beck’s insights regarding individualization in industrial societies, and informed by theories of memory and nostalgia, this study explores how literary understandings of identity have transformed to reflect the experience of late modernity in Mexico. This paper argues that in recent Mexican fiction history is spatialized as a way of examining individual subjectivity outside the framework that views history in literature as a discourse directly linked to collective, often national, identity.

My paper will examine figure of the Jesuit in nineteenth-century literature, a theme which evolves from my thesis on the image of Catholicism. The nineteenth century is of special interest in conjunction with the study of Russian attitudes to religion since it was a crucial time in the formation of Russian national identity. My paper will begin by outlining who the Jesuits are and what role they play in world history. Then I will briefly summarise the influence of the Jesuits on Russian history and how this may have affected how they were viewed in literature. I will then use some examples from some well-known texts and analyse how the Jesuit appears as a character in Russian plays and novels of this period. Starting with Pushkin’s drama about the Time of Troubles Boris Godunov and comparing this with Khomiakov’s drama, Dmitriii Samozvanets, I will outline how the Jesuit appears as Machiavellian schemer. Next I will discuss the 1840s and 1850s and the Jesuit polemics with Slavophile thinkers. Lastly, I will look at some examples from Dostoevskii’s Idiot and Tolstoi’s Voina i Mir and discuss the portrayal of Jesuits as eloquent speakers who were attempting to convert Russians. I will argue that although Jesuits are often neglected as minor characters in Russian literature, examining this theme can inform us about how Russian national identity was being formulated, and Russian writer’s response to how they felt Russian religious identity was being challenged.

This paper proposes the attribution to the Sevillian sculptor Pedro Duque Cornejo (1678-1757) of a sculpture representing St Joachim, preserved in the church of Carmen in Popayán, Colombia. For this, it is reconstructed the creative context of the work, posing some hypotheses about its potential clients and evaluating its impact on the city, where it was copied up to three times. Its case is significant for the study of the sculpture trade between Spain and America during the eighteenth century, proving that Duque Cornejo’s workshop had and American expansion, unknown to date.

El treball analitza el model institucional dissenyat específicament per executar el Pla de recuperació, transformació i resiliència, a partir del Reial decret llei 36/2020, de 30 de desembre, pel qual s’aproven mesures urgents per a la modernització de l’Administració pública i per a l’execució del Pla esmentat, amb especial atenció a les diverses formes i instruments de col·laboració publicoprivada, tant de nova creació (projectes estratègics per a la recuperació i transformació econòmica), com preexistents (consorcis, societats mixtes), així com al paper especialment rellevant reservat a les subvencions. L’examen del dret positiu i dels diferents programes instrumentats mostra com les eines típiques de l’activitat de foment es configuren com el component principal d’aquesta col·laboració publicoprivada, amb una gran versatilitat per encarrilar els fons públics i privats i organitzar la cooperació entre empreses i entre centres de recerca, en contrast amb les limitacions que presenta l’actual configuració de la contractació pública com a motor de la recuperació econòmica.

Modern information technologies allow us to disseminate specialized knowledge through ask-an-expert forums that serve as a resource for transforming specialized concepts for a lay audience. This paper aims to add to the study of discourse production and is intended as a contribution to legal communication from a popularization-centered perspective. It considers the popularization of legal knowledge to a lay audience as a process of discursive accommodation to the reader’s knowledge base and of alignment of the cognitive levels of participants in asymmetrical interactions intermediated by explanatory strategies. Through the analysis of online legal-lay communication, the article builds a classification model of discursive strategies that allow experts, including forum lawyers, to represent complex and abstract specialized content in an intelligible way to prevent communicative problems from emerging and communicate efficiently. The findings illustrate how various popularization strategies function to align the cognitive levels of participants and eliminate knowledge asymmetries. Two types of strategy (popularization by formulation and reformulation and popularization by illustration) are analyzed and assessed. Definition as a type of popularization by reformulation, comprising 42% of all strategies found in the corpus, is the most common explanatory strategy. Metaphors employed to popularize legal knowledge by relating specialized and everyday domains of experience are the least common explanatory tools used by forum lawyers. These explanatory strategies can be combined to jointly contribute to the purpose of accommodating legal information to the knowledge base of lay forum users. This study is a vector for investigating the problems of asymmetrical interactions in institutional settings. The methodology or aspects of asymmetrical exchanges can be expanded and become an avenue for further research.

This paper discusses the figure of Bishop Diego Ramírez de Villaescusa and his role as a consumer and principal of Flemish works of art. We are faced with a character integrated into the circles of political power, close to the last humanistic and cultural tendencies, whose professional career allowed him to approach the main artistic focuses of his time. As the main chaplain of the chapel of Juana, he had the opportunity to accompany her on her Flemish journey, thus accessing the luxury and sophistication of the Court of Philip the Beautiful. We will see how, taking advantage of the contacts that his position provided him, he acquired some high-quality pieces, like the book of hours of Leonor de la Vega, the Crucifixion tapestry or devotional panels, using them as present to caress different personalities. However, he would also acquire works for himself, demonstrating an interest in the art that was practiced in Brabant territory. We will also analyze the documented artistic works and their relevance to Villaescusa's understanding as patron of the arts.

In this paper the participation of Jusepe Leonardo (Calatayud, 1601-Zaragoza, ca. 1653) in the execution of paintings for the Holy Week monuments in the old church of Santa Maria de la Almudena (Madrid) is documented, as well as the manufacturing process of these architectures since 1632, in which different masters intervened. Through the payments registered in the church ledgers, it is possible to add two works to the catalogue of the painter. Both paintings, the Flagellation of Christ and the Agony in the Garden, were commissioned for the 1633 monument, but from that date their location is unknown.

El règim de conjunció lingüística al sistema educatiu català ha estat motiu de diverses controvèrsies al llarg dels anys que permeten constatar una posició a favor i una altra en contra del model. En aquest article, identifiquem els principals arguments a favor i en contra del sistema en el debat públic i n’analitzem els fonaments normatius d’acord amb les aportacions de la teoria política sobre justícia lingüística. En darrer terme, el nostre objectiu és avaluar fins a quin punt hi ha marge per a l’apropament o la reconciliació entre els arguments de les dues posicions. El nostre argument principal és que les dues posicions, que han emprat raonaments força estables al llarg del temps amb una tendència compartida a evitar arguments explícitament d’identitat, poden tenir cert marge d’apropament. Algunes interpretacions dels valors que fonamenten els arguments d’ambdues posicions, com els ideals de tracte igual de llengües, la igualtat d’oportunitats individuals o la garantia del pluralisme, podrien sostenir un sistema lingüístic de conjunció lingüística a l’escola en què el català tingués un paper prominent, el castellà gaudís d’un reconeixement suficient i es garantís una competència igual en ambdues llengües en finalitzar el període escolar.

El "dret a decidir", que es concediria a part de la població d'un estat, no està recollit expressament en les constitucions. Quan s’hi acosten certs conceptes, com ara el dret a l’autodeterminació, la demanda del dret a decidir requereix cada vegada més un fonament separat per evitar els obstacles, tant internacionals com constitucionals, a la secessió unilateral. Tot i que els contorns d’aquest dret continuen sent ambigus, el seu estatus constitucional comença a concretar-se a través de la jurisprudència del Tribunal Constitucional espanyol en particular que, per rebutjar aquest dret en la seva versió extrema (secessió unilateral), en consagra tanmateix la seva existència en una sentència del 2014. Tot i que és lògic que els estats contestin aquest dret des d’un punt de vista estrictament constitucional, no és menys cert que aquesta demanda expressa un desig polític. La dimensió política del conflicte entre l’Estat i l’entitat que reivindica el dret a decidir marca, sens dubte, els límits de la comprensió estrictament constitucional d’aquest dret. No obstant això, el dret constitucional manté un paper d’importància primordial a l’hora de definir les garanties democràtiques que podrien envoltar l’exercici d’aquest dret.

There is a unique upcoming policy momentum in European audiovisual media policy. This is the implementation of the new rules on Video Sharing Platform Providers (VSPs) with regard to the protection of minors against harmful content and of all users against incitement to violence and hatred. However, the application of the Country-of-Origin principle, the basic tenet of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive and audiovisual media regulation across the European Union, will inherently interfere with the stated policy aim of levelling the playing field vis-à-vis VSPs. This paper assesses the potential consequences of such regulatory dysfunctions in the context of hate speech regulation effective throughout Europe. It argues that Responsive Governance Model-type co-regulation could address and mitigate the loss of normative diversity, and outlines a blueprint for this. At stake is the (further) fragmentation of the internet. Hence, it is important and urgent to find adequate regulatory responses to ensure pluralistic and diverse media markets in Europe.

La constitució i el constitucionalisme de la Unió Europea (UE) són concebuts preferentment com un conjunt d’imaginaris en confrontació, és a dir, relats que competeixen sobre la construcció juridicopolítica d’Europa. Aquests imaginaris han estat històricament fomentats per tecnòcrates i elits polítiques de la UE, però també per diversos actors socials i econòmics, ja siguin demòcrates progressistes o bé grups empresarials influents. Quan els tecnòcrates i les elits es van dedicar al projecte de constitucionalització de la UE cap als anys 90, el que pretenien era legitimar la Unió; perquè aleshores la constitucionalització era necessària en esdevenir la Unió una organització internacional no gaire típica. A pesar que les lleis, la normativa i les polítiques que es van adoptar en l’àmbit de la UE van tenir un impacte en els ciutadans, no van afectar els processos legislatius o de presa de decisions polítiques. La primera part d’aquest treball explica com la identitat constitucional de la Unió Europea s’ha forjat mitjançant la fixació legal de valors, imaginaris i constel·lacions. Tot seguit, s’analitza la creació progressiva de l’imaginari constitucional europeu i els efectes que ha tingut sobre aquest imaginari la manca de respostes adequades a les crisis humanitàries. L’article clou plantejant una sèrie d’interrogants que relacionen el projecte ideològic d’identitat col·lectiva europea, el procés d’integració política i el paper que els valors fundacionals de solidaritat i dignitat humana poden desenvolupar en aquests processos.

This article raises the veracity of a series of records related to supposed courtly offices for painters at the court in Madrid, about which there is no clear reference in the documentation related to the palace administration. However, other indirect documents are known to suggest that such offices existed at least as honorary titles. In any case, it is known that they were used, even if fraudulently or abusively. These offices or honorary titles are those of court painter appointed to the Prince, to the Infant and a second court painter appointed to the King. This paper deals with several examples of these cases concerning the painters Pedro Carvajal, Francisco Ginete, López Polanco, Gómez de la Hermosa, Antonio Rizi, Francisco Rizi and Isidoro Arredondo. Based on the analysis of the documents reporting the use of these titles, the hypothesis is presented that the artists in question made a legitimate use of them.

La declaració de l’estat d’alarma per afrontar la crisi de la COVID-19 ha afectat l’autogovern territorial. Aquesta afectació no només s’ha produït per l’exercici de les competències exorbitants que han correspost a les institucions estatals durant la vigència de l’esmentat estat excepcional, sinó que també l’exercici de les competències ordinàries estatals ha tingut uns efectes rellevants sobre l’autogovern autonòmic. El present article estudia l’abast de les mesures aprovades per l’Estat i la seva incidència sobre la capacitat de govern de les comunitats autònomes. A més, també pondera el paper desenvolupat per la Conferència de Presidents i reflexiona sobre la regulació de l’ingrés mínim vital aprovat pel Govern espanyol.

La reforma dels estatuts d’autonomia de les comunitats autònomes, en especial de l’Estatut de Catalunya, ens serveix per plantejar un dels temes més controvertits de la nostra Constitució de 1978 (CE): el paper de l’Estat i les comunitats autònomes en la hisenda local. No és objecte d’aquest treball formular un judici de constitucionalitat sobre la proposta de reforma de l’Estatut que es debat actualment a les Corts. Únicament volem deixar plantejats determinats elements que cal tenir en compte en aquest debat. Amb aquest objectiu i en primer lloc, s’estudien els principis d’autonomia tributària i de suficiència financera de les entitats locals. Un apartat especial es dedica a l’anomenada corresponsabilitat fiscal, plasmació del primer d’aquests principis. A continuació es porta a terme una anàlisi constitucional del paper de l’Estat i de les comunitats autònomes per fer efectiu el principi d’autonomia tributària local. Això ens porta a analitzar, seguidament, els preceptes de la proposta de reforma de l’Estatut de Catalunya referits a les hisendes locals. En tercer lloc, ens ocupem del principi de reserva de llei i de la seva incardinació amb l’autonomia local, amb especial atenció al paper de les ordenances fiscals. El treball acaba amb una referència a la col·laboració entre les diferents administracions territorials en l’aplicació dels tributs locals.

After the latest enlargement of the European Union and the increase of the number of languages recognized as being official, this paper raises the question of the current situation of the other languages, those that are not official, as well as the outlook for their future within the Union. In this regard, special attention is paid to the situation of Catalan. First, however, the international regulatory framework of reference as regards minority language rights is presented. Then, the regulation of the general European Union language regime is examined and, afterwards, the paper deals with the modulation experienced by this regime during the ordinary operation of the different European institutions, together with the effects of treaty languages, some of which, under the Treaty establishing the European Constitution, have been broadened to include non-official languages. In trying to take stock of the language policy of the Union, the paper focuses on the expression “language diversity” (or, more recently, “multilingualism”), which is used recurrently in community proceedings, regulations and resolutions to adopt specific measures of protection and promotion for the different languages of the Union. The expression, however, entails a certain degree of legal uncertainty, to the extent that it does not sufficiently clarify which language groups are the target of these measures. Finally, the paper highlights a series of recent actions that directly affect the possibility of invoking Catalan and other languages different from Spanish that have an official status within a country, in some of the European institutions (presumably, in practically all of them in the not too distant future). Such actions would allow the official use of these languages within different limits or levels and under specific conditions (written presentations, speeches and translations and publication of some legal texts). Some critical considerations are, however, brought up with regard to the recognition of this new and improved status of Catalan in the European Union, based on the fact that Catalan has an extrajudicial character and this situation is not definitively resolved in a totally satisfactory manner.

The advances in the recovery of the Catalan language in the Balearic Islands over the 20 years in which the Statute of Autonomy, passed in 1983, has been in effect have been nothing short of historic. This paper analyzes the positive changes that have come about in this period regarding the legal regulation of the social use of language, social awareness, language authority, and the social and official use of language. On the other hand, it also analyzes the limitations of the legal framework itself, the social and political limitations that have prevented attainment of the full language normalcy contemplated in this legal and institutional framework. At a time when a significant wave of immigrants is joining immigrants who already reside in the Balearics, when immigration and globalization characterize a new framework for social relations, knowledge of Catalan is still not universal, nor has Catalan become the common, habitually used language of the public sector. The paper, then, sets forth the broad outlines of an action plan for the new historic phase that is now under way, a phase that entails challenges for the Catalan language in the Balearics. How these challenges are met shall depend on the achievement of an overall framework of language sustainability capable of facilitating the egalitarian recognition of Catalan in Spanish central government, European and international domains. Successfully dealing with these challenges shall also depend on the cohesiveness of the entire Catalan language area. The transmission of the language to newly arrived citizens and the presence of Catalan in mass culture and the workplace as an ordinary state of affairs should be the fundamental objectives of a language policy capable of mobilizing society and generating confidence in the future.

A mode de provocació intel·lectual i com a estratègia de “pensament lateral” (lateral thinking) per a la creativitat, el treball es proposa veure què pot suggerir als lingüistes l’estudi de la dinàmica de la diversitat biològica. En aquests darrers anys l’equació analògica “llengua = espècie biològica” s’ha anat estenent com a font metàforica de renovació conceptual i alhora de justificació per a la defensa de la linguodiversitat, a la manera com es duu a terme la mobilització per a la protecció de les espècies. No obstant això, cal anar amb compte amb la transferència acrítica de conceptualitzacions i de marcs teòrics d’un camp a l’altre, per tal com òbviament es tracta de fenòmens ben distints en la realitat. El diàleg amb els bioecòlegs comença per preguntar-nos per la formació de la diversitat, és a dir, per l’especiació. Es constata aquí la similitud dels processos de fragmentació lingüística i genètica en el sentit de ser fenòmens de base (sòcio)geogràfica en produir-se la dispersió i la pèrdua, doncs, de la compactació i intercomunicació originàries. La propietat autoorganitzadora i creativa dels humans afavoreix el desenvolupament de varietats específiques per a cada subconjunt, que continuen en evolució constant, a través de l’incessant “llenguar” de la humanitat. Sobre la continuïtat de les espècies o llengües, es constata també el paper decisiu de la relació intragrupal. La permanència de les varietats lingüístiques serà més alta com més alta sigui la intensitat de la relació entre els propis components del subconjunt. En canvi, si s’hi introdueixen elements exòtics, especialment si són de caràcter agressiu, l’alteració del nínxol ecològic pot ser fatal per a la continuïtat de les formes prèviament existents. Això ens suggereix la necessitat d’estudiar en profunditat quines foren les condicions contextuals mínimes per fer que un grup lingüístic determinat pogués tenir una continuïtat sostenible en un marc de contacte lingüístic. ¿De quin tipus de nínxol (sòcio)ecològic mínim hauria de disposar una llengua si volguéssim assegurar la seva reproducció habitual? Es proposa aquí explorar les idees de “funcions exclusives” i de “distribució funcional no-jeràrquica” per als codis en situació d’alt contacte i de perill de desús. Pel que fa al canvi, aquest fenomen és vist com un fet inherent de la tendència de la vida a crear novetat, que pot o no anar acompanyat d’adaptació a les condicions ambientals canviants. Es remarca que, semblantment com en el pla biològic, molta de la innovació lingüística prové de la mescla de solucions de codis distints, reorganitzada sistèmicament. Una pregunta de recerca important fóra, però, esbrinar perquè algunes d’aquestes innovacions desapareixen i d’altres sobreviuen i s’estenen a través de la comunitat. El gran interrogant, doncs, com assenyala Mufwene, és arribar a entendre com “l’evolució lingüística procedeix per selecció natural entre les alternatives que competeixen disponibles a través dels idiolectes dels parlants individuals”. L’extinció —de les llengües o de les espècies— són causades en la majoria dels casos “per una combinació de processos demogràfics en les poblacions i de canvis ambientals”, com assenyala Brown. Així, el medi jugarà un paper fonamental en la direcció de l’evolució, ja que “la supervivència dels millors dotats és, de fet, la supervivència dels que encaixen en el context” (Allen & Hoekstra), la qual cosa ens farà veure després la gran importància dels contextos politicoeconòmics en el cas de les llengües. Igualment, els moviments migratoris seran, també, una de les grans variables determinants de l’extinció de la bio- i de la linguodiversitat. L’espècie i l’hàbitat formen la unitat existencial bàsica, i això serà el punt de vista central per entendre el problema de la conservació i recuperació de les espècies o llengües. Atès l’augment del grau de contacte lingüístic, la continuïtat de la linguodiversitat dependrà de trobar, com diria el físic Prigogine, de la manera més exacta possible, quines condicions precises de desequilibri poden ser estables. El gran desafiament no és tant com evitar el contacte sinó com gestionar-lo. I l’”ecologia restauradora” ens pot ajudar també aquí. Poder arribar a solucions sostenibles per a la diversitat lingüística implica el coneixement aprofundit de les dinàmiques de determinació dels usos lingüístics en situacions de contacte. Es conclou en general que la lingüística està encara mal preparada terminològicament i conceptualment per tractar el caràcter dinàmic de les llengües humanes. Cal concebre el món i els nostres objectes com a elements en flux, com a sistemes canviants en equilibri inestable. Respecte de la política lingüística caldria fer l’esforç d’arribar a establir uns principis generals d’organització lingüística de l’espècie humana, que fessin possible la compatibilitat entre la diversitat lingüística local i la necessària comunicació a escala planetària. Per reeixir en això cal continuar impulsant una perspectiva socio-ecològica autònoma dedicada a la comprensió dels fenòmens lingüístics, que parteixi del paradigma de complexitat, tot situant els éssers humans en el centre de la seva teorització.

This paper focuses on the Sevillian sculptor and assembler Miguel de Perea Ahumada (1680-ca. 1743), best known for being the master of the sculptor Benito de Hito y Castillo. A new biographical approach is presented, based on new documentary sources and some news scattered in the bibliography. Furthermore, his figure is analyzed in the context of Sevillian sculpture of the first half of the 18th century, where the raising of the workshop of Pedro Duque Cornejo precipitated the migration of masters such as Perea to other artistic centers.

L’article planteja, a partir de recerques originals, algunes claus per interpretar el paper jugat per la corrupció política a la Catalunya contemporània. En primer lloc, analitza la participació dels homes de negocis catalans en la construcció de l’estat liberal espanyol. Seguidament, s’endinsa a explicar com va funcionar el caciquisme durant la Restauració borbònica, i com aquest fou denunciat principalment pel catalanisme polític. Finalment, l’accent es focalitza en les pràctiques corruptes dels franquistes catalans i en els vincles que desenvolupà Francesc Cambó amb la corrupció sistèmica a l’Argentina mitjançant l’empresa CHADE. Unes breus reflexions sobre la corrupció política espanyola actual precedeixen unes conclusions que intenten establir una hipòtesi interpretativa en molts sentits vàlida per comprendre tant la corrupció política espanyola com la catalana.

La qüestió lingüística, en un territori plurilingüe com l’Estat espanyol, és tractada directament o indirecta en la normativa estatal que afecta diferents àmbits. Durant el període democràtic comprès entre 1979 i 2019, s’observa una evolució en el tractament d’aquest pluralisme lingüístic en sectors com l’ensenyament, l’Administració pública i de justícia, els mitjans de comunicació i el sector audiovisual, la toponímia o la socioeconomia. També hi tenen un paper rellevant els estatuts d’autonomia de les comunitats autònomes. Per a la recopilació de la normativa esmentada seguirem les cròniques legislatives de l’Estat espanyol de la Revista de Llengua i Dret des de l’any 1983.

During the last decade of the seventeenth century, the Spanish Court portrait, moved between naturalism and idealization. It orbited between the tradition that dragged from the middle of the century in the royal representation and the new airs coming from France. Two painters represent like nobody else these two tendencies within the portrait of Queen Maria Anna of Neuburg, the flemish Jan van Kessel II and the french Jacques Courtilleau. With this paper we want to delve into their pictorial styles and add some works to their almost unknown catalogs.

This paper presents a bottom-up approach to building a comprehensive infrastructure for the analysis of user-generated content for several South Slavic languages (Slovene, Croatian, Serbian). The goal of this collaboration was to leverage the available knowhow and language similarity in order to provide language resources and tools for the study of netspeak for all three languages in parallel and with minimal resources. We demonstrate the usefulness of the developed infrastructure for a corpus-based, comparative sociolinguistic investigation of language attitudes by Slovenian, Croatian, and Serbian Twitter users, who have witnessed a rapid codification divergence and reinforcement of national languages after the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.

The proposed paper discusses how the relationships between the researchers and the ‘field’ in social sciences have been transformed during the last decades. It explores the concept of the ‘public engagement’, its ethical and conceptual boundaries, and the criteria of its ‘successfulness’ – in relation to the academic research, researchers, and the local communities where the research is conducted.

This paper argues for a place for linguistics within the UK Modern Languages curriculum as part of a more pluralistic approach to languages study. Based on an intervention involving over 300 A-level students of French, German and Spanish, we demonstrate: 1) that it is feasible and appropriate to include linguistics topics on the A-level Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) curriculum; 2) that many of these topics are inherently interesting for A-level language students; and 3) that pupils report increased confidence in their language skills after having been exposed to a short linguistics course (four hours). In light of our further finding that there is already considerable untapped scope for linguistics within the current formal framework of the A-level MFL qualification, we recommend that linguistics topics should be included in MFL A-levels as a matter of priority. This is the case not least because linguistics has the potential to attract new pupils to the study of MFL, while also providing a crucial bridge between language skills and cultural content, which are so often kept apart in existing MFL curricula. Lastly, we argue that the introduction of linguistics into languages teaching raises awareness of the harmfulness of deeply entrenched prescriptive and standard-language-ideological beliefs in schools, and this will lead to a more inclusive discipline.

The goal of this paper is to establish the nature of the scholastic-linguistic model in non-university education in the Balearics: the free choice model (which allows pupils to choose the language of instruction freely) or the total bilingualism model (in which pupils receive instruction in both official languages). The Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands (1983) does not define the scholastic-linguistic model, unlike the Language Normalisation Act (1986). The author draws attention to articles such as 1.2.b, which mentions the goal of ensuring that Catalan is used progressively as the language of instruction in education, or 18.1, which restricts the right to free choice of the language of instruction to "early education". This analysis of the Language Normalisation Act enables the author to conclude that the scholastic-linguistic model in the Balearics is that of total bilingualism: beyond early instruction, pupils are not allowed to choose the language of instruction, a role that, following an administrative decision, is to be played by both Catalan and Castilian. The paper ends with an analysis of Decree 92/1997, which sets the necessary measures to implement the total bilingualism model, e.g., by stipulating the subjects that must be taught in Catalan in primary and compulsory secondary education. In this connection, the author notes that the implementation of this Decree may be delayed if the Language Normalisation Act is not observed as far as the language training of teachers is concerned.

In this paper the context of materialisation of the façade of San Esteban de Salamanca is drawn, considering the complexity of the sixteenth century in the case of the trajectory of the Order of Preachers in the university city, the links with Carlos V and the culture visual of the elites of the moment. In the gable end, the same strategies chosen are used to extol the figure of the Emperor in terms of his mythical and noble origin, applied to the promoter, Fray Juan Álvarez de Toledo. The visual projection of the Dominicans is analysed from the different discourses of success and power of the Order.

Public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) is helping societies deal with the challenges posed by migration. Its consolidation as a professional practice is still a controversial subject. A number of advances can be identified across territories and settings, including the use of English when providing interpreting and translation services in lesserused language contexts, the increasing availability of training courses for public service interpreters and translators, the modest development of trainer training courses, or the rising awareness among stakeholders of the importance of relying on competent professionals when communicating with individuals who are less than proficient in the contact language or languages. However, these vital improvements are only visible in some instances and institutions in certain countries. In others, conditions in PSIT practice are far from professional. Education and training are fundamental tools for raising the status of PSIT. In this paper we take stock of experience accrued by PSIT researchers, practitioners and trainers to highlight challenges and advances in the area of PSIT training in tertiary education. After identifying successful initiatives, we single out underexplored areas, including the missing focus on translation in both training programmes and research agenda.

The King’s summer study, la Pieza del Despacho de Verano, is a perfect point of departure for discussing the possibilities and limits of reconstructing a room in the Alcázar, the royal palace. Although the inventaries from 1666 and 1686 just tell us the subject and size of 33 pictures together with seven mirrors and six bufetes, the paper argues that it is possible to reconstruct the scale and decoration of the pieza del despacho de verano. On the basis of the order in the inventories, a convincing reconstruction is possible and leads to a visual presentation of the room that harbored Las Meninas. In a more general sense this gives us at hand a ‘layout’ for reconstructing other rooms in the king’s palace(s).

Several series of Sibyls, of variable number and quality, that have been previously attributed to different painters within Peter Paul Rubens’ circle, in foreign and Spanish collections, as well as in the art market, are here claimed to be by the hand of the Flemish master Jan van den Hoecke. The persistent confusion both in terms of attribution and identification of the subject matter is clarified in this paper, following on from Hans Vlieghe’s 1990 evidence. Tracing the now dispersed series as far as possible, the present article pays special attention to the eleven canvasses at Tessé Museum, Le Mans, as they appear part of a unique ensemble that still remains undispersed. For these series Jan van den Hoecke created an original iconography, with no formal precedents. Comparison of the different versions allows for a deciphering of the Latin texts accompanying each depiction, and for an identification of their literal sources. Judging by the numerous versions, the series of Sibyls must have rewarded the artist with great success, a demand that he satisfied with a changeable effort

Ongoing discussion continues to debate the role interpreters should embrace, whether the interpreter should be an impartial agent or whether impartiality can be demanded from a human agent at all. The current discussion favours the idea that roles are negotiated through interaction and that the ideal of impartiality may be compromised in specific situations or settings. This negotiation, far from constituting an academic discussion, is determined by the parties to the communicative situation. It is therefore relevant to be able to assess interpreters’ and users’ views as to what a particular situation requires of the interpreter. Based on a content analysis of the existing literature on the interpreter’s role, we developed a model to account for opposing perceptions of what interpreters are and should do in their professional practice, and represent those views as possibilities on a continuum rather than as opposing and excluding options. This paper presents a tool based on that model which allows perceptions to be made explicit and discussed. The model and preliminary experiences of the application of the tool in interpreting teaching and in one professional context are presented.

La irrupció de tecnologies disruptives en la societat com el big data i la intel·ligència artificial tindrà en els propers anys un impacte radical en l'ocupació pública. L'Administració està canviant la seva manera de prestar serveis públics i d'intervenir en la societat, la qual cosa obligarà a canviar també el perfil dels seus recursos humans, i, per tant, a revisar els seus mecanismes de selecció i gestió dels seus empleats. No existeix un consens sobre l'abast del canvi tecnològic en l'ocupació pública, però sí sobre el fet que el big data i la intel·ligència artificial tindran un paper fonamental en tasques fins avui realitzades per empleats públics, que hauran de desenvolupar altres habilitats i competències. El moment de canvi generacional que l'Administració viurà en els propers quinze anys es presenta com una oportunitat per transformar l'ocupació pública i la forma de gestionar-la, aprofitant els elements positius del canvi tecnològic i ajudant a que els poders públics compleixin la seva funció de cerca de l'interès general.

This paper constitutes the second part of a previous study on the drawings of the Sevillian sculptor, painter and assembler Pedro Duque Cornejo (1678-1757) which were part of a scattered album, known as "Jaffe album". This study focus on the lot preserved in The Hood Museum of Art, Hanover (NH, USA), where thirty-seven new drawings have been discovered and attributed to this prolific artist of the Andalusian Baroque.

In this paper, Johannes de Lairesse is identified as the author of an Allegory of Drawing which was previously catalogued as a work of his father, Gérard de Lairesse. It’s complex iconography, also mistaken with Achilles recognised among the Daughters of Lycomedes, is here clarified.

The aim of this paper is to understand the role played by political parties in the electoral reforms that have characterised the Italian experience since 1993. In order to do so, the authors: 1) describe the scholarly debate on how parties relate to electoral rules and form of government; 2) shed light on the most significant aspects of the Italian electoral reforms at local, regional and State level; and 3) analyse these reforms from the perspective of the party context. The conclusion is that parties have played only a partial role: while strong pressure to implement change has derived from external factors (referendum and judicial interventions), a widespread tendency towards concentrating power and personalising the political forces has ignored the importance of party dynamics in the way that parliamentary forms of government function.

En aquest treball es descriu i s’analitza la situació actual de la hisenda local a Catalunya, especialment la dels municipis, per tal d’identificar quins són, a dia d’avui, els principals reptes que caldria afrontar. La realitat a la qual han de fer front actualment els ajuntaments és ben diferent, en molts aspectes, de la que hi havia quan es van aprovar les principals lleis que determinen tant el seu marc competencial com el seu model de finançament. L’escrit aporta reflexions sobre el paper que hauria de tenir el nivell de govern local dins del conjunt del sector públic català, sobre el tipus de competències que podrien assumir els municipis, sobre el seu grau d’autonomia financera i sobre la necessitat de donar compliment a un cert principi d’equitat intermunicipal. Tot això, tenint en compte aspectes com el marc competencial dels municipis, la seva mida i l’existència d’un elevat nombre d’entitats supramunicipals.

Although it is founded on the universal rights of its citizens, the concept of the liberal state still resembles the monist nation state when focusing on its application in a political community. Consequently, pluri-nationalism questions the feasibility of liberal theory for the reasoned justification of a political community with free and equal citizens. Further, it addresses a central normative dilemma in liberal theory. On the one hand, liberalism emphasizes citizens’ active role in shaping their conditions for freedom. At the same time, it defends their protection from the public sphere as passive subjects of human rights. As a consequence, liberal theory divides up into a more contextualized view on social actions and an atomistic consideration of society based on positive recognition of abstract rights. In the face of this apparent dichotomy, this paper employs a “third way” between traditional liberal-democratic theory and more “communitarianist” approaches by stressing the significance of the state as the guarantor of a common legal community, which has to address its subjects of law in their individual and collective nature. The insights gained from the discussion on pluri-nationalism will contribute to reconcile these apparently oppositional approaches. It is demonstrated that both – instead of being competing conceptions – are rather two sides of the same coin.

Paul Creyssel, Vichy’s high-profile Director of Propaganda between 1 April 1942 and 3 March 1943, then Secretary-General for Propaganda until 13 January 1944, is nowadays an all-but-forgotten figure. Found guilty of undermining national morale at his trial in June 1948 after almost four years in detention awaiting judgement, he thereafter faded from public and historical scrutiny. That shift from prominence to obscurity is the focus of this article. It explores the forgotten Creyssel and argues that history’s amnesia on such a major player of the Vichy regime was what he himself wanted to engineer. In particular, the article examines how, at his trial, Creyssel’s defence was an attempt to reimagine his wartime identity and actions in order to downplay the profile of the man in public memory and record. To develop its line of argument, the article analyses Creyssel’s trial papers ― an archive that historians have generally overlooked ― supplemented with reference to his radio broadcasts, which have never previously been comprehensively examined. It identifies specific points that the defence chose to emphasise or understate, or where it was selective with or distorted the truth, and signposts evidence that was disregarded or manipulated in the account given. However, the importance of the case study of Creyssel stretches beyond the individual, for it opens up another version of wartime France and illuminates broader discussions about how collaborators subsequently explained away their activity. Equally, the article sheds light on notions of memory and forgetting in the context of the French experience of the Second World War and beyond, and so connects to discussions on the writing, and ‘righting’, of narratives of the past. In that light, the article also reflects on how the post-Occupation environment and the shifting context of historical writing contributed to the forgetting of Creyssel. A coda discusses the central place of France’s archival holdings for our continuing investigation of Vichy, and reflects on the potential damage caused by recent state-sponsored restrictions on the consultation of such materials.

This article explores interdisciplinary working in Modern Languages, drawing on recent theoretical reflection on interdisciplinarity and in particular on the notions of ‘integration’ and ‘common ground’. It is based on the experience of interdisciplinary working in a large project entitled ‘Multilingualism. Empowering Individuals, Transforming Societies’ (MEITS), one of the Open World Research Initiative projects, led by Wendy Ayres-Bennett (Principal Investigator) and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. After a discussion of interdisciplinary theory and a brief outline of the project and its research questions, the core of the paper explores the process of interdisciplinary research. This involves consideration of how a large research team, with disciplinary perspectives that range from entirely qualitative to strongly quantitative, can approach core concepts in a way that seeks common ground and attempts to build an integrated response to the project’s overarching research questions. The article includes discussion of challenges and tensions as well as benefits. Tweetable abstract: In a new article on interdisciplinary research in Modern Languages, Janice Carruthers and Linda Fisher use interdisciplinary theory to consider how one OWRI project (MEITS) approached ‘common ground’ and ‘integration’.

The paper explores both ‘official’ historical attempts to counter Lost Cause narratives of the former Confederacy, but also the moves towards re-memorialization in the form of statue removal as well as sites that bring forth what has been lost or excluded in Lost Cause accounts. It thus analyses the post-Reconstruction memorialization of Confederate soldiers via monuments throughout the former Confederacy, on the one hand, and the more recent moves (as seen in the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery) to document and commemorate the waves of lynchings which occurred during the same period of time (~1880s–1920s) in many of the same areas of the US South.

Since 1983, following the restoration of democracy, Argentina has stood out for its transnational justice policies: it put the military juntas on trial; its National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons investigated the crimes of the dictatorship and, together with its Never Again report, became a model for numerous subsequent truth commissions; it passed reparation laws for the victims, built memory sites, and its new constitution placed international human rights laws above national legislation. More recently, after taking office in 2015, liberal president Mauricio Macri modified the Supreme Court, which then handed down rulings that introduced key philosophical changes in the way abuses were treated. In that framework, this paper will examine four rulings: the “Muiña ruling,” which released an agent of the dictatorship by commuting his sentence based on a law that holds that each year served without a conviction counts as two and which had been repealed when he was arrested; the “Fontevechia ruling,” which rejected the primacy of international human rights treaties over domestic legislation; the “Alespeiti ruling”, which granted house arrest for health reasons to an agent of the dictatorship; and the “Villamil ruling”, which found that the state’s obligation to repair victims was subject to a statute of limitations. The analysis of these rulings will reveal the instrumental use of human rights by the Court, its countering of the cosmopolitan philosophy behind the country’s transnational justice policies, and its alignment with the Macri administration’s rejection of the particular status of crimes against humanity. These cases reveal that the discussion of the international human rights paradigm goes beyond certain populist governments. It is a broader challenge: what is under discussion is the universal nature of human rights and the status of the international system that protects them.

The Republic of Austria emerged as one of the new states from the rubble of the Habsburg Empire after the First World War. Delegates from German-speaking provinces of the former Empire gathered in Vienna in October 1918 to discuss statehood. Whilst early debates focused on “German Austria” as a nation in its own right, the idea of an “Anschluss” with Germany gained ground, and soon became the prevailing political concept. Nonetheless, the State Treaty of St. Germain (1919) prohibited Austria any political association with Germany, which forced Austrians to discourse about national identity, a struggle that lasted until well after the Second World War and is still ongoing in the Austrian political far-right. Against this backdrop, Austrians embarked on an epic debate about a “national” museum as early as 1919. Recent Austrian history has since seen numerous debates about the appropriate way of visually representing national identity. Contentious issues include(d) inter alia the home-grown Austrian variation of Fascism 1934–1938, involvement in Nazi crimes, the lenient post-war treatment of Nazi perpetrators, issues pertaining to ethnic minorities, and questions of compensation and restitution for victims of National Socialism. Exactly 99 years after the idea of a “History Chamber” surfaced, the first national museum covering contemporary Austrian history opened in November 2018. Regrettably, the debate restarted just a few days ahead of the grand opening at a hastily arranged press conference, in which the Minister of Culture outlined a new concept for the museum. Claudia Leeb (Washington State University) explains these ongoing heated debates about the museum with defense mechanisms pertaining to Austria’s Nazi-past, resulting in the continuing inability of contemporary Austrian society to live up to guilt and to come to terms with its past. One of the major “defense fighters” is the Freedom Party (FPO), a right-wing populist party that briefly joined the Austrian government in 2017–2018 and strictly opposes taking any responsibility for Austria’s Nazi past. This paper addresses Austria’s ‘coming to terms with her past’ in the wake of the rise of populist nationalism and examines the possible future of the Austrian culture of remembrance, particularly with regard to the fledgling Museum of Contemporary Austrian History.

On 1 August 2017 Santiago Maldonado, a young artisan and tattoo artist, vanished in the midst of a crackdown by the national Gendarmerie on a Mapuche community in the south of Argentina. Soon after, his disappearance became a theme of national anguish and debate. While seemingly quite different from forced disappearances carried out during the last civil-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983) this case has been inscribed in the ongoing debate about the possibilities and implications of coming to terms with the past. In this paper I explore the different social, political and legal processes that followed in the wake of Maldonado’s disappearance. Through the case, I consider the power of human rights discourse in the country as well as the rise and institutionalization of an alternative narrative advanced by the right-leaning political elite. Ultimately, I show that the assumptions underlying transitional justice mechanisms, specifically, the possibility of handling the past to such an extent that it can be “put behind” and “overcome” are flawed.

Much of the contemporary crisis in coming to terms with the past may have digital origins. We can see this crisis as engineered or assembled through a new series of historical actors: memes and posts on social media and, behind them, the work of trolls and paid influencers. These actors do not travel with first-person accounts of events so much as accumulate in the digital ephemera of daily lives and are then archived as the currency of digital capitalism, saved in individual online albums, on smart phones and then republished elsewhere. Their circulation and accumulation can be strategically directed by political actors who seek to overturn established historical consensus. Tracing the trajectory of memes featuring the Philippines’ President Duterte, this paper explores how digital objects have contributed to attempts to rework the history of the Martial Law era.

Commentators have wrongly assumed that the operations and outcomes of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) reflected the intentions of the African National Congress (ANC) government that instigated it. In line with its agenda of substantive social history, the ANC intended to establish a new Gramscian ‘common sense’ of anti-colonialism and self-determination to drive anti-apartheid transformation. As part of its additional aim for an institutional intervention, the ANC sought to renovate the inherited technology of the colonial commission of inquiry itself. As the paper shows, these aims were overturned through the superimposition of ‘transitional justice’ within the workings of the TRC and the TRC’s ‘Final Report’. The continuing implications of this abduction are addressed in closing.

This article examines the work of contemporary German-Jewish writer Sasha Marianna Salzmann through the framework of Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of minority. Focusing on Salzmann’s debut novel 'Außer Sich', I investigate how the text complicates ideas of familial, national, linguistic and gendered belonging, which results in a fundamental deconstruction of the very concept and possibility of belonging. I argue that the framework provided by Deleuze and Guattari needs to be extended in Salzmann’s case, by bringing it together with Judith Butler’s thoughts on the “ec-static” character of the self and interpersonal relationships. Based on Butler’s notion of ec-stasy, I demonstrate how Salzmann’s text develops an innovative politics and poetics of non-belonging, which connects their writing with a broader “postmigrant” trajectory. Apart from helping us question facile conceptions of belonging, Salzmann’s work thus also enables us to shift our current understanding of the cultural location of German-Jewish writing. Tweetable Abstract: This paper examines minority and ec-stasy in Salzmann’s debut novel 'Außer Sich', staking out these concepts’ innovative politics and poetics of non-belonging.

This article explores the relationship between minor, mainstream and situational positionality in the work of Eva Menasse. Menasse can be categorized as a second-generation Jewish writer, an Austrian writer and a woman writer, and this theme of multiple affiliations or situational positionality lies at the heart of her novels and short stories. The paper will focus on her short story collection 'Tiere für Fortgeschrittene' (2017) to explore the way in which her writing challenges received narratives to move beyond binary and linear concepts of ‘Austrian’ and ‘Jewish’ identity, and indeed of the ‘minor’, towards a more multi-facetted and mobile concept of situational positionality. Tweetable Abstract: Anita Bunyan explores the relationship between minor, mainstream and the more multifaceted and mobile concept of situational ‘Austrian’ and ‘Jewish’ positionality in Eva Menasse’s 'Tiere fuer Fortgeschrittene'.

The sculptor Pedro Duque Cornejo (1678-1757) was one of the most prolific and versatile artists of the Sevillian baroque, although so far his role as a draftsman has been rarely considered because of the few drawings identified. The discovery of a large group in the so called "Jaffe album" contributes to filling this gap and reconsidering the role of drawing in the creative process of the sculptor. In this paper, it is the first time that thirty-nine drawings from this album preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art are catalogued and studied as a whole.

Abstract: This paper discloses a painting signed by Antonio Hidalgo, an artist from the Seville School who was active between 1664 and 1689. It is a depiction of The Last Communion of Saint Ferdinand of Castile, a painting made in 1683 and preserved at the Old Cathedral of Cadiz. Key words: Antonio Hidalgo; Seville School of painting; Last Communion of Saint Ferdinand of Castile; Old Cathedral of Cadiz.