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Over the ages, cartographers, historians, and institutions from diverse European nations and beyond have produced numerous maps and atlases, illustrating the spatial distribution of Albanians and Albania. While these maps hold significant cartographic and historical value, showcasing the ancient authentic ethnicity of Albanians in the Balkans, none have been in Albanian but rather in the languages of foreign cartographers who compiled them. The publication of the first map of Albanian territories with Albanian toponymy in 1902 marks a pivotal historical moment, establishing Albanian cartography. This paper delves into the historical, geographical, linguistic, and cultural importance of this notable achievement. The map was the product of a fruitful collaboration during the Albanian National Awakening between Don Juan Pedro de Aladro Kastrioti, known to Albanians as Gjin Aladro Kastrioti, and Faik bey Konica, the founder and editor of the Albanian National Awakening magazine "Albania". The paper examines the cartographic and geographical characteristics of the first map with Albanian toponymy from 1902. Noteworthy among the descriptive data of this cartographic work is the extent of the ethnic Albanian presence in the Western Balkans during the early 1900s. Additionally, this paper will detail the invaluable assistance provided by Élisée Reclus, one of the foremost geographers of the time, in guiding the working group involved in constructing the first map of Albania with Albanian toponymy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the problem of the use of the Albanian language in North Macedonia, during the period between 1991-2001, as the initial period of political pluralism and the period of placing ethnic topics on the real agenda of social life. The theoretical basis of the paper are the theories expressed by: Banac, Ackermann, Petiffer, Brubacker and Lijphard, speaking on the dissolution of socialist federations and the replacement of communist ideology with unresolved ethnic issues. According to these theories, ethnic issues have remained in a state of hibernation within socialist-multinational federations, while the communist ideology has never been able to be that amalgam which would suppress ethnic identities at the expense of a class ideology. This is the main reason that these federations were dissolved along ethnic lines. The common denominator of these dissolutions have been wars and conflicts of different sizes completed with peace agreements regarding the ethnic issues, whether they are of territorial or non-territorial nature. The Albanian language and its use is not an issue that appears as uncnown issue in the newly independent Macedonia, on the contrary, the use of Albanian language it is regulated by the Constitutional documents of the socialist federal unit of Macedonia from 1946 until the last amendments of its socialist Constitution of 1989. The declaration of independence of Macedonia in 1991, will face the internal challenge of inter-ethnic relations which have to be dealed on a different platform and out from the ideology of former Federation. In this direction, the aspect of the institutional use of the Albanian language as one of the identity values makes the core of the debate and the main challenge in the process of the first decade of state building of North Macedonia. In this paper, the base of analysis is the Constitution of independent Macedonia of 1991 and the place of the Albanian language within this document and the arguments and counter-arguments regarding the official use of the Albanian language. Interest of this paper are also the recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner for National Minorities regarding identity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of technology and digitalization has influenced every field including the language field, because language is a key element of communication. The functioning of the Internet cannot be imagined without the language, but the language is also heavily influenced by the Internet, so we can say that there is a very close connection between them. The Internet has become another medium for the use of language. This development has made people's lives easier because they can more easily perform various tasks through the internet and technological innovations than in other forms. But that does not mean that the development of technologies and especially the Internet are perfect and can do everything. In this paper we will look at the translation of texts into the "google translate", the help this application provides and the ease of translating from one language to another and the shortcomings it has. How accurate the translated words are, how understandable they are, how much they lose meaning and how much they can't translate at all. In this paper we will note the translation of some sentences from English into Albanian, a worldwide recognized language and from Albanian into Macedonian, the language we are in contact with in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spelling is the most important and sensitive issue of the Albanian language. Spelling is considered the crown of the Albanian language, after all the many years of efforts that have been made to have a unified language for Albanians. Spelling is defined as the care to write and speak in accordance with the rules and the best models of the beautiful Albanian language. Fifty years ago, in 1972, the Albanian Spelling Congress was held in Tirana, with the support of the Institute of Linguistics and Literature, with the presence of 87 delegates from all over Albania, where the Albanian language reached the standards of a modern language and unified in the culture of correct writing. This congress marks the end of a long and arduous stage, through which the Albanian people have gone, with continuous efforts, to first write and document the Albanian language, then normalize and standardize it, as it is today. At the Spelling Congress, one of the most prominent delegates was Eqrem Çabej, who is considered the most important and contributing man of Albanian linguistics. His multidimensional studies on the Albanian language, well-argued and very objective, which affect both its historical and prehistoric side, as well as the phonetic and grammatical side, are the main help even today for the science of Albanian linguistics, and that, his contribution to this field is indisputable, as much as it is necessary for every linguist who wants to study the Albanian language. The purpose of the study is to highlight the wrong forms in Çabej's volumes "Linguistic studies", which will resemble a confrontation of Çabej with himself (until it is proven in this paper, in some way, the reason why this linguistic lack of culture in his volumes is likely to happen), since he was one of the founders of setting spelling norms in the 1972 congress, as well as the main purpose of this paper is to have an impact on Albanian language researchers; to reprint the works "Linguistic studies" in a higher quality printing house, with good spelling experts (lecturers and editors), so that these volumes with a great weight in terms of language can be reproduced in a better quality, but also so that there are enough of such books, because they are found with great difficulty in our libraries and bookstores. Therefore, it has to always be emphasiz e that, without the works "Linguistic studies", no real and fundamental study in the linguistic aspect can be started. The analyzes and reviews in this paper are handled through the theoretical analysis method, as well as the comparative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explain some aspects regarding the official use of the Albanian language in North Macedonia, having in mind that it became an official language initially with the signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement in 2001, followed by amendments to the Constitution of the country during the same year, and followed by the adoption of the Law on the use of languages in 2008 and the Law on the use of languages of 2018 which is still in force. The Albanian language constitutes the basic identity element of the Albanian population in North Macedonia and as such was part of the Ohrid Agreement which ended the armed conflict in 2001, a political agreement which addressed a wide range of issues related to ethnic identity, which after the constitutional amendments of 2001, took on an institutional character. The paper follows an explanatory line of this Agreement regarding the use of the Albanian language, as well as the circumstances and the evolving process of translation into concrete laws for the use of the language in the spirit of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. I underline the term evolutionary process, always bearing in mind the fact that the other ethnic issues addressed in the Ohrid Framework Agreement were transformed into laws much earlier than the issue of the official use of the Albanian language, and this development is dedicated to the fact that during the implementation process of the Agreement priority was been given to issues which had a higher potential for conflict, such as ethnic representation in security forces (policy and army), while the official use of the Albanian language in a wide spectrum was treated as a matter that could be discussed and implemented later. The process of the legal regulation of the official use of the Albanian language began in 2008 and was completed with the Law on the Use of Languages of 2018, which includes the use of the Albanian language at the central levels of legislation, including executive, judicial and local institutions. Being a law with a wide scope of action, the interest of this paper are also the challenges faced by the implementation of this law in practice, always bearing in mind the existing institutional capacities of the institutions responsible for implementing this law in the everyday life of the citizens of the country. Overcoming these challenges remains a matter of identity, but also a matter of special developmental importance when we consider the fact that the equal use of languages constitutes the essence of the European values of equality and progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every individual has an opinion about what is good leadership and what is not good leadership. During childhood and youth, we value the leadership of parents, during education we value the leadership of professors, in the context of the organisation where we work, we value the leadership of the organisation's leaders, at the social level, we value the leadership of policy makers. Leadership is studied at a global level and represents one of the concepts that has been written about in every time and in every place. Leadership affects the quality of everyone's life. This is proven by the results of organisations and communities that change with the change of leaders. Leadership is key to both the development and failure of community organisations. There are many definitions of leadership; however, the common definition is that leadership is perceived as a process in which the leader influences the group to realise their common goal. Leadership is an interactive phenomenon, with leaders directing energy towards individuals in order to accomplish a task or achieve a specific result. It is important to distinguish between leadership as a trait and leadership as a process. According to the first approach, only the individual who possesses talent from birth can be a leader, while according to the second approach, leadership is a learned phenomenon. There are different styles of group leadership, but we focus on democratic and autocratic group leadership. Using the descriptive-comparative method and doctrinal research, the paper highlights the differences between the democratic and autocratic style of leadership on the one hand and the democratic and autocratic leader on the other. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations for a more efficient leadership in groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we deal with the forms of expressing the condition in different categories of texts of the gege dialect. Through this paper, we present the ways of expressing the condition in the gege dialect alongside the standard language. So, the purpose of this paper is to study the forms of expression of the condition, the grammatical tools with which the condition is built and the use of the condition in different texts. Also, throughout this paper we treat the conditional, as one of the discussed modes of the verb in the Albanian language, taking as a basis the treatments of linguists regarding the structure and modality that it expresses in different texts and contexts. For the realization of this paper, in addition to the theoretical part we also present the results from the research part, using the qualitative and quantitative method. The research corpus includes different categories of texts written in the gege dialect, such as: different articles from three issues of the newspaper "Rilindja" ('63,'64,'65); articles in "Jeta e Re" magazine (2001, 2003); some parts of texts from the compilations of the creations of Migjeni, N.Mjeda, Gj.Fishta, E.Koliqi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of state and Public Administration are inextricably linked. The Public Administration (hereafter, AP) is spoken only in terms of the state, for as long as the state exists, the PA will also exist. Without the state, there is no PA, but also without PA, there is no state. Administration is an activity without which the activity of the legal state cannot be thought of. The administration has a role in the three bodies of power: legislative, executive, and judicial, while its most pronounced role is in the executive. PA appears not only as a form of state power, but also as a service that fulfils the needs of citizens. PA is the apparatus that serves the state in the realisation of its goals; i.e. it is a tool through which the state implements general state policies, a tool through which public services are provided in the general interest of citizens, a tool through which legal and by-law acts are implemented. PA is a connecting bridge between citizens and state power; it is a promoter of democratic processes in the country. The role of administration is among the most current topics that are very often discussed. PA extends to all areas of social life, so without it is impossible to think of the legal state. The ideal of every state is to create rule of law. Without a modern, well-organised, rational, functional, efficient, responsible, and controlled public administration, the legal state cannot be built. Today, almost no one is satisfied with PA. Not the society that aims for a democratic life, nor the citizens to whom faith in it is preached, and not even the employees in the PA. Answering why this is so is not easy. The structure of PA depends on the institutional arrangement of the state. Considering the fact that the citizen ‘meets‘ with the administration at almost every step and every day, as well as seeing the importance of the PA for the state and the citizens, we consider it necessary to expand the knowledge about the PA and the state in general. The paper is divided into two parts so that in the first part the PA in general is treated and analysed, focusing on the differences between state administration and public administration and the differences between public administration and private administration, while in the second part the state in general is treated and analysed. For the needs of this study, descriptive-comparative methods and doctrinal research are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatos Arapi is one of the contemporary authors who is mainly mentioned with his poetry. This paper aims to address an aspect which is not at all studied in his prose, concretely, reading from the point of view of the theory of intertextuality. The focus will be directed on his prose, such as: "I died on the banks of the Ionian"(Unë vdiqa në brigjet e Jonit), "Husk of snow" (Cipa e dëborës) and "Marko Bocari of the Suljots" (Marko Boçari i Suljotëve). The aim is to underline the relations that text opens to previous texts. Furthermore, will be shown the ways of signaling the presence of intertextual relations and the application of terminology deriving from the theory of intertextuality over concrete examples. In presenting these, the paper will also note the text's relationship to history and folklore. The phenomenon of citation, finding examples and classifying them, will be realized within intertextual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data and research in the field of translation in general, in the available materials, mainly in Albanian and Macedonian language, but also in other languages, in this paper I have tried to address the importance and problems of translation, especially on the translation of professional terminology in textbooks. Translation problems have been discussed in many meetings and discussions, seminars and conferences, and many papers have been published in various scientific journals, but the positive effect is still not noticed. Because textbook translations are still full of omissions, in this paper we will focus on the issues of lexical and terminology in particular, not leaving aside other omissions (especially of untranslated parts or examples). This paper, however it is not comprehensive regarding the treatment about the problems of this theme or translation in general, but I hope that this approach serves as a reference for all those who are interested engage in the textbook translation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Have you ever wondered if we would have harmful germs everywhere, then why not get sick more often? The answer is that our body is very smart and has a lot of natural defenses against microbial attacks. This paper is not related to any curriculum, but will provide you with information on immunity. The presentation will be detailed and will illustrate how our body fights infection during the day, etc. The control and prevention of infectious diseases relies on a thorough understanding of the factors that determine the transmission and mitigation of defense mechanisms. This article summarizes the basic principles of protection against these infectious diseases, while underlining the importance of immunization and vaccination. The purpose is to inform people who are interested in reading it, in order to make themselves and others aware of the importance of the factors that influence the spread of diseases, lower immunity and overload of the body's protective factors. During this paper, various methods were used to provide accurate information to the audience, researching and requesting, in order to provide clear and valuable knowledge. Despite the results obtained from the questionnaires as well as the experience during the professional practice, I clearly document the great decline of vaccination. Accelerators will reflect and think longer about their discovery. At the end of it, we will know that our body is very effective in maintaining health, we will be re-informed more about immunity, body protection and vaccination. We will also be absolutely vigilant about how to protect and take care of ourselves and others around us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best way for children to learn is through adult models. If in the world of fashion the model is the small size of the mother’s clothing, in literature is the most beautiful adaptation. Art and language technique that ensure the cuntinuity of thoughts and events in adaptation are the subject of this paper. Compering it with N. Frashwri report, we have noted the way of interpreting the lexical data annd the internal connection of this semantic categories that ensure these connections as a good opportunity to show the values of the Albanian cultural heritiage throgh the language. O Grillo’s schoolarly narrative enables us to provide explanations that gives paraphrases of notions or summary of the time sequences of fragments the breakdown of popular syntactic structures as an important part of maintaing the grammar plan we have served more than 15 units words stable and phraseological phrases together with their illustration for enthusiastic albanian readers. The explanations are made in conjunction with their semantics in the work of N. Frashwri “Histori e Skwndwrbeut” bringing them in two contemporary context, in accordance with the psychological features of the age and ethical values recognizing the didactic and ethical values of N. Frashwri. We say that the excisting pictures is added to the civic and ethical competence of this age group. The methodology followed is that of analysing the text to point out the ways of paraphrasing, hyperonymy, hyponymy. The paper argues the need for writting and learning Albanian with levels, thus serving the little ones, but also further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses nominative case in Albanian language. The most important function that nominative has in Indo-European languages is the function of the subject, and in addition, this case in Serbian and Albanian can perform several other functions that will be presented in this paper. In Albanian the function of the vocative is performed by the nominative without a preposition, which will prove to be the most significant difference between nominative without prepositions in Albanian and nominative in Serbian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian standard language is the asset of our entire nation, regardless of state borders. As for the standard Albanian language in the Republic of North Macedonia, we can say that, although late, today it is being used in educational institutions, in school textbooks, in information tools, in state administration, in politics, in culture, etc. As is known, standard Albanian already functions as a standard language within various administrative and state staff in the Republic of North Macedonia. Until recently, it was used only by the Albanian-speaking community here, but now with the officialization of the Albanian language, its implementation has proven that we encounter problems of a linguistic nature. Starting from these conclusions, at the same time thinking that it would be a topic of interest, I decided to enter the observation and study related to the description of the existing level of use, the implementation of its spelling norms and the functional extension of standard Albanian. The importance of the correct use of the Albanian language has been discussed in many meetings and discussions, seminars and conferences, also many papers have been published in various scientific journals with the hope of the awareness of our institutions, but also of our society. From the beginning, we must emphasize that this paper or this topic was treated with the desire not to criticize, but to treat it as an issue and at the same time to present some problems related to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohesion in jokes is the topic we have selected in this paper. Aiming to show that cohesion includes the special linguistic elements of textuality, the interrelationship of units in jokes texts will be presented. The subject in the treatment is important because there are few studies in the linguistics of the text in Kosovo, with which this object of study is also related. Even the object of this paper, in the framework of the theories of the text, is very little treated. This has conditioned the selection of linguistic tools, which will be treated in this paper, some of which are not fully treated either in grammars or dictionaries of the Albanian language. For a more complete treatment of cohesion, we will rely on the study of Bardh Rugova (2009), which refers to the most important authors of text linguistics, who have dealt with the treatment of cohesion, such as Hallidy & Hasan, VanDijk, De Beaugrande & Dressler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work, itself, will show us how important language is not only as a system of rules or fundamental elements in human communications, but also how important is the way how the society has progressed, to reach the present day. This element, as it will be seen in the work /in the paper, even when it becomes part of the different translations, it must preserve its essence and every another point that must not be changed. Therefore, as it will be discussed in the paper, it took a long time for the language to take its present form and to create a proper image itself. But, on the other hand even when the words were translated, they had to be seen so as not to lose their essence and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian press during the period of the Albanian National Renaissance developed in difficult conditions, due to the circumstances in which the Albanians found themselves under the Ottoman rule, but also due to the lack of financial income from the publishers. But despite the bad conditions, the Albanian press developed to a certain extent. Newspapers and magazines began to be published in the Albanian language, among which we have the magazine "Drita" by Shahin Kolonja, published in Sofia, Bulgaria, whose role and contribution is discussed in this paper. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the role and contribution of the "Drita" magazine in raising the national consciousness among Albanians, to analyze its contribution to the development of the Albanian language, the alphabet and cultural events at that time. The role of this magazine in the popularization of the struggle of Albanians for liberation from the Ottoman Empire and the special contribution in supporting the movements of the time as well as the various uprisings that took place in the Albanian territories have also been analyzed. It has also been talked about the role that this magazine took as the voice of those Albanians who saw no other way but liberation. Importance has also been given to the columns where the aspirations of the neighboring countries for the annexation of Albanian territories were strongly opposed, as well as to the harsh discussions that this magazine had with various newspapers and publishers of the Balkan countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, is addressed the topic of intertextuality in Ismail Kadare's book "The Daughter of Agamemnon". It has has been analyzed the presence of another text inside the book "Daughter of Agamemnon", the links between the texts and the way the foreign text is integrated in the book, more precisely it has been analyzed how hypotext and the hypertext have been connected. Through the analysis of the texts, it has been revealed that the two techniques that stand out the most are the allusion and the citation, the second one stands out more. The purpose of this paper will be that by analyzing these texts and the connections between them to be able to analyze the universality of tyrants and victims despite the time they lived in and the culture they belong to. Its purpose will also be to help us discover more about human characters, social phenomena and to help us understand the crowd psychology and the psychology of tyrannical rule. It will be attempted to find out what connects Agamemnon's daughter from antiquity and Greek culture with Albanian culture and the character of Kadare in the 20th century. Through this paper, we will try to prove the fact that history and the past repeat themselves, that human characters are the same from ancient times to today. So in this way originality is lost within the texts because everything that can be said or thought has been said and experienced before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the new challenges, changes and reforms on the way to the access to the European Union, the Republic of North Macedonia is also facing the challenge of strengthening the capacities of the public administration, which inevitably means informing it about European values and operating systems, but also informing the public about the innovations and changes that membership brings towards the future. The paper focuses on how public opinion is being informed about Macedonia's process towards the European family, with special emphasis on the role of communication, especially the internal communication structure in the public administration in terms of the exchange and distribution of information on activities related to with this process, as well as how well-informed public opinion is regarding the organizational structure of internal communication in various ministries. Also, the other aspect that will be addressed in this paper, are the current aspects of communication and internal and external communication practices of the European Union within the public administration, emphasizing the need to improve EU mechanisms and strategies that will help restore communication with all its citizens, especially those of the Western Balkans with special emphasis on the RMV. The methodology used in this paper coincides with the empirical method, i.e. the realization of a questionnaire. From the research carried out in 4 different ministries, different results and answers have been achieved, despite the fact that they were made only because of the research on the opinion of the respondents, they coincide with the confirmation of the hypothesis of this research, also through the analysis of the relevant strategy, documents and reports such as and different results from implemented projects, it can be concluded how necessary is the role of communication and the relevant implementation of an internal communication strategy in time and continuously to inform the public opinion. At the same time, it is also more than necessary to involve the public institutuions in the processes of shaping the policy for informing the public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper The Franciscan Order, a cultural, literary and educational model, wants to highlight the special contribution of this order in the processing, cultivation and evidence of Albanian autochthonous features and characteristics. This way of looking at it defends the idea that despite the fact that the level of anthropological study as academic knowledge was not on the same line as that of the world, the raw material existed and was highlighted by active historical, political, cultural, literary figures, linguistic or artistic. Among them they were the Franciscan fathers, practitioners of the order with the same name, who served the issue of Albania, its relationship as a tradition, custom, mentality to better known themselves, but also to present it to the whole world. As such, the paper relies on the work, judgment and efforts to codify the cultural, literary and educational as well as ethnological and anthropological values of: Fishta, Konica, Palaj, Kurti, Pllumi, Harapi, etc. The descriptive, exploratory, narrowly focused and ethnographic method gave us free "rein" to conceptualize the basic subject and to lay milestones for further confrontations and comparisons in a wider Balkan and European area. The Franciscan fathers to achieve their goal, which started from their spirit of sacrifice, built a professional infrastructure which started with the use of the Albanian language, the publication of scholastic texts and not only, functional premises, extensive work and dedication almost in every corner of Northern Albania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literary work, inspired by Kongol's narrative prose will focus on the structure of the novels. In them, from a literary point of view, we will see in detail the special points in terms of the external appearance of the characters, as well as the internal one. Other times, the novels of this writer of the contemporary Albanian period will also look from a compositional point of view, as it is said to be the basic part for a work of a contemporary nature. This paper, encouraging for a more detailed presentation, as will be seen in it, will also give the way in which the same creations appear: the repetition of literary motifs, the nature of circular narratives, the nature of parallel narratives, or together with these as well the time reversals in the moments when they are not expected, not only by the character, but also by the reader himself who presents the external side of this literature. Thanks to this work that Kongoli has created for years, the paper will also show how important is the structure with which a novel is presented to us, especially when the character makes a voice and shows a difference from the previous ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of the sexual abuse is present in all the regions of the world, regardless of the country’s development, as well as the age, race and gender of the abusers. Furthermore, as a penal act itself, can be explained as an act of force or attempt used for obtaining sexual act, without the willingness or against the victim. As such, there are numerous scholars, NGOs, policy makers that have been dealing with this phenomenon and the factors that can influence such sexual abuse acts. Thus, having into consideration the importance of the treatment of the sexual abuse acts as well as determining the factors by which can be influenced, main objective of this paper is to investigate the sexual abuse acts that have happened in the region of Gostivar, North Macedonia, for the time spin 2014 – 2018. In addition to such empirical findings from the descriptive analysis, this paper tries to give a comprehensive regional comparison of the region of Gostivar, by analyzing the differentiation of the verdicts of the Appeal Court of Gostivar with regard to the penal acts of the sexual abuse in the region of Gostivar, for the analyzed period 2014 - 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the experiences of the main character in Michalis Malandrakis’ short novel, Patriot (2018). The protagonist, an Albanian migrant in Greece, is compelled to change his name and (re) invent his identity to achieve his goals in the new country. Agim becomes Yiannis (John) and ultimately dies as Yiannis. The novel engages in an open dialogue with theoretical questions about the self and the Other, subjectivity and objectivity, as well as the feeling of “belongingness.” This paper addresses several questions: What role does the self-narrator play in constructing an identity? To what extent is the protagonist welcomed into this new world after his name change? What must he sacrifice to become accepted? And to what extent can a person (re)invent their identity? Keywords: Contemporary Greek Fiction, Albania, Other, Self, Name, Identity

This research paper examines the transition of urban spaces and architectural changes in Elbasan, Albania, from Ottoman influence to modernity. By analyzing urban development and architectural styles from both the Ottoman and contemporary periods, the paper aims to provide a comparative perspective on the architectural language between these two periods. The study explores the alterations in characteristics of city urbanism and architecture in Ottoman and post-Ottoman times, spanning from the early 19th century to the present day. It also examines the implications of these changes for urban spaces and cultural identity. Through case studies and comparative analysis, the paper highlights the dynamic evolution of Elbasan’s architectural landscape and provides insights into its future development. The data was collected using a multi-faceted methodology, including archival drawings, scholarly works, maps, field visits, and observations. The results reveal significant variability in the urban and architectural patterns of the city. The differences between 18th- 19th- century Elbasan and that of the 20th and 21st centuries are profound and distinct. However, the central area of the city, which remains the most historic part due to the survival of structures such as the castle, the clock tower, old bathhouses, and the king’s mosque, still retains traces of the Ottoman city. Keywords: Urban Transition, Ottoman Architecture, Modernity, Elbasan, Cultural Identity, Urban Development

The period 1945-1960 was very intense for Albania concerning its political and economic relations. The coming into power of the Albanian communists after the liberation of the country at the end of the November 1944, was followed by a rude exercise of power which left the country powerless in both political and economic terms. The above mentioned timeline is brought in this paper through authentic research presenting to the public for the first time the true meaning of the Albanian-Soviet relations mainly being focused in economic terms. This research is divided in two parts because of the huge material found in the Albanian archives recently declassified about the economic relations of Albania with the socialist camp and the Soviet Union in particular. The huge amount of credits granted to Albania from the part of the Soviet Union made possible the economic and consequently the political survival of the Albanian communist regime. The numbers that we are presenting in this paper show beyond any doubt the total vassalage of the Albanian government towards the Soviet Union. The wrong investments of these huge credits and loans for such a small country as Albania in the heavy industry, would made the country totally dependent from the foreign loans and credits where the Soviet Union had primal role. In the first part of this research, are presented with accurate details all the Soviet credits granted to Albania from 1945 until 1958. The total amount of those credits was 742.100.000 rubles. In the second part of this paper which would be published in the next edition of this review, would be presented the problems that Albania was facing at that time from the exercise of coercive economic and political policies from the Soviet Union till the total break of relations between the two countries and how much from these loans Albania has liquidated in favor of the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actual aim of the study is to give a brief overview of linguistic contacts and migration linguistics with a special focus on the Albanian language in German-speaking Switzerland. Furthermore, this paper will address situations of concrete language contacts and the theoretical starting point of conversation analysis. Specifically, it provides us with that "social reality that is constantly constructed in communicative acts and in terms of linguistic and non-linguistic forms, speakers are concentrated in analyzing the situation and context of their actions, interpreting the statements of the interlocutors, determining the appropriateness of the situation, understanding the effectiveness of their statements and coordinating their actions with the actions of the interlocutors" (Bergmann 2001: 919). Since the beginning of the temporary settlement of Albanians in Switzerland, Albanian language is spoken by more than 200,000 speakers according to the Federal Statistical Office. Finally, this paper also aims to highlight the use of Albanian language in Switzerland in the context of linguistic contacts and migration linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to see the way young people communicate and how they speak to each other, in this topic we are first discussing the genesis of when the process of childish speech begins which on the beginning relies mainly in their mother tongue and then stems from imitating the language of other family members and the relative social environment. This talk has been a major influence for young people by being adopted by the female gender and becoming part of their vocabulary. The methods we have used for this paper are descriptive and experimental methods, that we not only used them separately, but also in conjunction with each other, we used the experimental method by doing a survey in which we asked some questions regarding the communication that young people use with each other, when they are in a school environment and when they are in a social environment, we conducted this survey for the youth of the Tetovo High School of Economics and the students of the Faculty of Philology, Albanian language and literature and the department of English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's developed media environment, in conditions of crisis there is a great danger of rapid undermining of public confidence in state institutions in charge of crisis management. Therefore, organizing and implementing effective crisis communication is essential for the crisis management process. In our history as an independent state, the military conflict in 2001, is remembered as the biggest political-military crisis that our country faced. At that time, the institutions in charge of security in the country faced a new challenge that required a systematic, professional and extremely careful approach to solving - crisis management and crisis communication as an integral part of it. Because of this, the purpose of research of this paper is to study crisis communication and determine its importance in crisis management, through the prism of the 2001 conflict in the Republic of Macedonia. To achieve the goal of the research, the research methodology included collecting, systematizing, analyzing and presenting the available data and information in the paper, through a logically justified, rounded and scientifically based approach. The scientific research is in fact an empirical, exploratory and quantitative research of the set scientific problem and scientific hypotheses, in the form of a survey. The results of the research indicate the readiness of the state bodies for crisis communication, the engagement of professionally trained persons for crisis communication, the challenges in crisis communication, especially the lack of legal regulations as a challenge in crisis communication. Furthermore, the influence of the international community in crisis communication and interethnic tensions, the objectivity of the media and state institutions, as well as the level of transparency and, finally, lessons learned and the level of their implementation. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of the results and the set theoretical framework of the work, indicate that in general, the state bodies in the Republic of Macedonia were almost completely unprepared for the realization of effective crisis communication in 2001, and that the involvement of the international community in crisis communication with its experts in order to reduce the existing tensions, especially in the crisis regions in the country, but also to pave the way for a peaceful resolution of the crisis. Regarding the objectivity in informing the domestic and international media, it is concluded that the opinion on the partial objectivity prevails, as a general picture of their informing, but at the same time this is influenced by the lack of developed and professional public relations system in the state bodies, which would work to address these effects of biased media coverage, further increases the potential for crisis escalation. The opinion of the respondents that the state bodies did not make full use of the potential from the experiences in 2001, except for the institutional improvements in the direction of establishing the public relations system at the level of state institutions, and by appointing public relations experts, justifies the applicability of the results and the field of research, and opens space for systematic improvement in crisis communication. In addition to this, the events that took place in May 2015, in the neighborhood "Diva Naselba" in Kumanovo, which had put the Macedonian state authorities to the test in terms of crisis management and crisis communication again, indicated the importance and need for constant development of the crisis management system and crisis communication as part of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education today is a very important problem all over the world, as well as in our country, so its reform is the main intention of the leaders of this digester. Education reforms have started to be implemented in previous years and continue to be relevant today because quality and success depend on these reforms. In relation to this issue, the Concept for primary education has been drafted, according to which a contemporary approach to learning is provided. This paper aims to analyze the Concept and verify how much its content actually offers something new in this cycle of education and is suitable for teachers. Like any research that is associated with the methodological part, in this paper we will use the method of theoretical analysis, to have clearer results we will use tools and techniques such as the questionnaire for teachers, from which we will get the opinions and attitudes of them in relation to this Concept. We will present the achieved results in a tabular way in order to have a clear picture about them and in this way we will notice how the new Concept will be a new opportunity for quality assurance in primary education in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of interest rates, government expenses, money supply and real exchange rates on the economic growth of the Republic of North Macedonia. A country's economic groëth refers to the growth of that country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The interest rate is one of the determining factors of economic groëth. Despite the challenging macroeconomic environment and other influencing factors, the Republic of North Macedonia in recent years has maintained low inflation rates and interest rates. Empirical analysis of the paper is based on data obtained from the Central Bank of Republic of North Macedonia on a quarterly basis for the period from 2008 to 2020. Through the use of co integration tests (Johanensen test), Granger causality test, autocorrelation test, VAR, ARCH and GARCH process, it is verified that the rate interest rate is a determining variable and has a long-term relationship with economic groëth. The co integration test (Johannesen test) shoës that in all equations the results are statistically significant and the variables have a long-run relationship betëeen them. Then the use of the Granger test of causality notes that money supply causes interest rate changes; they also cause a change in economic groëth. The unit root test is used to determine the level of integration of variables .The use of the Granger causality test then points out that the money supply causes changes on interest rate ; GDP also causes interest rate changes. The interest rate causes the change of economic groëth. Government spending causes the change of economic groëth. The effective exchange rate causes the change of economic growth. Evidence of co integration allowed the application of the VAR model, which enabled the identification of variables that affect economic groëth in the Republic of North Macedonia, both in the short and long term. In the end, all variables are tested together and it turns out that logarithmic GDP and interest rates have an impact on economic growth. The conclusions from the data analysis are that all variables are interrelated and have an impact on economic growth. Also there can be identified and other economic factors that have impact on economic growth that are not included on this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life we live in today is very dynamic and hectic.Things change very quickly, within a short period of time, the knowledge we gained a while ago can turn into ignorance, this is due to developments in science and technology, in the way of life in general, including the field of education which has undergone great changes especially in Kosovo. We find the beginnings of education from an early age in the Albanian territories, which have evolved from generation to the present day. Due to social, cultural, political, economic circumstances, education in Kosovo has had significant problems in relation to the countries of the region. But still he has remained stoic in the face of all problems and challenges. With the end of the war in Kosovo and the creation of the legal basis, as well as the reforms undertaken by a number of local and international mechanisms, there has been significant progress in many areas such as: construction of school facilities, licensing of teachers, drafting new curriculum models in accordance with the principles of the Europian Union, as well many other achievements which have made other non – majority communities to be integrated. Seeing as very necessary the beginning of reforms (changes) in education, began very important changes in this sector, which we think went through many challenges until the beginning of their implementation in practice. This progress has been achieved in cooperation with numerous international institutions. In addition to the achievements, various problems have been continuously present, from the insufficient budget to the challenges and the need for the construction of school facilities in rural areas. Considering the changes in education as a very current phenomenon and based on theory and practice, we will approach our problem in clarifying the theoretical and practical aspects of the problems related to the changes in education. The reason that prompted me to write a scientific paper with such research was that the topic of my selected paper was related to my profession as a teacher and during the work of this scientific paper i focused on the changes made in the education system since the period of the recent war in Kosovo to the present day as well as the approach of teachers to these changes. The purpose of this research is to describe the approach of teachers to the need and importance of changes in the education system and acceptance, their involvement in these changes in order to increase the quality of teaching in educational institutions. As respondents in this research are included 83 teachers of grades I-V of primary schools,,Lekë Dukagjini” Prizren,,,Mati Logoreci” Prizren,,, Mustafa Bakiu” Prizren,,,Abdyl Frashëri” Prizren. Referring to various sources from the literature review, it has been estimated that the main role in the elaboration of my research is played by teachers. For this reason, i thought of conducting a survery with them, in order to get their opinions and views on the topic. To meet the survey data. Questionnaries were used as a tool for measuring teachers’ thoughts and attitudes. The sample of this research consists of a total of 83 respondents including teachers participating in this research. Based on the results of this research, education reforms are welcomed and welcomed by Kosovar teachers and students, and from the beginning of their implementation until today have had a positive impact on raising the level of quality in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the article in different languages is of great importance, especially when teaching and studying a foreign language. The use of the article, especially in the German language, presents a big problem for foreigners who learn or study the German language. This happens because when learning a foreign language, in most cases, the system of the native language serves in an analogous way. The article, in the grammars of different languages, is not treated as a separate word class or at least tends not to be treated as such. The German language has a system of prefixing articles (definit der, das die and indefinit ein, ein, eine), while in the Albanian language there are the front articles i, e, të, së and back articles or suffixes of names depending on the case of the name. while in the Albanian language it is different, in fact there are front and back articles. The object of this paper is the article, respectively the definit and indefinit article as determinants of the name (Determinative), its use in the German language and the equivalent forms in the Albanian language. Other parts of the determinants can only be handled according to the given circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's a real challenge to write about Albanian-Yugoslav relations in the second half of the '40ies of the XX century. In this first part of this paper, I have tried to focus on the reasons why Albania chose Yugoslavia as the closest political and economic partner in the postwar period. Both countries were exercising the same structures of power and embraced the same political regime. Both communist countries took the power immediately after the respective liberation of their territories from the nazi occupation. Albania in these two and a half years, exercised a disastrous political and consequently policies which led to complete bankruptcy and total dependence on Yugoslav credits and loans. From the other side, the Yugoslav were much more flexible in their policies by trying to be as much as they could independent from Moscow's tutelage and having more or less a solid place in the future international relations. Due to Albania's disastrous economic policies, Yugoslavia succeeded to completely subdue the tiny neighbor country, in the beginning in economic terms. The most significant economic victory of Yugoslavia towards Albania was the currency parity when was clearly visible according the Albanian experts of the State Bank of Albania that Albanian currency the franc was much more stronger than the Yugoslav dinar. In these two and a half years of close relationship, Yugoslavia did what she wanted with Albania and through the credit of 2 billion dinars, paved the way to the complete political mastering of Albania in every sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study paper that we have tried to address is entitled "The existence of the settlement of Vushtrri presented through the tombstone/stele and mosaics", so named because we wanted to prove the existence of the settlement in the present-day land of Vushtrri with its surroundings in antiquity, initially through a monument gravestone/stele and then we have provided some data about the possibility of the existence of mosaics in the aforementioned plot. Likewise, through this study, we have tried to highlight the talent of the inhabitants of this area, the Ilyrodardans, regarding art, not excluding the influences from other cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In enriching the lexicon of the Albanian language, besides other ways, composition plays an important role also. In this paper, are analyzed the compound words in the prose "Four tales from Zulluland", "Albania as it seemed to me", "Dr. Gjilpëra (Needle) discovers the roots of the drama of Maumrras", "Albania - the Rocky Garden of Southeast Europe". " and other writings (That strange Country - Albania, Racial origin, Albanians: the Keys to Understanding their Life and their Nature, Painterly Kilt, Martial Traits, Language and literature, Bejlers and Bajraktars, Language and Literature, Religion, Farewell Albania of the Bird) from Faik Konica. Through the method of word analysis and classification, compound words are divided according to their lexical-grammatical value, that is, grouped into nominal compound, compound modifier and adverbial compound words and according to the construction, according to the lexical-grammatical value of the members. The results of the conducted research prove that the language of Konica is quite rich in compound words of which compound modifier of the noun + adjective type dominate the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International words help in the acquisition of the language and through them, the discovery of past and present cultural influences. Their linguistic reflection in social changes, in recent years, has been reflected especially in globalism and internationalism. Present everywhere, especially in higher education, globalization has greatly increased the demand for students to seek programs that allow them to move freely. This is primarily related to the expansion of linguistic experience and linguistic knowledge, to understand the academic lexicon, as well as different peoples, cultures and countries, creating a mobile intellectual force. Such requirements lead to new teaching modules, such as the acquisition of international words and the same ones in at least three languages of the same language family. This article helps not only to maintain a new attitude towards international words as part of the world heritage, but also as a service or in other words a catalyst in the learning of foreign languages and the linguistic sensitivity of the individual. International words, such as: aspect, autonomous, chronic, approve, action, constant, extract, contemporary, transport, jargon, energetic, myth, potential, turbulent, vital, charisma, spontaneous, humour, absurd, unique, propose brilliant, etc. are a example of what we followed above. A multilingual table is presented, where the international words of the TOEFL test are presented with their counterparts in Italian, French, German and Romanian. In addition to the definition of internationalisms and their acceptance criteria, we clarified their tradition, contemporaneity and the selection of languages in the paper. Human language is a code and the more its key words we discover, the sooner we reach the ideal of the learned modern man, who is thought to be at least brave. Knowing and learning European languages in non-university and university education facilitates the learning of academic vocabulary in the first place. The linguistic experiences of the students are presented in such publications as the European Language Portfolio of the AML in the Republic of Albania, should be expanded with the student's notes on the linguistic similarities that he notices in the languages learned, which help as his own. as well as the language researcher. As part of the applied linguistics, the full result of this study could be a book, in each word of Albanian you will find its counterparts, together with the description, meanings and etymology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of intertextuality that implies that no text can be seen separately from its context or the text from which it originated, in literature, it is a concept used to describe the techniques and strategies that writers use to reflect on themselves in their literary works, but also to create literary cross-references between texts. This can include the expression of personal emotions, reflection on their personal experiences, and the presentation of their thoughts and ideas about literature and the world in general. This causes a mixture of reality with the writer's subjective stance and then leaves the reader to form their own relationship with the text and its interpretation. The paper will include elements of literary cross-references between authors Petro Markos and Ernest Hemingway, highlighting the key points of their works, characters, and the authors' own lives. The methodology used will be that of analysis, comparison, providing the results of theoretical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of developing the individual is a complex development that begins since the period of beginning of the progress of life and continues throughout its space. Development occurs in several dimensions such as: physical development, motor development, cognitive development, perceptual development, social development, emotional development, moral development, linguistic development, and so on. All of these dimensions are intertwined and help develop each other. Development occurs naturally, as a result of maturity, which is the process of genetically controlled growth. Also, on the other hand, it is influenced by appropriate brought up and lifestyle practices, which can promote and accelerate it, as if inappropriate living practices and styles can hinder or slow it down. Developments as a whole and linguistic one in particular, over the years (according to various theorists), have supported one or the other of these approaches as: nature (inherited genetic interruption for development), or brought up (environmental conditions that influence development), as key influencing development process factors. Those who believe in natural tendencies tend to expect children to achieve certain stages of development at the same time due to maturity. In contrast, those who believe in the - environmental input, emphasize the external environmental impacts on the individual. Recently researchers are increasingly uniting their ideas in a single approach, which intertwines both, which supports the idea that, in fact, both of these factors are closely linked to each other. This new approach brings the idea that really is nature, which through well growth, brings the healthy development of the individual. This new approach clarifies that, genetic tendencies are stimulated under some optimal environmental conditions located in the Broka area in the frontal lobby as well as to have a fully developed apparatus. Only after the biological condition it is completed can linguistic development be supported by the nurture and social environment. Individuals need to hear the spoken language that they can learn and imitate it. Linguistic development, in fact, is the development of many parts of a language system that needs to evolve and work in an order to meet "result" of human speaking. So language, more specifically spoken language, can be said to be taught by interaction with adults caring for the individual (parents or primary caregivers). Continuous experience, the earliest contact with the sounds and exercise of linguistic expressions is needed to learn the language that the child will speak. to achieve more optimal development levels. * Nurture affects development through various spheres: physical-by offering healthy food, physical activity or avoiding stress; * Cognitive-by providing informal experience and formal process stimulating guidelines * Cognitive and social-by offering adult interaction models and peer relationships. This present paper has a central focus, linguistic development, as a dimension of the cognitive sphere. He argues precisely in the context of this combined approach between nature and well growth by emphasizing the idea that children development can be stimulated, encouraged and accelerates through appropriate well growth techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper that we have dealt with is titled "The centuries-old home of Zymer Music in Ceceli of Vushtrri". This means that the object in question, having existed for several centuries, has great cultural-historical value. Besides its existence for centuries, it has had many functions, so dealing with it, as if it a necessity. Likewise, the promotion of this object can also increase the interest of visitors in this region, and all this can be "translated" to the increase in the incomes of the population of these countries. In addition to the above, the importance of promoting this Albanian house lies in the fact that it reflects the construction values of Albanian masters, not overlooking here any influence that may have been integrated by the Ottoman Empire, or from any other culture. Than, the fact that Albanians lived in this house, shows the continuous presence of this population in this parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, globalization involves all civilizations, all cultures and societies. As far as globalization is concerned, although it is based on the so called economic liberalization, we all know that it is above all a diverse process. We say so because the diversity and complexity of globalization derive from the involvement of different civilizations, which also refers to different cultures in global streams. Regarding our cultural heritage and tradition, it is well preserved so far, but, as it happens everywhere in the world, the general global trends are not sparing it. Having in mind that the language is the most vital part or element of our culture, this paper will deal with the issues of Albanian language, or our language, versus globalization. Being in close contact with other languages and cultures around, languages themselves interact as they have never done before in human history, and this, above all, is due to the extraordinary development of the information technologies, including internet, mobile telephony, satellite television, etc. In conclusion, we have to be very careful in preserving of what is ours, both language and culture in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our traditions while researching our cultural heritage of hospitality, I came across a special welcome for travelers. This reception in its interior embraces the humanity of our people towards travelers, creating a kind of beneficial goal for both parties: the traveler and the host. Apart from providing security to the two parties, knowledge, information, experiences, organizational and friendly connections were exchanged there, knowledge was enriched, etc. This reception was held in special rooms called oda sajbi. In this paper, in addition to a comparison with hospitality in the world, the character of the friend and the traveler is also clearly analyzed. Despite expectations, on the sociological and psychological side, this custom represents the highest level of intelligence and civilization of the society that created this custom with rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some terms that name linguistic phenomena and their interpretations, not included in the texts that deal with linguistic phenomena for Albanian, without being limited within the punctuation marks of the sentence. The theoretical treatment of linguistic, grammatical, sociolinguistic, generativist phenomena and especially of the grammar of the Albanian language text, as a relatively new field of Albanian linguistics, requires as much knowledge of the study methodology as a set of scientific methods, as much as of the terminology that marks and specifies the phenomena according to the fields of linguistics. Phonetics, lexicology and traditional grammar of the Albanian language do not include the treatment of some linguistic phenomena, according to new theories of linguistic system studies. Consequently they do not even include the terms for them. For the treatment of linguistic, grammatical phenomena in particular, it is necessary to go outside the traditional framework; the new treatments of general linguistics should be taken as a basis for the reinterpretation of certain linguistic phenomena of Albanian and the interpretation of terms that are not used in traditional linguistics for Albanian. The treatment of linguistic phenomena is not limited within punctuation marks, it goes beyond them. The linguistics of the text has opened new horizons. The treatment and reinterpretation of linguistic phenomena with contemporary terminology does not diminish the achievements of Albanian linguistics so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the lexicon of teenage girls and its features, precisely, nouns, adjectives and verbs will be analysed, also through giving interpretations of the effects that emit foreign words, and some others that are unusual in the "girl's language" which is known as "victimizing" or unequal to the other gender. Emphasis will be placed on the topics discussed in these spontaneous communications, and the global impact of renowned events that are accessible to everyone, transmitted with the rapid spread of information from every corner of the world. At this age, their daily mental vocabulary is rapidly enriched with Albanian words that they did not use before e.g. gossip, doctor, etc., foreign words, as a consequence of globalism as: my love, dear, okay, like, merci (especially of English, due to its impact in social networks and as a "lingua franca"), also for the need of a "secret lexicon". 33 random conversations of 17-18-year-old girls from Prishtina were recorded. The data shows that girls have progressed in enriching their lexicon, even with words that are known as "typical of boys" such as swear words, however "softer" than those of the other gender, nouns: idiot, stupid, or adjectives with a pejorative connotation such as: terrible, catastrophic. This, based on the conventional opinion that they are impossible to recognize. The lexical competence of the respondents proves the opposite. The topics of conversation are related to famous personalities, the variety of news absorbed by social networks and platforms with global reach. This materialization of worldwide information shows the global convergence of interaction with people and possibility to touch different topics and with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendency to respond as much as possible to the continuous and changing demands in education has made the notion of visualization to be encountered every day more and more in pedagogical theory and practice, meanings that emphasize the application of the same as a strategy in its understanding and appreciation. An image, or mastery of visualization, can provide deep understanding, make an idea or process suddenly make sense, and lead the way to the ultimate understanding of a complicated piece of science. Information in books is mainly presented as verbal, knowledge that students reproduce as notes or pictures. The transformation of the meaning of these codes into knowledge occurs due to the ability to connect referential links between the verbal and visual systems. The values of non-linguistic objects mainly reflect the ease of defining words and the emphasis on hierarchical relationships in network models of association and meaning. The paper, before elaborating the degree of visualization in the initial literacy process, will describe the key aspects of visualization. The meaning and importance of this strategy will be clarified and concretized through examples from pedagogical practice. In addition to the emphasis that will be placed on the reading process, the possibility of evaluating reading comprehension through the visualization strategy will also be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time of the pandemic subjected the world education system to a life-threatening challenge, an experience that the Republic of North Macedonia could not avoid. The prevention of COVID-19 dictated the temporary closure of educational institutions at all levels. The pandemic imposed a reorganization of the education system in general since in addition to the system, it also encountered all the subjects who were not prepared and had no prior experience with distance learning, which made the end of the relevant school year to be left at the mercy of the individual circumstances of the teachers. However, the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year revealed facts about the system in different approaches and preparation for a new beginning. Since the majority of teachers declared a lack of skill in manipulating technology equipment, all teachers were trained in the use of educational platforms specially prepared for distance learning. The platform offered at the national level proved to be accessible for manipulation by any teacher regardless of the level of prior knowledge of the teachers. Although with a lot of skepticism, after adopting the primary manipulation of the platform, the teachers shared their concern about the objective and realistic assessment of the student’s achievements, the forms, methods, and measurements that had to be realized during distance learning as well. Descriptive assessment should be suggestive, provide feedback, be comprehensible and clear, simple, transparent, short, stimulate curiosity, continuous and economical. The same should include all formal and informal means, and all methods of marking or evaluation should be used to expand official information between the relevant factors teachers, students, and parents, with which the differences in the effect of the implementation of the same are examined. The descriptive assessment with its characteristics provides relevant data for creating a descriptive summative grade. It is in this paper that the level of realization of descriptive assessment in times of pandemic will be elaborated as a form of assessment and its basic characteristics as a process, as well as the way of implementation in practice. This research also aims to investigate the attitudes of teachers regarding descriptive assessment during distance learning. The real examination of the problem will be elaborated by answering the questions that are oriented to give an overview of the following issues: the attitudes and experience of teachers regarding the assessment of student achievements during distance learning, the formation of portfolios from the teacher as a tool to help and prove the achievements of the students for distance assessment, as well as the eventual difficulties during the assessment and the opinions of the teachers about the feedback information of the assessments they have applied. The collected results will be presented through statistical methods to give a clear and real overview of the real experience of the process of descriptive assessment of student achievement during distance learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language itself is a very complex phenomenon. All languages have had contact through each other, so often when using them we encounter many common elements. Although their differences and features are numerous especially when it comes to languages belonging to different groups. Precisely these changes have created the need for linguists to study languages by creating different groupings. Latin, Neolatin, Slavic, Germanic or Indo-European languages including Albanian are some of these groupings. Their use is quite extensive as language itself is the main means of communication. The state in which we may encounter a language is diverse. It can communicate a certain message in written form, through speech or various signs but nevertheless its purpose is to transmit a message from a transmitter to a receiver. In this paper we can see the special and common sides between the two languages even though they are completely different from each other. Our study will be based on the grammatical categories of the verb. We will carefully look at the functions of this grammatical category in Italian and Latin which are included in the group of Latin languages and Albanian which is part of the group of Indo-European languages as mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has seen a growing concern among linguists, members of academia, researchers and language teachers on the matter of preserving linguistic norms of the Albanian language and the relations they have with new tendencies flowing from language globalization and electronic communication. In the language plane, electronic communication has brought about a new language style, requiring attention and careful examination during teaching mother tongue in general. The language used in electronic texts is far from standard Albanian language. It contains ortographic errors varying in nature, as well as erroneous usage of language by youngsters who do not observe language accuracy. Having the above said in mind, this study focuses on non-compliance of language norms in electronic communication. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it informs us on knowledge that students have on standard Albanian, focusing on ortography rules, since these are the rules that are challenged the most during electronic communication. To achieve the aims of the study we observed four hundred emails, phone SMS, WhatsApp messages, Viber messages, social blogs such as Facebook, Twitter and Linkedin etc., of students aged 15-23. The paper focused on this age group due to the fact that youngsters are the most active users of social networks. The study was conducted in the city of Skopje. The reason for choosing the capital lies in the fact that it offers a dynamic life and diverse linguistic communication. The population in the capital is heterogenous, with various dialects intertwined with new globalized linguistic elements, thus enabling diversity in the language plane. Sample selection was random, 250 students were from high schools, 150 of them from general gymnasium stream, 100 from vocational streams, and 150 university students. In order for our sample to include various categories we combined university students, students of general gymnasium stream and vocational streams, having in mind that mother tongue as a school subject in vocational schools is taught in a limited class fund, due to the fact that such schools focus on professional studies, they do not pay attention to language aspects. The research procedure was planned prior to conducting the study, followed by the on-site data gathering plan, determining locations and times, population and sample determination. The data gathering procedure was conducted in a relatively short period: within a month we managed to gather the necessary feedback from students and university students with whom we had established prior communication thanks to school and university management staff. After gathering the data (emails, SMS, Whats App, Viber, Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin messages), we started processing it. The scientific research methods used in this study were: data analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction methods, classification method, descriptive method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of loan portfolio growth on non performing loans in Commercial Banks in Kosovo. Lending plays an important role in the economic development of a country and the performance of non-performing loans plays a key role in the banking system. To assess the impact of the loan portfolio on non-performing loans, are used variables such as credit portfolio growth for the last ten years and the level of non-performing loans for the same period. The methodology used in this paper is the factorial regression model and analysis of correlation. The research was based on the entire banking sector using secondary data from annual bank reports, financial statements of commercial banks and reports from the Central Bank of Kosovo. Based on the factorial regression model, the research results show that the independent variable loan portfolio growth has a significant impact on the dependent variable non performing loans. This study will contribute on a practical level by recommending banks to increase prudence in growing their loan portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the century we live in nutrition has taken on tremendous importance. It constitutes the basic discipline of health care. Not only that, treatment through proper nutrition (nutritional medical therapy), improves the quality of life and saves costs for health care. It is already known that diseases of the century such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, etc., which pose a serious threat. An important factor in staying healthy is eating the right things in the right amount. To clarify this, you can compare the body to a car that does not start unless enough fuel has been thrown away. In the same way the body does not function if it has not received enough nutrients. It means that one must take in nutrients to function regularly. These we get from the food we ate. When food passes through the digestive tract it is digested, then the body uses the nutrients that are in the food .. Therefore, it is important to live and eat healthy and not be overweight. If you are not sick it does not mean that you are healthy. Health is more than the absence of disease. A balanced diet refers to a diet that provides all the elements and minerals needed to keep us healthy. The development and rooting of positive eating habits and physical activity through education is very valuable for young people. Awareness of young people in this regard makes them tend to carry these habits even in adulthood. Eating a healthy diet and exercising is essential to feeling good, to being more energetic, to improving physical and mental health by reducing stress, pain, and depression, to managing many health problems and to prevent overweight, heart attacks, high blood pressure, arthritis, and anxiety. The problems that can come from the lack of a culture of nutrition, are numerous and cause various problems in the body. Also, the lack of a balanced diet and a sedentary life (without physical activity) is a source of disease, part of it. which can be fatal to life. Some of these smudges that come from malnutrition are obesity, diabetes, bulimia, heart disease, blood diseases, hypertension, bowel cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, anorexia. The purpose of this paper is to sensitize young people of these ages to take care of themselves, to know how to build a balanced diet of quantity and quality combined with physical activity, to prevent diseases and problems that may arise. With our conclusions and recommendations, we aim to draw attention and influence as little as possible in the right solution of these problems, sensitizing not only young people, but also parents and teachers so that together we can achieve the final goal, creating a such a culture that focuses on health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at giving a concise overview of the main issues shaping the development of political and representative system during Albania’s transition; it also covers some important debates on this topic, underpinning the thesis that in Albanian, the confluence of various historical, social and political factors, made the end result of Albanian transition broadly equal to the maximum the political elite could offer; for the same reason, all efforts to reform the system in view these limitations produced largely similar results. The difference in the widespread perception of the enormous gap between expectations and reality, with the balance sheet of actual capacities andopportunities to achieve any significant progress during Albania’s transition is very telling in this regard. Albania entered the path towards democracy in the absence of real democrats and of a true multi-party system; the only framework and reference model was the single-party system. The new democratic era endowed powerful leadership mandates and new legitimacy upon political elites formed, raised and promoted in a political system that was the exact opposite to the open society model. Originally written to address a foreign audience, the paper covers with the main theses and findings of studies on the transition in Albania. It analyses the main institutions, the representative system, the role of parties and elections, and the influences of the legacy of the past on the quality and model of the democracy of Albania. It concludes that transition in Albania cannot be seen in black and white, but as an ever-changing process, an experience that reflects the coexistence and rivalry between expectations, opportunities and capacities. The post-communist period, with all its shortcomings and failures, remains, from a historically comparative perspective, the best period for the Albanian state and society, marking the most productive and intensive relations with democracy, rule of law and the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]