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Copyright of Bait Al-Mashura Journal is the property of Bait Al-Mashura Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nastaliq gain a respectable notice in Iran, Turkey, India including subcontinent, and Arab world (Egypt, Syria, and Baghdad). Starting from the very minimum size used in miniature paintings to Jali size applied on architecture. Nastaliq raised and used a lot in different manners because of its unique letter style; but at the same time there is still a hidden style representing the local Nastaliq related to the subcontinent region; this local style represents a new test which we can found in Lahore city at the second mid of 19c. . Although the small numbers of architecture founded in Lahore used Nastaliq inscriptions in Lahori style - for political reasons - but it deserves to be studied, and the calligrapher of this period be given credit for this new calligraphy style to recognize their work. Research problem:Nastaliq has a huge history; having started from Taliq calligraphy in Iran, developing from it to create a new shape in Iran also; then started to move around the world and through this movement of Nastaliq it spread in different styles and shapes. Thus, this paper will aim to reveal the Lahori Nastaliq style, which represented a new style from the original Nastaliq which spread in Afghanistan and Pakistan by the influence of India on the subcontinent region. This paper refer to the new style applied on architecture in Lahore, with comparative study with Nastaliq in Iran to distinguish the Iranian Nastaliq style and the local one on architecture during British colonization. Obviously what was written on this subject represent paragraph or two maximum, which led to undervaluing of the Lahori style as a real and effective style. So, I found myself attracted to study this style, and compare it with the original and the influenced one in India.Research objective:This paper aims to shed some light on a few of the differences between Lahori Nastaliq style on architecture, and the original base of Iranian Nastaliq style at the same period.Research methodology:This research will trace the Nastaliq style on architecture in Lahore at the mid and late of 19C., by tracing the calligrapher role on architecture and their work on Lahore, combined with a brief history of Nastaliq calligraphy styles, Lahore cultural, architecture and political history, additional to a comparative study with Iranian Nastaliq to reveal the difference between both styles.

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Geophysics (IJG) is the property of Iranian Journal of Geophysics (IJG) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of College of Basic Education Researches Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rural Development Strategies is the property of Rural Development Strategies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to present the pattern of teacher training based on the general policies of the education system. This research is practical in terms of its objectives, and in terms of the qualitative data collection method, it is a comparative content analysis. The method of qualitative data analysis is coding. Again, the coding was central and the coding was selective or selective. The results of the qualitative part showed that the conceptual model of the foundations and approaches of teacher training in selected countries and Iran was identified in 7 dimensions, 28 components and 72 indicators in the form of the findings of the qualitative part. In the philosophical foundations of the teacher training system of selected countries, there are 4 components and 12 indicators, in the psychological foundations, 4 components and 10 indicators, in the scientific foundations, 4 components and 9 indicators, in the sociological foundations, 4 components and 11 indicators, in the loyal approach, 4 components and 9 indicators. In the adaptive approach, 4 components and 11 indicators were identified, and in the semi-adaptive approach, 4 components and 10 indicators were identified. The findings showed that the entry paths to teacher preparation courses in Iran are limited and are completely centralized. While in other countries under investigation, it has acceptable diversity and flexibility and is managed in a semi-centralized or decentralized manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iranian South Medical Journal is the property of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction School is a mechanism, by which students gradually experience social-political issues and learn social behaviors. Therefore, school in general and textbooks in particular play a crucial role in students' socialization. Textbooks as something that shape the structure of emotion in the school setting are the special characteristics of a country. Identity and specialness of a country are its logic and actually its mental image. In fact, textbook content is a stimulus that can be effective in shaping students' national beliefs. This study investigated national identity and how it was presented in Iranian Junior highschool the social science textbooks, as well as how educational discourse answered the question of collective identity in these books. The importance of such studies was to remind authors of the textbooks and educational planners so as to pay attention to identity components when designing the contents of these books and establish a balance in the texts in this regard. This differed from other studies on national identity since dealing with the issue differently. Researches on national identity have sought to answer the questions of what roles have textbooks in strengthening national identity or how religious identity is superior to other aspects of identity in the books under study, while there is less to do with reconstruction of identity. Materials and Methods This investigation was done based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. Data analysis was done based on conceptualization and discourse semiotics proposed by Soltani (2014). There are two semiotic systems, i.e., image and text in textbooks; therefore, using the above method, the texts and images in the textbooks of social studies for guidance school students of the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades published in 2017 were analyzed and interpreted to include 3 stages: first, textual analysis, by which each book was analyzed individually. In this stage, sampling and analyzing were done through the written texts and images. Second, intertextual analysis, by which all the mentioned textbooks were analyzed in relation to each other based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. In the third stage, contextual analysis was done, by which propounded discourses in the textbooks were analyzed with regard to macro social and cultural discourses based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. In his discourse based on semiotic method, Soltani (2014) tried to propose a model, based on which analysis of long texts could be facilitated. Combining his method with Laclau and Muffe Theory would result in a model that provided micro and macro explanations simultaneously. Discussion of results and conclusion The findings indicated that giving priority to religious discourse and presenting Iranian identity based on Islamic ideology, making a critical picture of all governments before Islam development and Islamic Revolution, reinforcing Occidentalism, and dividing the world into Islamic/non-Islamic societies were the all things that students learnt from the textbooks of social science studies. Thus, it seemed that Iranian government was based on Islamic culture; in this sense, Iranian identity was a reconstructed culture to restore the former societies against the western culture. Therefore, in Iran, government was formed by defining a legitimated and Shia'-oriented culture and naturalizing it in a systematic way through such tools as education. Boosting traditional identification in educational textbooks was what was generally followed by authors of the textbooks in Iran. In fact, there was a close connection of space, time, and culture in a given land that met identity needs. In this sense, human beings easily achieve the identity and the meaning they need within their small, stable, and united worlds. However, the reality is that the media, advertising system, and the globalization process in general have greatly reduced the possibility of traditional identification and continuation of this practice in textbooks could lead to a kind of identity crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geography & Environmental Planning is the property of University of Isfahan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Geology is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Medicine is closely related to the humanities, and as Foucault points out, medicine has been the basis for the development of the modern humanities. Despite this, there is practically no connection between the humanities and biomedicine. Due to its necessity, medical humanities is a scientific discourse that has been discussed and researched in the last five decades. The formation and development of medical humanities is an important epistemological challenge in the world. It is also one of the essential subjects in the interdisciplinary field of science. The importance of the subject is mostly related to medicine itself and its role and place in the human life. That is why it can be said that the field of medical humanities is an important part of medical education. Given the role and importance of medical humanities in promoting health services and their effectiveness, there is a need for research in this area. There is a gap of knowledge in this domain in Iran. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the challenges and obstacles to the formation of medical humanities in Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a national wide qualitative study that was conducted in 2020 in Iran. Twenty-four faculty members of humanities departments who have relevant works with health were included in this study. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews (22 participants) and open-ended questions with two participants. Data analysis was performed by the thematic analysis method. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: From the participants' point of view, there are important challenges facing the formation of medical humanities in Iran. The most important challenge is modern medicine as a hegemonic field of knowledge. The social field of science and related social capital is at the disposal of biomedicine. This is a serious obstacle to the formation of the medical humanities. In addition, other reasons were explored as challenges. Generally, four themes were explored: 1) modern mentality; 2) politics, society, and organization; 3) biomedical domination; and 4) inefficiency of the humanities in Iran. The modern mentality is related to epistemological dualism and one-dimensional science. The phrase 'politics, society, and organization' is related to scientific laws and regulations in the country that do not recognize interdisciplinary sciences and do not provide the space for such issues. Although the epistemological and institutional dominance of biomedicine, which focuses on the medical institution, is a major challenge, the weakness and inefficiency of the humanities is also another main challenge. The humanities departments generally do not have the high confidence to enter the medical field, and many of such departments are alien to the health sciences. Under the dominance of biomedicine unequal distribution of knowledge, resources and talents were formed in Iran. The political economy of biomedicine attracts all resources and talents. In addition, the structures of the scientific bureaucracy have prevented the formation of the medical humanities. In this law and regulation bureaucracy, no attention has been paid to the interdisciplinary approach of sciences, especially medical sciences. Therefore, different fields of science in Iran are operating as separate islands. This includes the humanities and medical sciences. Based on the findings of the present study, strengthening the role and function of the humanities as well as modifying the domination of biomedicine are suggested. The field of humanities needs more connection to the medical sciences. Also, different fields of science in Iran need specific legal tools to support interdisciplinary sciences, and in particular, medical humanities. It is necessary to pay attention to humanism and constructivism in the field of policy-making and theory. Finally, the field of medical humanities is one of the necessities of medical sciences in Iran that needs serious attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of The Macro & Strategic Policies is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of The Macro & Strategic Policies is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)