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The article briefly outlines the history of the handmade paper production, from its invention in China in 105 CE, its expansion through the Arab world and its arrival in Europe, to the end of the 18th century when paper began to be manufactured by machines. The history of the handmade paper is a long and interesting one, since its first invention as a replacement for parchment which was a prevalent writing surface material until invention of the first machines for grinding the paper pulp. The paper technology’s voyage through Asian countries via Arab countries to Europe had lasted 11 centuries and had gone through various technological changes. Some of those have been kept until today as part of the paper manufacturing tradition. After paper arrived in Europe the technology and raw material had been adjusted to local circumstances: linen rags began to be used as raw material, with gelatine as an addition. The technologies became more advanced, paper mills expanded and the demand for paper increased as the result of the invention of the printing press and rising book production. The paper also outlines the historical development of watermarks, from the oldest surviving simple ones from Cremona, Italy to the more complex ones that gradually appeared as the result of the technological advancement. Paper watermark collectors and their collecting passion are responsible for the development of the new auxiliary historical science i.e. filigranology. Today entire digital platforms across Europe are dedicated to this part of paper history, registering their appearance that can help in dating the paper and sometimes even documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives an overview and outlines the basic characteristics of the correspondence of the renowned Croatian writer Miroslav Krleža (1893-1981) and his wife, the theatrical actress Bela (1896-1981), which are kept in the personal and family papers and archival collections of the Croatian State Archives. This batch of their correspondence has not been researched and only several letters of M. Krleža had been published in the 1988 book of his letters. Besides basic information about the quantity and timeframe of the correspondence, the emphasis is put on their contents, the latter often including Krleža’s views on various topics and individuals, while at the same time providing insight into his and Bela’s relationships with its recipients, as well as preoccupations that were on their mind at the time. The contents of letters and postcards are described or, in cases of greater value, quoted and additionally supplemented by the facts available from the archival material of the fonds/collections in question, and information from published sources that deal with M. and B. Krleža. Often the information revealed in the letters that only have a date enable after closer scrutiny to establish the year when they were written. The correspondence of the Krleža spouses is currently kept in 9 personal and 2 family papers, as well as 1 collection, namely: HR-HDA-772. Tarnik Family Papers, HR-HDA-781. Vojnović Family Papers, HR-HDA-803. Jurišić Blaž, HR-HDA-1014. Cesarec August, HRHDA-1043. Karaman Igor, HR-HDA-1057. Mandić Ante, HR-HDA-1059. Matasović Josip, HR-HDA-1769. Radica Bogdan, HR-HDA-1779. Stulli Bernard, HR-HDA-1791. Trnina Milka, HR-HDA-1801. Collection of Various Individuals, HR-HDA-2044. Begović Milan and HR-HDA-2076. Matković Marijan. The largest quantity is kept in the latter i.e. the total of 40 correspondence units. Marijan Matković was a prolific playwright, manager of the Croatian National Theatre during the period when B. Krleža was already an established actress in its drama section, and the editor-in-chief of the Forum literary journal which M. Krleža initiated and whose frequent collaborator he was. M. Krleža’s letters to Matković cover various subjects, from attempts to secure Bela’s leave from the theatre during his duties in Paris in 1950, his endeavours to use his social influence in order for certain works of other authors to be published, to Krleža’s involvement with various details regarding the publishing of Forum and at one point his displeasure with the direction the journal was taking. On the other hand, Bela’s letters to Matković, often more facetious and charming in tone, testify not only of the long-time friendship between the two families and her affection for the recipient, but also give hints of her privileged status in the Croatian National Theatre due to her husband’s importance and reputation in the socialist Yugoslavia. Whereas in the letters sent to Aleksandar Keško, a cultural worker from Sarajevo, among other things Krleža answers his questions on various topics and at times writes passages common to his novels or essays, his correspondence with the prominent Croatian publicist and émigré Bogdan Radica shows how their personal relationship changed over the years due to insurmountable political differences. A topic pertaining to the Croatian dissident poet Zlatko Tomičić, raised in Radica’s letter intended for Krleža, demonstrates that during his old age Krleža, in conversations published by his long-time associate Enes Čengić, was either prone to fabrications or absent-mindedness. Krleža’s letters from 1931 to Blaž Jurišić, a linguist and a journal editor, show him at the very peak of his literary activity in what was to be his most productive decade. The letters written to Krleža by Ante Mandić, a politician and a solicitor, just like Krleža’s letter to Juraj Tarnik, a chemist from Osijek, affirm Krleža as a person of influence in Tito’s Yugoslavia, whose connections and status were perceived to enable rectifying certain problems, such as employment in the Lexicographical Institute he headed or the issue of subtenants. Of the two letters written by Bela Krleža to the esteemed Croatian writer Milan Begović in 1926, the cryptic identity of a person called ‘The Countess’ in the second letter can be identified with considerable certainty through cast names on theatrical posters of Begović’s plays. The correspondence in the remaining fonds is of a lesser value and is therefore described to a lesser degree. It can be concluded that the correspondence of Miroslav and Bela Krleža in the mentioned fonds and collections of the Croatian State Archives supplements the so far uncomplete research of this particular field. New acquisitions of personal/family papers will undoubtedly augment the total quantity of their letters kept in the central Croatian archival institution and thusly enable further and more complete research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines the manner in which the correspondence within personal papers can be arranged, based on the example of the personal papers of Vinko Pulišić, archbishop of Zadar and metropolitan of Dalmatia. The procedure of formation of this particular whole (i.e. correspondence) of the archival fonds and its arrangement had been done by taking into account the obligatory archival norms and by considering guidelines that had so far been published in literature dealing with the subject. At the same time, contemporary recommendations for arranging were mostly used, and, to a certain extent, adjusted to needs arising from the content of the archives. When it comes to arranging and describing personal papers, including correspondence as its component, besides general regulations and instructions that had to be taken into account, the important part in producing an inventory also depends on the personal judgement of the archivist. Hence, general archival principles pertaining to arranging do not exclude certain variations, but their implementation in some cases can contribute to a more complete and clear presentation of the archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Izvještaj o izdavačkoj djelatnosti HDKI-ja" provides an overview of the publishing activities of the HDKI journal from January 1 to December 31, 2023. During this period, 12 issues of the journal were published, containing a total of 60 categorized papers. The report also includes information on the number of submissions, accepted and rejected papers, and the international representation of authors. Additionally, it mentions the journal's application for inclusion in the Scopus database. The document provides graphs illustrating the number of published papers and the impact factor of the journal over the years. It concludes with a discussion of the editorial board's activities and plans for the future. [Extracted from the article]

The paper deals with the research of the values that define, but also arise from the role that women have in Daoism. It seeks to indicate the non-linear historical movement of women’s positions in this tradition. This paper aims to describe social roles through the identification of values in myths and other descriptions of goddesses, immortals, shamans, nuns and other women in Daoism. When it comes to religious women, for practical reasons, the work pays the most attention to women who lived in Daoist temples. The work relies on the Daoist concepts of yin and yang, which represent the female and male principles, but also the opposing forces that move the universe and enable its existence. The role of women in Daoism is based on the glorification of yin, which has been present from the very beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the aim is to present the relationship between language and identity. The connection between language and identity is multifaceted and ambiguous. Language in many ways determines the very assumption of individual or group identification, as the articulation, determination, and definition of identity are realized within linguistic construction. In this regard, the paper emphasizes the role of language in constituting the framework within which an individual is determined as part of something broader, which is externally defined in a certain way, or where the determination is mediated through difference from others. The highlighted role of language in community development is simultaneously recognized as a fundamental element in the development of individual consciousness. Although language and identity, in a certain sense, are interrelated concepts, language is assumed as the framework within which identification takes place and is realized. In the early stages of language development, the social dimension is crucial, but with the evolution of language, which enables further intellectual evolution of humanity, the continued development of human society is conditioned. By focusing on the relationship between consciousness and language, the aim is to shed light on the field of human identification, indirectly implying the presence of a social dimension within every act of subjective determination. The relationship between language and subjectivity is presented in a dialectical manner to better illustrate the complexity and content of the language and identity relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students can get a grade through an oral or written knowledge test. In oral knowledge testing, some point out a number of advantages, while others point out a number of disadvantages, such as unequal treatment of students and the presence of subjective observation. The paper deals in detail with the oral examination of knowledge and its advantages and disadvantages. Bloom's taxonomy is presented, which teachers learned in college and which helps to focus work with female students on higher rather than lower order questions. An example of written feedback, which the teacher gives to the students, is given. The paper also provides an example of a proposal for oral assessment in physics classes, which will help teachers who do not teach physics to come up with their own examples. In this article, a survey was conducted among the students of the High School in Živinice, about what they think about oral and written tests and knowledge tests. The survey clearly shows how students view the fairness of assessment, find flaws in written and oral knowledge testing, and also strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the discovery of glass-ceramics. On this occasion, a review paper presenting this material and its progress from discovery to the present day is given. This paper explains what glass-ceramics are and points out the growth of interest in such materials and their commercial success. The process of preparing glass-ceramics is described, while special attention is paid to the role of nucleating agents, and the process of nucleation and growth. Factors that decisively affect the properties of glass-ceramics, such as the crystalline phase, its proportion, the composition of the remaining glass phase, and the microstructure, are listed. Owing to the influence of the mentioned factors, it is possible to prepare different types of glass-ceramics with various crystal phases and morphologies, and consequently different properties suitable for various purposes. The most important systems and types of glass-ceramics are presented, their properties and uses are described and explained. The names of the most important brands of commercial glass-ceramics are also mentioned. In the conclusion, a view of the perspective of this material, glass-ceramic types, and areas of application in which the progress is most certain are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, one of the key socio-political topics in Montenegro is the status of the Serbian Orthodox Church and the attitude of political actors towards it. The event that can be considered the most significant to put this topic in the spotlight of social and political life is the decision of the Parliament of Montenegro to adopt the Law on Freedom of Religion in December 2019, which stipulated that the state of Montenegro becomes the owner of all religious buildings that were built before December 1918. That decision caused several months of litigation. As a consequence of all those events, this Law and other religious issues and rights are becoming a key topic of the election campaign ahead of the parliamentary elections in August 2020. At the same time, the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, Amfilohije Radović, publicly supported the list “For the Future of Montenegro” and influenced that the holder of that list Zdravko Krivokapić will be a non-partisan person. After those elections, the first government in the history of Montenegro that was not part of the DPS was formed after almost 30 years. It is clear that the Serbian Orthodox Church had a significant role in that process. What was the attitude of the presidential candidates towards religion and religious issues before the 2023 election and what was the tonality of the candidates when they spoke about these topics, this paper will examine. The analysis will include two presidential debates shown on Radio and Television of Montenegro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the meaning of adult giftedness in nonformal education. Although the concept of giftedness is historically related to adulthood, then (Põlda, 2018) as nowadays public communication mostly talks about the gifts of children, whilst adults with their abilities, skills, and giftedness have been left in the background (Brown et al., 2020; van de Ven, 2022). The reason for the lack of discussion of a lifespan approach to giftedness is that existing models fail to understand adult giftedness primarily because (a) they do not take into account the social roles of adults; (b) they focus excessively on achievement and comparison with peers; and (c) they rely on external definitions, ignoring the individual's internal motivation (van Thiel et al., 2019). The aim of this paper is to clarify the term's content and describe how the development of adult giftedness is supported in non-formal education. The research questions fulfilling the purpose were: (1) How do non-formal education practitioners construct the meaning of adult giftedness, and (2) What opportunities do practitioners see in their work to support the development of adult giftedness and abilities? Rooted views present giftedness as a high level of people's mental abilities (high IQ) and also describe giftedness as different types of intelligence divided into cognitive modules based on sociocultural context (Theory of Multiple Intelligences) or as a system made up of different components (Kaufman & Sternberg, 2008). In order to fulfil these criteria, it is necessary to expand the understanding of giftedness as a phenomenon specific to children and formulate the meaning of giftedness over the lifespan, including defining the concept of adult giftedness (Brown et al., 2020). In order to comprehend the meaning of adult giftedness, it is necessary to consider an adult's experiences, including gifted adults' experiences, in various contexts and stages of life (Brown & Peterson, 2022). It is claimed that supporting the development of an adult's giftedness strengthens and empowers the individual in daily work, improves people's mental and physical well-being, and improves relationships in the organisation (Nauta & Ronner, 2013). Thus, the need to conceptualise the development of giftedness over the entire lifespan is a key issue in the concept of lifelong learning. Non-formal education is one of the most suitable types of education, as it creates a supportive environment for individual development and considers people's individual development needs (Põlda et al., 2021a). Research shows that in non-formal education, the development of general competencies takes place continuously and essentially in every field and across the lifespan, including in adult education, and that through the development of general competencies, we also support the development of gifts and abilities (Põlda et al., 2021b). The requirements of this study called for a qualitative approach to be used for both data collection and analysis. The research material consisted of a secondary dataset of 17 focus group interviews with non-formal education practitioners (n = 64), who represented the fields of adult education, youth work, culture, well-being, economy, and environmental education. The research was based on interview material in which non-formal education practitioners describe their daily work in supporting learning. Representatives of these fields deal with issues of personnel development and career development support, including specialists, consultants, and adult trainers, as well as organisers and facilitators of interest in education and activities and youth work. We used qualitativedirected content analysis by Saldaña (2012) and grouped the marked codes by research questions based on common features. As a result of the answers to both research questions, a total of six main categories emerged: content of the term, personal characteristics, development, environment, practitioners' role, and responsibility. The findings revealed that practitioners of non-formal education describe their work by creating linguistic connections with the concept of adult giftedness and using three important constructions. The concept of giftedness is associated with the phenomenon's direct or indirect signifiers (gift, skills, abilities); with the personal characteristics of the bearer of the gifts (internal motivation, self-directedness, analytical ability); and with the developmental aspects of the giftedness, which can happen by itself but rather takes place with support and awareness. The prerequisites and unique features of adult giftedness are autonomy, professionalisation at work, being aware of one's giftedness or potential, taking responsibility for the development, and realising that it is possible across the lifespan. It must be understood that the recognition of gifts requires the individual's willingness to work hard in competition or for the sake of success and the willingness to stand out, requiring special attention and support from the surrounding environment. Our results show that in supporting the development of adult giftedness, the non-formal education environment is an enabler of good opportunities and interest-based activities, assuming that the created environment takes into account the changing world, is flexible, and enables a person-centred approach. In supporting the development of adult giftedness, both the role of the practitioner of non-formal education and the importance of the environment are highlighted. The study revealed the need for flexibility in the environment and the importance of transferable skills for individuals in the context of adult giftedness. According to the study, finding opportunities and resources for the development of one's giftedness and its transfer, as well as for coping with changes in society, is primarily the individual's own responsibility. Theorists refer to "adult giftedness" as the individual's struggle with isolation and social disapproval (Jacobsen, 2000). The study also confirmed the understanding that giftedness in adulthood is related to differentiation and competition, e.g., in a professional career and elsewhere. Giftedness is related to adult social roles, and non-formal education supports a person in the struggle between these roles. The study showed that non-formal education is a non-judgmental environment that an adult enters voluntarily, and it offers different options in various fields. This is where the main activities of supporting giftedness in non-formal education can be highlighted as important, which we venture to recommend based on the study. The results of the research allow adult educators (e.g., lecturers at universities and vocational schools) to understand the meaning of adult giftedness and to see opportunities to support the development of the gifts of their adult learners by offering specific activities and solutions. Both practitioners working in non-formal education as well as creators and developers of non-formal education opportunities, could benefit from the research results. The more clearly the importance of adult giftedness and the opportunities to support it are highlighted, the broader the benefits will be for the whole society. Its recognition is a priority in education codes and strategies of different countries (UNESCO, 2016). Glück and Tischler (2021) argue that 'Perhaps we should move from "giftedness" to "giftingness" from individualistic competition to collaboration. 'This is the idea we should follow. Based on the processed theoretical material for this research and the analysis of the practitioners' interviews, we are able to offer recommendations for supporting adult giftedness in non-formal education. A safe and supportive learning environment can be created through flexibility, freedom of choice and equal opportunities. From the lifespan perspective, the development of giftedness is the learner's responsibility. The practitioners' role is to consider the demands of a changing world and to support giftedness by noticing it and using a person-centred approach. When identifying giftedness, we should use the vocabulary referring directly to the phenomenon. It is important to consider all social roles of an adult and to support transversal skills and career competencies. Considering the above discussed, it can be summarised that the meaning of adult giftedness includes individual awareness, responsibility for developing one's gifts, safe and supported environment, professionalisation, and consideration of adult's social roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open access to research data is an important part of the concept of open science. The aim of this article was to identify Croatian authors/institutions that have recognized the importance of sharing research data, and that have given them access via one of the data repositories covered by Data Citation Index. A total of 265 documents were found in the database. Data papers by Croatian authors available on the Web of Science Core Collection platform were also analysed. Twenty-nine of them were found, mostly of multidisciplinary orientation. The authors of the largest number of data documents are affiliated to the University of Zagreb. Croatian researchers are archiving data in international repositories, because the infrastructure for their archiving at the national level has only recently been developed, and is just beginning to be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is based on two important social phenomena: namely, it first includes a feminist perspective of understanding the history of patriarchy, capitalism, patriarchal culture and women's health. In the second, the paper positions the feminist analysis of the experience of women in their everyday life. Namely, two focus groups were conducted in Stolac and Jablanica in June 2023 as part of the initiative Improving the position of women in Herzegovina. Thus, through a historical review of male-female relations and their positioning in society, and through the understanding of psychoanalytical practicies, as well as through the discussion of women's health as a consequence of capitalist society and culture, very clear, empirical data about the experience of Bosnian women can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, we sociologically thematize the phenomena of cultural contact, contact areas and (trans)cultural identity through the prism of metatheoretical positions of social sciences that problematize them in different ways. The frame of reference is a sociological analysis of interrelationships, interconnections as well as conditioning of acculturation, transacculturation and (trans)cultural identity, and their temporal reflection in sociocultural reality. As a kind of social complex, the mentioned cultural triptych has a discursive interpretation tradition which, to some extent, is opposed by posterior interpretations whose starting points are found in modern scientific discourses. Therefore, primarily due to the transparency of the scientific text, we have included in the sublogical framework a theoretical analysis of the main components of the concept from which the indicated processes derive, namely culture. Namely, social synchronicity and potential, and the dialectic unity of these components are the priority goal of acculturation and transacculturation, and later the means by which these processes are realized in a certain sociocultural space, forming new identities. Through the application of the static-dynamic backbone of culture, we had to touch on mega-processes such as modernization, globalization, postmodernization in the sense of the colloquial and linguistic extinction of some of them, and the direction of science towards "theoretical neologism" and "scientific intermezzo" that describe the current state society in totality, and which finds its origins in history, that is, in already existing thought concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, theoretical propositions about children with intellectual disabilities are presented, in order to define and clarify the four levels of intellectual disabilities, as well as their specificities and differences. Emphasis is also placed on the etiology and prevalence of intellectual disabilities, and the characteristics of children with intellectual disabilities. According to DSM-V, intellectual disability is a chronic condition characterized by deficits in general intellectual abilities such as planning, abstract thinking, learning based on experience, reasoning, and problem solving, impairments in intellectual functioning and difficulties in adaptive functioning that are present during the developmental period. In our areas, children with mild intellectual disabilities are generally not identified before starting school, and even later. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no single register on the number of people with intellectual disabilities, so it is not possible to reliably know the number of people in relation to the type and level of disability. The characteristics of children with intellectual disabilities relate to the level of their intellectual impairment, and are related to their intelligence quotient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To make Bosnia and Herzegovina a desirable destination even more attractive for tourists, it is necessary to take concrete actions that primarily include destination management and such organizations. In all of this, information and communication technology plays a special role. This paper deals precisely with the association between information and communication technology and destination management organizations, and which obstacles can be. Such a conceptual model, such as this research model, has not yet been used. When trying to understand the obstacles of destination management organizations to use information and communication technology, this research can become interesting for destination management organizations and their managers. And not just for them, but for other stakeholders, for example, marketing and sales partners, experts involved, politics, services providers, etc. The sample of this study was 200 randomly selected staff of travel boards in Bosnia and Herzegovina over 3 months. Given that in this research the focus is only on tourist boards as representatives of such organizations, this may be a limitation, but also a recommendation to include other destination management organizations in future research. Both of the hypotheses in this research have been confirmed, H1 - there are differences in multimedia and attitudes towards information and communication technology that affect external destination marketing and internal development role in destination management organization, and H2- There is a correlation between the state and obstacles of information and communication technology and destination management organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents data on the findings of the viper, Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily based on data from the author's notebooks and summarized data by D. Jelić and associates (Jelić et al., 2013a). The authors wanted to show that the observed, generally known, and almost everywhere present species in the mentioned canton, were recorded only on well-known routes, that is, that we do not even have a satisfactory number of sightings for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiculturalism is a term that signifies the existence of several cultures in a certain area, and the paper points out the reason why it is essential and significant to nurture multiculturalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main goal in such communities is to get to know and accept other cultures while simultaneously nurturing one's own culture. Learning about other cultures can also be done through discussions about science. Since the internet is rich in literature and diverse content, which is offered in different languages, there is a greater possibility of using materials written in several languages, and these can be languages spoken within a multicultural community. In addition, it is easier to emphasize the multiple terminologies that often appear in school curricula in BiH. Online teaching can greatly contribute to the better development of each individual's sense of understanding and acceptance. Differences between us are our reality, but they are by no means the thing that separates us, the inability to recognize and accept these differences is the thing that separates us and we should not look at these differences as obstacles but as an opportunity and wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a two-years study on the diversity of mushroos from the Igman Mountain, two populations of Hooded False Morel were founded. Hooded False Morel is one of the mushrooms found on the "FBiH Red list of Mushrooms" with the status of DD-insuficient number of data. The aim of the paper is to contribute to better knowledge of the distribution and ecological conditions under which this mushroom bears fruit. Most often, Hooded False Morel grows during the autumn and in coniferous or mixed forests, oftenly beech, spruce and fir forests. Phytocoenological images of the associations with populations of the Hooded False Morel, and according to the BraunBlanquet method, were done with all relevant data for the association. These are: phytocoenological affiliation, floral element, life form and indicator values. A total of 28 species from 20 families were recorded. The most numerous families are: Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae. In the researched vegetations, primary species prevail. The most dominant are representatives of the Fagetalia order, and of the life forms, hemicryptophytae are most notes ones. The most numerous group of the floral element is subatlanic submediterranean while the categories opralp and subatlsmed have the largest number of the individual floral elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the methods and potential applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology. It also presents the preliminary results of scanning the Bijambare cave, where a georeferenced three-dimensional model of the cave's interior was created. This model, based on available data, stands as the first accurate 3D representation of a speleological object in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section of the paper provides a brief overview of the Bijambare cave area and the laser scanning technology employed, highlighting its advantages over other geodetic measurement techniques. Subsequently, the text delves into the stages of the measurement processing, followed by an examination of the various products generated. The practical significance of these products is illustrated using the example of the Bijambare cave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we deal with new technological solutions that can provide public administration to offer self-service or offer certain services to service users. Here we will also provide basic information about software agents that can offer a specific service to a specific user from a unique public administration data warehouse when he needs it. In order to provide self-service and offer services, the public administration must implement a single data warehouse of governments, administrations, administrative organizations, and local self-government units (municipalities and cities) in one place. Part of what is still necessary for the public administration to provide self-service or offer services, and what the service user will be given in this work. The paper will also present part of the results of research carried out in some countries on the readiness of service users for the selfservice process and on the acceptance of the offered services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to numerous authors who dealt with this topic, such as Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendt and Giorgio Agamben, the authors in this paper want to show the observations of the Italian philosopher Antonio Negri, as well as the American political philosopher Michael Hart, who also dealt with and made a significant contribution to the understanding of this topic. Although in the paper we will refer to the above-mentioned authors, as representative representatives when it comes to the understanding of biopolitics, biopower, as well as the production of political biomass, the focus of our work will remain related to these two authors, whom we believe have even left a step further when it comes to the understanding of being as a burning issue of our everyday life in the so-called new reality. These two philosophers offered us a review of this topic in their capital work Empire, so our presentation will be primarily focused on the analysis of this work of theirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the Hans Mol’s sociology of religion, which is also known as the “identity theory of religion”. The aim of the paper is to show Hans Mol’s contributions based on the analysis and critical assumptions of the identity theory of religion. In order to shed light on contemporary social constellations that necessarily imply the presence of religion in the “public sphere”, the paper proves the plausibility and scientific usability of the identity theory of religion in the analysis of religion and its connection with identity, politics and culture. In accordance with the saying, the paper shows that the sociology of religion by Hans Mol in toto should be observed and understood in its own interpretative range. In this sense, identity theory of religion does not represent just one innovative platform for understanding religion as “sacralization of identity”; it must be understood in the context of its methodological and paradigmatic significance for the sociology of religion as a whole. For this reason, the paper highlights the theoretical coordinates of Hans Mol’s sociology of religion, which is found at the intersection of sociological, anthropological and secularization theories of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will consider Brandoms fundamental components of his undestanding of interesting concept of expresive rationality. I think it’s necessary, in orded to gain logical distinction of this concept, to analise and postulate basic meanings and parts of Brandoms philosophy. In this paper, we will interpret and explain the fundamental tenets of Robert Brandom’s intriguing concept of expressive rationality. Brandom, in his research on linguistic practices and their implications, approaches the topic from the perspective of inferentialism, a specific approach to the theory of meaning. Inferentialism is based on determining the meaning of expressions through their correspondence with other expressions. Brandom’s philosophy can be described using various terms, including the philosophy of inferentialism, the philosophy of intentionality, and logical expressivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will analyze geopolitical factors and systemic contradictions that contribute to the creation of imperialist practices. I will explain the concept of imperialism and the interweaving, as noted by David Harvey, of territorial logics and the molecular processes of capital, which points to the continued key role of the nation- state in the reproduction of the capitalist system. I will explain the multiple importance of imperialism, which is simultaneously a means of profitable realization, subjugation, systemic reparation, etc. Such a position requires re-examination of the role of the national state, its transformation and power relations within it, which opposes the views of its insignificance in the age of globalism. I will point out two conditions that generate the impotence of autonomous politics and its de-substantialization: the sub-political power of global capital, which is transformed into political influence through various mechanisms; the limitation and transcen-dence of the understanding of politics within the “methodological nationalism” that exists with the insistence on globalization. Finally, the paper touches on the responsibility and limitations of left-wing policies and their capitulation to the forces of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to consider the potential influence that Feuerbach had on Freud, primarily considering the similarity of their views on religion. The possibility of interpreting Freud’s hypotheses about the genesis and function of religion as a psychoanalytic elaboration of Feuerbach’s anthropological reconstruction of religion is pointed out. It turns out that it is not unfounded to claim that the basis of the criticism of religion by both thinkers is the same ultimate goal - not atheism as a mere denial of the existence of God, but a call for the return of man to himself and all his potential. What is less obvious when it comes to Feuerbach’s influence on Freud, and what is pointed out in this paper, is the possibility that some of Freud’s basic psychoanalytic concepts were also inspired by Feuerbach’s philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the relations between the process of media convergence and efforts of communities to control corrupt practices. Relying on the conceptual framework of cultural convergence, the socio-cultural specificities that condition, increase or decrease the probability of the influence of the convergence process on the fight against corruption are examined, especially in terms of the development of new opportunities, means and practices. The paper summarizes the results of case studies with the aim of reviewing the similarities and differences of this dynamic in different cultural milieus. A special part of the paper refers to the review of shortcomings and potentially good anti-corruption practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina that have been made possible, strengthened or encouraged by the processes of media convergence, respecting the specificities of Bosnia and Herzegovina's historical and cultural context and state structure. The results of the case study analysis in the world and in Bosnia and Herzegovina point to several sub-segments of media convergence important for the fight against corruption: conceptual, hybrid, substantive, social-structural and convergence of media tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many authors define the media as a means of information, they have long since become a means of influencing and manipulating public opinion. Although they contain many positive elements, technological progress and the convergence of media have brought the possibility of fast and efficient spread of fake news and propaganda. Such influence of the media, unfortunately, is most often visible when reporting on crisis situations, wars, "reality" programs, black chronicles, or when reporting on negative social phenomena. Through manipulative, unverified, inaccurate reporting, except for the fact that they try to achieve greater viewership or readership, they create a negative impression of many events, which affects the behavior and awareness of the public. Wars are crisis situations and phenomena that leave negative effects on the population. This is also the case with the current war taking place on the territory of Ukraine. This paper will present the way of reporting on the Russian invasion of Ukraine through the examples of the Bosnian portals, as well as the research of international organizations on this topic. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of objective and accurate information to the public in crisis situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpositional phrases, where the postpositions için (for, because of, due to) or dolayı (because of) function as postpositional correlatives, are syntactic constructions that can express causation. In such causative adverbial phrases, the function of the lexical core is taken by a noun phrase which is formed during the process of nominalization by transforming the initial clauses with finite predicates, where the function of the correlative is marked by verbal nouns ending in -DIk / -(y)AcAk. The objective of this paper is to analyze grammatical and semantic structures of postpositional phrases expressing causation in modern Turkish language. The paper also discusses semantically similar constructions in Bosnian language. Such analysis tends to identify syntactic constructions expressing causation in Turkish and Bosnian language that are genetically and typologically different languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the institute of treasure trove throughout history by analyzing solutions from Roman law and throughout the presentation in legal texts in European and Anglo-American legal cultures. After the introduction, first part of this paper contains explanation of institute of treasure trove within the solution of Roman law. In addition, this paper presents the institute of treasure trove in legal texts in France, Netherlands and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Second part of this paper contains historical review and explanation of acts in Anglo-American legal cultures, in particular in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America and Canada. The dogmatic-normative method in the analysis of solutions and legal texts, the historical method in the presentation of the institute throughout history and the comparative method in the comparison of laws in relation to a different legal system were used in writing this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the implementation in practice of the most common form of status change – acquisition of a company. Legislation regulates several forms of status changes, as follows: merger, acquisition, division, change of form and termination of company. The paper covers status changes according to domestic law and since the central topic of this paper is the status change – acquisition of a company, it is covered further in the paper with emphasis on acquisition of a limited liability company by another limited liability company or joint stock company according to positive legal regulations. Finally, a brief overview of the procedure of registration of the acquisition in the court register is provided. The methods used in writing the paper are: dogmatic-normative method and comparative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper authors explore the main principles and regulations of airline transportation. This matter is of great importance in contemporary age. In fact, the focus of authors’ interest is the air passenger and his rights. Since air transport has developed excessively in the last century, it was necessary to establish a system of law in this branch. After introducing the reader in the matters of obligation law and torts, authors look upon matters of air transportation in general. This article particularly focuses on analysing rights of passengers according to Warsaw and Montreal conventions. Authors use historical – legal method reagarding this questions. After taking note on historical development, authors analyse contemporary law. By using comparative legal method, authors primarily explore statutory regulations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia. Focal point of this enquiry is Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Law on obligation relations in civil air transport. Hereafter, topic of this paper is also analysis of air passenger rights in airline legislation of European Union. Authors especially look into rights of passengers in case of being denied of boarding to plane, late flights and flight cancellation. In addition, everything is confirmed with relevant practice of the European Court of Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Admissibility of illegally obtained evidence is one of the most complex issues in criminal proceedings. European continental legal system countries have adopted various legal solutions regarding the methods of assessing and excluding illegal evidence from criminal proceedings. The European Court of Human Rights does not have jurisdiction to decide on the admissibility of evidence in national criminal proceedings. Instead, based on a “holistic approach,” the European Court of Human Rights decides whether the national criminal proceedings as a whole were fair, taking into account the manner of obtaining and assessing the evidence. This paper explores and analyzes the key positions of the court in cases concerning the use of illegally obtained evidence in national criminal proceedings. The key positions of the European Court of Human Rights should serve as guidelines in the application of national law in Council of Europe member states. The paper can serve as a useful tool in further research on the compatibility of the application of domestic law with the standards of the European Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 35, paragraph 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) of 1950 provides that an individual application to the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) may be submitted by individuals, non-governmental organizations, or groups of individuals against Convention member states. In order for such an application to be accepted, certain conditions must be fulfilled, including the condition of exhaustion of domestic remedies in the country being sued. Depending on the country in question, this will often mean that there must be a final judgment of the Supreme or Constitutional Court on the issue to which the application relates. In its practice, the Court has established certain rules in deciding on this condition, and it is considered that this issue should be approached with a certain flexibility and that it is not an automatic or absolute rule. For example, the Court has determined that this condition may be fulfilled even after the application is submitted to the Court, but before a decision is made on the admissibility of the case for decision before the Court, or that there may be certain special circumstances when this condition does not have to be fulfilled. This paper will analyze the Court’s case law regarding the issue of exhaustion of domestic remedies, and how this issue is regulated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e., what procedure is provided for by domestic legislation to satisfy this condition. Given the specific constitutional arrangement of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the organization of courts, this paper will analyze the procedure for fulfilling the condition of exhaustion of domestic remedies, and it will be analyzed in relation to the Baralija v. Bosnia and Herzegovina case, which represents an exception to the rule, since the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not decide on this case before the application to the Court was made, and the Court accepted and decided on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to explain DevOps automation and, through a practical example, demonstrate the usage and advantages of employing new technologies. The term DevOps has recently become a buzzword and, as such, has become poorly defined, susceptible to misinterpretation, and misunderstood in its true meaning. The following definition focuses more on the objective than the precise meaning. DevOps is a set of practices aimed at reducing the time between a change that occurs in the system and the manifestation of that change in production without compromising on the quality and security of the system. DevOps integrates two worlds, development and operations, using technologies to automate the development, implementation, and monitoring of infrastructure. It represents a significant shift within an organization that brings together two seemingly different worlds into one, working collaboratively to continuously deliver a quality system in the shortest possible timeframe, eliminating communication problems between teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized crime refers to activities that have many characteristics of regular business, but are in fact illegal. It usually includes illegal gambling, prostitution, wholesale theft, racketeering and other illegal activities. Opposing organized crime, simply speaking, is the struggle of state - governmental institutions, i.e., the legal - official legal system that respects regulations - positive laws and interstate agreements against highly organized persons and groups of the illegal system who, without any reservations or scruples, strive as soon as possible, secretly and not choosing the means to achieve the goal - the planned material profit. In the theoretical part of the research of this scientific paper, with the application of the methods of content analysis, comparative methods, analysis and deduction, the field of criminal operations was dealt with, the concept and forms of combating organized crime were defined, and an analysis of the court verdicts for 2020, 2021 and 2022 by criminal cases that had characteristics of organized crime, after which a conclusion was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history of the development of criminalistic thought, numerous individuals have left an indelible mark in shaping this discipline. In the Balkan region, one distinguished and reputable name that stands out as synonymous with exceptional contributions to criminalistics is Professor Dr. Nedzad Korajlic. His contribution to science stems not only from his professional expertise but also from his dedication to studying criminalistics from a multidisciplinary perspective. Through his works, Korajlic has built a bridge between theory and practice, enabling new generations of criminalists to utilize his methods and insights for a better understanding and treatment of criminality. In this paper, we will analyze the key contributions of Professor Korajlić to the scientific field of criminalistics, exploring how his ideas have shaped and advanced this crucial branch of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the development of the Orthodox Church institutions in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina during the de-Ottomanization process of Southeastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. I focus on the Muslim population's responses, primarily by institutions and intellectuals, to events that followed the autonomy of the Belgrade Metropolitanate gained in 1831. The Orthodoxy's increasing influence and the declining influence of Islam on social trends and the formation of political ideas and approaches are also detected. The 'Eastern question' still has significant protagonists in the Balkans, so these relations have their geopolitical implications. Given the holistic approach, attention is paid to this relationship in the wider Balkan and even global context due to clear links in social movements during the de-Ottomanization of the Balkans, beyond Bosniak-Serb relations. The analysis also includes the consequences of certain religious and popular teachings within these universal missions on the ideological and cultural conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the analysis of the main devices of lexical cohesion used in Arabic political discourse. We carry out the analysis applying Halliday and Hasan's theoretical framework of cohesion. The data of the analysis consists of the inaugural speeches of two presidents of Egypt, Morsi and el-Sisi. The main goal of the research is to determine the types and function of lexical cohesion, to mark cohesive mechanisms in political speeches, and to confirm the hypothesis that the type of text and its function can indicate the extent to which certain types of cohesive ties will be used. The results of the study reveal that inaugural speech appears as a persuasive discourse and an argumentative space of dominant use of repetition, to a lesser extent synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, antonymy and collocation, with the goals of highlighting topical issues of national relevance and promoting a certain ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the postmodern, postsecular world in which religion is reemerging as an important socio-political factor, accusations of blasphemy make a very public reappearance as a weapon in the symbolic struggles of identity-based groups. This paper will therefore strive to offer a general theoretical-historical introduction into the issue of accusations of sacrilege, blasphemy, or desecration. A definition of the terms will be followed by a historical overview of approaches to blasphemy in traditional Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, after which the development of the issue in the postsecular world will be briefly reviewed. This will be followed by an assessment of the functions that blasphemy accusations can fulfill in a society, and especially how their study can be approached in the context of 21st century Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating the arts into education can have various forms, from simple illustrations to enliven an academic subject to more complex forms where the arts are the medium through which learning of the subject and support for learning skills take place (Andrews, 2016; Peppler et al., 2014; Bae, 2013; Eisner, 2002). Sketchnotes can be regarded as a component of integrative learning. Mark Rohde, who is considered to be the pioneer of sketchnoting, explains that they are rich visual notes combining handwritten text, drawings, hand-drawn typography, shapes and visual elements such as arrows, boxes and lines (Rohde, 2013). The use of sketchnotes has been observed to have significant benefits, primarily for storing and recalling information in the memory (Bratash et al., 2020; Fernandes et al., 2018; Hardiman et al., 2014, 2019), but also on orientation in complex and information-rich texts (Altieri, 2017), artistic expression, imagination and confidence (Bratash et al., 2020). The research question of the present study is to what extent the use of sketchnotes supports the learning process in history lessons and promotes the acquisition of the subject. The study aims to evaluate students' experiences of sketchnoting in history lessons in grade 6 and to draw conclusions about the applicability of this method. The study has been conducted using implementation research principles (Peters et al., 2013). Implementation research involves working in a real-life setting and with a target group directly affected by the research intervention. This study took place in a school environment, and sketchnoting was part of the recap of the history lesson. Peters et al. (2013) recommend assessing the outcome of implementation on the basis of the following factors: acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, coverage, and sustainability. The application of sketchnotes in the classroom was carried out by the article's first author (hereafter referred to as the 'teacher-researcher'), who included 6th-grade students from three parallel classes in which she taught history. Following the study, students were given a feedback questionnaire on the acceptability and usefulness of sketchnotes. Seventy-seven students (35 boys and 42 girls) answered the questionnaire. Eight students participated in the post-survey interview. In the interviews, students were asked whether sketchnotes helped them to memorise the material better, how they perceived the process of taking visual notes, how time-consuming they found this way of note-taking, and whether they thought sketchnotes were suitable for the learning process. Before the study and in collaboration with the art teacher, all the students folded a Leporello (a booklet) of 11 pages, with one page for each history lesson. At the beginning of the history course, the teacher-researcher explained what sketchnotes are and how they are done. It was stressed that drawings are not evaluated and that what matters is not the aesthetic aspect of the drawing but rather the meaning of the drawing for the student. At the end of the lesson, the students had 10-15 minutes to make sketchnotes. When, due to COVID-19, the students were moved to distance learning, the making of sketchnotes became a central activity of the study process - the students had to read through the study material independently, and the conceptualisation of what had been read was carried out through sketchnotes. After using sketchnotes for two months, the students were asked how they liked making the visual notes. The average rating on a 5-point scale out of all the respondents (n = 77) was M = 4.1 (SD = 1.3). There was no statistically significant difference in the responses of boys and girls. Out of the eight interviewees, seven said they liked making the sketchnotes, one of whom had already used that method for some years. The reasons given for the satisfaction were: pleasant process, good to learn; new and exciting; easier to carry a book of notes than a textbook; a change of pace; satisfaction with their drawings; could relate the textbook text to their own life. Of the students, 51 (66%) preferred sketchnotes to written notes, 18 (23%) preferred written notes, and 8 (10%) said they had no preference. The majority of students (n = 60; 78%) preferred to make sketchnotes at home, 15 (19%) students preferred to make them at school and 2 (3%) students had no preference. The students generally accepted sketchnoting, as all of them used the method in their history lessons and found their own strategy in the course of their work. The internet was often used to check the significance of facts and to find pictures. Chandler (2017) and Altieri (2017) highlight the importance of designing a personal strategy. The benefits of sketchnotes were observed in better recall of learning content, better attention to detail, development of creativity, the calming effect of drawing, and development of manual dexterity. In the feedback questionnaire responses and in the interview, the most important benefit that emerged was the retention and easier and faster recall of what was learned through the use of drawings, which has been shown in several previous studies on visually presented information (Bratash et al., 2020; Fernandes et al., 2018; Hardiman et al., 2014, 2019). Still, 10 out of 77 (13%) students responded that sketchnotes did not help them learn the material, which may point to the different ways of memorising. However, this may also indicate that note-taking requires first identifying what information is important to record (Boyle & Joyce, 2019). The assessment of the acceptability and feasibility of sketchnotes suggests that this way of note-taking could be useful as part of a history course. There is no additional cost, as all you need is paper and pencil. It can, however, support motivation to learn (Mark et al., 2020), as the interviewees' experiences suggest. In common with Peppler et al. (2014), this study found that sketchnoting encourages interaction and collaboration between students. Here, the teacher has an important responsibility to ensure that the presentation of work is friendly and tolerant of differences. It is important to agree on rules in class beforehand on how to express your opinion in a way that makes everyone feel comfortable. In terms of implementation, the challenge is guidance, especially for distance learning, and time cost. Students rated sketchnotes as more time-consuming than written notes, as also shown by Bratash et al. (2020), and highlighted the desire to use visual and written notes in a combined and flexible way, according to the theme and the time available. The benefits of combining multiple modalities for memorisation have also been highlighted by Van Meter & Garner (2005) in their literature review on learner-generated notes. As making sketchnotes requires more mental effort from students than usual (Boroson, 2018), lessons should be planned in such a way that the student's work has a greater purpose. By the end of this study, each student had developed a book on Ancient Greece, each page of which contained a visual summary of the material covered in class. The limitations of this study were the small sample size, the involvement of only one teacher and the above-average academic performance of the interviewees. A study by Boyle & Forchell (2014) showed that note-taking is a complex cognitive task, as evidenced by differences between higher and lowerperforming students. This study pointed to the need to teach note-taking to a group of students with lower academic performance separately or to provide support for them in this activity. At the same time, this work provides a good starting point for further research. The qualitative data showed that making sketchnotes can be related to the enjoyment of drawing and the self-assessment of one's drawing skills. Some students noticed that making sketchnotes improved their visual self-expression and made drawing more enjoyable. Exploring these links could also be of interest from an art education perspective. There is certainly a need to clarify whether and how the use of sketchnotes in learning could benefit students with a lower-than-average academic performance and how to make it easier for students to make sketchnotes into a calming activity that supports emotional regulation. Flexible sketchnotes could be a simple way of supporting young people's well-being in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the research is the analysis of the change in land cover in the area of Babin do on Bjelašnica mountain in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the period after 1995, throughout the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, visible spontaneous spatial planning contributed to significant changes in the land cover. The research aims to determine changes in coverage and land use that happened in the last few decades in the researched area. The analysis of land cover changes in the research area was performed for the period from 2000 to 2018. Due to the lack of data resulting from insufficient spatial resolution of CLC, vectorization of spatial infrastructure elements from available remote sensing images was additionally carried out. This procedure implied a detailed land cover change analysis visible from the topographic map at a scale of 1:25:000 and relevant Google Earth images. Research on the topic was conducted through several phases. The first part of the paper refers to determining the geographical location of the research area and defining all its components. The second part of the paper deals with a detailed analysis of all categories of land cover in the last twenty years. The third part of the paper involves a comparative analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of land cover in the research area. The complete procedure of the analysis was performed using GIS, where the corresponding databases were created and a cartographic visualization for the investigated area was performed. The results of the conducted research point to the conclusion that significant changes in land cover have occurred in the Babin do in the analyzed period, which is particularly pronounced in sports and recreation areas, as a result of the development of the tourism industry. In the last part of the paper, conclusions are given regarding the changes and causes of changes of the land coverage in the analyzed area, with recommendations for further activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with semantic intentions of the absolute object in the Qur’anic text. The aim is to establish frequent morphosyntactic patterns by which the absolute object is realized in the Qur'anic text, and then to offer a linguistic description of the role the absolute object plays in shaping the semantic dimension of the Qur'anic text, and based on selected linguistic expressions to establish individual semantic intentions of the absolute object in the Qur'an. In this paper we used an analytical-descriptive method, which was realized by applying a linguistic-stylistic analysis based on classical Arabic grammatical analysis of marking frequent linguistic patterns of the absolute object, and an analysis procedure based on the theory of naẓm, which was established by 'Abdulqāhir al-Ğurğānī, and which deals with the role of linguistic units in a statement. The research results show that each individual form of the absolute object has a targeted role in the Qur'anic text that can be discerned on a structural and semantic level. In addition to the intensity, description of the quality and number of acts, the absolute object realizes numerous semantic intentions, among which are: the confirmation of a real event realization, introduction of optimism, description of the quality of the realization of the act of reciting and delivering the Qur'an, glorification, display of the God's omnipotence and the beauty of His creation, admonishment and fear-mongering, threat, reprimand, plea, etc. As a frequent element of the Qur'anic discourse, the absolute object is an important argumentative marker significantly affecting the realization of the overall semantic intentions and the understanding of the Qur'anic text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was based on the fact that educators’ social communicative competences are insufficiently discussed in professional literature, and that there is no research instrument testing them. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to develop and then empirically validate the Scale for the Assessment of Educators’ Social Communicative Competences. The first version of the instrument consisted of the following subscales: Nonviolent Communication, Self-Awareness, Awareness of Others, SelfManagement-Emotion Regulation, Self-Esteem, Nonviolent Conflict Resolution. The initial version of the scale contained 70 items. The instrument was applied to a sample of 243 respondents, educators from all over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and psychometric validation was carried out, which included an item analysis, a factor analysis to check the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument. Eventually, an instrument consisting of 32 items was obtained. The following 6 factors were confirmed: Nonviolent Communication, Self-Awareness, Awareness of Others, Self-Management-Emotion Regulation, Self-esteem and Nonviolent Conflict Resolution. The reliability of all the subscales except for the Self-Awareness subscale was found to be satisfactory: Nonviolent Communication (5 items; α=.697), Self-Awareness (6 items; α=.487), Awareness of Others (4 items; α=.804), Self-Management-Regulation of Emotions (5 items; α=.817), Self-Esteem (7 items; α=.701), Nonviolent Conflict Resolution (5 items; α=.771). It was concluded that the developed research instrument intended for the assessment of educators’ social communicative competences has satisfactory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on the idea that speech and language development of preschool children represents a precondition for the overall child development as well as a significant determinant of successful schooling. The aim of the paper was to develop a questionnaire on the use of speech games to stimulate children’s speech and language development and to validate its metric properties. The questionnaire consisted of 39 statements divided into four subscales: Educators’ Competency to Use Speech Games in Kindergartens, Possibility for Using Speech Games in Kindergartens, Educators’ Professional Development and Kindergarten Equipment for the Use of Speech Games, and Speech Games Functioning as a Stimulator of Children’s Speech and Language Development. The sample comprised 100 educators employed in private and state preschool institutions in the area of Zenica-Doboj Canton and Sarajevo Canton. The results of the research showed that the reliability of the measuring instrument has satisfactory parameters, since all corrected item-total correlations had values higher than 0.3. An exploratory analysis found that KMO indicates a high possibility of factorization of 0.85, and this was confirmed by Bartlett's test of sphericity, which showed that the correlation matrix is statistically significant. An exploratory factor analysis with included Promax rotation with Kappa 4 and given four factors gave interpretable results, with a total of 66.41% of variance explained by these four factors. All this was confirmed by a confirmatory analysis where the modification indicators had values above 0.9, which indicates a well-matched model. It was concluded that the Questionnaire on the Use of Speech Games to Stimulate Children's Speech and Language Development meets scientific research standards for research use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]