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The rapid development of technology and digitalization has influenced every field including the language field, because language is a key element of communication. The functioning of the Internet cannot be imagined without the language, but the language is also heavily influenced by the Internet, so we can say that there is a very close connection between them. The Internet has become another medium for the use of language. This development has made people's lives easier because they can more easily perform various tasks through the internet and technological innovations than in other forms. But that does not mean that the development of technologies and especially the Internet are perfect and can do everything. In this paper we will look at the translation of texts into the "google translate", the help this application provides and the ease of translating from one language to another and the shortcomings it has. How accurate the translated words are, how understandable they are, how much they lose meaning and how much they can't translate at all. In this paper we will note the translation of some sentences from English into Albanian, a worldwide recognized language and from Albanian into Macedonian, the language we are in contact with in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we deal with the forms of expressing the condition in different categories of texts of the gege dialect. Through this paper, we present the ways of expressing the condition in the gege dialect alongside the standard language. So, the purpose of this paper is to study the forms of expression of the condition, the grammatical tools with which the condition is built and the use of the condition in different texts. Also, throughout this paper we treat the conditional, as one of the discussed modes of the verb in the Albanian language, taking as a basis the treatments of linguists regarding the structure and modality that it expresses in different texts and contexts. For the realization of this paper, in addition to the theoretical part we also present the results from the research part, using the qualitative and quantitative method. The research corpus includes different categories of texts written in the gege dialect, such as: different articles from three issues of the newspaper "Rilindja" ('63,'64,'65); articles in "Jeta e Re" magazine (2001, 2003); some parts of texts from the compilations of the creations of Migjeni, N.Mjeda, Gj.Fishta, E.Koliqi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is the study of verb tenses, based on Rexhep Ismajli’s treatments with accordance to the treatment in traditional grammar. Throughout this paper we treat time as a verbal category, present the verb tenses, their classification and function. Moreover, we will examine the criteria of verb tense classification, and present the subdivision according to their groups and structure afterwards. Theoretically, the paper is based on two studies conducted by Rexhep Ismajli: “Plurality of the text" (1980) and "Albanian language of the Assembly of Arbën 1706" (1985), in which he treats the verb system, more specifically presents the classification of verb tenses. Therefore, through this paper we will present the verb tenses beyond the traditional approach. The paper also covers the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of the verbal tenses. Altogether, the paper presents the synchrony and diachrony of verb tenses, based on the studies conducted by Rexhep Ismajli. This paper is conducted through qualitative method, given that the whole paper constitutes a theoretical summary of verb tenses according to Rexhep Ismajli. Thus, this paper presents the verb tenses as a grammatical and discourse category, in a plane beyond phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatos Arapi is one of the contemporary authors who is mainly mentioned with his poetry. This paper aims to address an aspect which is not at all studied in his prose, concretely, reading from the point of view of the theory of intertextuality. The focus will be directed on his prose, such as: "I died on the banks of the Ionian"(Unë vdiqa në brigjet e Jonit), "Husk of snow" (Cipa e dëborës) and "Marko Bocari of the Suljots" (Marko Boçari i Suljotëve). The aim is to underline the relations that text opens to previous texts. Furthermore, will be shown the ways of signaling the presence of intertextual relations and the application of terminology deriving from the theory of intertextuality over concrete examples. In presenting these, the paper will also note the text's relationship to history and folklore. The phenomenon of citation, finding examples and classifying them, will be realized within intertextual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data and research in the field of translation in general, in the available materials, mainly in Albanian and Macedonian language, but also in other languages, in this paper I have tried to address the importance and problems of translation, especially on the translation of professional terminology in textbooks. Translation problems have been discussed in many meetings and discussions, seminars and conferences, and many papers have been published in various scientific journals, but the positive effect is still not noticed. Because textbook translations are still full of omissions, in this paper we will focus on the issues of lexical and terminology in particular, not leaving aside other omissions (especially of untranslated parts or examples). This paper, however it is not comprehensive regarding the treatment about the problems of this theme or translation in general, but I hope that this approach serves as a reference for all those who are interested engage in the textbook translation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best way for children to learn is through adult models. If in the world of fashion the model is the small size of the mother’s clothing, in literature is the most beautiful adaptation. Art and language technique that ensure the cuntinuity of thoughts and events in adaptation are the subject of this paper. Compering it with N. Frashwri report, we have noted the way of interpreting the lexical data annd the internal connection of this semantic categories that ensure these connections as a good opportunity to show the values of the Albanian cultural heritiage throgh the language. O Grillo’s schoolarly narrative enables us to provide explanations that gives paraphrases of notions or summary of the time sequences of fragments the breakdown of popular syntactic structures as an important part of maintaing the grammar plan we have served more than 15 units words stable and phraseological phrases together with their illustration for enthusiastic albanian readers. The explanations are made in conjunction with their semantics in the work of N. Frashwri “Histori e Skwndwrbeut” bringing them in two contemporary context, in accordance with the psychological features of the age and ethical values recognizing the didactic and ethical values of N. Frashwri. We say that the excisting pictures is added to the civic and ethical competence of this age group. The methodology followed is that of analysing the text to point out the ways of paraphrasing, hyperonymy, hyponymy. The paper argues the need for writting and learning Albanian with levels, thus serving the little ones, but also further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses nominative case in Albanian language. The most important function that nominative has in Indo-European languages is the function of the subject, and in addition, this case in Serbian and Albanian can perform several other functions that will be presented in this paper. In Albanian the function of the vocative is performed by the nominative without a preposition, which will prove to be the most significant difference between nominative without prepositions in Albanian and nominative in Serbian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian standard language is the asset of our entire nation, regardless of state borders. As for the standard Albanian language in the Republic of North Macedonia, we can say that, although late, today it is being used in educational institutions, in school textbooks, in information tools, in state administration, in politics, in culture, etc. As is known, standard Albanian already functions as a standard language within various administrative and state staff in the Republic of North Macedonia. Until recently, it was used only by the Albanian-speaking community here, but now with the officialization of the Albanian language, its implementation has proven that we encounter problems of a linguistic nature. Starting from these conclusions, at the same time thinking that it would be a topic of interest, I decided to enter the observation and study related to the description of the existing level of use, the implementation of its spelling norms and the functional extension of standard Albanian. The importance of the correct use of the Albanian language has been discussed in many meetings and discussions, seminars and conferences, also many papers have been published in various scientific journals with the hope of the awareness of our institutions, but also of our society. From the beginning, we must emphasize that this paper or this topic was treated with the desire not to criticize, but to treat it as an issue and at the same time to present some problems related to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohesion in jokes is the topic we have selected in this paper. Aiming to show that cohesion includes the special linguistic elements of textuality, the interrelationship of units in jokes texts will be presented. The subject in the treatment is important because there are few studies in the linguistics of the text in Kosovo, with which this object of study is also related. Even the object of this paper, in the framework of the theories of the text, is very little treated. This has conditioned the selection of linguistic tools, which will be treated in this paper, some of which are not fully treated either in grammars or dictionaries of the Albanian language. For a more complete treatment of cohesion, we will rely on the study of Bardh Rugova (2009), which refers to the most important authors of text linguistics, who have dealt with the treatment of cohesion, such as Hallidy & Hasan, VanDijk, De Beaugrande & Dressler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work, itself, will show us how important language is not only as a system of rules or fundamental elements in human communications, but also how important is the way how the society has progressed, to reach the present day. This element, as it will be seen in the work /in the paper, even when it becomes part of the different translations, it must preserve its essence and every another point that must not be changed. Therefore, as it will be discussed in the paper, it took a long time for the language to take its present form and to create a proper image itself. But, on the other hand even when the words were translated, they had to be seen so as not to lose their essence and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian press during the period of the Albanian National Renaissance developed in difficult conditions, due to the circumstances in which the Albanians found themselves under the Ottoman rule, but also due to the lack of financial income from the publishers. But despite the bad conditions, the Albanian press developed to a certain extent. Newspapers and magazines began to be published in the Albanian language, among which we have the magazine "Drita" by Shahin Kolonja, published in Sofia, Bulgaria, whose role and contribution is discussed in this paper. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the role and contribution of the "Drita" magazine in raising the national consciousness among Albanians, to analyze its contribution to the development of the Albanian language, the alphabet and cultural events at that time. The role of this magazine in the popularization of the struggle of Albanians for liberation from the Ottoman Empire and the special contribution in supporting the movements of the time as well as the various uprisings that took place in the Albanian territories have also been analyzed. It has also been talked about the role that this magazine took as the voice of those Albanians who saw no other way but liberation. Importance has also been given to the columns where the aspirations of the neighboring countries for the annexation of Albanian territories were strongly opposed, as well as to the harsh discussions that this magazine had with various newspapers and publishers of the Balkan countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, is addressed the topic of intertextuality in Ismail Kadare's book "The Daughter of Agamemnon". It has has been analyzed the presence of another text inside the book "Daughter of Agamemnon", the links between the texts and the way the foreign text is integrated in the book, more precisely it has been analyzed how hypotext and the hypertext have been connected. Through the analysis of the texts, it has been revealed that the two techniques that stand out the most are the allusion and the citation, the second one stands out more. The purpose of this paper will be that by analyzing these texts and the connections between them to be able to analyze the universality of tyrants and victims despite the time they lived in and the culture they belong to. Its purpose will also be to help us discover more about human characters, social phenomena and to help us understand the crowd psychology and the psychology of tyrannical rule. It will be attempted to find out what connects Agamemnon's daughter from antiquity and Greek culture with Albanian culture and the character of Kadare in the 20th century. Through this paper, we will try to prove the fact that history and the past repeat themselves, that human characters are the same from ancient times to today. So in this way originality is lost within the texts because everything that can be said or thought has been said and experienced before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the new challenges, changes and reforms on the way to the access to the European Union, the Republic of North Macedonia is also facing the challenge of strengthening the capacities of the public administration, which inevitably means informing it about European values and operating systems, but also informing the public about the innovations and changes that membership brings towards the future. The paper focuses on how public opinion is being informed about Macedonia's process towards the European family, with special emphasis on the role of communication, especially the internal communication structure in the public administration in terms of the exchange and distribution of information on activities related to with this process, as well as how well-informed public opinion is regarding the organizational structure of internal communication in various ministries. Also, the other aspect that will be addressed in this paper, are the current aspects of communication and internal and external communication practices of the European Union within the public administration, emphasizing the need to improve EU mechanisms and strategies that will help restore communication with all its citizens, especially those of the Western Balkans with special emphasis on the RMV. The methodology used in this paper coincides with the empirical method, i.e. the realization of a questionnaire. From the research carried out in 4 different ministries, different results and answers have been achieved, despite the fact that they were made only because of the research on the opinion of the respondents, they coincide with the confirmation of the hypothesis of this research, also through the analysis of the relevant strategy, documents and reports such as and different results from implemented projects, it can be concluded how necessary is the role of communication and the relevant implementation of an internal communication strategy in time and continuously to inform the public opinion. At the same time, it is also more than necessary to involve the public institutuions in the processes of shaping the policy for informing the public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper The Franciscan Order, a cultural, literary and educational model, wants to highlight the special contribution of this order in the processing, cultivation and evidence of Albanian autochthonous features and characteristics. This way of looking at it defends the idea that despite the fact that the level of anthropological study as academic knowledge was not on the same line as that of the world, the raw material existed and was highlighted by active historical, political, cultural, literary figures, linguistic or artistic. Among them they were the Franciscan fathers, practitioners of the order with the same name, who served the issue of Albania, its relationship as a tradition, custom, mentality to better known themselves, but also to present it to the whole world. As such, the paper relies on the work, judgment and efforts to codify the cultural, literary and educational as well as ethnological and anthropological values of: Fishta, Konica, Palaj, Kurti, Pllumi, Harapi, etc. The descriptive, exploratory, narrowly focused and ethnographic method gave us free "rein" to conceptualize the basic subject and to lay milestones for further confrontations and comparisons in a wider Balkan and European area. The Franciscan fathers to achieve their goal, which started from their spirit of sacrifice, built a professional infrastructure which started with the use of the Albanian language, the publication of scholastic texts and not only, functional premises, extensive work and dedication almost in every corner of Northern Albania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literary work, inspired by Kongol's narrative prose will focus on the structure of the novels. In them, from a literary point of view, we will see in detail the special points in terms of the external appearance of the characters, as well as the internal one. Other times, the novels of this writer of the contemporary Albanian period will also look from a compositional point of view, as it is said to be the basic part for a work of a contemporary nature. This paper, encouraging for a more detailed presentation, as will be seen in it, will also give the way in which the same creations appear: the repetition of literary motifs, the nature of circular narratives, the nature of parallel narratives, or together with these as well the time reversals in the moments when they are not expected, not only by the character, but also by the reader himself who presents the external side of this literature. Thanks to this work that Kongoli has created for years, the paper will also show how important is the structure with which a novel is presented to us, especially when the character makes a voice and shows a difference from the previous ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actual aim of the study is to give a brief overview of linguistic contacts and migration linguistics with a special focus on the Albanian language in German-speaking Switzerland. Furthermore, this paper will address situations of concrete language contacts and the theoretical starting point of conversation analysis. Specifically, it provides us with that "social reality that is constantly constructed in communicative acts and in terms of linguistic and non-linguistic forms, speakers are concentrated in analyzing the situation and context of their actions, interpreting the statements of the interlocutors, determining the appropriateness of the situation, understanding the effectiveness of their statements and coordinating their actions with the actions of the interlocutors" (Bergmann 2001: 919). Since the beginning of the temporary settlement of Albanians in Switzerland, Albanian language is spoken by more than 200,000 speakers according to the Federal Statistical Office. Finally, this paper also aims to highlight the use of Albanian language in Switzerland in the context of linguistic contacts and migration linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to see the way young people communicate and how they speak to each other, in this topic we are first discussing the genesis of when the process of childish speech begins which on the beginning relies mainly in their mother tongue and then stems from imitating the language of other family members and the relative social environment. This talk has been a major influence for young people by being adopted by the female gender and becoming part of their vocabulary. The methods we have used for this paper are descriptive and experimental methods, that we not only used them separately, but also in conjunction with each other, we used the experimental method by doing a survey in which we asked some questions regarding the communication that young people use with each other, when they are in a school environment and when they are in a social environment, we conducted this survey for the youth of the Tetovo High School of Economics and the students of the Faculty of Philology, Albanian language and literature and the department of English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the article in different languages is of great importance, especially when teaching and studying a foreign language. The use of the article, especially in the German language, presents a big problem for foreigners who learn or study the German language. This happens because when learning a foreign language, in most cases, the system of the native language serves in an analogous way. The article, in the grammars of different languages, is not treated as a separate word class or at least tends not to be treated as such. The German language has a system of prefixing articles (definit der, das die and indefinit ein, ein, eine), while in the Albanian language there are the front articles i, e, të, së and back articles or suffixes of names depending on the case of the name. while in the Albanian language it is different, in fact there are front and back articles. The object of this paper is the article, respectively the definit and indefinit article as determinants of the name (Determinative), its use in the German language and the equivalent forms in the Albanian language. Other parts of the determinants can only be handled according to the given circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study paper that we have tried to address is entitled "The existence of the settlement of Vushtrri presented through the tombstone/stele and mosaics", so named because we wanted to prove the existence of the settlement in the present-day land of Vushtrri with its surroundings in antiquity, initially through a monument gravestone/stele and then we have provided some data about the possibility of the existence of mosaics in the aforementioned plot. Likewise, through this study, we have tried to highlight the talent of the inhabitants of this area, the Ilyrodardans, regarding art, not excluding the influences from other cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In enriching the lexicon of the Albanian language, besides other ways, composition plays an important role also. In this paper, are analyzed the compound words in the prose "Four tales from Zulluland", "Albania as it seemed to me", "Dr. Gjilpëra (Needle) discovers the roots of the drama of Maumrras", "Albania - the Rocky Garden of Southeast Europe". " and other writings (That strange Country - Albania, Racial origin, Albanians: the Keys to Understanding their Life and their Nature, Painterly Kilt, Martial Traits, Language and literature, Bejlers and Bajraktars, Language and Literature, Religion, Farewell Albania of the Bird) from Faik Konica. Through the method of word analysis and classification, compound words are divided according to their lexical-grammatical value, that is, grouped into nominal compound, compound modifier and adverbial compound words and according to the construction, according to the lexical-grammatical value of the members. The results of the conducted research prove that the language of Konica is quite rich in compound words of which compound modifier of the noun + adjective type dominate the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International words help in the acquisition of the language and through them, the discovery of past and present cultural influences. Their linguistic reflection in social changes, in recent years, has been reflected especially in globalism and internationalism. Present everywhere, especially in higher education, globalization has greatly increased the demand for students to seek programs that allow them to move freely. This is primarily related to the expansion of linguistic experience and linguistic knowledge, to understand the academic lexicon, as well as different peoples, cultures and countries, creating a mobile intellectual force. Such requirements lead to new teaching modules, such as the acquisition of international words and the same ones in at least three languages of the same language family. This article helps not only to maintain a new attitude towards international words as part of the world heritage, but also as a service or in other words a catalyst in the learning of foreign languages and the linguistic sensitivity of the individual. International words, such as: aspect, autonomous, chronic, approve, action, constant, extract, contemporary, transport, jargon, energetic, myth, potential, turbulent, vital, charisma, spontaneous, humour, absurd, unique, propose brilliant, etc. are a example of what we followed above. A multilingual table is presented, where the international words of the TOEFL test are presented with their counterparts in Italian, French, German and Romanian. In addition to the definition of internationalisms and their acceptance criteria, we clarified their tradition, contemporaneity and the selection of languages in the paper. Human language is a code and the more its key words we discover, the sooner we reach the ideal of the learned modern man, who is thought to be at least brave. Knowing and learning European languages in non-university and university education facilitates the learning of academic vocabulary in the first place. The linguistic experiences of the students are presented in such publications as the European Language Portfolio of the AML in the Republic of Albania, should be expanded with the student's notes on the linguistic similarities that he notices in the languages learned, which help as his own. as well as the language researcher. As part of the applied linguistics, the full result of this study could be a book, in each word of Albanian you will find its counterparts, together with the description, meanings and etymology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of intertextuality that implies that no text can be seen separately from its context or the text from which it originated, in literature, it is a concept used to describe the techniques and strategies that writers use to reflect on themselves in their literary works, but also to create literary cross-references between texts. This can include the expression of personal emotions, reflection on their personal experiences, and the presentation of their thoughts and ideas about literature and the world in general. This causes a mixture of reality with the writer's subjective stance and then leaves the reader to form their own relationship with the text and its interpretation. The paper will include elements of literary cross-references between authors Petro Markos and Ernest Hemingway, highlighting the key points of their works, characters, and the authors' own lives. The methodology used will be that of analysis, comparison, providing the results of theoretical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of developing the individual is a complex development that begins since the period of beginning of the progress of life and continues throughout its space. Development occurs in several dimensions such as: physical development, motor development, cognitive development, perceptual development, social development, emotional development, moral development, linguistic development, and so on. All of these dimensions are intertwined and help develop each other. Development occurs naturally, as a result of maturity, which is the process of genetically controlled growth. Also, on the other hand, it is influenced by appropriate brought up and lifestyle practices, which can promote and accelerate it, as if inappropriate living practices and styles can hinder or slow it down. Developments as a whole and linguistic one in particular, over the years (according to various theorists), have supported one or the other of these approaches as: nature (inherited genetic interruption for development), or brought up (environmental conditions that influence development), as key influencing development process factors. Those who believe in natural tendencies tend to expect children to achieve certain stages of development at the same time due to maturity. In contrast, those who believe in the - environmental input, emphasize the external environmental impacts on the individual. Recently researchers are increasingly uniting their ideas in a single approach, which intertwines both, which supports the idea that, in fact, both of these factors are closely linked to each other. This new approach brings the idea that really is nature, which through well growth, brings the healthy development of the individual. This new approach clarifies that, genetic tendencies are stimulated under some optimal environmental conditions located in the Broka area in the frontal lobby as well as to have a fully developed apparatus. Only after the biological condition it is completed can linguistic development be supported by the nurture and social environment. Individuals need to hear the spoken language that they can learn and imitate it. Linguistic development, in fact, is the development of many parts of a language system that needs to evolve and work in an order to meet "result" of human speaking. So language, more specifically spoken language, can be said to be taught by interaction with adults caring for the individual (parents or primary caregivers). Continuous experience, the earliest contact with the sounds and exercise of linguistic expressions is needed to learn the language that the child will speak. to achieve more optimal development levels. * Nurture affects development through various spheres: physical-by offering healthy food, physical activity or avoiding stress; * Cognitive-by providing informal experience and formal process stimulating guidelines * Cognitive and social-by offering adult interaction models and peer relationships. This present paper has a central focus, linguistic development, as a dimension of the cognitive sphere. He argues precisely in the context of this combined approach between nature and well growth by emphasizing the idea that children development can be stimulated, encouraged and accelerates through appropriate well growth techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper that we have dealt with is titled "The centuries-old home of Zymer Music in Ceceli of Vushtrri". This means that the object in question, having existed for several centuries, has great cultural-historical value. Besides its existence for centuries, it has had many functions, so dealing with it, as if it a necessity. Likewise, the promotion of this object can also increase the interest of visitors in this region, and all this can be "translated" to the increase in the incomes of the population of these countries. In addition to the above, the importance of promoting this Albanian house lies in the fact that it reflects the construction values of Albanian masters, not overlooking here any influence that may have been integrated by the Ottoman Empire, or from any other culture. Than, the fact that Albanians lived in this house, shows the continuous presence of this population in this parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, globalization involves all civilizations, all cultures and societies. As far as globalization is concerned, although it is based on the so called economic liberalization, we all know that it is above all a diverse process. We say so because the diversity and complexity of globalization derive from the involvement of different civilizations, which also refers to different cultures in global streams. Regarding our cultural heritage and tradition, it is well preserved so far, but, as it happens everywhere in the world, the general global trends are not sparing it. Having in mind that the language is the most vital part or element of our culture, this paper will deal with the issues of Albanian language, or our language, versus globalization. Being in close contact with other languages and cultures around, languages themselves interact as they have never done before in human history, and this, above all, is due to the extraordinary development of the information technologies, including internet, mobile telephony, satellite television, etc. In conclusion, we have to be very careful in preserving of what is ours, both language and culture in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our traditions while researching our cultural heritage of hospitality, I came across a special welcome for travelers. This reception in its interior embraces the humanity of our people towards travelers, creating a kind of beneficial goal for both parties: the traveler and the host. Apart from providing security to the two parties, knowledge, information, experiences, organizational and friendly connections were exchanged there, knowledge was enriched, etc. This reception was held in special rooms called oda sajbi. In this paper, in addition to a comparison with hospitality in the world, the character of the friend and the traveler is also clearly analyzed. Despite expectations, on the sociological and psychological side, this custom represents the highest level of intelligence and civilization of the society that created this custom with rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some terms that name linguistic phenomena and their interpretations, not included in the texts that deal with linguistic phenomena for Albanian, without being limited within the punctuation marks of the sentence. The theoretical treatment of linguistic, grammatical, sociolinguistic, generativist phenomena and especially of the grammar of the Albanian language text, as a relatively new field of Albanian linguistics, requires as much knowledge of the study methodology as a set of scientific methods, as much as of the terminology that marks and specifies the phenomena according to the fields of linguistics. Phonetics, lexicology and traditional grammar of the Albanian language do not include the treatment of some linguistic phenomena, according to new theories of linguistic system studies. Consequently they do not even include the terms for them. For the treatment of linguistic, grammatical phenomena in particular, it is necessary to go outside the traditional framework; the new treatments of general linguistics should be taken as a basis for the reinterpretation of certain linguistic phenomena of Albanian and the interpretation of terms that are not used in traditional linguistics for Albanian. The treatment of linguistic phenomena is not limited within punctuation marks, it goes beyond them. The linguistics of the text has opened new horizons. The treatment and reinterpretation of linguistic phenomena with contemporary terminology does not diminish the achievements of Albanian linguistics so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the lexicon of teenage girls and its features, precisely, nouns, adjectives and verbs will be analysed, also through giving interpretations of the effects that emit foreign words, and some others that are unusual in the "girl's language" which is known as "victimizing" or unequal to the other gender. Emphasis will be placed on the topics discussed in these spontaneous communications, and the global impact of renowned events that are accessible to everyone, transmitted with the rapid spread of information from every corner of the world. At this age, their daily mental vocabulary is rapidly enriched with Albanian words that they did not use before e.g. gossip, doctor, etc., foreign words, as a consequence of globalism as: my love, dear, okay, like, merci (especially of English, due to its impact in social networks and as a "lingua franca"), also for the need of a "secret lexicon". 33 random conversations of 17-18-year-old girls from Prishtina were recorded. The data shows that girls have progressed in enriching their lexicon, even with words that are known as "typical of boys" such as swear words, however "softer" than those of the other gender, nouns: idiot, stupid, or adjectives with a pejorative connotation such as: terrible, catastrophic. This, based on the conventional opinion that they are impossible to recognize. The lexical competence of the respondents proves the opposite. The topics of conversation are related to famous personalities, the variety of news absorbed by social networks and platforms with global reach. This materialization of worldwide information shows the global convergence of interaction with people and possibility to touch different topics and with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendency to respond as much as possible to the continuous and changing demands in education has made the notion of visualization to be encountered every day more and more in pedagogical theory and practice, meanings that emphasize the application of the same as a strategy in its understanding and appreciation. An image, or mastery of visualization, can provide deep understanding, make an idea or process suddenly make sense, and lead the way to the ultimate understanding of a complicated piece of science. Information in books is mainly presented as verbal, knowledge that students reproduce as notes or pictures. The transformation of the meaning of these codes into knowledge occurs due to the ability to connect referential links between the verbal and visual systems. The values of non-linguistic objects mainly reflect the ease of defining words and the emphasis on hierarchical relationships in network models of association and meaning. The paper, before elaborating the degree of visualization in the initial literacy process, will describe the key aspects of visualization. The meaning and importance of this strategy will be clarified and concretized through examples from pedagogical practice. In addition to the emphasis that will be placed on the reading process, the possibility of evaluating reading comprehension through the visualization strategy will also be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the speech, the syntagmatic relations between the words make possible the full display of the semantic potency and their enrichment. The full actualization of the potential meanings of word language becomes possible only in their use in different contexts. One of the most optimal contexts of their use with all the semantic force they have is poetic discourse. The semantic contrast of words is one of the best, most productive ways of semantic unfolding of the word. In our paper we will try to highlight the lexical power of words in oppositional use with each other, this in the poetry of Podrimja and Mehmet. Our study approach will be focused on several aspects such as the theoretical view on antonymy; contextual antithetical relations in poetic discourse; antithetical grammatical relations; relations of antitheses due to semantic-syntactic relations. The forms of display of antitheses are evidence of the stylistic force of this linguistic phenomenon, as one of the most productive ways of semantic-lexical enrichment of language. Theoretical view on antonymy as a semanticlexical and stylistic phenomenon, analysis of the poetic material of A. Podrimja and D. Mehmeti in terms. The aim of the paper is to highlight the stylistic-semantic force of antonymy in a language, as well as to point out that poetic discourse is one of the beginnings of the birth of the first structures of antonymous use of the word and semantic and lexical enrichment of the word. The paper also aims to identify ways of forming antonymous structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at how young people always tend to introduce new words and terms into a language. This is due to the overuse of social networks, promotions in media, and more. The immediate development of technology. The changing way of communication between them has led to many foreign expressions and words being introduced into the language. In this paper we have tried to look at how young people communicate with one another, do they use the standard language among themselves, do they speak the same in front of professors, and do they then differ in communication between their social circle. We will also note that there are also students who try to speak the standard, to criticize others for improving their correct use of language. The entry of new words and constructions in a language is first and foremost a response to the economic and social development of a country. Thus, the Albanian language is obliged to create, but also to borrow a large number of words from the languages with which it has the most intense relations. The main methods will be empirical, comparative as well as visual where we will dedicate ourselves to the paper. In the Albanian language, we have many words that came from the influence of the Ottoman Empire, as well as words from the Slavic languages, by which I mean that Albanian already has a certain amount of foreign words, which is now joined by English and other languages that are most influential in the world which make Albanian a language with many new expressions. In the end, we should see how valuable those words are in the vocabulary of the Albanian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the legislative-legal substyle of the administrative functional style in the Macedonian language, in parallel with the parallels in the Albanian language, through which we give a kind of presentation of the lexical elements that are widely frequented in the administrative functional style, thus capturing the similarities and the differences of this style in both languages. Administrative style covers the use of language within the activities of state institutions (within the state and in relations with other states). Legislative-legal sub-style is one of the sub-styles of administrative functional style, which is realized through laws, statutes, orders, etc. With the comparative approach and the use of the deductive research method, we will try to give our own review of the lexicon of the administrative functional style in the use in the public institutions in Macedonia. The aim is to give an institutional lexical overview of the functional style that is the subject of work in this paper, precisely because of the relevance of such language issues and policies nowadays, and related to the bilingualism of documents in interinstitutional correspondence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze French and Albanian proverbs which contain animal names. By highlighting the similarities and differences from a cultural standpoint, we will try to find the equivalences between them. On this occasion, we have compared the presence of animal names in selected proverbs in order to ascertain whether the same domestic and wild animals have been perceived in the same way in both cultures, as well as if their metaphorical and symbolic meaning is the same. With the help of the contrasting method, we will analyze the lexical and semantic structure of French proverbs which contain these lexemes and their Albanian equivalents. We have divided these proverbs into two categories: those which have the same lexico-semantic structure in both languages and those that have different lexical structures, whereas, based on their semantic content are the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The illocutionary act plays an important role in understanding the speech acts. This act relates to the speaker intentions during the conversation. The main purpose of this paper is to research the refusal strategies of Albanians living in North Macedonia. The research is based on empirical data collected from the survey. Quantitative data were collected from a total of 331 respondents from different cities, genders and ages. The results of the research showed that the participants use more indirect strategies and there is a tendency to use explanations, excuses, regrets, apologies, which are attached to the refusals. No significant differences were observed in the refusal strategies between the sexes, but some differences were observed according to the variable "age". Albanians show courtesy, use a higher style of expression during reasoning, depending on the social status of the interlocutor. They express themselves differently in different situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper with the theme „The phenomenon of sentimentalism in the Albanian prose of the 30s" aims to put in the center the values of the prose with a sentimental stylistic orientation, taking into account the history of this prose, the approximate view of the authors and representative works and stylistic tendencies. It was decided for Albanian sentimentalist prose because in the History of Albanian Literature it undoubtedly occupies an important place, and with some exceptions, sentimentalism as a phenomenon has not received enough attention from researchers. Specifically, the phenomenon of sentimentalism in Albanian prose and the masters of Albanian sentimental prose together with their works will be highlighted for examination in a general way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is been given an explanation about the resemanticization of myths of Aphrodite, Dodona and Aurora on Lindita Ahmeti’s poetries. It’s been analyzed how the author retakes and how she resemanticizates these myths, which give her poetries an expressive force and beautifulness. It’s been analyzed what meaning these myths take when they are placed on an Albanian environment, it’s been analyzed how through them the author in some poetries expresses her concern for the fate of her nation and homeland, how the concern of the lyrical subject for its fate and for the fate of her language is given simultaneously in poetry, using as suggestion certain segments of the above-mentioned myths. Through these resemanticized myths will be understood how the lyrical subject sees the enemies of the nation and the language, what the lyrical subject suggests to overcome the danger that threatens the language and the nation from these enemies. It will be understood where does the lyrical subject finds hope. These myths will often be revived to play the role of witnesses of history, of hidden truth, of lost territories which even today are not separated culturally, nationally and emotionally from Albania. These myths will also become a proof of our rich culture which is best evidenced by the language which is as it is said the language of the mythical ancestors Cadmus and Harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditions as a starting point, intertext and content of Albanian literary works, have been present in many Albanian authors’ works. Myths, customs, traditions, laws that are essential parts of their moral codes, have been artistically incorporated by the prominent author of Albanian literary works, Ismail Kadare. Prilli i thyer, as a monumental work, embodies the Albanian life justified by the customs and traditions codified by the Kanun of Lekë Dugagjini. The Kanun, as a customary norm, was the constitution and supreme institution of social existencefor centuries. Defined by strict rules, the codeensured the normative functioning of Albanian life in the northern part of Albania, but also in other parts of Albania and outside Albania. Being for a long time indisputable and functional, it became the object of study and motif of artistic creations, especially in the contemporary period. The work that we will analyze is a very genuine segment of the study on the Albanian tradition held by the Kanun, but presented artistically where through the narrative and the characters, a clear picture of such context is created. The paper will be structured in three parts and the theory of intertextuality will be applied, intertwined with comparative and analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This subject is about the lexis of pomology, for that reason this lexis is rich and gives an abundancy of linguistic material, since the development of pomology as part of agriculture is quite rich. This paper treats the topic of loans in the lexis of pomology, including the direct etimology and ligustic aspect of some of the meanings in pomology. As a main drive to discuss this topic was the interest for loanwords and its etimology. in this case a particular group of words, which apart that they belong to a linguistic system they also function as terms of a specific terminological system – botany. Also, of interest was for the influence and the relation of the Albanian language with other languages and vice versa, especially with the languages with which it has been in contact the most. Thus, when looking at the etimology, we come to a conclusion that the phenomenon of loanwords is also present in this group of words. Loanwords are well received in most cases and are often seen as a necessity in communication to the extent that they are used logically and for the benefit of communication and vocabulary of a language, however not abusing and not damaging a language by introducing foreign words out of place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will deal with the comparison of the two most important 20th-century world literature novels. The theme of Kafka's novel has its source in the sharp contrast between the protagonists and the reality surrounding which Kafka's characters are incapable of accepting. His novels and novels are dominated by the misunderstanding, the nightmare, the illusion, the anguish of God's silence. Kafka accuses in his works the inhuman bureaucratic social system and criticizes the justice system. The protagonist in the novel The Trial is a victim of the system and at the same time guilty as an integral part of the bureaucratic apparatus. The process against it is a perfect organization of actions and people, who arrest innocent people, fabricate meaningless processes. On the other hand Albert Camu inextricably links his personal life, with the collective vicissitudes, in the name of man, of his absurd life on earth in search of truth and happiness. Camus' work begins with the existential problems of the absurd: he asserts that man is alone, surrounded by a state of eternal wretchedness: poverty, pain, injustice, violence create an unjustified wilderness around him. To avoid despair one must accept this situation with sobriety and must consciously struggle to affirm oneself and the „relentless greatness of life". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper that is the subject of our processing, we have paid attention to linguistics and linguistic studies, ethnological and ethnographic studies, as well as sociological and sociolinguistic studies. The divisions that are characteristic of each science separately are covered, as well as the common elements that unite them in one science, and that is ethnosocial linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social media changed our lives, but also altered people's understanding of what can be considered today as a good artistically and aesthetically piece of literature. Today, is getting more popular internet literature, and such tendency is also popular in Macedonian literature. On one hand this modern literature provides easier affirmation, but on the other hand allows flow of trash literature. The social media provides a new way of literary expression that fully meets the needs of the modern world. But how good is artistic freedom for literary development? Is this literature trying to keep the essential aesthetic and literary norms or is it trying to open up new artistic perspectives adaptable to the contemporary world? More and more authors are trying to convey their literature to the digital world because today it's the only way they can reach the general public. This paper will attempt to analyze the trend of world internet literature as well as in N. Macedonia, with views on the need for literature to follow the trend of the digital world while keeping in mind the preservation of aesthetic and artistic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of ICT in the education system is of particular importance. In this way, traditional teaching is replaced with modern teaching, which means that besides the school board as a primary teaching tool, a number of other aids are used to make teaching easier and more creative and interesting. Of course, modern education is unthinkable without a computer and no internet. With the help of the Internet, new, current and operational knowledge can be effectively adopted, and it also contributes to modernizing and enhancing the quality of teaching. A quality teacher is one who skillfully manages the pace of student learning and teaching, one who is able to make teaching interesting, which actively involves students in the learning process, motivates them to respond to the expectations they set and develops interest in the subject he teaches. That teacher can rationally use ICT to make teaching more meaningful, contemporary, more creative and more interesting. That is why in our paper we decided to show how using online tools can make language learning more interesting and better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all areas the language performs the main action, but the important thing is how it is used. With the development of modern communication technologies the use of language has also undergone deviations. Leaving aside free online conversations on different social networks where language is used in different ways and forms, language is also not used properly in different media and portals. Even in these areas where we need to have a clear and standard language, we encounter spelling, grammar and technical errors. In this paper special significance will be spelling and grammar errors in online portals "Almakos" and "Lajmpress". Errors encountered in these portals during our research are: - the absence of the letters "ë" and "ç" (the absence of these two letters is due to the speed of writing, because these two letters are missing on the keyboard and are slightly more difficult to write and are replaced by the letter "e" end "c"). - absence of capital letters (example: komuna e Sarajit, ministri i Arsimit etc.); - lack of punctuation marks; - grammatical mistakes (non-adaptation of words (example: "qoftë që jetojnë Kroacia apo vendet tjera" instead of writing whether qoftë që jetojnë në Kroaci apo vende tjera etc). During this research we will see many other errors and words that do not belong to the standard language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which is aimed at studying Albanian language on social networks mainly in the language of young people, aims to give a general overview of the Albanian language written on social networks. Numerous spelling mistakes in conversations, comments, and so on. In this paper there will be examples from social networks where young people spell out spelling mistakes. Our study is not for the first time done, we had some models of treatments, we are hoping that this work will be worth it because we tried to highlight many things. It is noted that the words are generally voiceless. The abbreviation for words is especially noted in words with a lot of syllables (long words), or even linguistic expressions. We can say that a "mixed code" is created in communication, which makes it difficult. We will mention: cuts, replacement of script with other graphic signs, combinations of these types of signs with each other, use of punctuation marks and their type, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media, as contemporary tools of cultural and linguistic expression and communication, constitute one of the mandatory spaces where standard Albanian must be mastered and promoted. With the unification of the Albanian language in the 1972, Congress of standard writing, previously with the Prishtina Consultation in 1968, the standard of Albanian language was embraced and supported as an official variant of use in all public and educational spheres in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and in the Preshevo Valley. Today's reality testifies to a level of unsatisfactory use and use of the standard versus dialectical or provincial or foreign words, the features we find in the media domain. One of the areas that, however, affects the linguistic awareness of various social problems, are undoubtedly the media. With the media, each of us is in touch every day: as with the written ones, daily or periodical newspapers, magazines, as well as with electronic media, television, radio, internet etc. All events that take place in the country or in the world, as well as all other activities in the field of culture, science, sport etc. are transmitted to the reader or listener mainly through the language. So when we are talking about the language, the question may be: How critical we are for that how we talking or how we writing it? This issue firstly takes into responsibility people which directly or indirectly are dealing with languages. It is not enough for language to speak only linguists, as perhaps someone can think. The language is everyone's. In regard of that, the lack of inadequate linguistic awareness of this category of intellectuals, such mistakes in our media, are emerging for more and more days. This paper aims to provide an overview of the realistic state of usage of the standard language by the speaker's in some of the broadcasters in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia. We will try to answer the scale of usage of standard language, the impact of the language use of the guests on the presenters, the level of standard ownership by the speakers of the presenter, their commitment to correctly use the standard Albanian language and the typology of the programs, such as distinctive of standard usage and dialectal shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their role in producing the semantic-pragmatic linkages that must be taken into account while reading a text, connectors are recognized as linguistic components that are crucial in developing textual meaning. These lexical units have several purposes and are hence of relevance to the fields of comparing linguistics, diachronic linguistics, lexicography, translation, and language acquisition. In actuality, the purpose of this study is to describe three connectors in the Albanian language and their French equivalents. We will be able to emphasize the cultural and linguistic reality of the speakers of both languages through an analysis of the contrast connectors, their meaning, their function in sentences, and their characteristics in both French and Albanian. It will also be shown how these connectors act linguistically through a comparative study of the translation of these words. Koha e dhive (The Time of the Goats) by Luan Starova and its French translation, Le temps des chèvres, as well as Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and its Albanian translation, Zonja Bovari, served as our two source texts and the foundation of our corpus for our search regarding the French equivalents of the Albanian contrast connectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]