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Copyright of Bait Al-Mashura Journal is the property of Bait Al-Mashura Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nastaliq gain a respectable notice in Iran, Turkey, India including subcontinent, and Arab world (Egypt, Syria, and Baghdad). Starting from the very minimum size used in miniature paintings to Jali size applied on architecture. Nastaliq raised and used a lot in different manners because of its unique letter style; but at the same time there is still a hidden style representing the local Nastaliq related to the subcontinent region; this local style represents a new test which we can found in Lahore city at the second mid of 19c. . Although the small numbers of architecture founded in Lahore used Nastaliq inscriptions in Lahori style - for political reasons - but it deserves to be studied, and the calligrapher of this period be given credit for this new calligraphy style to recognize their work. Research problem:Nastaliq has a huge history; having started from Taliq calligraphy in Iran, developing from it to create a new shape in Iran also; then started to move around the world and through this movement of Nastaliq it spread in different styles and shapes. Thus, this paper will aim to reveal the Lahori Nastaliq style, which represented a new style from the original Nastaliq which spread in Afghanistan and Pakistan by the influence of India on the subcontinent region. This paper refer to the new style applied on architecture in Lahore, with comparative study with Nastaliq in Iran to distinguish the Iranian Nastaliq style and the local one on architecture during British colonization. Obviously what was written on this subject represent paragraph or two maximum, which led to undervaluing of the Lahori style as a real and effective style. So, I found myself attracted to study this style, and compare it with the original and the influenced one in India.Research objective:This paper aims to shed some light on a few of the differences between Lahori Nastaliq style on architecture, and the original base of Iranian Nastaliq style at the same period.Research methodology:This research will trace the Nastaliq style on architecture in Lahore at the mid and late of 19C., by tracing the calligrapher role on architecture and their work on Lahore, combined with a brief history of Nastaliq calligraphy styles, Lahore cultural, architecture and political history, additional to a comparative study with Iranian Nastaliq to reveal the difference between both styles.

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Geophysics (IJG) is the property of Iranian Journal of Geophysics (IJG) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Arts & Social Sciences (JASS) is the property of Sultan Qaboos University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of College of Basic Education Researches Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International scientific collaborations are an important and influential factor in the process of internationalization of universities and higher education institutions. The quantitative measure of this type of interaction is the international scientific output. Internationally published scientific articles play the most role. In this paper, the international scientific publication of industrial engineering in the world and Iran has been analyzed with a competitiveness approach through a Location Quotient Index (LQI) focusing on Iranian industrial engineering publication. The data base of this study is the 148240 records of bibliographic information of articles published in 55 journals in the field of industrial engineering and special focus on 3424 articles published by Iranian researchers in the last 50 years by descriptive survey method. The results indicate that industrial engineering production has been growing and leaping in recent decades. The top countries in the publication of international articles in this field are the US, China and the United Kingdom. A quantitative comparison of Iran's international scientific publication with that of other countries shows that it ranks 15th in the world and first in the region. Investigating the competitive advantage of international industrial engineering production of Iran in cooperation with other countries using the LQI shows that in terms of quantity and quality compared to total international industrial engineering publication in the world and total engineering publication in Iran, it has a relatively high relative competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rural Development Strategies is the property of Rural Development Strategies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to present the pattern of teacher training based on the general policies of the education system. This research is practical in terms of its objectives, and in terms of the qualitative data collection method, it is a comparative content analysis. The method of qualitative data analysis is coding. Again, the coding was central and the coding was selective or selective. The results of the qualitative part showed that the conceptual model of the foundations and approaches of teacher training in selected countries and Iran was identified in 7 dimensions, 28 components and 72 indicators in the form of the findings of the qualitative part. In the philosophical foundations of the teacher training system of selected countries, there are 4 components and 12 indicators, in the psychological foundations, 4 components and 10 indicators, in the scientific foundations, 4 components and 9 indicators, in the sociological foundations, 4 components and 11 indicators, in the loyal approach, 4 components and 9 indicators. In the adaptive approach, 4 components and 11 indicators were identified, and in the semi-adaptive approach, 4 components and 10 indicators were identified. The findings showed that the entry paths to teacher preparation courses in Iran are limited and are completely centralized. While in other countries under investigation, it has acceptable diversity and flexibility and is managed in a semi-centralized or decentralized manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iran Foreign Policy towards Israel witnessed a radical change after the revolution of Iran in 1979 and become the opposite of what had been during the reign of Shah Mohammed Raza Bahlawi. This paper Sheds light on the on the nature of Iran Foreign Policy towards Israel and the paper is divided into three periods according to the changes. The First between 1979-1989, the second between 1989-2005 and the third between 2006-2009

Copyright of Iranian South Medical Journal is the property of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction School is a mechanism, by which students gradually experience social-political issues and learn social behaviors. Therefore, school in general and textbooks in particular play a crucial role in students' socialization. Textbooks as something that shape the structure of emotion in the school setting are the special characteristics of a country. Identity and specialness of a country are its logic and actually its mental image. In fact, textbook content is a stimulus that can be effective in shaping students' national beliefs. This study investigated national identity and how it was presented in Iranian Junior highschool the social science textbooks, as well as how educational discourse answered the question of collective identity in these books. The importance of such studies was to remind authors of the textbooks and educational planners so as to pay attention to identity components when designing the contents of these books and establish a balance in the texts in this regard. This differed from other studies on national identity since dealing with the issue differently. Researches on national identity have sought to answer the questions of what roles have textbooks in strengthening national identity or how religious identity is superior to other aspects of identity in the books under study, while there is less to do with reconstruction of identity. Materials and Methods This investigation was done based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. Data analysis was done based on conceptualization and discourse semiotics proposed by Soltani (2014). There are two semiotic systems, i.e., image and text in textbooks; therefore, using the above method, the texts and images in the textbooks of social studies for guidance school students of the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades published in 2017 were analyzed and interpreted to include 3 stages: first, textual analysis, by which each book was analyzed individually. In this stage, sampling and analyzing were done through the written texts and images. Second, intertextual analysis, by which all the mentioned textbooks were analyzed in relation to each other based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. In the third stage, contextual analysis was done, by which propounded discourses in the textbooks were analyzed with regard to macro social and cultural discourses based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. In his discourse based on semiotic method, Soltani (2014) tried to propose a model, based on which analysis of long texts could be facilitated. Combining his method with Laclau and Muffe Theory would result in a model that provided micro and macro explanations simultaneously. Discussion of results and conclusion The findings indicated that giving priority to religious discourse and presenting Iranian identity based on Islamic ideology, making a critical picture of all governments before Islam development and Islamic Revolution, reinforcing Occidentalism, and dividing the world into Islamic/non-Islamic societies were the all things that students learnt from the textbooks of social science studies. Thus, it seemed that Iranian government was based on Islamic culture; in this sense, Iranian identity was a reconstructed culture to restore the former societies against the western culture. Therefore, in Iran, government was formed by defining a legitimated and Shia'-oriented culture and naturalizing it in a systematic way through such tools as education. Boosting traditional identification in educational textbooks was what was generally followed by authors of the textbooks in Iran. In fact, there was a close connection of space, time, and culture in a given land that met identity needs. In this sense, human beings easily achieve the identity and the meaning they need within their small, stable, and united worlds. However, the reality is that the media, advertising system, and the globalization process in general have greatly reduced the possibility of traditional identification and continuation of this practice in textbooks could lead to a kind of identity crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geography & Environmental Planning is the property of University of Isfahan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Geology is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Medicine is closely related to the humanities, and as Foucault points out, medicine has been the basis for the development of the modern humanities. Despite this, there is practically no connection between the humanities and biomedicine. Due to its necessity, medical humanities is a scientific discourse that has been discussed and researched in the last five decades. The formation and development of medical humanities is an important epistemological challenge in the world. It is also one of the essential subjects in the interdisciplinary field of science. The importance of the subject is mostly related to medicine itself and its role and place in the human life. That is why it can be said that the field of medical humanities is an important part of medical education. Given the role and importance of medical humanities in promoting health services and their effectiveness, there is a need for research in this area. There is a gap of knowledge in this domain in Iran. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the challenges and obstacles to the formation of medical humanities in Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a national wide qualitative study that was conducted in 2020 in Iran. Twenty-four faculty members of humanities departments who have relevant works with health were included in this study. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews (22 participants) and open-ended questions with two participants. Data analysis was performed by the thematic analysis method. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: From the participants' point of view, there are important challenges facing the formation of medical humanities in Iran. The most important challenge is modern medicine as a hegemonic field of knowledge. The social field of science and related social capital is at the disposal of biomedicine. This is a serious obstacle to the formation of the medical humanities. In addition, other reasons were explored as challenges. Generally, four themes were explored: 1) modern mentality; 2) politics, society, and organization; 3) biomedical domination; and 4) inefficiency of the humanities in Iran. The modern mentality is related to epistemological dualism and one-dimensional science. The phrase 'politics, society, and organization' is related to scientific laws and regulations in the country that do not recognize interdisciplinary sciences and do not provide the space for such issues. Although the epistemological and institutional dominance of biomedicine, which focuses on the medical institution, is a major challenge, the weakness and inefficiency of the humanities is also another main challenge. The humanities departments generally do not have the high confidence to enter the medical field, and many of such departments are alien to the health sciences. Under the dominance of biomedicine unequal distribution of knowledge, resources and talents were formed in Iran. The political economy of biomedicine attracts all resources and talents. In addition, the structures of the scientific bureaucracy have prevented the formation of the medical humanities. In this law and regulation bureaucracy, no attention has been paid to the interdisciplinary approach of sciences, especially medical sciences. Therefore, different fields of science in Iran are operating as separate islands. This includes the humanities and medical sciences. Based on the findings of the present study, strengthening the role and function of the humanities as well as modifying the domination of biomedicine are suggested. The field of humanities needs more connection to the medical sciences. Also, different fields of science in Iran need specific legal tools to support interdisciplinary sciences, and in particular, medical humanities. It is necessary to pay attention to humanism and constructivism in the field of policy-making and theory. Finally, the field of medical humanities is one of the necessities of medical sciences in Iran that needs serious attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of The Macro & Strategic Policies is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of The Macro & Strategic Policies is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caspian Journal of Scientometrics is the property of Babol University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caspian Journal of Scientometrics is the property of Babol University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper spots light on studying the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia between 1941 -1979 and the most important regional and international developments which had left its impacts upon such relations. These relation were characterized by stability and improvement all over the period of the study. It can be described since 1927 till 1953 as a stage of fixing and establishing these relations, as well as looking for means and methods of developing them As for the relations during the period 1953– 1964, we can say that it had witnessed `longstanding ways while the period between 1964 -1979, it was a flourishing period. Due to the huge compatibility between both states in the political, economic and security aspects which had been reflected upon the politics of both state, we can could see its roots clearly.

Background and Aim: Accountability is a process by which all service organizations including hospitals are required to legitimize their activities. This research aims to study the seven aspects of accountability in Iran’s teaching hospitals. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytic study performed in the second half of 1390 in five major medical-educational hospitals in 5 points of the country. A research-made questionnaire with seven dimensions (ethical, cultural, financial, operational, legal, informational, and structural) was used. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The total number of subjects was 454, of whom 45.6% were males and the rest were females (n = 247). They were mostly (40.1%) in the age group of 21- to 29-year-olds, and the least figure (6.8%) pertained to those older than 50 years of age. The average mean of structure turned out to be the highest (3.54 ± 0.97) and the informational dimension had the lowest (3.45 ± 0.97). The average accountability score was the highest in Rasht hospital (99.3 ± 0.61) and the lowest in Tehran hospital (3.02 ± 0.67). The correlations between all dimensions were confirmed. Moreover, accountability as evaluated in the studied educational hospitals was above average. Conclusion: Patients' attitude towards accountability in Iran’s teaching hospitals was assessed to be above average. The findings show that an office or a unit for accountability, validation, and continuous audit of its dimensions is essential to advance the high goals of the hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The characterization of any disease have important role for the evaluation and control strategy and programming of diseases. This study was done to determine the epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Iran during 2001-08. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, Annual percentage change (APC), average annual percentage change (AAPC) of Tuberculosis incidence rate, mortality of Tuberculosis, case detection rate, success percentage in Tuberculosis treatment and relapses cases during 2001-08 have been studied in Iran. Linear segmented regression model was used for analysis trend of Tuberculosis and estimate parameters. Results: The trend of Tuberculosis smear positive (SP) incidence rate was reduced in Iran during 2001-08. Anually, 4.1% and 3.6% reduction took place in incidence rate and relapses cases, respectively. Tuberculosis mortality decreased annually by 6.8% and success in case detection increased by 2.5%. The Tuberculosis treatment though AAPC is decreasing by 0.5%. The trend of Tuberculosis are higher among women and in both sexes over 65 years of age. Conclusion: This study showed that trend of SP pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment success rate is decreased, but case detection was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]