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Medeniyetin kurulmasında, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında tartışmasız bir yeri olan kâğıt, günümüzde artık çok çeşitli amaçlar için hayatın her kademesinde yer almakta, giderek tüketimi inanılmaz boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Kâğıt sektöründe hammadde problemine çözüm için, sürdürülebilir ormancılık çalışmalarından daha ziyade, sürdürülebilir geri dönüşüm teknolojilerini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda atık sınıfına giren kâğıtın, lifler dışında bulunan bütün bileşenlerini en ekonomik ve çevreci metotlarla ayırmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toner baskılı ofis kâğıtlarının mürekkep ve kirliliklerinden arındırılmasında enzim ve ultrasonik enerji kullanımı konusunda elde edilen bazı sonuçlar tartışılmış ve geri dönüşüm açısından kâğıt sektörü çevresel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Use of Enzyme and Ultrasonic Energy in Paper Recycling Paper has undeniable key roles in establishing civilization, archiving and transferring knowledge. Paper is in all parts of daily life for different purposes today and its consumption is getting at unbelievable level. For solving the problems related to insufficient raw materials, the sustainable recycling technologies should be developed rather than concentrating on sustainable forestry practices. In this sense, extracting all materials from waste papers with economical and environmentally friendly methods are extremely important. In this study, some results obtained from an experimental study carried out on the deinking of toner printed office papers with the help of enzymes and ultrasonic energy were discussed and paper industry was examined in respect to recycling and environment.

The aim of this presentation is to show how Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin manipulate temporality to foreground their themes in The Yellow Wall-Paper and The Story of an Hour in the light of GeIrard Genette’s theory of time. Both stories present female characters oppressed by the patriarchal authority in the marriage and their attempts to liberate themselves from this oppression. The aim is to find out how the gender of the author or protagonist in the narration can affect the time of narration. GeIrard Genette’s theory of time (order) is applied to these short stories in order to confirm that the theme of the story affects the time of narration regarding women’s status in the narration. The results are in agreement with feminist narratologists who believe that the female authors use techniques of time in the narration purposefully to resist or negotiate with patriarchy in the process of women’s liberation.

This paper deals with the stages of the development of the green city concept by Russian authors for 100 years. It is noted that these concepts have always been associated with the dominant ideology and socio-economic processes. Due to fundamental changes in the social structure of Russia and a number of critical states (wars, changing types of social production), the linear trajectory of the development of the concept of a "green city" in Russian science and practice could not have developed. Throughout the years there has been a struggle between two social and town-planning concepts: urbanization and de-urbanization, the desire for socialization of everyday life and its individualization. The development of the concept and programs of "greening" of Russian cities continues today, taking into account modern realities.

This paper debates three views in Maxim Gorky’s short story Her Lover. The first one is human loneliness, lack of communication, fragmented and lost identity in modern industrialized Russian society, which was actually a general view in the early decades of the twentieth century. Secondly, Gorky endows his fictional character Teresa with the Romantic energy which enables her to survive her misery and loneliness by inventing an imaginary lover. Finally, the paper examines the views of prejudice and “self-sufficiency” which put serious hurdles before real communication and thus cause the spiritual and moral decay in social life and relationships.

The original Qatar National Museum that was established in 1975 as a pioneer museum in the gulf region was closed in 2005 for renovation. The new National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ) took more than a decade, around fourteen years from 2005-2019 to accomplish. It is one of Qatar’s mega projects, which was opened with a VIP opening celebration that was held in 27th of March 2019, and opened officially for the public on 28th. After more than a decade in creation, the NMoQ finally designed to reflect and narrate the story, history and ambition of the state and to become an icon for modern Doha. Ever since its establishment in 1975 the national museum has been a matter of making a place for the Qatari culture and history. Although the museum is refurbished into totally new vision and setting, it still belongs to the same history and serves the same nation. Both visions are pursuing to identify the continuance progressions of the country, which takes the state's history as its stem. However, we need to know which methodology the current establishment is using, and to what drama it could lead? What differences does the present introduce with respect to the past? This paper discusses and analyses the interpretation of the Qatari culture, heritage, and history, by examining the architecture of the new NMoQ. The purpose of the paper is to trace and compare the national museum’s presentation and interpretation of Qatari culture and history, between the past and present, through its architecture. In addition, the paper investigates the changing economic, social, and political codes of Qatar through the reordering of cultural materials.

The subject of this research paper is the teaching of Turkish as a foreign language. The authors’ more than twenty-year experience in teaching Turkish to university students constitutes the empirical foundation of this investigation. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the source criticism method, the experimental method, the questionnaire method of data collection and the statistical method. The history of foreign languages teaching methods is analysed, and special attention is paid to the approaches of teaching grammar, discussed in methodological works. Implicit and explicit approaches to the teaching of grammar are especially examined in this paper. The subject of this research is oriented at teaching Turkish as a major and training future specialists in Turkish interpreting/ translation and future teachers/ lecturers in Turkish, therefore, the authors of this paper stress upon the necessity of teaching grammar on the basis of conscious perception principle as a separate subject of study in strict integrity with the communicational approach. The list of problems and difficulties in learning Turkish grammar by Ukrainian students at University level was established as a result of this research as well as the sources of these difficulties are deduced which mostly originate in genetical and typological differences between the Ukrainian language, native for Ukrainian students, and Turkish, which is the language of their future professional activities. The mentioned difficulties are grouped on two levels which are morphology and syntax according to the level of difficulty for Ukrainian students in terms of the conscious perception of grammatical facts and phenomena and their subsequent application in actual practice. The ways of overcoming the problems and difficulties in teaching and learning Turkish grammar are also offered in this paper. At the same time textbooks and grammar manuals published in Turkey, Ukraine and European countries are examined in terms of grammar teaching. The grammatical subjects to be investigated in detail for increasing the level of mastering Turkish by Ukrainian students at universities are listed.

The following research paper presents an analysis of the history of studying and evaluating the creative heritage of one of the founders of the Yakut literature A.I. Sofronov. Based on the archive database search and biographical methods, we gained and are sharing an experience in systemizing the periods of life and creative journey of the writer; we also provide a description of these specific time segments without any ideological imperatives. The given research implements and introduces into the scientific use the archive and periodical materials published at the beginning of the 20 th century as well as the literary critics materials written by the social activists of the republic and forbidden for a considerable amount of time. The study presents a genuine description of the impact caused by the decrees of the political party, which reflect the political situation in the country, and the impact it had on the evaluation of the writer's works. This paper also contains an analysis of the previous researches on the interpretation and opinions on the creative method of A.I. Sofronov. The research is theoretically and methodologically based on a cultural-historical approach, which suggests that specific cultural-historical circumstances and social life have a formative impact on literature, and a biographical method, according to which a writer’s personal life experience and biography play a key role in study of his creative work. As no literary process is possible without the writers as individuals, it is important to study their creative writing through biographical method in order to develop a specific concept of the national literature history and to single out the periods of its development. The present study justifies that the renown social and creative activist of Yakutia A.I. Sofronov is one of the key figures, whose creative writing played a significant role in forming and establishing Yakut national culture and literature; it also defined the entire trend of its development in the 20 th and 21 st centuries. The suggested timeline of the life and creative path of the writer is subdivided into six time-periods, which coincide with the social and political changes in the life of the society: I. 1914-1925; II. 1925-1942; III. 1942-1952; IV. 1952-1962; V. 1962-1986; VI. 1986 – present days. As a result, the given research helped to single out the features in studying and evaluating the creative writing journey of the writer covering various periods of the literary and critical works development in Yakutia: the principles and approaches, which remained unknown to reader earlier as well as the real existing literary and social-political events.

The relevance of this paper is due to the multicultural nature of the Russian state and the significant role of religion in the contemporary socio-cultural and political processes taking place in the country. The knowledge and analysis of the history of the relationship between government and religion in Russia in general and in its individual regions will undoubtedly contribute to a more objective understanding of the fundamental aspects of the contemporary religious situation in Russia, since many problems in this field are now, in many cases, conditioned by a certain specificity or distortions in the state's policy toward religion - in the past. In this regard, the chronological scope of the research - the ambiguous and in many respects contradictory period of the Khrushchev's "thaw" - has a great scientific and applied interest in the problems under study. The administrative and geographic scope of the study is limited to the territory of the Tatar ASSR - a region traditionally formed as multi-confessional. At the same time, the processes that took place in the religious sphere of the Tatar ASSR in many respects were characteristic of many other multicultural regions of the Soviet state. The objective of the paper is to identify the factors that conditioned the survival and functioning of religious associations of the republic under the dominating atheistic ideology and strengthening of the anti-religious administrative pressure of the state in the contradictory period of the Khrushchev's "thaw".

Neither the romantic identity nor its spirit belongs to the romanticism itself. They aroused in earlier movements of cultural, religious, and political character. At the cultural level, the birth of romanticism was preceded by great intellectual movements: Humanism and Renaissance; at the social and political level, the powerful repercussions of the French and American revolution preceded the "awakening and growing of the idea of solidarity between individuals of one race, one language and one nation". At the ecclesiastical level, however, such were reformation and counter-reformation. These premises represent the forerunner identities of romanticism. They provoke its birth and determine its character. Only above them, romanticism revived the myth of common culture, paved the way for the formation of national languages, and institutionalized the awareness of the national state. This paper deals with this everlasting relationship between the romanticism and forerunner identities . The paper analyses the presence of the aesthetical premises in writing history in humanism and the transformation of this archetype in Romanticism. We also analyse the way how the Renaissance futures were transformed into a principle for history recognition and recreation of the myth in Romanticism. Closely, we will analyse the "identities" from which the romantic myth was born. The paper also discusses the idea how pre-existing ideologies of Humanism, Medieval Period, and how philobiblistic or pre-romantic authors influenced the creation of a romantic awareness and influenced the birth of the romantic myth.

This paper examines this view of “unreliable” or “little narrative” or “incredulity toward metanarrative” in Martin Amis’s novel Night Train as an anti-detective novel. In so doing, the paper falls into two parts. The first part focuses upon the convention of traditional “reliable” or “metanarrative” in a typical traditional detective story, in which Mike Hoolihan as a detective investigates Jennifer Faulkner’s suicide by collecting all the possible evidences and then examining them in a chronological linear way to solve her enigmatic death: who has killed her? Why was she murdered? If it is suicide, why has she ended her life? However, the paper also discusses that the way Mike passionately attempts to solve Jennifer’s mysterious death is not possible due not only to lack of evidences but also to the fact that there occurs various interpretations about her death, including Mike’s her one, which, after a while, turns into a psychological evaluation of the case with her own emotional involvement. Hence Jennifer’s death remains a mystery from the beginning to the end in the novel. This situation obviously defies the expectation of her father Tom as in the traditional sense because why Tom hires Mike as an “exceptional interrogator” with an outstanding “paperwork” in the past is to clarify the case and then appease his anxiety, as well as the mystery of his daughter’s death. Through his representation of Mike in such a condition, Amis apparently illuminates that it is almost impossible to create a detective story with a final legitimate total meaning and resolution as in a typical traditional detective novel in an age based on fragmentation, uncertainty, doubt, interruption, lack of authority, and self-expression.

The main goal of this paper is to analyze political attitudes of Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot, as well as Turkish and Greek politics towards the Cyprus Question from 1967 to 1974. The relevant period played a crucial role in shaping the political process leading to the Greek coup and Turkish intervention of 1974. Therefore, it might be presumed that analyzing the political developments within this period is likely to provide a contribution for the literature. The historical research covered by this paper starts with 1967 since it was the year that the Junta of Colonels seized power in Greece. Additionally, in late 1967, a Turkish Cypriot village was attacked by Greek Cypriot forces led by General Grivas. As a consequence Turkey asked for, and obtained the removal of the Greek forces that were, in a way contradictory to Zurich-London treaties, stationed on the island in 1964. The historical research ceases with 1974 incidents since the Greek coup and the Turkish intervention overwhelmingly re-shaped the political destiny of Cyprus. This study examined historical sources written in Turkish, Greek and English (archival materials, newspapers and memoires) to shed light on the relevant political developments. The research conducted by this paper reached to the conclusion that the Greek Cypriot leaders tried to limit Turkish Cypriots’ veto rights by amending the constitution, and the Turkish Cypriot leaders tried to provide local autonomy for their community. Moreover, while there were significant conflicts and tensions between Greece and Greek Cypriot leaders, the relations between Turkey and Turkish Cypriot leaders were based on harmony and cooperation. ÖzBu çalışmanın temel amacı, 1967-1974 yılları arasında adadaki Türk ve Rum toplumları ile Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ın Kıbrıs Sorununa nasıl yaklaştıklarını incelemektir. Bu dönemin Kıbrıs, Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ın siyasi tarihleri açısından önem taşıyan 1974 gelişmelerini şekillendiren bir süreç olmasından ötürü, ilgili tarafların bu yıllardaki siyasetlerini incelemenin literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. 1967, Yunanistan’da Albaylar Cuntasının iktidara geldiği, bir yandan diplomatik çabalar sürerken diğer yandan General Grivas komutasındaki Rum askeri birliklerinin bir Türk köyüne saldırdığı, bunun sonrasındaysa Türkiye’nin tutumunu sertleştirerek adaya 1964 yılında Zürih-Londra antlaşmalarına aykırı biçimde yerleştirilen Yunan birliklerinin Kıbrıs’tan çıkarılmasını sağladığı bir yıl olmasından ötürü tarihsel incelemenin başlangıç noktası olarak uygun görülmüştür. Araştırmanın tarihsel kapsamının 1974 yılı ile sonlanmasının sebebi ise, adanın siyasal kaderini büyük oranda etkileyen iki gelişmenin, Yunan Cuntasının Kıbrıs’ta yaptırdığı darbe ile Türkiye’nin Kıbrıs Harekâtının o yıl yaşanmasıdır. Araştırma; Türkçe, Yunanca ve İngilizce tarihsel belgeler (arşivler, gazeteler ve hatıratlar) inceleyerek ilgili tarafların Kıbrıs siyasetlerine ışık tutmaya çalışmıştır. İncelenen dönemde Kıbrıslı Rum liderlerin anayasal değişiklikler vasıtasıyla adadaki Türk toplumunun veto haklarını sınırlandırmaya, Kıbrıslı Türk liderlerin ise ada Türkleri için yerel yönetimde özerklik hakkı elde etmeye çalıştıkları görüldü. İncelenen dönemde Yunanistan ile Kıbrıs Rum liderleri arasında ciddi çatışmalar ve görüş ayrılıkları yaşanırken Türkiye ile Kıbrıs Türk liderleri arasında uyum ve işbirliğinin egemen olduğu da çalışma tarafından ulaşılan dikkate değer bir sonuçtur.

Anne-Marie Thiesse testified that in letters, the echo of the “epic coming from the bottom of the centuries” is constantly heard. According to her, songs collected by Macpherson with the passion of the storyteller, are the substrates upon which the creation of literature transforms the great codes of different ethnicities into transcendental codes. This kind of search for the resurrection of epic ash in the letters could not carry the different ethnic and cultural feelings of the people, unless they were linked to the sign of their origin, i.e. by searching for the predecessors of a group who believes in some common values and cultivates them from generation to generation. These ancestors may be different: family members, a religious community, an ethnic community, or members of a religious community that unites the right and memories, or a cultural community, that unite some common symbols. In terms of the resurrection of “epic grace letter,” they constitute a social category distinct from other categories by the language, customs, myths, religion, etc. The myths in which they believe constitute the way how they treat themselves througout history. Our paper aims to discuss this relationship between the myth and literature and the memory for common values, which at some point appear as an essence in artistic works. The scope is to analyze the report that memory has with myths and the way how both affect literature. The paper tries to study a complex relationship between letters and myths, applying it to a pattern: The Medieval Literature.

This paper is devoted to the study of religious risks, which create a direct or indirect possibility of inflicting damage to both an individual and a multi-confessional state. Particular attention is paid to the crisis of religious identity and the growth of proselytism. The paper involves analysis of the consequences of globalization, religious conflicts and religious migration. Various technologies used by external forces to form new values amid complex socio-political processes were also considered. To study the stated topic, a synthetic approach was used to identify the most significant directions of socio-political changes through studying the shifts in the system of value and behavioral patterns of both believers and neophytes that can cause an increase in religious tension. In the course of the research, the author came to the conclusion that religious risks develop under the influence of certain conditions and factors often created and used purposefully to demonstrate the religious diversity of the internally contradictory integrity of a multi-confessional state, deepen social inequality and exacerbate socio-political tensions caused by a political-ideological confrontation and identity differences. The success of external forces in the situation destabilization is largely due to an incorrect assessment of threats. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to rethink the role of religion in the context of globalization and rapid socio-political transformation, as well as the religious factor in explanatory models of social development.

The paper is devoted to the general problems of development of the North Caucasus region and various aspects of its investigation. This theme was not easy for scientists and analysts at all times, and it cannot be understood in a one-dimensional measurement. In general the Caucasus has provided and continues to exert considerable influence on the formation and development of the Russian identity and this is both theoretical and practical importance for us. Therefore much attention is paid to the present situation in Russian society, its ability to meet the challenges of the times in a rapidly changing world and changes in domestic and foreign policy on its southern borders. The paper presents different approaches to analysis and different comments on them. But all Russian researchers are united in one thing - in the understanding and preservation of this unique region as an integral part of the Russian state and Russian identity.

The paper reveals the relevance of the implementation of group including educational-training classes with students, technologies of differentiation in planning the parameters of physical loads corresponding to the current state of the respondents. The paper presents the results of the directed use of individually-oriented health-improving programs designed for those engaged in them taking into account the results of detailed analysis of the level of their physical fitness, health and functional status: the conducted pedagogical experiment has shown that it was possible to achieve a significant health-improving effect (i.e. to increase the level of health by at least 1 point) in 32.6% of cases, which is 15.2% higher than in the control group, and to improve the level of the morphofunctional state of the organism in several features for all students of the experimental group. The level of general physical fitness of 91% of respondents increased on average by 18%, which is more than 50% higher than the control group. The organizational and methodological conditions necessary to apply these technologies in group training classes at the university with the purpose of optimizing the physical education of students are specified.

Various geographical regions in Iran can be appropriate subject for study in the field of anthropology museum. This research addresses anthropology study and museum design in Hormoz port. Designing anthropological museum in Hormoz port can be a step in identifying and preserving the regional indexes in this area. In this museum, various valuable parts can be shown such as clothing style, architectural type and art and a lot of cultural and historic identity symbols and regional indexes. Thus, the main question of this paper is: how can one achieve an appropriate solution for anthropology museum building design by relying on regional indexes? On anthropology museum, by establishing appropriate solution and regional people participation, who show interest in promoting and preserving their own regional culture, these museums can be established easier than common museums. In this paper, given the wide range of study in theoretical basics and framework, descriptive-analytical as well as analytical and comparative methodology is used. Therefore, this study offers design solutions based on regional culture preservation.

According to Germany’s demand, Ottoman Empire opened Canal Front which is one of the most important front lines of WWI to pass the Suez Canal and attack Egypt. There were two massive attacks between Ottoman and British. The first clash occured in 1915 and second took place in 1916. Result of Ottoman forces struggle with the British troops, Ottoman Empire were defeated but then Ottoman Empire counter attacked. They tried to prevent British attacks in the campaigns of Sinai and Palestine.The paper deals with the First and the Second Battle of Gaza that repelled English forces, the third Gaza Battle and its result, Yildirim Army Group (or Thunderbolt Army Group) of the Ottoman Empire that was formed in order to prevent advance of attackers and siege and fall of Jerusalem. Therefore, subsequent failures of the campaign and retreating to the Anatolia started. The research paper was based on archival documents, primary&secondary sources and memoirs.ÖzOsmanlı Devleti, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın önemli cephelerinden olan Kanal cephesini Almanların isteği doğrultusunda Süveyş kanalının geçmek ve Mısır’a taarruz etmek amacıyla açmıştı. Osmanlı Ordusunun I. Kanal Seferi ve II. Kanal Seferi başarısız olunca, karşı saldırıya geçen İngiliz birlikleri Sina ve Filistin cephesinde, Gazze muharebeleri ile durdurulmaya çalışılmıştır.Araştırmamızda, İngiliz birliklerinin püskürtüldüğü I. ve II. Gazze muharebeleri, Birüssebi ve Gazze’nin elden çıktığı III. Gazze muharebesi, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bu yenilgiyi durdurabilmek için kurduğu Yıldırım Orduları Gurup Komutanlığı ve Kudüs’ün elden çıkışı ele alınmıştır. Böylelikle birbiri ardına gelen yenilgiler zinciri ile Osmanlı Ordularının Anadolu’ya çekilişi arşiv belgeleri, birinci elden kaynaklar ve hatıratlardan yararlanılarak işlenmiştir.

Noureddine Jahangir (ruling 1605-1627), king of India was one of the tasteful rulers who was interested in dream and its interpretation. He was used to sharing his dreams with others and ask for their opinion about them. He also was used to asking from his reliable painters to picture the dreams. From these images the image of Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas can be addressed. The purpose of this paper is obtaining hidden deep concept of mentioned image by iconological approach of Erwin Panofsky. Panofsky believes that for recognizing the hidden meanings of artworks, considering the relationship between the details of artwork and general culture and the society that the artwork has gotten formed is necessary. In this paper it is tried to answer to this question: what cultural and political factors did have role in forming the mentioned image? The most important results of this research show that the European Christian elements which had been entered to India Mongolian Painting School was effective. On the other hand the political relations of Iran and India because of the dispute over control of Kandahar was not good.

This paper is a brief research about the meaning of Nowruz from different perspectives and its impact on people's interactions, which is celebrated at the dawn of spring in this ancient Iranian land. In different periods this ancient holiday has been seen with different opinions and its effects are all reflecting new life, happiness, love, blessing, birth, and growth, which are visible beautifully in nature. This paper is done by library and field studies and investigates the meanings and spiritual influences of this tradition in the culture, poetry, literature, philosophy, religious beliefs of the people of this land from the different perspectives (Islam - Zoroastrianism, etc.). By reviewing these theories on Nowruz and comparing it with present-day life, valuable results can be achieved so they can be used in the ups and downs of life.

A Reconsideration of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Abstract This paper aims at offering an in-depth analysis of both the 1926 and the 1995 movie adaptations of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. Caught in a story of love and shame, of sin and salvation, Hester Prynne oscillates between Roger Chillingworth and Arthur Dimmesdale, two men too coward to bear the consequences of their actions. Why is Hester’s story still fascinating today? Will contemporary readers be willing to read the 1850 novel? Which are the main differences between the 2 movie adaptations? These are only a few of the questions this paper focuses upon.

Diana Wynne Jones’s Howl’s Moving Castle (1986) or The Story of a New Mythology Abstract This paper focuses upon Diana Wynne Jones’s 1986 fantasy novel Howl’s Moving Castle, part of the trilogy including Castle in the Air (1990) and House of Many Ways (2008). Taking place in a utopian land, the story creates a new mythology built upon magic, objects coming to life, no space boundaries and the search for eternal life and the perfect human. As a consequence, the paper will deal with the main elements of this mythology and the way in which they have been transposed in the 2006 Oscar-nominated movie version.

Medusa as the story of Victorian feminine identity Abstract This paper scans the meandering paths of a quest through the realms of womanly self and its articulateness in (robust) constructs of individuality. We have departed from a paradigm of interpretation related to a mythological figure, dual in itself, namely the Medusa, perceived as either mask, or face – which has always fascinated with her tragic beauty. It is within the semantics of the word fascinum – charm, evil spirit but also virile member – where the attributes of an age, the Victorian time, that was equally fascinating, as it was whirling and powerful, lie hidden. This paper focuses on artistic reflections of Victorian femininity in an effort to examine how it contributed to the ever-changing definition and search of female gender identities at times of hegemonic masculinities. Art and fiction articulate some of the more powerful challenges. If philosophy encapsulates phallogocentrism, as Derrida points out, fiction, he claims, is an invagination, namely a creation of differences where no term spells self-sufficiency.

The Deconstruction of the Cartesian Dichotomy of Black and Whitein William Blake’s The Little Black Boy Abstract This paper discusses English Romantic Poet William Blake’s anti-racial views in his poem The Little Black Boy. In so doing, it focuses upon how Blake attempts to deconstruct the Cartesian dichotomy of Western world view, a dichotomy which has usually been based on “the theory that the universe has been ruled from its origins by two conflicting powers, one good and one evil, both existing as equally ultimate first causes.” In this binary and hierarchal relationship, there are two essential terms in which one term is absolutely regarded as primary or fundamental in its essence, whereas the other term is considered secondary or something that lacks originality and presence. Once this equation is applied to the relationship between black and white people, it will easily be seen in the Western world that white people are always primary or fundamental to black-skinned people, and thus the perception behind this binary and hierarchal relationship seems the root of all the racial problems between black and white. This paper argues that Blake strives to deconstruct radically in The Little Black Boy the basis of this binary and hierarchal relationship which has been carried out for centuries in the Western world to segregate and then control the lives of black people. Finally, the paper maintains that Blake also shows a strong aspiration for creating an egalitarian society free of discrimination and injustices at a time when anti-slavery campaigns hit the top on both sides of Atlantic.

Öz Bu makalede Gazzâlî'nin dinî bilgi kaynağı olarak akla ne ölçüde önem verdiği konusu ele alınmaktadır. Makalede, Gazzâlî’ye göre dinî bilginin elde edilmesinde kelamî akıl (garize) anlayışının yeterli olmadığı ileri sürülmüştür. Gazzâlî bu eksikliği gidermek için kelamcıların akıl anlayışına filozofların akıl anlayışını ve sufilerin kalp anlayışını eklemek suretiyle yeni bir akıl anlayışı geliştirmiştir. Makale, Gazzâlî’nin ortaya koymuş olduğu bu akıl anlayışını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Makalenin giriş bölümünde dinî bilginin kaynağı ile ilgili olarak kelamcıların, filozofların ve sufilerin görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. Makalenin gelişme bölümünde ise Gazzâlî’ye göre akıl ile bilgi arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde Gazzâlî’nin akıl kelimesine yüklediği farklı anlamlar, mülk ve melekût âlemlerini anlamada aklın rolü ve kalp, ruh, nefis gibi kavramlara yüklediği anlamlar incelenmiştir. Daha sonra bilginin elde edilme yöntemleri ve Gazzâlî’nin bu konudaki değerlendirmelerine yer verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise Gazzâlî’nin akıl konusundaki düşüncelerinin dinî bilgi ve iman ile nasıl ilişkilendirildiği tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gazzâlî, Akıl, Ruh, Kalp, Nefs-i Natıka, Emir âlemi, Melekût âlemi. The Intelect and its Value as a Source of Religious Knowledge According to al-Ghazzali Abstract This paper deals with how much importance is given to intellect as a source of religious knowledge by al-Ghazzali. The paper suggests that according to al-Ghazzali ghariza, the term which denotes the theologians’ understanding of intellect, is insufficient to acquire religious knowledge. Accordingly, he proposed a new understanding of intellect to overcome this insufficiency by combining it with the rationale soul of philosophers and the Sufis’ understanding of heart. This paper examines this novel understanding of intellect as proposed by al-Ghazzali in detail. In the introduction section, the views of theologians, philosophers and sufis about intellect as a source of religious knowledge are presented. In the development section, relations between the intellect and knowledge are discussed with respect to al-Ghazzali. In this section, Ghazzali’s varying use of the term intellect, its role in the understanding of the world of dominion and the world of sovereignity, and what he means with such terms like heart, soul, and self are examined. Afterwards, the methods of knowledge acquisition and al-Ghazzali’s position in this respect are given. In the conclusion section, it is explored how al-Ghazzali’s opinions about intellect are connected with religious knowledge and faith. Keywords: al-Ghazzali, Intellect, Spirit, Heart, Nafs al-natiqa (Reasoning soul), Alam-i Amr (The realm of the command), Alam-i-Malakut (Angelic Realm).

The Change in The Activity of The American Intelligence Services in The Security Context of the Last 24 Years Abstract The security events dynamics poses an overwhelming challenge for the decision makers’political agenda, priorities. The wide range of risks and rhythm of significant security events determine a difficult enterprise for security theories. A scientific analysis of the security evolutions entails a profound historical introspection and an appropriate understanding of the security events with significant impact over the global evolutions. Probably in the next period of time, hundreds of papers will be written regarding the period since 9/11. The aim of this paper is to provide a perspective over the security context, and the intelligence services activity of the last 15 years, period of time dramatically divided by the unprecedented shock and suffering in the history of the from 9/11. The reorganization of the Western Intelligence Community was ordered as a result of the September 11th attacks and with future counterterrorism efforts in mind. Specifically, the 9/11 terrorists exploited the wall between the U.S.’s foreign and domestic intelligence collection efforts, and yet the IRTPA and EO 12333 avoid the issue of how to best integrate foreign and domestic intelligence while minimizing the threat to civil liberties. This manner in which the Western Countries separates its foreign and domestic intelligence collection is particularly exploitable by terrorists and non-state actorsthose currently posing one of the most serious threats to international security. To ensure both the best intelligence integration possible as well as the defense of civil liberties, clear and sensible rules should be formed which dictate how intelligence from these two spheres is collected and in what way and at what level it is integrated and disseminated.

This paper presents an investigation of the ‘Three Estates Model’ of the English medieval society in Chaucer’s General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Based upon the descriptions and illustrations of the characters, it aims to explore the hierarchal structure of the medieval society which is divided into three main groups or ‘estates’: the ones who pray, the ones who rule and govern, and the ones who work. In the General Prologue, Chaucer gives a series of sketches of the characters that are the representatives of the three estates, and through these depictions he investigates the social characteristics and roles of the medieval people who are expected to speak and behave in accordance with what their social group requires. While presenting Three Estates Model, he employs the tradition of ‘estates satire’ by criticising the social vices resulting from the corruption in this model. Through the characteristics and virtues of the ‘Knight’, the ‘Parson’, and the ‘Plowman’, he demonstrates the perfect integration of the people who belong to chivalry, clergy and the commoners in the medieval English society. Also, by offering contrasting views to these positive traits in the portrayal of almost all of the other characters, as illustrated in the portrayal of the ‘Monk’, the ‘Reeve’, and the ‘Wife of Bathe’ in this paper, he criticises the vices and sins (that are mainly resulted from the religious, financial and moral corruption) of the people belonging to the social classes of the Middle Ages.

The aim of this paper is to trace the contemporary perceptions/definitions of the translator and translation in Turkey where the translation profession is not a legally regulated profession. (In)visibility of the translator and the scope of his/her expertise are widely debated issues among both the scholars/students of translation and the various players in the world of translation. Although translation is no longer being defined as a mere linguistic activity, reductionist views of translation that equate translation to 'know'ing a foreign language still continues to prevail. What accompanies the said reductionist view is the claim that a translator can not translate 'all the texts' in different fields of expertise, at least not as successfully as the 'real' experts of the field who also know a foreign language such as engineer-translators or lawyer-translators who know English. However, recent developments concerning legal translation in plurilingual settings evidence a completely different understanding of translation and the identity/expertise of the translator. In such settings, translators work together with the drafters of the legal texts and are responsible for the source legal texts as well as the target ones, broadening the scope of the 'expertise' of the translator in an unprecedented way. In the light of the implications of the said transformation of the identity of the legal translator, this paper argues that the identity/definition of the translator/translation needs to be reconsidered and the results should be reflected onto the translator training programs with the aim of helping students of translation (re)define their identity as real 'experts' of the translation field and contributing to the transformation of the perception of translation and the translator.

Building on the now classic approaches to Discourse Analysis offered by Swales and Bhatia, the present paper tries to establish the benefits and value of applying the method of Genre Analysis to teaching English for Art Purposes, with a focus on a more recent Internet genre, that of the artist’s blog (weblog). The artist’s blog is seen as part of the greater genre of the weblog, which has already been classified into a number of subgenres. The paper proposes yet another dimension to be added to those already considered when classifying the weblogs: the dimension of occupational-oriented content as a descriptive for further classifications; it also tries to uncover the generic features of this type of discourse. The ultimate aim of this study is, on the one hand, that of providing art students with the necessary know-how of using the weblog genre for their current and future professional purposes, as part of the complex system of genres devised by the artistic discourse community in order to communicate both within and without itself, and, on the other hand, to help students use their knowledge of the English language to create such a discourse type in order to obtain maximum benefits.

Kağıt, plastik ve alüminyum malzeme katmanlarından oluşan kompozit kartonlar özellikle sıvı gıdaların muhafazası için tercih edilen bir ambalaj türüdür. İlk olarak süt için tasarlanan ve geliştirilen kompozit kartonlar, günümüzde sütün yanı sıra pek çok gıda ve içeceğin ambalajlanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Kullanım sürecini tamamladıktan sonra atık halini alan kompozit içecek kartonlarının geri dönüşümünde ise ciddi sıkıntılar bulunmaktadır. Özellikle ülkemizde bu tür atıkların geri dönüşümünün sağlanması sınırlı olarak yapılmakta, bu atıkların büyük bir kısmı depolama alanlarına gönderilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu atıkların yönetimine yönelik öncelikli bilimsel çalışmaların yapılarak, uygun yönetim alternatiflerinin uygulamaya aktarılması ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Bu çalışmada, atık kompozit içecek kartonlarının değerlendirme yöntemleri ve süreçleri araştırılarak bu yöntemler sonucunda elde edilen ürünler ile kullanım alanlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Recycling Methods of Composite Beverage Carton Waste Composite cartons which consist of paper, plastic and aluminum, are used in packaging of drinks. However composite cartons are designed and developed for the milk packaging, now days it has been widely used in packaging of many food and drink. There are serious problems in recycling of composite cartons. Since recycling of packaging wastes is limited in Turkey, most of the packaging waste is been landfilled. Therefore, primarily there has been a need to scientific studies done about the management of packaging wastes and implementation of appropriate packaging waste management alternatives. In this study, detailed and technical data about recycling of composite beverage cartons has been obtained from the previous studies, printed - digital databases, company, Environmental Agency and web pages. The project about the Management of Packaging Wastes has been carried out in coordination with ISTAC Co. in 26 districts in İstanbul. Every step including public training to acceptance of packaging waste to recycling facility has been observed. Many analyses are done to determine the amount and character of waste. Technical reports are presented about the results of the technical visits to waste collecting-separation and recycling facilities. The data presented in the study is obtained from the project about Management of Packaging Wastes which is done between in 2005-2012. Wafer board production is the simplest and cheapest recycling method of packaging wastes where the separation of components cannot be done by handling. First step of recycling of packaging waste is the recovery of %75 paper by hidropulper method. An extra recovery process should be done for recycling of aluminum and plastic. Many technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification and plasma are been investigated as alternative recycling methods for recycling of packaging wastes. Since there have been some regulations regarding the certification of packaging waste management. Even the amount of the packaging waste is less than %1 of the solid waste, an assessment for packaging wastes has been vital. However recycling of packaging waste has started with wafer production by using simple physical processes, now days many complex methods are developed. Unfortunately none of the new Technologies has been used in Turkey. With the adaption of appropriate technologies to our country and new investments as a result of investigation of new Technologies will provide an economical benefit while reducing the environmental impact. This study aims to create awareness for composite packaging waste in following researches and studies

The article reveals the direction of remedial work, using the WebQuest as a means of developing communicative competence of the children with intellectual impairments in general and with Down syndrome in particular. Within the framework of the study of communicative competence of the children with Down syndrome, we have carried out a theoretical analysis of the literature of domestic and foreign scholars. Based on the analysis of literature sources, the structural components of the communicative sphere of senior preschool-age children with Down syndrome were identified and a diagnostic programme was developed. The study identified and described the peculiarities of the communicative sphere of the child with Down syndrome, namely: a low level of expressive speech, an insufficient level of interest in a joint activity, incomprehension of communication norms and incomprehension of cause-and-effect relationship in communicative situations. The aim of the forming experiment was to develop a methodology for enriching communicative competence of the senior preschool-age children with Down syndrome. The paper describes the specifics of the use of WebQuests for the formation of communication skills during a remedial and developmental process. "A Magic Forest" WebQuest technology, which was developed by us, includes tasks aimed at forming components of communicative competence, the lack of which was revealed during the ascertaining experiment, namely: the development of expressive speech, the development of interest in a joint activity, the development of an understanding of communication norms, understanding cause-and-effect relationship in communicative situations. The article presents the results of experimental verification of the effectiveness of the WebQuest technology in the development of communicative competence of the child with Down syndrome. Such a form of work as WebQuest actuates the cognitive activity of a child with intellectual impairments and makes a remedial and developmental process more effective, interesting, diverse, and modern.

India and Turkey, noticeable for their strong historical background and geopolitical importance, have left their mark on the history of humanity via their outstanding wise men and a vibrant cultural and religious heritage. Even though political and military relations have occurred between these two regions, it should be stated that one of the most energetic interactions between them has taken place in the area of religion and culture, particularly at the core of Sufism. As in the example of the Naqshbandiyah-Mujaddidiyah tradition, some Sufi orders originally flourishing in India have entered into Anatolia through various channels and have taken deep roots there through the eminent Sufi leaders and their efficient endeavors such as training disciples, writing or translating celebrated sources and inaugurating lodges in different centers. Therefore, this paper tries to depict how the Sufi networks have built a transnational connection between the Indian subcontinent and Anatolia and examines the role of cultural perceptions, historical memories, and social fabrics on the evolution of Sufi thoughts, focusing on the sample of the Mujaddidiyah, sub-branch of Naqshbandiyah.

The influence of Neapolitan culture on the work of G. Donizetti and F. Poulenc is the main issue and purpose of this paper. Peculiarities of the southern region of the Apennine Peninsula, distinguished by the beauty and poetry of nature, mild climate, richness of the folk song tradition that arose at the crossroads of various ethnic groups and languages, inspired the creative imagination of artists, musicians, and writers from different countries. The artistic heritage contains many examples of works dedicated to Italy and Naples, in particular. In contrast to the processes of mixing heterogeneous elements and continuous renewal, universalism remains a permanent feature of Italian self-identity. Having been formed in antiquity, it was actualized in the era of humanism in a number of creative projects. One of them is the spread of the essentially regional genre of villanella (or Canzone alla napolitana) throughout the entire European music area in the 16th century. The cycle "Nuits d’ete a Pausillipe" by G. Donizetti becomes a kind of "response" to the processes of the past, demonstrating the sustainability of the Neapolitan song traditions in view of romantic vocal music and romanza genre. The composer’s deep comprehension of the features of national melos and character, with its characteristic poetry of experiencing nature and emotionality, determined the psychological mood of the composition. The hymnal praise of love and joys of life, the exaltation of the lyrical expression testify to the high degree of G. Donizetti’s immersion into the atmosphere of the city, which became his second small homeland. A different view of Naples appears in the piano suite "Napoli" by F. Poulenc. It is remarkable for the picturesque language and the immediacy of emotional expression, determined by deep interpenetration of the Italian and French cultures. The position of an onlooker is seen in composer’s praise of natural beauties of the city, liveliness and energy of its population, theatricality of events. The study makes it clear that the differences in the individual perception of Naples by G. Donizetti and F. Poulenc, who represent two types of Neapolitan images retranslation in music, are predetermined. The involvement of G. Donizetti tradition, acquired at the genetic level, is expressed in the choice of vocal type of expression, a special sense of musical and verbal intonation. F. Poulenc, representing a different national culture, focuses on the external representativeness of Neapolitan life, capturing it in a series of instrumental sketches.

Religion is an integral part of culture of the Turkish people. An important feature of the cultural and socio-political sphere of Turkey is the frequent use of expressions with religious content, among which metaphor is prominent. This study investigates religious metaphors used by Turkish politicians. The data analysis is carried out on the basis of the material obtained by means of a self-compiled corpus, which consists of public speeches of Turkish politicians (e.g., the President, deputies, and leaders of the main political parties of Turkey) for the period of 2010-2019. The paper claims that the core religious beliefs of the Turks have a great impact on the way they see and perceive the surrounding reality, which is reflected in metaphorical expressions they use. Therefore, Turkish politicians often associate other political figures, political processes, and events of social and political life with religious characters, episodes, and phenomena. This principle formed the basis of the model of “Social and Political Reality is Religion” for its analysis on the metaphoric expressions. The analysis suggests that metaphor is a significant tool of representing Islamic ethics in Turkish public discourse. Despite the fact that a religious metaphoric model is often characterized by positive emotionality, the aforementioned model has both positive and negative connotations.

The paper considers the phenomenon of familiarity in the context of the carnival theory of the outstanding Russian scientist M. M. Bakhtin, whose work influenced the development of humanitarian thought in Russia and the west of the 20th century. The author of the article investigates the formation of this concept and its influence on the formation and development of the novel genre as one of the components of the folk-laughter culture. Familiarity is a free and unofficial communication without any distance or etiquette norms. Free communication allows you to retreat from the hierarchical and official relations between people. At the same time, the familiar areal speech, through which familiar communication is built, has got its own special characteristics. The speech includes curses, oath, false vows, and obscenities. Therefore, this speech is ambivalent, it is isolated and completed. They are the source of such a phenomenon as familiarity. In this case, familiarity as a category has several levels. The semantic level is associated with informality and the rejection of normativity. The verbal level consists of the specific familiar-square forms and genres, and therefore it contributes to the formation of a special unofficial language. These two levels create a collective, in which familiar treatment is possible. This collective becomes a fair, a carnival crowd. In addition, over time, forms of familiarity have become a kind of protest against the official ideological system.

The paper critically reviews the available scientific and biographical literature, which examines the four-year period of social activity of the Russian thinker and opposition politician Mikhail Bakunin in Siberia during the “thaw” of the late 1850s and early 1860s. The purpose of the study is to provide critical perspectives on the myths of historiography that interfere with the reconstruction of Mr. Bakunin’s “Siberian period.” Thus, the author of the article aims to achieve the restoration of Mikhail Bakunin’s place and role in the public life of Russia in those times. In particular, the author refutes the myth that the “great rebel” was allegedly in a voluntary self-isolation during that period of his life. In addition, the dubious source of this historiographical version is critically analyzed, dating back to Mikhail Katkov, a very famous ideologist of imperial conservatism. The author argues that the Katkov’s legend turned into a toolbox of official communist historiography, and then it was reproduced virtually unchanged in publications of the Soviet era until the collapse of the dominant regime. First of all, the author proposes to radically rethink the false conception of the "Siberian" period of Mikhail Bakunin that has become entrenched in historical literature. Second, the author considers it necessary to justify the redirection of the copyright affiliation of some sources of radical revolutionary journalism in 1860-1861 to Mikhail Bakunin, including the famous "Letters" (1860) to the editorial office of the Russian emigrant newspaper "The Bell." Based on the methodology of textual content analysis of the keywords inherent in this journalistic message and similar letters from Mr. Bakunin from Siberia, the author formulates the main conclusion: the real author of this appeal at that moment could be only the closest friend and associate of Alexander Herzen, i.e., Mr. Bakunin himself.

The paper reviews the issue of the creation of a fundamentally new innovative model of negotiation process focused on settling the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In the author’s opinion, political leadership factor that is typical for the Arab-Israeli world is instrumental in providing a conceptual framework for peace talks between Israel and Palestine in the context of globalization. The article focuses on the peculiarities of the Islamic model of political or, to be more precise, religious and political leadership and how it can be implemented to give a new impetus to the currently bogged down Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. The author argues that is impossible to achieve any tangible regional treaty because not all the arrangements concerning Palestine have a legitimate character from the point of view of both the Palestinians and the people of other Muslim countries in the world. Therefore, in the author’s opinion, without using such an innovative model of the negotiation process it will be principally impossible to achieve a final settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The paper deals with the topic of international academic mobility in Ukraine. It overviews the literature by both national and international researchers on the issue under the investigation and provides a case study of the accomplishments made and pitfalls Ukrainian universities encounter on their integration into the common European educational area. Inconsistent educational legislations between contracting countries, as well as the absence of the uniform legal regulations are stated to be the basic instruments that prevent successful implementing of the programs on academic mobility and factors of major concern that exacerbate the process of students’ or teaching staff’s exchanges, when addressing the topic of academic mobility in Ukraine. A critical study of the analytical data made it possible to spot an array of administrative, managerial, financial, educational proper, and socio-cultural roadblocks that hamper Ukrainian transition into the common European educational area. The authors provide statistics on the top rates countries for Ukrainian outcoming academic mobility, and on the top-rated Ukrainian universities for incoming academic mobility. The research reveals outcoming academic mobility to overweigh incoming one in Ukraine owing to the fact the procedures of transferring a Ukrainian student to a university abroad are less complicated than those of a foreign student to Ukrainian higher education establishments. Finally, there are given suggestions on how it might be possible to align educational curricula with the European principles of higher education to foster international academic mobility in Ukraine.

Ismail Najati efendy was born in Safranbolu in 1258/1842-3. After completing primary education in his hometown, he came to Istanbul and completed his education there, then he was engaged in teaching as a mudarris. Besides being a participant of Huzur Lessons as a muqarrir and mukhatap, he taught as a professor in the madrasa of Dar al-khilafat al-aliyye. His relationship with Ahmad Ziyaaddin Gumushkhanawi, the scholar-sufi of that era, began in his pupilage and continued in the form of professor-student and sheikh-disciple relation until the death of Gumushkhanawi. He attended the lessons of Gumushkhanawi, took scholarship ijazats and also khilaftnamah from him by completing his sayr al-suluk. He undertook the sheikhdom of Gumushkhanawi Lodge, which was the grand lodge of Ziyaiyyah sûfî order attributed to Gumushkhanawian Ahmad Ziyaaddin Efendy, succeeding Kastamonuian Hasan Hilmy Efendy and conducted this mission until his death. As a mudarris and a sheikh he gave ijazats to numerous students regarding hadith books that he taught. He also gave khilafatnamah to his merited disciples who were taken by himself to khalwats/seclusions, one of the rutin activities of the Lodge. As far as we identified, the number of his khalifas was twenty five. His pamphlet titled Sayr al-Suluk Lessons and postscript to the book of Ramuz al-ahadith are written works of him. In this paper, by presenting the life, scholarly career, lodge activities and khalifas of Ismail Najati Efendy, and briefly examining his pamphlet regarding sayr al-suluk, we sought to introduce this outstanding scholar and wise man.Özİsmail Necati Efendi, 1258/1842-3 senesinde Safranbolu’da doğmuş, ilk tahsilini memleketinde tamamladıktan sonra İstanbul’a gelerek burada tahsilini tamamlamış, ardından da tedris faaliyetlerinde bulunmuş bir müderristir. Huzur Dersleri mukarrir ve muhataplığı yanında Dârü’l-hilâfeti’l-aliyye medresesi hocalığı da yapmıştır. Dönemin alim sûfîlerinden Ahmed Ziyâeddîn-i Gümüşhânevî ile daha talebeliği döneminde başlayan münasebeti hoca-talebe ve şeyh-mürid ilişkisi şeklinde onun vefatına kadar devam etmiştir. Gümüşhânevî’nin derslerine katılarak hem ilim icâzetleri hem de seyr ü sülûkünü tamamlayarak hilâfetnâme almıştır. Gümüşhaneli Ahmed Ziyaeddin Efendi’ye nispet edilen Ziyâiyye tasavvuf yolunun âsitânesi olan Gümüşhânevî dergâhının Kastamonulu Hasan Hilmi Efendi’den sonra şeyhliğini üstlenerek vefatına kadar bu vazifeyi yürütmüştür. Pek çok talebeye hem bir müderris olarak hem de dergâhın şeyhi olarak okuttuğu hadis eserlerine dair icâzetler vermiştir. Dergâhın rutin faaliyetlerinden olan halvetlere aldığı kimselerden liyâkat kesbedenlere de hilâfetnâme vermiştir. Tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla yirmiş beş kişi halifesi olmuştur. Seyr ü Sülûk Dersleri adlı risâlesi ile Râmûzü’l-ehâdîs kitabına yaptığı hâşiye yazılı çalışmalarından olan İsmail Necati Efendi’nin hayatı, ilmî kariyeri, dergâh faaliyetleri ve halifeleri ile seyr ü sülûka dair eserinin kısaca tahliline yer verilerek bu önemli alim ve ârif tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır.

The goal of this review article is to show the role of globalization and integration in interdisciplinary research, culture and education during the rapid development of human civilization in the 21st century. The process of globalization is largely connected with human development and consists in the universalization of human culture and the creation of a global human community - the only one we know today. As there are different attitudes to globalization in the world, positive, negative and neutral attitudes are considered in the article. Most researchers often distinguish economic, political, sociological and environmental approaches to the problem of globalization. But in the context of our research, it is more important to consider the cultural and educational aspects of the problem. No specific definitions and relationships of globalization and culture are proposed in our review article, but the process of globalization is described in detail. It was not easy to find research works dedicated exclusively to globalization impact on culture and education as most researchers simply conclude that culture and globalization are incompatible. The paper tasks contribute to the field of pedagogy by summarizing some theoretical issues and offering comparative study and analysis of contents and discontents of globalization in different spheres of life, but especially in education and culture exchange. The attitudes to globalization is different, so our main task was to give an unbiased assessment of the phenomenon, to show that there are more to it than just pros and cons. The globalization process and integration as its constituent part can not be turned back in the socio-historical context as much as human development and evolution can not be stopped. If we can show the inevitability of globalization then the advantages of globalization will outweigh its disadvantages.

This paper reveals what foundations of the value paradigm of modern society are the most appropriate to contemporary cultural and historical realities on the basis of the study of interrelation between cultural phenomena and historical consciousness. The study employs a significant range of methodological and theoretical approaches of philosophy, cultural and social studies. The article argues that three different approaches to interrelation of culture and historical consciousness are correlated with three approaches to the establishment of the value paradigm of modern society. The author considers that the most suitable axiological basis for the establishment of the value paradigm in modern social and cultural situation is the principle of individual autonomy that will help to strike a balance of values of personalistic egoism, national and corporate altruism, and also humanistic universalism. The historical consciousness developed within this value paradigm makes it possible to overcome both an objectivist interpretation of historical path typical for classical science and a subjectivist one common to post-modern historical philosophy.

The paper aims to analyze the situation of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in the context of Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR). It analyzes how a suitable public policy mechanism needs to be devised and implemented by replacing the old and an irrational FCR in FATA. It extensively examines the theoretical and conceptual perspectives on the public policy, the policy formation and policy factors. The Parsons’ seven steps model of policy framework has been theorized on the study for developing the appropriate policy. The qualitative methodology has been used to get in-detail and in-depth information about the governance mechanism and prevailing issues of FATA. There are three main elements; first getting familiar with the problem, second relevant players and third devising a policy. The study proposes that new public policy for FATA must be carried out with the consultation of the official (legislative, judiciary and executive) and unofficial stakeholders (civil society, media, ethnic groups, public opinion etc).

The 20th century is marked by colossal progress not only in science and technology, but also in art. Since the first half of 20th century there has been a gap observed between traditional and modern art. Modern art includes a variety of forums, biennale, museums of contemporary art, art space, etc. To date, performance is called all sorts of shows taking part in front of viewers. This can include the newfangled music shows, and various installations in museums, DJs sets in clubs and music festivals. Today, this art does not lag behind the rapidly developing communication industry, and at the same time resists the impact of technologies that help to distance people from each other. Performance, in spite of insufficient knowledge, is a popular type of contemporary art. Thus, the performance is introduced into the modern society, leaving behind itself food for reflection. The paper is of interest to researchers of contemporary art and the evolution of cultural phenomena in the 20th century. The work is based on a combination of historical methods, including historical-genetic and historical-comparative.

This article devoted to the semantics of color epithets in the text of the Yakut heroic epic olonkho analysis, as well as to the peculiarities of their functioning in the epic text. An epithet, as an artistic and visual mean, has been attracting the interest of linguists since ancient times. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research consists of the works of A.N. Veselovsky, A.A. Potebnya, V.M. Zhirmunsky, V.Ya. Propp, S.Y. Neklyudov, S.L. Neveleva, as well as of the works of the Yakut scientists I.V. Pukhov, G.U. Ergis, P.A. Sleptsov, N.I. Filippova, V.V. Illarionov and other epics of the Russian Federation peoples researchers. The study of color epithets semantics and their functioning in the text of the Yakut heroic epic olonkho has the purpose of expanding linguistic knowledge about national-cultural specifics of the Yakuts, saved in the epic of olonkho. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the subject of research – color epithets – is a significant part of the epithet layer in the olonkho text, thus, study of them contributes to a systematic analysis of the vocabulary of the Yakut heroic epic olonkho as a whole. Color epithets are a set of color adjectives “үрүҥ/ маҥ(ҕ)ан” white , “хара” black , “кыhыл” red , “аалай” scarlet , “араҕас” yellow , “бороҥ” gray , “күөх” green/light blue/blue. The object of the research is based on the texts of academic editions of “Nyurgun Bootur the Swift” olonkho by K.G. Orosin, “Kyys Debiliye” olonkho by N.P. Burnashev, “Mighty Er Sogotokh” by V.O. Karataev and “Obstinate Kulun Kullustur” by I.G. Timofeev-Teploukhov. At the initial stage, in the paper used the methods of computer analysis for the selection of color epithets from the olonkho text array, further, to characterize the color epithets and the determined words – methods of dictionary definitions analysis, as well as methods of quantitative, descriptive, contextual and comparative analysis. As shown by the study, color epithets are used in the text of the Yakut olonkho in the description of literally all elements of the epic narrative: time, place, appearance, clothing of heroes, weapons of heroes, their emotions and magical properties. It is established that the informativeness of color epithets, inherent into the semantics of the word and revealed in the combinations of color epithets with determined words, is very large – they express the worldview of the Yakuts, their attitude to the world, their assessment of the environment.

Some problems of socialization of youth in the conditions of transformation of the social and economic relations, crisis situations in various spheres of life of society have been studied in the paper. The socio-economic conditions of modern Russian society defining bachelors’ professional socialization have been investigated. Domestic researches of graduates’ social and professional adaptation have been analyzed. Main difficulties which university graduates meet in the course of professional social adaptation have been revealed. The attention on social institute of professional education exerting a great influence on process of socialization of an individual has been focused. Professional focused training in higher education institution; technologies creating imitating actions during the educational or work practice of students have been presented as a condition of reduction of professional adaptation terms. The authors pay attention to the question of university graduate’s employment which is one of criteria of overall performance on bachelor’s training for modern high school education and, at the same time, starts process of adaptation of a university graduate to modern conditions of labor market which result will be a mastering professional and personal qualities for increase in competitiveness in constantly changing production conditions. The great value to ability to adapt quickly to variability of social living conditions, ability to react flexibly to modern calls in the conditions of work and public life of society have been emphasized.

The development of tourism is an extremely important direction of the economy of Tatarstan, which affects all spheres of modern society, including culture and social life of the region. The exploration and introduction of new fields in the sphere of tourism promotes the main branches of the economy, forcing them to actively rebuild and introduce the latest technologies and compete in the world goods market. All these contribute to the inflow of investments into the economic segments. Each region tries to attract as many tourists as possible, for this purpose it is expedient to determine the main spheres and directions of activity involved in the development of the industry. The paper outlines the main activities for tourism industry organizations, identifies the main problems in the development of tourism, presents the developed certain recommendations for increasing the tourist flow to the republic. The region's successes in promoting the brand of the territory are noted. The role and importance of actualizing the region's identity in the development of tourism are defined. The role of the organization of cooperation between hospitality enterprises (tour operators and travel agencies, accommodation and catering facilities) under the guidance of the State Committee for Tourism is noted, as well as a description of new directions of tourism development in the Republic of Tatarstan is provided.

This paper investigates the diplomacy of the city of Rome in Royal and Early Republican periods fragmentation. It is known that the diplomatic authorities of Ancient Rome had a legal basis, fixed in Roman law. The oldest legal norms are preserved in the quotations and paraphrases of the Roman writers, lawyers and antiquaries (Cicero, Livy, Varro, Fest and others), who lived at a later time. Based on their data it is possible to reconstruct the field of public law governing the powers of fetials and ambassadors, ius gentium in the period VII - III centuries BC. In addition, they provide an opportunity to recreate some aspects of international relations in the region (relations with the Latin League, Etruscans, Volsci, Aequi and other Italian peoples) and diplomatic activities of Ancient Rome (diplomatic rituals - the Declaration of war, conclusion of peace Treaty; the position of ambassadors, diplomatic activities of the Roman Senate and consuls).

The theoretical and methodological bases of the present research are based on the theory of Wolfgang Iser, which distinguishes between the concepts "text" and "literary work." "Text" is produced by the author and exists in a single variant, representing a symbolic code that is waiting for its implementation, before which it has only virtual meaning. "Literary work" is what arises in the act of reception - as a result of the reader's activity in the realization of the semantic potential of the text - and exists in a multitude of receptive variants. In the process of the reader's communication with the text, “the horizon of expectations" of the text, which contains the requirements for the reader coded in the text, interacts with “the horizon of expectations" of the reader, which is based on the requirements imposed on the text by the reader. The merging of the "horizons" is the key to an adequate understanding. In the present paper, the interaction of “the horizons of expectations" of the text and the reader is represented in the form of "windows", "created" by the text and the reader in the experience of the perceiving consciousness. "The expectations of the text" are considered in the form of "windows" formed by phenomena and horizons. They are attached to three levels of the structural features of the olonkho texts: the active (eventive) level, the level of accenting rhythms and the semiotic level, which are the most illustrative for the conducted research. "The expectations of the reader" are provided by three fundamental limits of dynamic equilibria (identification limit, communication limit and the limit of the rhythms of world harmony), which are attached to the levels of text singled out above.

This paper presents the problems of interpretation of Platon Alekseyevich Oyunsky’s (1893-1939) personality, the Yakut classic writer, in terms of his self-identification, finding his place in literature, society and, in general, history, his struggle for truth and universal human values. The article uses a set of such traditional methods as historical-functional, typological and comparative. Interpretation of P. Oyunsky's contextual levels of creativity will allow to delve into the creative core of the writer, and reveal both his tasks and achievements in fiction. In the end of the analysis of the writer's creativity contexts, the integrity of his personality will be revealed. The artistic concept of Oyunsky’s reality is realized in his philosophical works – “Nyukuus the Madman”, “The Red Shaman”, “Kudangsa the Great”, “Alexander the Great”, which become the starting point for the evolution of his worldview. The writer was looking for answers not only to hot-button issues of society, but he also talked about universal and eternal problems of existence. Particular attention was paid to the creation of heroic characters, fighting for the happiness of the people and changing the world. Oyunsky created Yakut literature of a new type, he became a writer of romanticism. The study of the literary context in the writer's work presupposes insight into the semantic depths of works to comprehend the author's concept of reality. Oyunsky, as a writer-philosopher, reflected on the universal problems of life and death, the appointment of man and his fate, the role of great people in history, the struggle between Good and Evil, Mind and Force. Oyunsky showed the triumph of Mind in his works, the eternal truths of mankind and foresaw that thanks to creativity, his name will not be forgotten by the people.

In this paper, the concept of cinema freedom is explained, and its comprehensive definition is presented within the limitations on the form and essence. First, based on these definitions, the dimensions of cinema freedom which include the freedom of screening and expression and freedom of work are depicted. The question of “what is cinema freedom?” is examined by implementing descriptive-analytical methods. The cinema freedom is defined as when each person or group is able to publish a cinematic artwork with any thoughts or beliefs. Based on the restrictions of freedom of screening and expression and freedom of work, the limits of cinema freedom are categorized into form and essence limitations. It should be noticed that different countries are applying these limitations in different ways.

This study examines the theories of Russian pre-revolutionary state scientists on the rule of law, which have been reflected in monographs, dissertations, publications in the periodical legal scientific press of the beginning of the 20th century. The subject of the study is the patterns of evolvement, the content features and results of research undertaken by scientists in the theoretical development of various aspects of a rule of law. The chronological framework is covered by the period from the beginning of the 20th century to 1917, because in the preceding stages the rule of law theory was not developed by Russian government scientists on a serious scientific basis. The conclusion on the qualitative side of the results obtained in prerevolutionary studies that formed the theoretical basis for understanding the essence of the rule of law in the science of Russian state law of this period was formulated in the paper.