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The development of the young swimmer determines the scientific approch of the training process organization. Thus the design of training programs for young swimmers requires to know the biological age, whose determination remains an invasive method. However, there are easy methods for determining biological age, such as that of Wutscherk (1988), whose formula is based on a few anthropometric parameters. But before the Peak Height Velocity (PVH) the trainers refer rather to the chronological age and do not make a difference between the training programs of the two sexes (Bayli, 2004). High-level sport requires 10 years of preparation, i.e. an average of 3 hours training per day (Bloom, 1985; Bloom et al., 1990; Ericsson, et al., 1993; Ericsson and Charness, 1994, Salmela et al., 1998). Experience has shown that the age of best swimming performances is 22 years for women and 24 years for men, and that they occur in middle distance swimmers on average two years earlier than in sprinters (Allen et al., 2014 ; Buhl et al., 2013 ; Kollarz et al., 2013 ; Wolfrum et al., 2013 ; Knechtle et al., 2016 ; König et al., 2014), by preparing the technical, physical and psychological aspects for 8 to 10 years for women and 8 to 12 years for men, in order to reach the international level, without reducing the aforementioned deadlines. In this article, we wanted to emphasize the importance of growth and maturation in planning and periodizing a swimmer's long-term training process.

The paper presents the results of the next stage of a comprehensive study concerning Russian state-legal doctrines in the 19th and early 20th centuries, taken in the triune of the external form of their expression: in dissertations, in monographs and in scientific papers of the periodical legal press. The authors analyzed the content and results of publication of monographs and the most famous papers published by pre-revolutionary Russian political scientists on key aspects of the state (constitutional) law science. Data are presented on the main priority areas of research, poorly developed fields of public law science, the laws of genesis and evolution, respectively, of monographic and periodical state-legal doctrines. The methodology proposed for the identification, analysis and general theoretical evaluation of state-legal doctrines has every reason to be applied for obtaining comprehensive knowledge of other branch pre-revolutionary legal doctrines.

Medeniyetin kurulmasında, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında tartışmasız bir yeri olan kâğıt, günümüzde artık çok çeşitli amaçlar için hayatın her kademesinde yer almakta, giderek tüketimi inanılmaz boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Kâğıt sektöründe hammadde problemine çözüm için, sürdürülebilir ormancılık çalışmalarından daha ziyade, sürdürülebilir geri dönüşüm teknolojilerini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda atık sınıfına giren kâğıtın, lifler dışında bulunan bütün bileşenlerini en ekonomik ve çevreci metotlarla ayırmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toner baskılı ofis kâğıtlarının mürekkep ve kirliliklerinden arındırılmasında enzim ve ultrasonik enerji kullanımı konusunda elde edilen bazı sonuçlar tartışılmış ve geri dönüşüm açısından kâğıt sektörü çevresel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Use of Enzyme and Ultrasonic Energy in Paper Recycling Paper has undeniable key roles in establishing civilization, archiving and transferring knowledge. Paper is in all parts of daily life for different purposes today and its consumption is getting at unbelievable level. For solving the problems related to insufficient raw materials, the sustainable recycling technologies should be developed rather than concentrating on sustainable forestry practices. In this sense, extracting all materials from waste papers with economical and environmentally friendly methods are extremely important. In this study, some results obtained from an experimental study carried out on the deinking of toner printed office papers with the help of enzymes and ultrasonic energy were discussed and paper industry was examined in respect to recycling and environment.

The aim of this presentation is to show how Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin manipulate temporality to foreground their themes in “The Yellow Wall-Paper” and “The Story of an Hour” in the light of Gérard Genette’s theory of time. Both stories present female characters oppressed by the patriarchal authority in the marriage and their attempts to liberate themselves from this oppression. The aim is to find out how the gender of the author or protagonist in the narration can affect the time of narration. Gérard Genette’s theory of time (order) is applied to these short stories in order to confirm that the theme of the story affects the time of narration regarding women’s status in the narration. The results are in agreement with feminist narratologists who believe that the female authors use techniques of time in the narration purposefully to resist or negotiate with patriarchy in the process of women’s liberation.

The aim of this presentation is to show how Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin manipulate temporality to foreground their themes in “The Yellow Wall-Paper” and “The Story of an Hour” in the light of Gérard Genette’s theory of time. Both stories present female characters oppressed by the patriarchal authority in the marriage and their attempts to liberate themselves from this oppression. The aim is to find out how the gender of the author or protagonist in the narration can affect the time of narration. Gérard Genette’s theory of time (order) is applied to these short stories in order to confirm that the theme of the story affects the time of narration regarding women’s status in the narration. The results are in agreement with feminist narratologists who believe that the female authors use techniques of time in the narration purposefully to resist or negotiate with patriarchy in the process of women’s liberation.

This paper deals with the stages of the development of the green city concept by Russian authors for 100 years. It is noted that these concepts have always been associated with the dominant ideology and socio-economic processes. Due to fundamental changes in the social structure of Russia and a number of critical states (wars, changing types of social production), the linear trajectory of the development of the concept of a "green city" in Russian science and practice could not have developed. Throughout the years there has been a struggle between two social and town-planning concepts: urbanization and de-urbanization, the desire for socialization of everyday life and its individualization. The development of the concept and programs of "greening" of Russian cities continues today, taking into account modern realities.

This paper debates three views in Maxim Gorky’s short story Her Lover. The first one is human loneliness, lack of communication, fragmented and lost identity in modern industrialized Russian society, which was actually a general view in the early decades of the twentieth century. Secondly, Gorky endows his fictional character Teresa with the Romantic energy which enables her to survive her misery and loneliness by inventing an imaginary lover. Finally, the paper examines the views of prejudice and “self-sufficiency” which put serious hurdles before real communication and thus cause the spiritual and moral decay in social life and relationships.

This paper debates three views in Maxim Gorky’s short story Her Lover. The first one is human loneliness, lack of communication, fragmented and lost identity in modern industrialized Russian society, which was actually a general view in the early decades of the twentieth century. Secondly, Gorky endows his fictional character Teresa with the Romantic energy which enables her to survive her misery and loneliness by inventing an imaginary lover. Finally, the paper examines the views of prejudice and “self-sufficiency” which put serious hurdles before real communication and thus cause the spiritual and moral decay in social life and relationships.

With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world is overwhelmed with a mood of fear, anxiety, depression and psychological discomfort. The Coronavirus has wrapped all aspects of life with a new mode so that the authorities concerned have imposed stay-at-home orders, curfews and restrictions on mass mobility and daily activities. These restrictions have given rise to unprecedented practices rarely available in pre-Coronavirus era. Consequently, the normal course of life has greatly changed and a new daily routine has been established during the COVID-19 pandemic whose impact on all life activities is characterized by being extensive and having far-reaching consequences. This paper investigates the COVID-19 repercussions in some purposively selected cartoons and comics from different websites. The selected cartoons and comics attempt to establish what may be called covidity, a neologism that requires collective and wide-spread response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes negative pandemic-related aspects that have bearing especially on travel, religious and sport activities. The study draws upon Kress and Leeuwen’s approach of Visual Grammar (2006) within the framework of social semiotics. The study probes Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA), which is mainly applied and opted for deeper examination of visual discourse maintained in the data under discussion. Multimodality is a concept that accounts for different semiotic resources in communication to express certain meanings or ideologies. The paper demonstrates how coping strategies help to alleviate the grim mood created by the pandemic and to get adapted to new circumstances. مع ظهور جائحة كوفيد-19، ساد العالم أجمع حالة من الخوف والقلق والانزعاج النفسي. لقد أضفى فيروس كورونا نمطا جديدا على كافة مناحي الحياة، مما دفع السلطات المعنية لإصدار تعليمات البقاء بالمنازل وحظر التجول والقيود على التنقل الجماعي والأنشطة اليومية. وقد أدت هذه القيود إلى ظهور ممارسات غير مسبوقة قلما تواجدت في فترة ما قبل فيروس كورونا. وبالتالي، تغير المسار الطبيعي للحياة بشكل كبير وظهر روتين يومي جديد خلال جائحة كوفيد-19 والذي كان له تأثير بالغ المدى على جميع أنشطة الحياة. تبحث هذه الدراسة تداعيات كوفيد-19 في بعض الرسوم الكرتونية والرسوم المضحكة المختارة من مواقع الكترونية مختلفة. تهدف البيانات المختارة إلى إرساء ما يمكن تسميته "بالكوفيدية"، وهو مصطلح جديد يتطلب استجابة جماعية وواسعة النطاق لجائحة كوفيد-19، ويحلل الجوانب السلبية المتعلقة بالوباء وتأثيرها لا سيما على السفر والأنشطة الدينية والرياضية. تعتمد الدراسة على منهج كريس وليوين في القواعد النحوية المرئية (2006) في إطار نظرية السيمائية الاجتماعية. كما تبحث الدراسة في تحليل الخطاب المتعدد الوسائط والذي يتم تطبيقه بشكل أساسي في تحليل الخطاب المرئي بصورة أشمل للبينات قيد الدراسة. إن تعدد الوسائط مفهوماً يفسر الوسائل السيمائية المختلفة في التواصل للتعبير عن معاني أو أيدولوجيات معينة. وتكشف الدراسة عن مدى مساهمة تلك الاستراتيجيات في التخفيف من حالة التجهم التي خلّفها الوباء والتأقلم مع الواقع الجديد.

Stylometry focuses on detecting some linguistic features such as the length and complexity of sentences, spelling errors, punctuation and phraseology analysis, the frequency of words and lexical items. Stylometric analysis identifies and classifies literary texts according to authorship. It also detects, as a serious scholarly discipline and methodology, the lexical items which characterize the style of a text. The present paper proposes a stylometric analysis of Hussien's خِطبة الشيخ khiTbat al-shaykh (1914) and its English translation rendered by M. Enani in (2020) as The Shaykh's Marriage Proposal. The linguistic features examined within the theoretical framework proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) are parataxis, hypotaxis and lexical choice. The study tests the validity of the translated text in detecting the style of the source text and hence creating either one profile shared by Hussein and Enani, or two different profiles. The main research questions are: (1) in what way does the deployment of parataxis and hypotaxis trace the writing style changes- if there are any- in Hussein's text and its translation? (2) what role does the translated text assume in the domain of stylometric analysis? (3) how does the lexical choice in both the source text and the target text contribute to the creation of personal profiles for the author and the translator? The study suggests that translation is a valid assessment tool in authorship identification as it creates a separate profile for the translator which discerns him/her from the author of the ST. Though stylometric analysis identifies the anonymous author of a given text by specifying its stylistic features and comparing them to other texts written by the same author, the paper offers instead profiling as a changing, style measuring tool for each literary text written by a given author. By defining the stylomeric features and the authorial discriminators of Hussein's and Enani's texts, it is assumed that the Arabic/ English literary pieces cannot be dealt with as a single text written by two authors in collaborations as each text has its own stylistic features that assign an individual profile for its author.يهدف التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي للنصوص الأدبية إلى تحديد بعض السمات اللغوية كطول الجمل ، مدى تعقيدها، الأخطاء الإملائية ، علامات الترقيم ، تحليل و صياغة العبارات، الكلمات المتكررة و الاستخدامات المعجمية، و ذلك لتحديد و تصنيف النصوص الأدبية وفقاً لهوية المؤلف. و يعتمد التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي على تحديد العناصر المعجمية و التي تميز النص ، و من ثمّ يُعتبر هذا النوع من التحليل من الأساليب العلمية الهامة (فيكرز 2002، هولمز 1992). تطرح هذه الدراسة تحليلاً اسلوبياً لرواية خطبة الشيخ لطه حسين التي صدرت عام 1914 ، و ترجمتها إلى الإنجليزية التي قدمها محمد عناني عام 2020 . في ضوء الاطار النظري الذي وضعه كلا من هاليداى وماثيسين 2014 تبحث الدراسة بعض السمات اللغوية مثل الإرداف و التبعية واختيار المفردات ، وتختبر الدراسة مدى صلاحية النص المترجم في الكشف عن أسلوب النص المصدر و من ثم رسم إما ملف شخصي واحد يتقاسمه الكاتب و المترجم أو ملف شخصي للكاتب و آخر للمترجم. و تجيب الدراسة على الأسئلة الآتية: (1) كيف تعكس الخواص الاسلوبية للإرداف و التبعية التغيرات الأسلوبية - إن وجدت- في نص طه حسين و ترجمته؟ (2) ما هي عناصر التشابه و الاختلاف في لغة كل نص؟ 3)) كيف يمكن استخدام النص المترجم كإحدى أدوات التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي؟ (4) كيف ساهمت المفردات المستخدمة في النص المصدر و النص الهدف في رسم طابع خاص لأسلوب الكاتب و المترجم؟ تقترح هذه الدراسة فاعلية النصوص المترجمة في إجراء التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي و ذلك باعتبار الترجمة أداة ذات فاعلية يمكن استخدامها لإضفاء طابع شخصي للمترجم من شأنه أن يميزه عن كاتب النص المصدر. و بالرغم من فاعلية التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي في الكشف عن هوية المؤلف الأصلي لعمل ما، و ذلك بالكشف عن السمات الأسلوبية لأحدى نصوصه و مقارنتها بالنصوص الأخرى المنسوبة إليه، إلا أن هذه الدراسة تقترح أن لكل عمل أدبي سمات اسلوبية خاصة تكسب كاتبه هوية مختلفة ومتغيرة. فبتحديد السمات الاسلوبية الاحصائية و الشواهد التأليفية لنصي حسين و عناني ، يمكن القول يأن هذين النصين لا يمكن اعتبارهما كنص واحد اشترك في صياغته كلا من الكاتب والمؤلف حيث أن السمات الاسلوبية للنص الأصلي والمترجم تمنح كل منهما طابع خاص به.

تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى دراسة ارتباط فكرة توحيد المعبودات خلال فترة الآتونية بالمكانة السياسية والدينية للملك ، والتى كانت الغرض الأساسى من هذه الدعوة ، مع إلقاء الضوء على جذورها ، منذ أيام الملك أمنحوتب الثالث ، إضافة إلى ذلك ستلقى هذه الورقة البحثية الضوء على موقف الناس من الدين الجديد وانقسامهم على أنفسهم ، سواء أكانوا من المؤيدين المستفيدين من دعوة التوحيد أو من الرافضين المتمسكين بالعبادات الأخرى سواء فى السر أو فى العلن ، علاوة على أهم رجال عهد "إخناتون" المتميزين ، الذين كان لهم الدور الأكبر فى تنفيذ كل أوامر "إخناتون" ، مع التعرض لموقفهم من المعبود "آمون" والديانات الأخرى ودورهم التخريبى والمدمر الذى عانت منه معابد تلك الديانات وعبادهم ، مع التعرف على دلالات استمرار العبادات الأخرى فى السر والعلن ، وما تركه بعض الأفراد من دلائل على ذلك فى مقابر العمارنة الجنوبية منها ، والشمالية ، وأخيرا نهاية "إخناتون" وما تبعها من تدمير وتخريب لمركز عبادته فى العمارنة ، ومعابد آتون ، ومحاولة مَحوْ ذكراه من الوجود باعتباره مهرطقا.Abstract This research paper aims to study the connection of the idea of uniting deities during the Atonian period with the political and religious status of the king, which was the main purpose of this call, shedding light on their roots, since the time of King Amenhotep III. In addition, this paper sheds light on the people's attitude towards the new religion and their division against themselves, whether they were among the supporters who benefited from the call for monotheism or the rejecters who adhered to other cults in private or in public. It also highlights the most important distinguished men of the era of "Akhenaten", who had the greatest role in executing all the orders of "Akhenaten", tackling their attitude towards the deity "Amun" and other religions and their subversive and destructive role that the temples of those religions and their worshipers suffered from. Besides, this paper identifies the indications of the continuation of other cults in private and in public, and what some individuals left of evidence of that in the southern and northern Amarna tombs, and finally the end of "Akhenaten" and the subsequent destruction and sabotage of his cult center in Amarna and the temples of Aten, as well as the attempt to erase his memory from existence as a heretic.

This paper argues that Heather Raffo’s Noura (2019) is an instantiation of the Iraqi-American theatre representing postcolonial diaspora. An attempt to bridge the gap between American and Middle Eastern cultures, the play is well regarded as a response to Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Drawing on the theoretical framework of diaspora, the paper reveals miscellaneous themes such as panic, hysteria, violence, nostalgia, alienation, and hybridity. In doing so, it attempts to answer the following question: How far is Raffo’s Noura delineated as an instantiation of the postcolonial diasporic Iraqi-American theatre? The paper has reached the following findings. First, cultural diaspora is argued to have led to utilizing a great deal of Arabic words/expressions that may be entextualized with the passage of time. Second, Raffo was demonstrated to have reconfigured Ibsen’s view of marriage and motherhood by posing her own novel one for discussion through the open-end technique. Third, it was revealed that the playwright has managed to upend the dramatic conventions of gender roles by expanding the role of the wife and marginalizing that of the husband.

تعتبر النقود مصدراً مهماً من مصادر التاريخ الإسلامي، فهي وثائق صحيحة يصعب الشك فيها، وذلك لأنها إحدى شارات الملك والسلطان الثلاث، والتي كان يحرص كل حاكم على اتخاذها بمجرد توليه الحكم، وذلك إلى جانب الدعاء له في خطبة الجمعة، ونقش اسمه على شريط الطراز. والنقود بمثابة مرآة صادقة للعصر الذي ضربت فيه، إذ تعكس بصدق أحوال الدولة التي سكتها سواء كانت سياسية أو اقتصادية أو اجتماعية أو دينية أو مذهبية أو فنية أو أدبية أو جغرافية وغيرها، وتتجلي أهمية النقود في أنها تسد الثغرات التي لم تذكرها المصادر التاريخية. وفي ضوء ما سبق تستعرض هذه الورقة البحثية نقود بنو الساج وهم أسرة تركية حكمت في أذربيجان ومراغة وأردبيل وبردعة وقد تم نشر عشرة نماذج لم يسبق دراستها أو نشرها من قبل وتُنشر لأول مرة في هذا البحث ومحفوظة بمجموعة الأستاذ يحي جعفر بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، بالإضافة إلى نشر أربعة نماذج محفوظة بمركز المسكوكات الإسلامية بجامعة توبنجن بألمانيا، ونموذج محفوظ بالمتحف الوطني لتاريخ أذربيجان، بالإضافة إلى نشر عدة نماذج سبق نشرها ولم تدرس وهي ثمانية نماذج محفوظة بجمعية النميات الأمريكية، وتسعة نماذج محفوظة بمتحف قطر الوطني ونموذج محفوظ بمتحف البريطاني بلندن وقطعة محفوظة بمتحف الأشمولين سبق نشرهما ولم يدرسان من قبل، بالإضافة إلى نشر عدة قطع أخرى منشورة بالمزادات والكتالوجات العربية والعالمية. Coinage is considered to be an important resource of Islamic history, as it is true undoubted documents because it is one of the three insignia of king and sultan, which every ruler was keen to take as soon as he assumed power. In addition to praying for him in the Friday sermon and engraving his name on Tiraz. Coins are true mirror of the era in which they were minted as they faithfully reflect the conditions of the country that minted them, whether they were political, economic, social, religious, sectarian, artistic, literary, geographical, etc. The importance of coins appears clearly in filling the gaps of what is absent in the historical resources. In the light of this, this research paper reviews the coins of Banu al-Saj, a Turkish family that ruled Azerbaijan, Maragheh, Ardabil, and Barda’a. Also many other models were investigated in this paper, which were only published and not studied before,These specimens are ten models are preserved in the collection of Professor Yahya Jaafar in the United Arab Emirates, in addition to other four Models preserved in the Islamic Numismatics Center at the University of Tübingen in Germany, and a model preserved in the National Museum of the History of Azerbaijan and I published several models that were previously published and not studied. which are eight models preserved in the American Numismatic Society, and nine models preserved in the National Museum of Qatar and a model preserved in the British Museum in London and a piece preserved in the Ashmolean Museum were previously published but not studied before, in addition to publishing several other pieces published in Arab and international auctions and catalogs.

This paper illustrates Alfred Adler’s quintessential concept of neurotic aggression and its subdivisions: deprecation, accusation, and self-accusation. It focuses on psychoanalyzing Jimmy Porter’s accusation. The paper tries to answer the following significant questions: What are the three probable causes of neurosis according to Adler’s Individual Psychology? What are the deceiving safeguarding strategies and their subdivisions? And to what extent can Jimmy Porter be considered a typical exemplar of accusation? To answer these questions, this paper applies Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology to the scope of this study, Osborne’s Look Back in Anger (1957). This paper concludes that Jimmy Porter is a typical representative character of this abnormal state. The psychoanalytic dissection is enhanced by many dramatic confrontations.مستخلص يوضح هذا البحث المصطلح الهام لألفريد أدلر وهو العدوان العصابي وتقسيماته: الانتقاص والاتهام واتهام النفس. ويركز علي التحليل النفسي للاتهام لدي جيمي بورتر. ويحاول البحث الاجابة عن الأسئلة الهامة التالية: ما هي الأسباب الثلاثة المحتملة للمرض النفسي طبقا لعلم النفس الفردي لأدلر؟ ما هي استراتيجيات الدفاع الخداعة وتقسيماتها؟ والي أي مدي يعتبر جيمي بورتر نموذجا واضحا للاتهام؟ وللاجابة عن هذه الأسئلة فان هذا البحث يطبق علم النفس الفردي لألفريد أدلر علي مجال هذه الدراسة وهو مسرحية انظر الي الوراء بغضب لأوزبورن (1957). ويخلص هذا البحث الي أن جيمي بورتر يعد نموذجا ممثلا لهذه الحالة غير السوية. وقد تم دعم النقد التحليلي النفسي بالعديد من المواجهات المسرحية.

This paper concentrates on applying the basic demarcations of the well-known Adlerian concept, the inferiority complex, to John Osborne’s dramatic masterpiece, Look Back in Anger (1957). This paper attempts to answer the following questions: What are the main aspects of the inferiority complex? What are the various justifications of Jimmy Porter’s anger? And to what extent can Jimmy Porter be considered as a true representative character of the inferiority complex as an abnormal state of mind? To fulfill these aims, this paper applies Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology to the scope of the study, Osborne’s Look Back in Anger. The study tackles the three distinguished symptoms of the inferiority complex: first, it is essentially originated by anger. Secondly, it is the neurotic individual’s abstract hindrance against any positive achievement. Thirdly, it is demonstrated in the presence of a problematic situation for which the neurotic person is not properly outfitted. The paper concludes that John Osborne is much influenced by this Adlerian concept that each symptom is remarkably applied to Jimmy Porter. Indeed, Jimmy Porter is a true exemplar of the sufferer of this negative psychological condition. مستخلص يركز هذا البحث على تطبيق الأعراض الأساسية للمفهوم الأدلري المعروف عقدة الدونية علي رائعة جون أوزبورن المسرحية: انظر إلي الوراء بغضب (1957). ويهدف هذا البحث للاجابة عن الأسئلة الآتية: ما هي النواحي الأساسية لعقدة الدونية؟ ما هي التبريرات المختلفة لغضب جيمي بورتر؟ والي أي مدي يمكن اعتبار جيمي بورتر شخصية ممثلة لعقدة الدونية كحالة عقلية غير سوية؟ ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف فان البحث يطبق علم النفس الفردي لألفريد أدلر علي مجال الدراسة وهو مسرحية انظر إلي الوراء بغضب لأوزبورن. وتتناول هذه الدراسة الأعراض الثلاثة المميزة لعقدة الدونية وهي: أولا أن منشأها الغضب. وثانيها أنها بمثابة عقبة معنوية عند الشخص العصابي تعوقه عن أي انجاز ايجابي. وثالثها أنها تظهر في موقف مشكلة يعجز العصابي عن التعامل معها. ويخلص البحث الي تأثر جون أوزبورن الشديد بهذا المصطلح الأدلري (عقدة الدونية) حيث تظهر جميع أعراضه منطبقة بوضوح علي جيمي بورتر. وبالفعل يعد جيمي بورتر نموذجا واضحا لمن يعاني من هذه الحالة النفسية السلبية.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استنطاق المعاني الكامنة في بائيتي امرئ القيس وعلقمة الفحل بالنقد والموازنة؛ لنخرج من حيز التنظير التاريخي لرواية أم جُنْدَب الطائية في تغليب علقمة بن عبدة الفحل على زوجها امرئ القيس إلى حيز الاختبار والتطبيق في ضوء الوقوف على القصيدتين لاختبار جودة النظم في اختيار الصيغ، والتراكيب، والصور البلاغية في المقدمة الغزلية، ووصف الناقة، والفرس، والصيد. وقد تبين أن المقدمة الغزلية في بائية امرئ القيس أجود وأدق، فله فضل الابتداع والإجمال، ولعلقمة فضل الزيادة والتطوير. وجاء وصف الناقة عند علقمة أبدع وأجود في رسم صورتها واكتمال رؤيتها، كما أن للمغايرة الأسلوبية في انتقاء الحرف والكلمة والتركيب أثرا في كون أحدهما أشعر من الآخر، وقد تفرد علقمة في ثلاثة مواضع من وصف الفرس، فكان أشعر، وقصَّر عن امرئ القيس في بقية الأبيات فلم يلحق به، ولم يكن لعلقمة في وصفه للفرس مع جودة نظمه من تابع يحذو حذوه. ولم تكن أم جندب منصفة في تغليبه على امرئ القيس. Abstract This paper aims at extracting the connotative meanings of Imru’ AlQayas and Alqamah Bin Abudah Alfahal’s Ba’a-rhymed poems by means of parallelism and critical appreciation thus departing from the historical theorization of Um Gandab AlTa’ya’ s story to a comprehensive theoretical examination and critical appraisal of the two poems. The paper compares the rhyming words and letters in the two poems and concludes with the superiority of the poetic expression of Imru’ AlQays, who is unrivaled in his descriptive poetic enumeration of the horse’s benefits. The variation of metaphoric selection helped in this comparative appreciation as Irmu’ AlQays shows superior poetic expression and exceptional holistic view. Um Gandab proves unjust in her bias toward AlFahal due to her incomprehensive appreciation and her choice of a line of verse unparalleled with AlQays’ line of verse.

Previous studies have focused on vehicle sticker and inscription texts from a wide range of perspectives. They include the stylistic, linguistic and pragmatic analyses of vehicle inscriptions, the transmission of moral and cultural values of sticker texts across borders, vehicle writings as conveyors of humours, slang and witticism and inscription and sticker texts that construct social, political and economic vices that are prevalent in Nigeria. However, none have worked on individual and group identity sticker and inscription texts in relation to agitation, high-handedness, over-bearing manner and all forms of lawlessness in Nigeria. In this paper, we examine individual and group identity sticker and inscription texts that relate to agitation, high-handedness, over-bearing manner and all forms of lawlessness in Nigeria. The Ethnography of Communication forms the kernel of our theoretical framework. Our data include nine pieces of sticker and inscription texts that communicate the inherent identities of the different academic and professional organizations, the perception of the public about the organizations, information from some Nigerian dailies and captions of the popular EndSARS protests in 2020. We argue that group and individual texts on automobiles signal to the reading public a lot about the organizations which include agitation, high-handedness, over-bearing manner and other forms of lawlessness in Nigeria. The paper reveals that what is contained on the bodies of most of the organizations’ vehicles does not always reflect the activities of such organizations.

Abstract This paper attempts to examine the use of environmental elements to represent natural features in the poetry of Chenjerai Hove (1956- 2015) and specifically in his book Blind Moon (2003). It illustrates a theoretical background on ecocriticism and ecopoetry as tools to show how Hove explored and expressed humanity’s quest for identity and a place on Earth and examining his poetry in this way sheds light on the idea of ‘nature’ and investigates several questions regarding our interconnectedness and relatedness. Hove is a Zimbabwean poet who wrote extensively on Africa, nature, heritage and the preservation of one’s identity. He always makes use of African and Zimbabwean traditions and conventions. Hove's poetry offers a close investigation of the psychological and social views of nature and the rural areas and features. He died in 2015while living in exile in Norway. after fiercely rejecting the policies of the Mugabe authority. This paper attempts to examine selected poems by Hove from Blind Moon using ecocriticism approach in order to answer the following questions: 1. What is meant by ecocriticism? 2. What are the environmental issues inscribed in his poems? 3. What elements of thought could be identified about human responsibility towards environment in the poem? المستخلص باللغة العربية يحاول هذا البحث دراسة العناصر البيئية لتمثيل السمات الطبيعية المستخدمة في أشعار الشاعر تشينجيراي هوف (1956-2015) وبالتحديد في کتابه (قمر أعمي) الصادر عام 2003 . يوضح البحث خلفية نظرية حول النقد البيئي والشعر البيئي کأدوات لإظهار کيفية استکشاف "هوف" للبيئة للتعبير عن سعي البشرية للهوية ومکان أفضل نقاء على الأرض. کان هوف شاعرًا من زيمبابوي و کتب کثيرًا عن إفريقيا والطبيعة والتراث والحفاظ على هوية الفرد ، علي الرغم من أنه کاتب متعدد المواهب فقد کتب الکثير من المقالات، الروايات، القصص القصيرة و الأشعار و قد بدأ مسيرته الأدبية کشاعر. إعتاد "هوف" على التعريف بشکل مکثف بالتقاليد والأعراف الأفريقية الأصيلة. توفي "هوف" في عام 2015 أثناء وجوده في المنفى بالنرويج بسبب معارضته الشديدة ونقده اللاذع لسياسات حکومة موغابي. تحاول هذه الورقة فحص قصائد مختارة لهوف من مجلد" قمر أعمي" باستخدام نهج النقد البيئي للإجابة على الأسئلة التالية: 1. ماذا يقصد بالنقد البيئي؟ 2 . ما هي القضايا البيئية المدرجة في قصائده؟ 3 . ما هي عناصر البيئة التي يمکن تحديدها حول مسؤولية الإنسان في قصائده؟

Abstract This paper presents the concept of audiovisual translation (AVT) as it has only recently become an object of interest within the discipline of translation studies. The rise of new technologies has greatly shifted attention and focus from stereotypes of translation to technological and digital aspects of translation. This gives rise to international and intercultural communication and therefore, a dire need arises to investigate audiovisual translation that is considerably linked to socio and intercultural differences and norms. This paper intends to analyze subtitling as the most familiar type of AVT through taking into account important factors including socio-linguistic elements, cultural contexts, and stylistic considerations. The paper discusses film subtitling with the aim of exploring translator's conformity to the socio and cultural considerations when conveying the source language SL messages to the target language TL. It mainly investigates the difficulties involved in subtitling language-specific idioms and swear words. The paper reveals that AVT should be based on cross-cultural awareness and a full comprehension of the cultural aspects of both the source and target languages. The paper also concludes that handling the translation of subtitles has specific characteristics and poses challenges that entail special attention to its transfer and the translation strategies applied in this regard. المستخلص باللغة العربية يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم الترجمة السمعية البصرية کإحدى مجالات دراسات الترجمة التي لم تلق اهتماما إلا في الآونة الأخيرة. ومع ظهور تقنيات جديدة، تحول الانتباه والترکيز بصورة ملحوظة من الأشکال النمطية للترجمة إلى الجوانب التکنولوجية والرقمية للترجمة، وهذا يؤدي إلى التواصل الدولي والتواصل بين الثقافات، ولذا تدعو الحاجة لتناول الترجمة السمعية البصرية التي ترتبط بشکل کبير بالاختلافات والمعايير الاجتماعية البينية للثقافات. ويهدف هذه البحث إلى تحليل ترجمة الحوار باعتبارها أکثر أنواع الترجمة السمعية البصرية شيوعاً من خلال مراعاة عدة عوامل مهمة منها العناصر الاجتماعية واللغوية والسياقات الثقافية والاعتبارات الأسلوبية. ويناقش البحث ترجمة الحوار بهدف اکتشاف مدى مطابقة المترجم للاعتبارات الاجتماعية والثقافية عند نقل رسائل لغة المصدر إلى لغة الهدف. ويفحص البحث بشکل أساسي الصعوبات التي تنطوي عليها ترجمة التعبيرات الثابتة وألفاظ السباب ذات الخصوصية الثقافية. ويوضح البحث أن الترجمة السمعية البصرية يجب أن تستند إلى الوعي عبر الثقافات والفهم الکامل للجوانب الثقافية لکل من لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف. کما توصل البحث أيضاً إلى أن معالجة ترجمة الحوار لها خصائص محددة وتشکل تحديات تستلزم اهتماماً خاصاً بنقلها واستراتيجيات الترجمة المُطبقة في هذا الصدد.

This paper seeks to explore the Algerian EFL learners’ beliefs about, and attitudes towards, promoting Learner Autonomy (LA) via the implementation of Collaborative Learning (CL) as a teaching method. The study was carried out at the Department of English of Mostefa Benboulaid Batna 2 University during the academic year 2018-2019. To meet the paper’s objectives, a quantitative approach was opted for where an adapted questionnaire was administered to the first-year students. The overall results revealed the positive disposition of the Algerian EFL learners towards the use of the CL teaching method as a channel to develop their autonomy.

مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية: يعنى هذا البحث بتحديد جدوى المنهجية السيميولوجية في قراءة الأدب المسرحي، وفى الطريق إلى هذه الغاية البحثية عرضت الباحثة لخلافات المنظرين حول حقيقة الخلاف في فن المسرح بين النص الورقي و الآداء المسرحي، ثم ناقشت الباحثة خلافات النقاد حول أحقية النص الورقي بالمنهجية السيميولوجية بجانب استحقاقات الأداء المسرحي بالمنهجية السيميولوجية، بعد أن بالغ البعض فى ضرورة قصرها على الأداء التمثيلي . ثم انتقلت الباحثة إلى أنموذج تحليلي تطبيقي؛ لإثبات فوائد تطبيق منهجية سيميولوجية ما بعد البنيوية على النص المسرحي الورقي المقروء . واستعانت الباحثة بمسرحية (إرهاب) للکاتبة (صفاء فتحي) . وقد تناولت في تحليل المسرحية:- عتبات النص / سيميولوجية النص المصاحب / سيميولوجية العناصر البنائية، ومن خلال هذا التحليل بمنهجية سيميولوجيا ما بعد البنيوية استطاعت الباحثة التوصل إلى العديد من النتائج العلمية منها: أن سيميولوجية ما بعد البنيوية تفعل دور المتلقي وتمنحه المشارکة في استکمال الإبداع، وتمنحه متعتى الفن الروائي والفن المسرحي معا، وذلک بتخصيب مخيلته بالغلاف السيميولوجي الذي يساعده على التأويل واکتشاف مکامن الجمال الفني للنص، ووصولا إلى ممارسته التمثيل الافتراضي، فضلاً عن التمکن من اکتشاف أغوار النص الثقافية والاجتماعية وتوصلت الباحثة بالأنموذج التطبيقي على مسرحية (إرهاب) إلى جملة أخرى من النتائج المؤکدة لجدوى منهجية سيميولوجيا ما بعد البنيوية في النص المسرحي المقروء، ودونت هذه النتائج في خاتمة البحث. Abstract: This research paper is concerned with defining the importance of the Semiotic Method in understanding theatrical literature. To achieve this objective, the researcher reviewed the debates among theorists over the true nature of the discrepancy in the art of theatre between the written text and the theatrical performance. Next, the researcher discussed the critics’ controversies regarding the precedence of the Semiotic Method, whether it should be for the written text or for the theatrical performance, with some of them overstating the importance of restricting it to the acting performance. The researcher, then, proceeded with a practical analytic model to demonstrate the values of applying a Post-structuralist Semiotic Method to the recited-paper-theatrical-text. The researcher made use of the play ‘Erhab’ or ‘Terrorism’ by Safaa Fathy. Through the analysis of this play, the researcher tackled the thresholds of the text, the semiotics of the co-text and the semiotics of the structural elements. By using this Post-structuralist Semiotic Method for the analysis, the researcher could arrive at many scientific outcomes including, the Post-structuralist Semiotics activates the role of the receiver, makes her/him participate in accomplishing creativity, makes her/him enjoy both fiction and performance at the same time by strengthening his imagination under the semiotic coverage that helps him interpret and discover the aesthetics of the text and, eventually, makes him practice virtual acting. Besides, the receiver becomes able to find out about the cultural and social core of the text. The researcher could also –via the practical model applied to the play ‘Erhab’ or ‘Terrorism’- arrive at another set of results that emphasize the importance of a Post-structuralist Semiotic Method for the recited theatrical text. These outcomes are written in the conclusion of the research.

Abstract The totalitarian regimes have always possessed such a dominating imperative tone rising above, even perching over the vocal cords of the enfeebled voices. Burning in its seething cauldron, these desperate cries are transformed into a fog-like shadowy ascending vapor, thus acquiring a particular type a ghostly life. In Atemschaukel, and in a countermovement to these systems, Muller has allegorically set her hero-Leo Auberg out for the dead world of the Russian concentration camp. Dressed in Lazarus, he dives into the deep recess of its collective memory, tilling its barren land to bring the dead images to its surface, thus donating them one more chance to recount their story. This paper intends to trace the defacement effect of the totalitarian regimes on the human psyche represented in the character of the hero, depending upon Jung`s stages of the individuation process. In addition, it shows how the author herself, dressed in Cassandra couldn`t escape similar consequences. In an identification manner with the enemy, Muller has manipulated words, plucking them out of their original context, implanting them in a new surrealist world. The paper shows how she has allegorically succeeded in letting silence speak, a coded but a penetrating language. مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية لطالما تميزت النظم الاستبدادية بنبرة امرة ومسيطرة تعلو ، بل تجثم على الأحبال الصوتية للأصوات المستضغفة. و مع احتراق هذه الأصوات فى مرجل الظلم الطاغى، تتصاعد صرخاتها کضباب دخانى ينتمي لعالم الأشباح. في روايتها ملاک الجوع، دفعت هيرتا مولر ببطلها ليو اوبيرج إلى رحلة لعالم الموتى الممثل فى معسکر الاعتقال الروسى. رکب ليو أمواج النفس البشرية وغاص في أعماقها، وحرث ذاکرتها الجمعية، ليخرج صور موتها للسطح واهباً إياها فرصة أخيرة لتقص سيرتها. يتتبع البحث محاولة مولرالتى ارتدت ثياب کاسندرا في محاولة يائسة لتصوير الصورة المشوهة للنفس الإنسانية التي أفرزتها هذه النظم الغاشية. برعت مولر فى تصوير هذا المسخ للنفس البشرية ، إلا انها لم تسلم من واقعها الاليم الذي أصر على تشويه رؤيتها الأدبية التي تعکس تقنياتها نوعا من التوحد مع المعتدى. اقتلعت مولر الکلمات من سياقها، وانبتتها فى أرض مغايرة لتولد صورا سيريالية غير مألوفة للقارئ. تستند هذه الورقة البحثية إلى نظرية يونج فى تفسير مکونات الذات النفسية وتتبع استخدام مولر للاستعارة الرمزية في محاولة لفک طلاسم هذا العالم الذي نجحت مولر في تغليفه وتشفيره فى اطار من الصمت المعبر.

Abstract The hypothesis of this paper is to examine poetics of exile, nostalgia and memory in the poetry of Wole Soyinka and Mahmoud Sami Al Barudi. Revolting against western influence, colonialism and economic exploitation are among the issues modern Arab and African poets have dealt with. The analysis is based on the analytical/ comparative view of the selected poems. Postcolonial criticism focuses on the literature of cultures and colonized nations that developed in response to colonization. For Soyinka, post- independence poetry aims at exposing the ugly reality of the ruling regime. For Al Barudi, Arab nations of Africa fought colonization for hundreds of years and resistance poetry is an integral part of Arabic literature in general. It affected Egyptians and rebels in particular politically, socially and culturally. Consequently, hundreds of poets were exiled or imprisoned for resisting colonization. This paper attempts to address the following questions: 1) How was the symbol of “motherland” employed in a Romantic manner in the poetry of Al Barudi and Soyinka to express their nostalgia and memory? 2) How each one of them was successful in expressing the unique philosophy of “revolting” against governments? 3) How the symbol of exile was different for each one of them yet serves as a motif for beautifying and idealizing “the motherland”? The selected poems are relevant since they elaborate the social mission of poets in expressing reality and exposing ugly regimes. مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية تبحث هذه الورقة شعرية المنفى، الحنين والذکري في أشعار وولي سوينکا ومحمود سامي البارودي. إن الثورة على النفوذ الغربي والاستعمار والاستغلال الاقتصادي من القضايا الشائکة التي تناولها الشعراء العرب والأفارقة المعاصرون. المنهجية في هذه الورقة هي النظرة التحليلية / المقارنة للقصائد المختارة. بالنسبة لشوينکا ، يهدف شعر ما بعد الاستقلال إلى کشف الحقيقة القبيحة للنظام الحاکم. بالنسبة إلى البارودي ، حاربت الدول العربية في إفريقيا الاستعمار لمئات السنين وشعر المقاومة جزء لا يتجزأ من الأدب العربي بشکل عام. لقد أثرت عليهم سياسيا واجتماعيا وثقافيا. ونتيجة لذلک ، تم نفي أو سجن مئات الشعراء لمقاومتهم الاستعمار. تحاول هذه الورقة معالجة الأسئلة التالية: 1) کيف تم توظيف "الوطن الأم" بطريقة رومانسية في شعر البارودي وشوينکا للتعبير عن حنينهم وذاکرتهم؟ 2) کيف نجح کل واحد منهم في التعبير عن فلسفة "الثورة" الفريدة ضد الحکومات؟ 3) کيف کان رمز المنفى مختلفًا بالنسبة لکل واحد منهم ومع ذلک يعمل کعنصر لتجميل وإضفاء المثالية على "الوطن الأم"؟ تعتبر القصائد المختارة ذات صلة لأنها توضح الرسالة الاجتماعية للشعراء في التعبير عن الواقع وکشف الوجه القبيح للإستعمار والحکومات الظالمة.

Different concepts of Jihad in Islam are floating in the minds of the people around the world. Some hold that Islam is a religion of terrorism; others label it with extremism. In reality, Islam preaches tolerance and moderation. Islam forbids killing/bloodshed without valid justification. Boko Haram, the Islamic radical sect from northeastern Nigeria, has been responsible since 2009 for a string of bomb attacks strategically directed at the Nigerian government, security officials, mosques, churches, civilians etc. This paper is aimed at providing a clear and true picture of “Jihad” which is in consonance with sublime teachings of the Qur’an and Sunnah of the Holy prophet Muhammad (SAW). As It will highlight the presence and future generation about the concept of Jihad in Islam and Boko Haram Jihadist as well. The paper finally ends with the comparison between the prophet Muhammad (SAW)’s Jihad and Boko Haram. This research work adopt analytical method.

The paper examines the history and the evolution of the British Labour Party, and its development from 1979 to 1997, and how far its intellectual and ideological vision, as well as its organizational structure, evolved, as it became again a key player in British politics. The paper will cover the period from the election defeat of 1979 to 1983, examining the Party under the leadership of James Callaghan and Michael Foot. It will look at the Party from 1992 until the eve of the 1997 general election, during which time the Party had been led first by John Smith until his death in 1994, and then by Tony Blair. As well as, it will cope with the reasons why the Party was able to recover so successfully in the 1990s from the disasters of the 1980s

The interconnection between national religious, mental features and geopolitical, geo-psychological factors regarding national security is considered in the paper. The direct and indirect impact of geo-policy and geo-psychology on religious culture, world view, and mentality of the Ukrainian nation is determined. The existence of stable marginal tendencies, that are inherent in Ukrainian culture and mentality, is highlighted. The main concept of the study was formed in the following statement – the geopolitical circumstances (enhanced by the constant presence of internal territorial “borderline”) were not in favor of national unity in the Ukrainian history. The situation caused “instability” and “split” of Ukrainian being as well as national mentality displays. The marginal tendencies of Ukrainian mentality are derived from the geopolitical factor of national being. The dual nature of legal and cultural aspects is presented in the process of the national security establishment. Mental, cultural, and historical memory able to imprint every moment that is beyond legal documents’ capacity, is distinguished within the context. The abovementioned memory becomes a basis for the national security idea’s realization. The initial aim of the paper is to follow geopolitical and geo-psychological features of national, mentality, religious culture and ideas of national security through structural analysis and hermeneutic methodology; to represent the unique “borderline” of Ukrainian geopolitical, cultural, and mental being; to highlight the character and sources of marginal tendencies in Ukrainian spiritual culture. The additional goal is to demonstrate that the legal establishment of national security principles should be based on the cultural and mental factors.

The study discusses and systematizes various features and methods of word generalization in the fictional philosophical prose of Russian writers. The research methodology for the phenomenon of philosophical prose in Russian literature was developed throughout several decades, including the scholarship of Omsk scientists. The identity of the philosophical word is an acute problem, which is generally due to the actively continuing development of philosophical prose in contemporary literature. The study of philosophical prose is based on all the key methods of literary text analysis developed in Russian literary studies: holistic analysis, comparative historical method, genetic analysis, mythopoetic analysis, etc. At the same time, the analysis of philosophical prose needs to meet the case of logical and figurative principle correlation within the artistic thinking of the author. The genre and style analyses are necessary for understanding the synthesis of artistic traditions in philosophical prose. The analysis of rhetorical techniques in conjunction with the analysis of metaphors, allegories, and symbols contributes to the understanding of the specifics of generalization in philosophical prose. Understanding the genesis and evolution of philosophical prose allows the authors to trace how the concept of life-building, which is very characteristic of the national literary tradition, is transformed into an auto concept of philosophical prose of such authors as A. S. Pushkin, V. F. Odoyevsky, A. I. Herzen, F. M Dostoevsky, and others. The study demonstrates that philosophical prose responds to the most important spiritual, generally cultural phenomena; its literary tradition establishes human life experience as the object of its image. The subject of reflection simultaneously becomes an object. A reflecting consciousness is not only depicted but studied as well in this paper. This also applies to the forms of thinking, including those experiencing a spiritual crisis. Philosophical prose is often implemented in marginal literary genres and forms that are genetically related to the didactic allegorical tradition: anecdote, parable, diatribe, maxim, sermon, etc. The works of distinguished authors usually take the form of philosophical prose such as “Russian Nights” by V. F. Odoevsky, “My Past and Thoughts” by A. I. Herzen, “A Writer's Diary” by F. M. Dostoevsky. This paper demonstrates numerous approaches to the analysis of these literary works.

Within the theoretical framework of ecofeminism, the paper seeks to delineate the vision of the contemporary Canadian short story writer ,Alice Munro(1931-), in juxtaposing culture oppressing women, and man exploiting Nature through reading “Meneseteung” and “Before the change”. The paper investigates the social dimensions oppressing women and the woman/nature bond in the selected works focusing on their affinity and their shared experience of exploitation and oppression at the hands of men. In “Meneseteung,” Munro uses gender to oppose social trivialities and expected roles while in “Before the Change” she uses gender to oppose apparently religious arrangements till both female protagonists reach epiphany. While in “Meneseteung” Munro uses nature as the external environment with its non-humans, in “Before the Change” she concentrates on deep human nature. Both works of art depict the relationship between female characters and nature as a necessity for survival in a patriarchal society that reinforces dualism. Munro proves totally against the capitalist and patriarchal forces within the Canadian society, aims at a general social change and warns her readers against selfish schemes that subordinate both nature and women to men. من خلال الإطار النظري للنقد النسوي البيئي تسعى هذه الورقة البحثية إلى تحديد رؤية الکاتبة الکندية المعاصرة أليس مونرو في موازاة الثقافة القاهرة للمرأة مع استغلال الإنسان للطبيعة من خلال قراءة قصتيها " مينيسيتينج" و " قبل التغيير". تتقصى الورقة البحثية الأبعاد الاجتماعية التي تقهر المرأة وعلاقة المرأة بالطبيعة في العملين المختارين مع الترکيز على تجربتهما المشترکة في القمع والاستغلال على أيدي رجال. فکشفت مونرو تناقضات الثقافة الکندية التي تتوقع سکوت المرأة والتظاهر بجهل الأشياء التي تعلمها جيداً الأمر الذي انعکس على الطبيعة. استخدمت مونرو "النوع" في قصة "مينيسيتنج" لمعارضة التفاهات الاجتماعية والأدوار المتوقعة من المرأة في حين أنها استخدمت النوع في قصة" قبل التغيير" لنقد مخططات دينية ظاهرية في المجتمع إلي أن وصلت الشخصية الرئيسة في کل عمل على حده إلي مرحلة الاستيعاب الکامل. جسد العملان العلاقة بين الشخصيتين الرئيستين والطبيعة کضرورة للتعايش في مجتمع ذکوري يعزز الثنائية. أثبتت مونرو أنها ضد القوى الرأسمالية والذکورية في المجتمع الکندي وأنها تهدف إلى تغيير اجتماعي کما حذرت قراءها من المخططات الأنانية التي تتسبب في خضوع کل من الطبيعة و المرأة لرجال.

Theater in education has gained global popularity since its creation. It employs the use of different forms of art to promote teaching and learning in schools. The practice has positively influenced the lives of school-going children. One importance derived from its application is the enhancement of students' communication skills. While the educational theater has received a positive light and adopted in many educational fronts, it has also encountered several challenges that have limited its effectiveness. This paper, therefore, seeks to uncover the reality behind theater application in schools by using SWOT analysis. The paper focuses on Egyptian education and schools as the case study. The questionnaire was implemented as a data survey tool in four Egyptian governorates, which included 186 experts and teachers in the various educational departments. The technique examines a given subject analytically and presents its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. From the analysis results, it is observed that school educational theater enhances learners' self-esteem and promotes self-actualization. Several gaps were also pinpointed, including inadequate training among teachers and substandard content quality in the Egyptian education system and schools. The launching of the 2014-2030 educational strategic plans provided several opportunities for strengthening the effectiveness of educational theater. Possible erosion of students' moral values was among the threats identified when applying theatrics in the teaching and learning processes. The study concluded through its results the challenges facing the educational theater in Egypt, despite the problems of lack of funding, technical capabilities, and real opportunities to activate school activities in the educational field. The results of this study will provide an opportunity for different stakeholders in education to examine the nature of theater practices within their jurisdictions carefully, and hence formulate relevant policies to make the practice better and effective in driving the desired academic outcomes.

The current paper is descriptive research that highlights the importance of continuing professional development (CPD) for teachers in Adrar University - Algeria. The central points in this paper are to identify: 1- the importance of CPD as it contributes to enhancing not just the teaching quality and performance but also the students’ academic outcomes; and also 2- possible strategies to enhance an effective CPD for a better quality teaching. In an attempt to answer these questions, an open-ended questionnaire was developed and used to provide detailed and descriptive information about CPD’s importance and practice at Adrar University. From a total of (30) teachers, the study revealed that the majority of them have received limited units of CPD and have an insufficient engagement in certain CPD practices as such the use of advanced technology. finally, the paper suggests that university teachers should engage in CPD. Besides, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research should verify the adoption of CPD in universities, particularly Adrar University as initiated in the National Quality Assurance Repository.

The original Qatar National Museum that was established in 1975 as a pioneer museum in the gulf region was closed in 2005 for renovation. The new National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ) took more than a decade, around fourteen years from 2005-2019 to accomplish. It is one of Qatar’s mega projects, which was opened with a VIP opening celebration that was held in 27th of March 2019, and opened officially for the public on 28th. After more than a decade in creation, the NMoQ finally designed to reflect and narrate the story, history and ambition of the state and to become an icon for modern Doha. Ever since its establishment in 1975 the national museum has been a matter of making a place for the Qatari culture and history. Although the museum is refurbished into totally new vision and setting, it still belongs to the same history and serves the same nation. Both visions are pursuing to identify the continuance progressions of the country, which takes the state's history as its stem. However, we need to know which methodology the current establishment is using, and to what drama it could lead? What differences does the present introduce with respect to the past? This paper discusses and analyses the interpretation of the Qatari culture, heritage, and history, by examining the architecture of the new NMoQ. The purpose of the paper is to trace and compare the national museum’s presentation and interpretation of Qatari culture and history, between the past and present, through its architecture. In addition, the paper investigates the changing economic, social, and political codes of Qatar through the reordering of cultural materials.

The researcher in this paper attempts to examine and analyze the factors of underdevelopment in women's employment in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The goal of this paper was to assess the implementation of women's employment development laws in the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1989 to 2017. This research paper examined the text of laws, policies, and interviews with key informants through the theories of occupational inequality, gender theories, and feminism. The results show that despite policies and planning for the development of women's employment, the necessary infrastructure to enhance women's employment is still lacking. Whereas the identity and personality of individuals in Iranian society are formed among the family; the role of the family is therefore significant, that adds to its importance in preserving and affecting it. In other words, Iranian society is confronted with a two-tiered structure of social policy and family-oriented discourse, and different governments apply different development policies with respect to their certain method to the family institution. During periods of supportive policies that lead to women being excluded from employment, and in other periods, focusing on the issue of gender rights and freedom, policies are being developed that encourage women to participate more economically. However, what stands out among them is the centrality and power of the family in society that raises such issues and challenges in the development of women's employment.

The paper deals with describing a variety of interpretations of causality in different branches of modern science focusing on its multidisciplinary aspects. Moreover, historical and genetically reasoned aspects of causality in different areas are highlighted in this work. The authors take for granted that everything observable and calculable is commonly beyond dispute, and a deep understanding of causal reasoning creates an opportunity to govern different processes in various areas of human activity. Hence, interpretation of causality can be related to formal, natural, and social sciences, among which are physics, medicine, logic, philosophy, jurisprudence, psychology, and linguistics. To achieve the purpose of the paper, the authors employed such methods as observation, analysis, deduction, induction, synthesis, and description. The study proves that application of ideas obtained from physics (the hypothetical theory of a multiverse existence), logic (the implicative connection between actions), philosophy (generation of one phenomenon by another in both objective and subjective reality), psycholinguistics (the notion of mental causation), and linguistics (variety of linguistic means to express causality in different languages) shapes views of people on the interpretation of the phenomenon of causality and contributes to further comprehensive study of the causality using different approaches, linguistic inclusive. The paper also provides evidence for the causal reasoning being one of the most important mechanisms of categorization of the real world, thus making causality multidimensional. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that modern global processes in all areas of human life demand a higher level of cross-cultural communication. The abovementioned signifies that one should be cautious in choosing language means to reflect the nuances of causal fragment of his/her worldview in order to be properly understood by speakers not only of other languages/cultures, but also by their own, for different speakers can perceive and interpret reality differently.

There have been continuous debates on the influence of globalization and cultural interactions on the origins and spread of terrorism, Hence, there are numerous attempts to analyze the underlying causal mechanism between these concepts. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the already established body of knowledge, the paper provides a detailed review of the contemporary scholarship on such diverse concepts as “globalization,” “culture,” and “terrorism.” The goal is to systemize the existing approaches used by researchers to analyze the interconnectedness of globalization, culture, and terrorism and present a holistic picture of the current state-of-the-art (which could be used to identify potentials for future research). Relying on the data available from the Scopus abstract and citation database, the paper covers the period from 1998 to 2019. First of all, the paper analyzed a number of quantitative indicators, such as an overall number of papers published, their document types, the leading countries in terms of the scholarly output, and the biggest subject areas. Second, the authors select a total of 40 research papers from the database and conduct a detailed review, the purpose of which is to present a holistic view on the key perspectives developed to analyze such concepts as “globalization,” “culture,” and “terrorism.” The review clearly demonstrates that one could identify the total of five distinct perspectives in the contemporary scholarship: (1) “Postcolonialism,” (2) “Religion and Identity Studies,” (3) “Social Science Approaches,” (4) “Education and Culture,” and (5) “Popular Culture and Mass Media.” The paper provides a summary of each approach, with a detailed account of the relevant papers. Thus, the review presents unique insights into how the current body of knowledge on the concepts “globalization,” “culture,” and “terrorism” is organized, highlighting the critical and well-established research avenues (at least how they are reflected in one of the leading abstract and citation database).

This research paper attempts to reach some of the prevailing social and cultural characteristics of American society through the sociological analysis of some scenes of the episodes of the American cartoon series The Simpsons. This is because this series is one of the most popular animated series inside and outside the United States of America. It targets children and adults alike, and it became famous because it is one of the longest soap operas that depict the daily life of the American family of the middle class. Among the most important findings of the research paper is that American society as a consumer society rather than a product, and the American society does not care about some important environmental issues, as capitalism reigns in society, and there is a large gap between the middle class and the rich class, in addition to highlighting the excessive use of technology.

The paper deals with the comparative study of archetypal images of causality in English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian sayings. The object of the research is the category of causality represented in the human mind as a sentential (syntactic) concept with ten causal dominants (cause, reason, condition, concession, purpose, effect, conclusion, result, consequence, means). The subject matter of this paper covers etymons and archetypal images of the causal dominants in five related languages. The objective to compare archetypal images of causality reconstructed on the basis of the English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian sayings can be achieved through solving such tasks as follows: specifying the source for archetypal images reconstruction; identifying the etymons for the causal dominants in studied languages; elaborating the archetypal images of causality based on the sayings from near-related (English and Dutch, Ukrainian and Russian), and far-related (English and Spanish, English and Ukrainian, English and Russian) languages. The major linguistic method employed to achieve the objective is a comparative and historical one, including the results of etymological analysis presented in the dictionaries. Relevant methods also include structural (immediate constituents and componential analysis) and contextual-interpretative ones. The present actual language data for the research were taken from different etymological dictionaries and sayings from the languages under study. The obtained results confirm that the reconstruction of etymons of causal dominants, as well as of the archetypal images of causality in different languages enables gaining important information about the peculiarities of causal thinking and psychology of various ethnic groups. In addition, the ability of the archetypes to be modified by penetration into the consciousness of people and filling the empty signs with the data of conscious experience is revealed.

The subject of this research paper is the teaching of Turkish as a foreign language. The authors’ more than twenty-year experience in teaching Turkish to university students constitutes the empirical foundation of this investigation. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the source criticism method, the experimental method, the questionnaire method of data collection and the statistical method. The history of foreign languages teaching methods is analysed, and special attention is paid to the approaches of teaching grammar, discussed in methodological works. Implicit and explicit approaches to the teaching of grammar are especially examined in this paper. The subject of this research is oriented at teaching Turkish as a major and training future specialists in Turkish interpreting/ translation and future teachers/ lecturers in Turkish, therefore, the authors of this paper stress upon the necessity of teaching grammar on the basis of conscious perception principle as a separate subject of study in strict integrity with the communicational approach. The list of problems and difficulties in learning Turkish grammar by Ukrainian students at University level was established as a result of this research as well as the sources of these difficulties are deduced which mostly originate in genetical and typological differences between the Ukrainian language, native for Ukrainian students, and Turkish, which is the language of their future professional activities. The mentioned difficulties are grouped on two levels which are morphology and syntax according to the level of difficulty for Ukrainian students in terms of the conscious perception of grammatical facts and phenomena and their subsequent application in actual practice. The ways of overcoming the problems and difficulties in teaching and learning Turkish grammar are also offered in this paper. At the same time textbooks and grammar manuals published in Turkey, Ukraine and European countries are examined in terms of grammar teaching. The grammatical subjects to be investigated in detail for increasing the level of mastering Turkish by Ukrainian students at universities are listed.

This paper analyses in Warsan Shire’s poem Home why refugees have to leave their home. In so doing, it first explores the root causes behind particularly the displacement of Somalians, which becomes an inspiration for the poem and also argues that these causes may actually be similar ones which could be seen one way or another behind any act of the displacement anywhere across the world. Secondly, the paper responds to the criticisms which accuse refugees of leaving at once their home when they face any difficulties in life. In this sense, the poem becomes the voice of “refugees” and tells the world that “refugees” will not take all the risks in very dangerous and difficult journeys without any reasonable causes. As the paper discusses, what is also equally important is that “refugees,” though exposed to very hard conditions of living during the journey and in the host country, are also labelled as “Other,” which immediately brings about a negative condition, in which they are humiliated, discriminated and categorised as “us” and “them, making it difficult for refugees to integrate and eventually belong to the indigenous society. Finally, the paper debates that it is not the guilt of refugees who leave their home but the ones who create intolerable causes for their displacement from their home. The paper suggests that we are all responsible - United Nations, politicians, world leaders, writers, intellectuals, and academics and so on all over the world - not only for revealing the root causes behind the displacement of people from their home but also for annihilating them all together for a humanely world and living.

The paper presents contemporary data of foreign and Russian researchers on the healthy nutrition of schoolchildren. An analysis of the existing forms and principles of school catering is provided; school rations around the world, different approaches to their formation, and new school nutrition standards in the USA and Eastern Europe are described and discussed. The authors focus on the implementation of the National Government programs on the organization of school healthy nutrition in foreign countries. Original research data collected by the Russian scientists on students’ taste preferences are also provided in the paper. Our review clearly indicates a number of products that are offered in a school menu do not meet students’ taste preferences. The authors also note that there is no continuity between home and school meals. This determines the need to better educate parents, children, and teachers about modern principles and skills of healthy nutrition, to take into account schoolchildren’s food preferences, to promote learning to use a “school-family menu” principle. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors recommend creating an effective model of school feeding in the Russian Federation. On the one hand, this model takes into account local experience, while on the other hand, this model is quite universal (consequently, it is applicable in any foreign country, not only in Russia).

The article is devoted to establishment and work of Imperial Mercy Fund in the first years of its existence. This Fund was one of the hugest charity organization in Europe in 19th century. The paper attempts to trace the development of Russian public consciousness in the early 19th century in relation to poor people. Traditionally, the problem of the relationship between society and power, which are considered in the study, is relevant. Based on historical sources, the general nature of the Fund's activity at the beginning of its foundation is presented, the data on the funds allocated from the state treasury for the needs of the poor Russian population. There is the number of people who received assistance; the number of open houses of charity are exist in the article. The paper describes the creation of the Medical and Philanthropic Committee, its activities, sources of funding and effectiveness. Special attention is paid to the establishment of hospitals for the poor people – dispensaries, that provided assistance to people who have suffered an accident, the disabled, deaf and pregnant women. A list of doctors and their addresses to which the reception of poor patients was conducted. The committees (departments) of the Mercy Fund are listed, and their functions are described. The article particularly covers the structure of the Committee on education, whose tasks included the development of projects, translation of books, publication of newspapers and magazines promoting the idea of charity in Russia, maintaining relations with other Russian and foreign charity societies. Particular attention is paid to the description of the Institute of the Blind – Russia's first medical school for blind children (homeless or children from poor families), as well as the establishment of the House of Education for poor boys and orphans. The content of the curriculum, the structure of education, the amount of funding are described in the article.

Islamic Socialism was the concept propounded by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during the 1970-71 general election campaign. This ideology was new to Pakistani state as the country was founded on the concept of the Two Nation Theory. Mr. Bhutto's ideology in Pakistan was viewed as against the basic concept of the religion (Islam) by the Islamists parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) was the main political opponent of his ideology. Mr. Bhutto believed that the socio-economic condition of the country was deteriorated and this new ideology will infuse a better life for everyone in the country. On the other hand, the Amir (chief) of the JI, Maulana Maudoodi, believed it as an atheist ideology and would diminish Islam from Pakistan. This paper is designed to investigate why political elites envisaged such ideology i.e. Islamic Socialism, in 1970 election? Whether this new ideology changed economic conditions of the common man as was envisaged or further worsened the political situation in the country? Further, the paper will investigate what role religious parties played particularly the JI, in countering the Islamic Socialism ideology which it was believed as atheist ideology?

This paper, titled "Binary Oppositions in Margaret Atwood's The Edible Woman," comprises two integral sections: a theoretical framework and an applied study. The theoretical framework delves into the concept of binary oppositions through a structuralist lens, providing a comprehensive definition and understanding within the realm of literary analysis. In the applied study, the focus narrows to Atwood's 1969 novel, The Edible Woman. Here, the analysis scrutinizes the contrasting dichotomies woven throughout the characters, narrative, and writing style of the novel. By dissecting these opposing elements, the study uncovers profound layers of meaning and underscores the inherent tension and complexity within the text. In The Edible Woman, various pairs of characters are utilized by the author to explore contrasting dynamics and themes, particularly related to identity, gender roles, and societal expectations. Furthermore, the distinctive narrative structure plays a pivotal role in conveying the evolving psychological state of the protagonist, Marian. A striking symbol of her transformation and shifting mental state is found in the contrasting depictions of her two trips to the supermarket. The marked differences in language and style employed to describe these outings serve to accentuate Marian's profound character evolution, her passage from confusion and loss to regained identity and clarity.

Egypt has a huge potential for utilization methods to generate renewable energy. This paper aims to study the utilization of mixed pump-turbine system. Explanation behind its choice and its benefits would be discussed. The initial part of the research included studying the area and choosing a suitable location to act as a storage basin, then topographic and geographic information about the basins are then discussed in detail. The second part of the research involves deciding a suitable operating mechanism for the system. This would be performed by creation of a calculator script intended to simulate the operation of the system under different conditions. Results from these trials would then be compared with each other, in order to reach to an educated conclusion to the best method of operation to actualize such an idea.

أكد "سارتر" في كتابه " الوجودية نزعة إنسانية" على أن المبدأ الرئيس للفكر الوجودي هو "الوجود يسبق الماهية"، قاصداً أن الإنسان ليست له "ماهية" سابقة محددة سلفاً، إنما هناك أفراد يأتون إلى العالم، وهم يشكلون ماهيتهم بأنفسهم من خلال أفعالهم واختياراتهم، ولكن هذا المبدأ لم يكن ينطبق على أصحاب البشرة السوداء، فكان لون بشرتهم يحدد ماهيتهم، و ساهم التراث الإنساني سواء الديني والفلسفي والاجتماعي والأدبي في رسم تلك الماهية المسبقة، وظهر الاقتران بين اللون الأسود والكثير من الصفات السلبية كالشر والعبودية، والانحراف الجنسي، والهمجية، مما نتج عنه حالة من الازدراء والدونية لأصحاب البشرة السوداء، وكرد فعل لهذه الحالة ظهر مصطلح "الوجودية السوداءBlack Existentialism "، كصورة جديدة للفكر الوجودي تتناول الأسئلة الفلسفية الخاصة بالوجود الإنساني ومشكلاته كالاغتراب والقلق والحرية والمعاناة والمسؤولية والتحرر في ضوء التجربة المعاشة للسود وسط المجتمع الأبيض. ومن خلال هذا البحث سنحاول التعرف على سمات هذا الاتجاه كما ظهر عند الفيلسوف الفرنسي صاحب البشرة السوداء "فرانز فانون"(1925-1961). In his book, “Existentialism is a Humanism,” Sartre emphasizes that the main principle of existential thought is “Existence Precedes Essence,” meaning that man does not have a predetermined prior “essence.” Rather, there are individuals who come into the world, and they form their essence themselves through their actions and choices. However, this principle dose not apply to people with black skin, as the color of their skin determines their essence. The human heritage in all its forms contributed to drawing that prior essence and many negative characteristics for black people such as evil, slavery, sexual deviance, and barbarism. As a response to this situation, the term “Black Existentialism” appeared, as a new form to existential thought that addressed philosophical questions related to human existence and its problems such as alienation, anxiety, freedom, suffering, responsibility. This is in the light of the experience of the black among white society. In this paper, we will try to identify the characteristics of this trend as it appeared among the black-skinned French philosopher Frantz Fanon (1925-1961).

Development of the entrepreneurial sector requires information on the current risk levels in economy. The paper deals with three levels of entrepreneurial risk: acceptable, critical and catastrophic. The research aim is to assess the values of entrepreneurial risk that has been existing in recent years in aggregates of small and medium enterprises, formed by size and industry characteristics. Risk evaluation was made on the base of official statistics, characterize activity of all medium enterprises, small enterprises and microenterprises situated in Russia in 2015 and 2016. The paper presents the results of risk assessment for a set of medium enterprises, small enterprises and microenterprises in the Russian economy. From the results of the study it has been concluded that there is a significant differentiation of entrepreneurial risk levels by the types of economic activity. The industries with the maximum and minimum values of the existing entrepreneurial risks have been determined. The research outcomes can be used by entrepreneurs including beginners; federal, regional and municipal departments' authorities related to the regulation of entrepreneurial activity; financial and credit, insurance, leasing organizations.

The following research paper presents an analysis of the history of studying and evaluating the creative heritage of one of the founders of the Yakut literature A.I. Sofronov. Based on the archive database search and biographical methods, we gained and are sharing an experience in systemizing the periods of life and creative journey of the writer; we also provide a description of these specific time segments without any ideological imperatives. The given research implements and introduces into the scientific use the archive and periodical materials published at the beginning of the 20th century as well as the literary critics materials written by the social activists of the republic and forbidden for a considerable amount of time. The study presents a genuine description of the impact caused by the decrees of the political party, which reflect the political situation in the country, and the impact it had on the evaluation of the writer's works. This paper also contains an analysis of the previous researches on the interpretation and opinions on the creative method of A.I. Sofronov. The research is theoretically and methodologically based on a cultural-historical approach, which suggests that specific cultural-historical circumstances and social life have a formative impact on literature, and a biographical method, according to which a writer’s personal life experience and biography play a key role in study of his creative work. As no literary process is possible without the writers as individuals, it is important to study their creative writing through biographical method in order to develop a specific concept of the national literature history and to single out the periods of its development. The present study justifies that the renown social and creative activist of Yakutia A.I. Sofronov is one of the key figures, whose creative writing played a significant role in forming and establishing Yakut national culture and literature; it also defined the entire trend of its development in the 20th and 21st centuries. The suggested timeline of the life and creative path of the writer is subdivided into six time-periods, which coincide with the social and political changes in the life of the society: I. 1914-1925; II. 1925-1942; III. 1942-1952; IV. 1952-1962; V. 1962-1986; VI. 1986 – present days. As a result, the given research helped to single out the features in studying and evaluating the creative writing journey of the writer covering various periods of the literary and critical works development in Yakutia: the principles and approaches, which remained unknown to reader earlier as well as the real existing literary and social-political events.

This paper aims to explore EFL teachers’ beliefs of learner autonomy and their teaching practices to promote autonomous learning in the classroom. The participants are 33English teachers at Setif2University. For data collection, an adapted questionnaire is used and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings reveal that the majority of teachers understand learning autonomy and its influential role in language learning. However, they are negative about the feasibility of some of learning autonomy principles such as involving students in decision-making about objectives of the course, learning assessment and classroom management. Although teachers are cautious about their roles in promoting learning autonomy, they report that they actually provide learners with a range of opportunities to enhance their autonomous learning inside and outside the classroom. The paper reveals and discusses some of the challenges for promoting learning autonomy along with the pedagogical implications for teachers, learners and policy makers.

Pakistan inherited administrative institutions from its predecessor colonial state. These institutions were highly centralized, developed over a time period of many centuries and bequeathed intact. Contrastingly, the political and representative institutions and traditions that Pakistan inherited were moribund because they could not experience smooth sailing and hence not evolved over a reasonable time span. Unfortunately political parties could not develop democratic culture which paved the way for civil and military bureaucracy to overcome established institutional structure. By holding very strong power, the institutions of civil and military bureaucracy continued to override what they found in the form of representative. The tide could not be turned and Pakistan went through more than three decades of dictatorships. Media also faced the same fate and could not play the role of healthy criticizer for government as was due on it being the fourth pillar of state. The media can play its constructive role in democracy only if there is encouraging environment that allow them to do so. Democracy and media both suffered not being in good and strong hands during this period. This research paper is an effort to explore, evaluate and analyze the role of Dawn newspaper in responding to the fourth military coup of Oct 12, 1999. The media outlet studied under this research paper is an English daily newspaper “Dawn”. It is an analysis of the role of Dawn in public opinion making, developing political consciousness among Pakistani masses and playing the role of healthy and balanced opposition for military coup of Oct 12, 1999. The findings reveal that despite the friendly behavior of Musharraf government towards media, the response of Dawn to fourth martial law of country’s history was very careful and reserve unlike other newspapers of Pakistan. Dawn not only remained stick to its policy of neutrality but also analyzed the events very critically. This research paper is a qualitative analysis of the response of Pakistan’s relatively reliable and unbiased newspaper Dawn towards the fourth military coup and political developments mainly, Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO), judicial validation of the military coup and Legal Framework Order (LFO).

Impetuous and turbulent flow of the national life of the Tatars in the late XIX - early XX centuries are traditionally associated with the formation of an ethnic community of a new national type and the turning points of world history. The paper presents the first experience of the systematization of information on public organizations of Russian Tatar students in the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. The study is based on the materials of a valuable, little-researched source - the Tatar periodical press of that time. Organization of youth societies abroad is considered as part of the process of the emergence and development of charitable and other associations representing elements of civil society. Along with the Istanbul societies mentioned in the literature, the organizations of young people in Cairo, Mecca, Medina and Beirut are identified, as far as the sources and content and nature of their activities allowed. The documents illustrating the attempts of state structures to resist the training of Muslim youth abroad and their interest in the activities of the respective societies are given. The role of foreign charitable societies and compatriots of Tatar students as a special social institution has been determined. The findings, the factual material of the paper can be used to write general and special works on the history of Turkey, Russia and Tatarstan, the Tatars and other Turkic peoples.

The Republic of Korea plays one of the leading roles in the global economy and is a dynamically developing country. As one of the key elements of South Korea's success, many researchers in their works note the so-called concept of "soft power". The Republic of Korea has great resources of "soft power" and actively uses them. The concept of "soft power" considered in this paper was first proposed by J. Nayem and now this concept has firmly entered the lexicon of world science. The Republic of Korea turned to the concept of "soft power" about twenty years ago. The strategy of the modern concept of "soft power" of the Republic of Korea is based on the dissemination of traditional cultural values and pop culture. South Korea places a great emphasis on the "soft power" of culture, which helped it shape a positive image and create its South Korean attractive brand on the world stage. In this paper, the "soft power" of the culture of South Korea is considered using the example of cybersports and the phenomenon of "Korean wave" or "hullu".