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This article addresses the current issues of pragmatic study of official working documents’ texts in the Uzbek language. The pragmatic features of the text of official documents are studied. In particular, the issue of the pragmatic purpose of the speaker is analysed in the official documents’ text. The polyintensive nature of official office documents is illustrated by the example of official letters. The article also addresses the issue of implicit expression of a pragmatic goal. The expression of more than one pragmatic goal in the text of official documents is substantiated through the analysis of the text of working documents such as letters of guarantee, letters of request, telegrams, and invitations. Office documents that express the pragmatic goals of certain individuals are studied in sub-categories.

In this paper work will be reviewed the Accident novel written by Ismail Kadare through narrative techniques/several specific of: the suspense, the inversion, complex and inverse characters, as well as the narrator-detective through trick stories, which starts with eye-sighting and the view on the taxi mirror. The appearance of the character of Rovena as her form relates to the "mental" situation of Besfort Y. and to the situations in which the narrator places her own narrative actress. Thus, one side of the analysis is also the characters' couple, Rovena St., and Besfort Y., who appears in the reader's eyes through evocations, feelings, photos of letters, which serve as "factual evidence" to discover their life and their speculative relationship which is not ante-mortem but post-mortem; a suspicious relationship (Rovena St. she was fall in love with Besfort Y. from the back - not by eyes, voices, or walking). The evolution of lexical semantics, and decoding of language elements leads us back to the first narrative moment; so, the time freezes and turns back to discover the mystery that captures the narrative story, which is related to the accident or/and murder of Rovena St. ("Besfort Y.'s psychiatrist from the murderer did away with him"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the problem of the use of the Albanian language in North Macedonia, during the period between 1991-2001, as the initial period of political pluralism and the period of placing ethnic topics on the real agenda of social life. The theoretical basis of the paper are the theories expressed by: Banac, Ackermann, Petiffer, Brubacker and Lijphard, speaking on the dissolution of socialist federations and the replacement of communist ideology with unresolved ethnic issues. According to these theories, ethnic issues have remained in a state of hibernation within socialist-multinational federations, while the communist ideology has never been able to be that amalgam which would suppress ethnic identities at the expense of a class ideology. This is the main reason that these federations were dissolved along ethnic lines. The common denominator of these dissolutions have been wars and conflicts of different sizes completed with peace agreements regarding the ethnic issues, whether they are of territorial or non-territorial nature. The Albanian language and its use is not an issue that appears as uncnown issue in the newly independent Macedonia, on the contrary, the use of Albanian language it is regulated by the Constitutional documents of the socialist federal unit of Macedonia from 1946 until the last amendments of its socialist Constitution of 1989. The declaration of independence of Macedonia in 1991, will face the internal challenge of inter-ethnic relations which have to be dealed on a different platform and out from the ideology of former Federation. In this direction, the aspect of the institutional use of the Albanian language as one of the identity values makes the core of the debate and the main challenge in the process of the first decade of state building of North Macedonia. In this paper, the base of analysis is the Constitution of independent Macedonia of 1991 and the place of the Albanian language within this document and the arguments and counter-arguments regarding the official use of the Albanian language. Interest of this paper are also the recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner for National Minorities regarding identity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in discourse processing can help solve some of the pressing challenges in foreign or second language writing pedagogy. Discourse plays an important role in helping the learner shift from shallow to deep comprehension, from being a mere fact collector to becoming an inquisitive explainer and later on, competent domain specific (in our research - sports literature) writer. But to make our students proficient in text handling is a huge task. To accomplish this task, we need tools and the right tools for the students to freely explore the wealth of sports writing are small but hugely significant words called meta discourse markers. Knowledge of their functions, their proper meanings, and their well-deserved place within the framework of the foreign or second language writing pedagogy is what separates the novice from the experienced sports texts writers. Academic discourse contains frames for scientific writing implying the existence of an array of formal unities that undertake the function of precision and logical order within the texts and assume types of texts such as for example, sports texts. They at the same time function to convey seriousness and academic note in the texts that is their autoreferential signal (references, sources, quotations, abstracts, keywords and schematics or figures). Certain frame of text type makes it recognizable and differentiate it from other types of texts, for example sports texts from the engineering texts. Rhetorical patterns made of humble words we are analyzing in this paper, are different for different fields of science and are verified by numerous scientific studies according to Gunnarsson, 1997, p. 306.

The activity of the Albanian emigration organizations in the United States grew more after the Second World War. Their actions and programs were generally consistent with US policy. The federation “Vatra” and the “Free Albania” organization disagreed with the policy pursued by the United States against the communist regime of Albania. The fact that these two organizations had long been unaware of the events in Albania and of the nature of the new post-war regime. Also influenced was the low level of intellectual and political formation of some of the “Vatra” leaders as well as their left-wing tendencies. Since the beginning of 1945, the “Vatra” federation called for the Albanian government to be known by the allies and to be admitted to the San Francisco Conference. The “Vatra” federation's campaign to collect material and food aid to send it to Albania was vast. It started immediately after the end of the war. For "Vatra" it was necessary not to miss basic and vital products to survive, such as clothes and food. For the bread problem, the newspaper the “Sun” wrote: “The bread problem in Albania, especially in Tirana, where a large population is gathered, is one of the most serious problems that the governor is trying to alleviate. The maize that went to 37 Lek was now regulated and deducted in 27 leks. It is hoped to be subtracted below.” This was one of the main letters of the “Vatra” federation. Since the end of 1945, the Albanian government prepared a project for a state loan that would be derived from Albanian colonies. What was most interested in the communist regime was the colonies of America, as there was a large number of Albanians, about 70,000, and their economic status was better than other colonies. Under the Albanian government's plans, this project would have economic but also political impact in the colonies of America. In this campaign, the Albanians of America would notice the “great advances” that Albania had made, thanks to the communist government, in the economic and cultural fields. The success of this loan would depend on good organization of work and the choice of suitable persons.

Spelling is the most important and sensitive issue of the Albanian language. Spelling is considered the crown of the Albanian language, after all the many years of efforts that have been made to have a unified language for Albanians. Spelling is defined as the care to write and speak in accordance with the rules and the best models of the beautiful Albanian language. Fifty years ago, in 1972, the Albanian Spelling Congress was held in Tirana, with the support of the Institute of Linguistics and Literature, with the presence of 87 delegates from all over Albania, where the Albanian language reached the standards of a modern language and unified in the culture of correct writing. This congress marks the end of a long and arduous stage, through which the Albanian people have gone, with continuous efforts, to first write and document the Albanian language, then normalize and standardize it, as it is today. At the Spelling Congress, one of the most prominent delegates was Eqrem Çabej, who is considered the most important and contributing man of Albanian linguistics. His multidimensional studies on the Albanian language, well-argued and very objective, which affect both its historical and prehistoric side, as well as the phonetic and grammatical side, are the main help even today for the science of Albanian linguistics, and that, his contribution to this field is indisputable, as much as it is necessary for every linguist who wants to study the Albanian language. The purpose of the study is to highlight the wrong forms in Çabej's volumes "Linguistic studies", which will resemble a confrontation of Çabej with himself (until it is proven in this paper, in some way, the reason why this linguistic lack of culture in his volumes is likely to happen), since he was one of the founders of setting spelling norms in the 1972 congress, as well as the main purpose of this paper is to have an impact on Albanian language researchers; to reprint the works "Linguistic studies" in a higher quality printing house, with good spelling experts (lecturers and editors), so that these volumes with a great weight in terms of language can be reproduced in a better quality, but also so that there are enough of such books, because they are found with great difficulty in our libraries and bookstores. Therefore, it has to always be emphasiz e that, without the works "Linguistic studies", no real and fundamental study in the linguistic aspect can be started. The analyzes and reviews in this paper are handled through the theoretical analysis method, as well as the comparative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explain some aspects regarding the official use of the Albanian language in North Macedonia, having in mind that it became an official language initially with the signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement in 2001, followed by amendments to the Constitution of the country during the same year, and followed by the adoption of the Law on the use of languages in 2008 and the Law on the use of languages of 2018 which is still in force. The Albanian language constitutes the basic identity element of the Albanian population in North Macedonia and as such was part of the Ohrid Agreement which ended the armed conflict in 2001, a political agreement which addressed a wide range of issues related to ethnic identity, which after the constitutional amendments of 2001, took on an institutional character. The paper follows an explanatory line of this Agreement regarding the use of the Albanian language, as well as the circumstances and the evolving process of translation into concrete laws for the use of the language in the spirit of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. I underline the term evolutionary process, always bearing in mind the fact that the other ethnic issues addressed in the Ohrid Framework Agreement were transformed into laws much earlier than the issue of the official use of the Albanian language, and this development is dedicated to the fact that during the implementation process of the Agreement priority was been given to issues which had a higher potential for conflict, such as ethnic representation in security forces (policy and army), while the official use of the Albanian language in a wide spectrum was treated as a matter that could be discussed and implemented later. The process of the legal regulation of the official use of the Albanian language began in 2008 and was completed with the Law on the Use of Languages of 2018, which includes the use of the Albanian language at the central levels of legislation, including executive, judicial and local institutions. Being a law with a wide scope of action, the interest of this paper are also the challenges faced by the implementation of this law in practice, always bearing in mind the existing institutional capacities of the institutions responsible for implementing this law in the everyday life of the citizens of the country. Overcoming these challenges remains a matter of identity, but also a matter of special developmental importance when we consider the fact that the equal use of languages constitutes the essence of the European values of equality and progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of technology and digitalization has influenced every field including the language field, because language is a key element of communication. The functioning of the Internet cannot be imagined without the language, but the language is also heavily influenced by the Internet, so we can say that there is a very close connection between them. The Internet has become another medium for the use of language. This development has made people's lives easier because they can more easily perform various tasks through the internet and technological innovations than in other forms. But that does not mean that the development of technologies and especially the Internet are perfect and can do everything. In this paper we will look at the translation of texts into the "google translate", the help this application provides and the ease of translating from one language to another and the shortcomings it has. How accurate the translated words are, how understandable they are, how much they lose meaning and how much they can't translate at all. In this paper we will note the translation of some sentences from English into Albanian, a worldwide recognized language and from Albanian into Macedonian, the language we are in contact with in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every individual has an opinion about what is good leadership and what is not good leadership. During childhood and youth, we value the leadership of parents, during education we value the leadership of professors, in the context of the organisation where we work, we value the leadership of the organisation's leaders, at the social level, we value the leadership of policy makers. Leadership is studied at a global level and represents one of the concepts that has been written about in every time and in every place. Leadership affects the quality of everyone's life. This is proven by the results of organisations and communities that change with the change of leaders. Leadership is key to both the development and failure of community organisations. There are many definitions of leadership; however, the common definition is that leadership is perceived as a process in which the leader influences the group to realise their common goal. Leadership is an interactive phenomenon, with leaders directing energy towards individuals in order to accomplish a task or achieve a specific result. It is important to distinguish between leadership as a trait and leadership as a process. According to the first approach, only the individual who possesses talent from birth can be a leader, while according to the second approach, leadership is a learned phenomenon. There are different styles of group leadership, but we focus on democratic and autocratic group leadership. Using the descriptive-comparative method and doctrinal research, the paper highlights the differences between the democratic and autocratic style of leadership on the one hand and the democratic and autocratic leader on the other. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations for a more efficient leadership in groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of state and Public Administration are inextricably linked. The Public Administration (hereafter, AP) is spoken only in terms of the state, for as long as the state exists, the PA will also exist. Without the state, there is no PA, but also without PA, there is no state. Administration is an activity without which the activity of the legal state cannot be thought of. The administration has a role in the three bodies of power: legislative, executive, and judicial, while its most pronounced role is in the executive. PA appears not only as a form of state power, but also as a service that fulfils the needs of citizens. PA is the apparatus that serves the state in the realisation of its goals; i.e. it is a tool through which the state implements general state policies, a tool through which public services are provided in the general interest of citizens, a tool through which legal and by-law acts are implemented. PA is a connecting bridge between citizens and state power; it is a promoter of democratic processes in the country. The role of administration is among the most current topics that are very often discussed. PA extends to all areas of social life, so without it is impossible to think of the legal state. The ideal of every state is to create rule of law. Without a modern, well-organised, rational, functional, efficient, responsible, and controlled public administration, the legal state cannot be built. Today, almost no one is satisfied with PA. Not the society that aims for a democratic life, nor the citizens to whom faith in it is preached, and not even the employees in the PA. Answering why this is so is not easy. The structure of PA depends on the institutional arrangement of the state. Considering the fact that the citizen ‘meets‘ with the administration at almost every step and every day, as well as seeing the importance of the PA for the state and the citizens, we consider it necessary to expand the knowledge about the PA and the state in general. The paper is divided into two parts so that in the first part the PA in general is treated and analysed, focusing on the differences between state administration and public administration and the differences between public administration and private administration, while in the second part the state in general is treated and analysed. For the needs of this study, descriptive-comparative methods and doctrinal research are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we deal with the forms of expressing the condition in different categories of texts of the gege dialect. Through this paper, we present the ways of expressing the condition in the gege dialect alongside the standard language. So, the purpose of this paper is to study the forms of expression of the condition, the grammatical tools with which the condition is built and the use of the condition in different texts. Also, throughout this paper we treat the conditional, as one of the discussed modes of the verb in the Albanian language, taking as a basis the treatments of linguists regarding the structure and modality that it expresses in different texts and contexts. For the realization of this paper, in addition to the theoretical part we also present the results from the research part, using the qualitative and quantitative method. The research corpus includes different categories of texts written in the gege dialect, such as: different articles from three issues of the newspaper "Rilindja" ('63,'64,'65); articles in "Jeta e Re" magazine (2001, 2003); some parts of texts from the compilations of the creations of Migjeni, N.Mjeda, Gj.Fishta, E.Koliqi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is the study of verb tenses, based on Rexhep Ismajli’s treatments with accordance to the treatment in traditional grammar. Throughout this paper we treat time as a verbal category, present the verb tenses, their classification and function. Moreover, we will examine the criteria of verb tense classification, and present the subdivision according to their groups and structure afterwards. Theoretically, the paper is based on two studies conducted by Rexhep Ismajli: “Plurality of the text" (1980) and "Albanian language of the Assembly of Arbën 1706" (1985), in which he treats the verb system, more specifically presents the classification of verb tenses. Therefore, through this paper we will present the verb tenses beyond the traditional approach. The paper also covers the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of the verbal tenses. Altogether, the paper presents the synchrony and diachrony of verb tenses, based on the studies conducted by Rexhep Ismajli. This paper is conducted through qualitative method, given that the whole paper constitutes a theoretical summary of verb tenses according to Rexhep Ismajli. Thus, this paper presents the verb tenses as a grammatical and discourse category, in a plane beyond phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Have you ever wondered if we would have harmful germs everywhere, then why not get sick more often? The answer is that our body is very smart and has a lot of natural defenses against microbial attacks. This paper is not related to any curriculum, but will provide you with information on immunity. The presentation will be detailed and will illustrate how our body fights infection during the day, etc. The control and prevention of infectious diseases relies on a thorough understanding of the factors that determine the transmission and mitigation of defense mechanisms. This article summarizes the basic principles of protection against these infectious diseases, while underlining the importance of immunization and vaccination. The purpose is to inform people who are interested in reading it, in order to make themselves and others aware of the importance of the factors that influence the spread of diseases, lower immunity and overload of the body's protective factors. During this paper, various methods were used to provide accurate information to the audience, researching and requesting, in order to provide clear and valuable knowledge. Despite the results obtained from the questionnaires as well as the experience during the professional practice, I clearly document the great decline of vaccination. Accelerators will reflect and think longer about their discovery. At the end of it, we will know that our body is very effective in maintaining health, we will be re-informed more about immunity, body protection and vaccination. We will also be absolutely vigilant about how to protect and take care of ourselves and others around us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatos Arapi is one of the contemporary authors who is mainly mentioned with his poetry. This paper aims to address an aspect which is not at all studied in his prose, concretely, reading from the point of view of the theory of intertextuality. The focus will be directed on his prose, such as: "I died on the banks of the Ionian"(Unë vdiqa në brigjet e Jonit), "Husk of snow" (Cipa e dëborës) and "Marko Bocari of the Suljots" (Marko Boçari i Suljotëve). The aim is to underline the relations that text opens to previous texts. Furthermore, will be shown the ways of signaling the presence of intertextual relations and the application of terminology deriving from the theory of intertextuality over concrete examples. In presenting these, the paper will also note the text's relationship to history and folklore. The phenomenon of citation, finding examples and classifying them, will be realized within intertextual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data and research in the field of translation in general, in the available materials, mainly in Albanian and Macedonian language, but also in other languages, in this paper I have tried to address the importance and problems of translation, especially on the translation of professional terminology in textbooks. Translation problems have been discussed in many meetings and discussions, seminars and conferences, and many papers have been published in various scientific journals, but the positive effect is still not noticed. Because textbook translations are still full of omissions, in this paper we will focus on the issues of lexical and terminology in particular, not leaving aside other omissions (especially of untranslated parts or examples). This paper, however it is not comprehensive regarding the treatment about the problems of this theme or translation in general, but I hope that this approach serves as a reference for all those who are interested engage in the textbook translation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best way for children to learn is through adult models. If in the world of fashion the model is the small size of the mother’s clothing, in literature is the most beautiful adaptation. Art and language technique that ensure the cuntinuity of thoughts and events in adaptation are the subject of this paper. Compering it with N. Frashwri report, we have noted the way of interpreting the lexical data annd the internal connection of this semantic categories that ensure these connections as a good opportunity to show the values of the Albanian cultural heritiage throgh the language. O Grillo’s schoolarly narrative enables us to provide explanations that gives paraphrases of notions or summary of the time sequences of fragments the breakdown of popular syntactic structures as an important part of maintaing the grammar plan we have served more than 15 units words stable and phraseological phrases together with their illustration for enthusiastic albanian readers. The explanations are made in conjunction with their semantics in the work of N. Frashwri “Histori e Skwndwrbeut” bringing them in two contemporary context, in accordance with the psychological features of the age and ethical values recognizing the didactic and ethical values of N. Frashwri. We say that the excisting pictures is added to the civic and ethical competence of this age group. The methodology followed is that of analysing the text to point out the ways of paraphrasing, hyperonymy, hyponymy. The paper argues the need for writting and learning Albanian with levels, thus serving the little ones, but also further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses nominative case in Albanian language. The most important function that nominative has in Indo-European languages is the function of the subject, and in addition, this case in Serbian and Albanian can perform several other functions that will be presented in this paper. In Albanian the function of the vocative is performed by the nominative without a preposition, which will prove to be the most significant difference between nominative without prepositions in Albanian and nominative in Serbian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohesion in jokes is the topic we have selected in this paper. Aiming to show that cohesion includes the special linguistic elements of textuality, the interrelationship of units in jokes texts will be presented. The subject in the treatment is important because there are few studies in the linguistics of the text in Kosovo, with which this object of study is also related. Even the object of this paper, in the framework of the theories of the text, is very little treated. This has conditioned the selection of linguistic tools, which will be treated in this paper, some of which are not fully treated either in grammars or dictionaries of the Albanian language. For a more complete treatment of cohesion, we will rely on the study of Bardh Rugova (2009), which refers to the most important authors of text linguistics, who have dealt with the treatment of cohesion, such as Hallidy & Hasan, VanDijk, De Beaugrande & Dressler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian standard language is the asset of our entire nation, regardless of state borders. As for the standard Albanian language in the Republic of North Macedonia, we can say that, although late, today it is being used in educational institutions, in school textbooks, in information tools, in state administration, in politics, in culture, etc. As is known, standard Albanian already functions as a standard language within various administrative and state staff in the Republic of North Macedonia. Until recently, it was used only by the Albanian-speaking community here, but now with the officialization of the Albanian language, its implementation has proven that we encounter problems of a linguistic nature. Starting from these conclusions, at the same time thinking that it would be a topic of interest, I decided to enter the observation and study related to the description of the existing level of use, the implementation of its spelling norms and the functional extension of standard Albanian. The importance of the correct use of the Albanian language has been discussed in many meetings and discussions, seminars and conferences, also many papers have been published in various scientific journals with the hope of the awareness of our institutions, but also of our society. From the beginning, we must emphasize that this paper or this topic was treated with the desire not to criticize, but to treat it as an issue and at the same time to present some problems related to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work, itself, will show us how important language is not only as a system of rules or fundamental elements in human communications, but also how important is the way how the society has progressed, to reach the present day. This element, as it will be seen in the work /in the paper, even when it becomes part of the different translations, it must preserve its essence and every another point that must not be changed. Therefore, as it will be discussed in the paper, it took a long time for the language to take its present form and to create a proper image itself. But, on the other hand even when the words were translated, they had to be seen so as not to lose their essence and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian press during the period of the Albanian National Renaissance developed in difficult conditions, due to the circumstances in which the Albanians found themselves under the Ottoman rule, but also due to the lack of financial income from the publishers. But despite the bad conditions, the Albanian press developed to a certain extent. Newspapers and magazines began to be published in the Albanian language, among which we have the magazine "Drita" by Shahin Kolonja, published in Sofia, Bulgaria, whose role and contribution is discussed in this paper. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the role and contribution of the "Drita" magazine in raising the national consciousness among Albanians, to analyze its contribution to the development of the Albanian language, the alphabet and cultural events at that time. The role of this magazine in the popularization of the struggle of Albanians for liberation from the Ottoman Empire and the special contribution in supporting the movements of the time as well as the various uprisings that took place in the Albanian territories have also been analyzed. It has also been talked about the role that this magazine took as the voice of those Albanians who saw no other way but liberation. Importance has also been given to the columns where the aspirations of the neighboring countries for the annexation of Albanian territories were strongly opposed, as well as to the harsh discussions that this magazine had with various newspapers and publishers of the Balkan countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, is addressed the topic of intertextuality in Ismail Kadare's book "The Daughter of Agamemnon". It has has been analyzed the presence of another text inside the book "Daughter of Agamemnon", the links between the texts and the way the foreign text is integrated in the book, more precisely it has been analyzed how hypotext and the hypertext have been connected. Through the analysis of the texts, it has been revealed that the two techniques that stand out the most are the allusion and the citation, the second one stands out more. The purpose of this paper will be that by analyzing these texts and the connections between them to be able to analyze the universality of tyrants and victims despite the time they lived in and the culture they belong to. Its purpose will also be to help us discover more about human characters, social phenomena and to help us understand the crowd psychology and the psychology of tyrannical rule. It will be attempted to find out what connects Agamemnon's daughter from antiquity and Greek culture with Albanian culture and the character of Kadare in the 20th century. Through this paper, we will try to prove the fact that history and the past repeat themselves, that human characters are the same from ancient times to today. So in this way originality is lost within the texts because everything that can be said or thought has been said and experienced before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the new challenges, changes and reforms on the way to the access to the European Union, the Republic of North Macedonia is also facing the challenge of strengthening the capacities of the public administration, which inevitably means informing it about European values and operating systems, but also informing the public about the innovations and changes that membership brings towards the future. The paper focuses on how public opinion is being informed about Macedonia's process towards the European family, with special emphasis on the role of communication, especially the internal communication structure in the public administration in terms of the exchange and distribution of information on activities related to with this process, as well as how well-informed public opinion is regarding the organizational structure of internal communication in various ministries. Also, the other aspect that will be addressed in this paper, are the current aspects of communication and internal and external communication practices of the European Union within the public administration, emphasizing the need to improve EU mechanisms and strategies that will help restore communication with all its citizens, especially those of the Western Balkans with special emphasis on the RMV. The methodology used in this paper coincides with the empirical method, i.e. the realization of a questionnaire. From the research carried out in 4 different ministries, different results and answers have been achieved, despite the fact that they were made only because of the research on the opinion of the respondents, they coincide with the confirmation of the hypothesis of this research, also through the analysis of the relevant strategy, documents and reports such as and different results from implemented projects, it can be concluded how necessary is the role of communication and the relevant implementation of an internal communication strategy in time and continuously to inform the public opinion. At the same time, it is also more than necessary to involve the public institutuions in the processes of shaping the policy for informing the public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper The Franciscan Order, a cultural, literary and educational model, wants to highlight the special contribution of this order in the processing, cultivation and evidence of Albanian autochthonous features and characteristics. This way of looking at it defends the idea that despite the fact that the level of anthropological study as academic knowledge was not on the same line as that of the world, the raw material existed and was highlighted by active historical, political, cultural, literary figures, linguistic or artistic. Among them they were the Franciscan fathers, practitioners of the order with the same name, who served the issue of Albania, its relationship as a tradition, custom, mentality to better known themselves, but also to present it to the whole world. As such, the paper relies on the work, judgment and efforts to codify the cultural, literary and educational as well as ethnological and anthropological values of: Fishta, Konica, Palaj, Kurti, Pllumi, Harapi, etc. The descriptive, exploratory, narrowly focused and ethnographic method gave us free "rein" to conceptualize the basic subject and to lay milestones for further confrontations and comparisons in a wider Balkan and European area. The Franciscan fathers to achieve their goal, which started from their spirit of sacrifice, built a professional infrastructure which started with the use of the Albanian language, the publication of scholastic texts and not only, functional premises, extensive work and dedication almost in every corner of Northern Albania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literary work, inspired by Kongol's narrative prose will focus on the structure of the novels. In them, from a literary point of view, we will see in detail the special points in terms of the external appearance of the characters, as well as the internal one. Other times, the novels of this writer of the contemporary Albanian period will also look from a compositional point of view, as it is said to be the basic part for a work of a contemporary nature. This paper, encouraging for a more detailed presentation, as will be seen in it, will also give the way in which the same creations appear: the repetition of literary motifs, the nature of circular narratives, the nature of parallel narratives, or together with these as well the time reversals in the moments when they are not expected, not only by the character, but also by the reader himself who presents the external side of this literature. Thanks to this work that Kongoli has created for years, the paper will also show how important is the structure with which a novel is presented to us, especially when the character makes a voice and shows a difference from the previous ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of the sexual abuse is present in all the regions of the world, regardless of the country’s development, as well as the age, race and gender of the abusers. Furthermore, as a penal act itself, can be explained as an act of force or attempt used for obtaining sexual act, without the willingness or against the victim. As such, there are numerous scholars, NGOs, policy makers that have been dealing with this phenomenon and the factors that can influence such sexual abuse acts. Thus, having into consideration the importance of the treatment of the sexual abuse acts as well as determining the factors by which can be influenced, main objective of this paper is to investigate the sexual abuse acts that have happened in the region of Gostivar, North Macedonia, for the time spin 2014 – 2018. In addition to such empirical findings from the descriptive analysis, this paper tries to give a comprehensive regional comparison of the region of Gostivar, by analyzing the differentiation of the verdicts of the Appeal Court of Gostivar with regard to the penal acts of the sexual abuse in the region of Gostivar, for the analyzed period 2014 - 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main challenge of the foreign policy of the Republic of Macedonia was its recognition of international politics and membership in all the most important international non-governmental organizations, such as the UN, the EU, NATO etc. To achieve this goal, it had to walk the hard way, as there was an express opposition from the Republic of Greece for the recognition of the Republic of Macedonia under her constitutional name. The Republic of Macedonia was obliged to accept the provisional reference and be called the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) as a prerequisite for its accession to the UN system. But with this reference was also recognized by the EU member states, besides having a positive opinion from the Badinter Commission for Macedonia. This obstruction that started on the entry of RM into international organizations did not end with conditional acceptance. Suggest a Greece, which had previously agreed to negotiate with the name RM within the UN (negotiations were one of the additional conditions foreseen for conditional access to the UN with a temporary reference), conditioned this by seeking the Republic of Macedonia to renounce the state-owned flag and make additional amendments to its Constitution. This crisis was overcome by the signing of the Interim Agreement, which opened the process of opening this road of RM. In this regard, this paper highlights, in particular, the close connection of this issue to the state of affairs in domestic politics for each period of time separately. Based on the key hypothesis, at the end of this paper, the emphasis is on the Prespa Agreement signed long ago, in June 2018, which is the ultimate solution to the ongoing process of negotiations between Greece and Macedonia, based on to which agreement this conclusion was reached: Negotiations have been completed, and hence the new name of the Republic of Macedonia will be "the Republic of North Macedonia", a Macedonian citizen/citizen of the Republic of Macedonia, the Macedonian language. This paper concludes with a series of conclusions that have been put forward in the context of the referendum held for the Prespa Accord and which "alarm" about the real risks and the current state of affairs in the country in which there is no consensus or between political actors in the state or between the ordinary public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyone, wanting to deal with research science knowing that without enabling the methodology can not succeed in his field of interest. The method is more precisely the research that is applied in a scientifically known way. It is completely better, but can be separated from its research areas. Every science has its own methods. Science, which has no methods of its own is dead science. The sciences, having the need to study, can be distinguished from each other only in the manner of tire study methods. The methodology in its study basically includes the following problems: The scientific system, which you want to find characteristic: systematization of service knowledge of service science, consistency, announcement of realized creations, verification of facts, study and special tools science which science that the value and importance of these research methods are added even more when combined with scientific and ethical, and who intends, that forbids them with negative and unhelpful actions and cultivates only good and beneficial actions etc. and individual and social behavior in order to realize its principles (ethics), usefulness, law, direction and sincerity. Regarding the importance of research ethics of information and communication and sincere are elaborated in the following paper. The purpose of the research: We can say that the key to success in realizing desires and also to have a career. which may include various aspects is Ethics.The paper deals with ethics, as it is an important component for business. This is the purpose of this paper, to address ethical issues related to information and communication. The analysis is not comprehensive, as the issue itself is very broad, but only a few more minor points are addressed. The paper presents the problems of research, collection, processing and communication of information in business enterprises and business ethics as a necessary element for good organization, the fruits of which are transmitted to society from a normative point of view. Reasonability of the work: The term ethics is encountered everywhere, such as professional ethics, media ethics, business ethics, which refers to the rules, principles and standards that guide the behavior and actions of business organizations. But the essence in all these areas is ethical responsibility and the way you adhere to it, intertwined with responsibility. From ancient Greek philosophers to the present day ethics has been defined and divided into various aspects as part of philosophy. However, briefly and simply it can be said that ethics is a system of moral principles or a code of conduct of social, religious or civil groups, which clarifies good from evil and the individual's choice to do what is good. Ethics as a science on morality is not a new topic for discussion, it has been discussed, debated for thousands of years in all cultures, countries, states, communities and regions of the world. new, but its application is finding more and more place in science and business life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period 1945-1960 was very intense for Albania concerning its political and economic relations. The coming into power of the Albanian communists after the liberation of the country at the end of the November 1944, was followed by a rude exercise of power which left the country powerless in both political and economic terms. The above mentioned timeline is brought in this paper through authentic research presenting to the public for the first time the true meaning of the Albanian-Soviet relations mainly being focused in economic terms. This research is divided in two parts because of the huge material found in the Albanian archives recently declassified about the economic relations of Albania with the socialist camp and the Soviet Union in particular. The huge amount of credits granted to Albania from the part of the Soviet Union made possible the economic and consequently the political survival of the Albanian communist regime. The numbers that we are presenting in this paper show beyond any doubt the total vassalage of the Albanian government towards the Soviet Union. The wrong investments of these huge credits and loans for such a small country as Albania in the heavy industry, would made the country totally dependent from the foreign loans and credits where the Soviet Union had primal role. In the first part of this research, are presented with accurate details all the Soviet credits granted to Albania from 1945 until 1958. The total amount of those credits was 742.100.000 rubles. In the second part of this paper which would be published in the next edition of this review, would be presented the problems that Albania was facing at that time from the exercise of coercive economic and political policies from the Soviet Union till the total break of relations between the two countries and how much from these loans Albania has liquidated in favor of the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to see the way young people communicate and how they speak to each other, in this topic we are first discussing the genesis of when the process of childish speech begins which on the beginning relies mainly in their mother tongue and then stems from imitating the language of other family members and the relative social environment. This talk has been a major influence for young people by being adopted by the female gender and becoming part of their vocabulary. The methods we have used for this paper are descriptive and experimental methods, that we not only used them separately, but also in conjunction with each other, we used the experimental method by doing a survey in which we asked some questions regarding the communication that young people use with each other, when they are in a school environment and when they are in a social environment, we conducted this survey for the youth of the Tetovo High School of Economics and the students of the Faculty of Philology, Albanian language and literature and the department of English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actual aim of the study is to give a brief overview of linguistic contacts and migration linguistics with a special focus on the Albanian language in German-speaking Switzerland. Furthermore, this paper will address situations of concrete language contacts and the theoretical starting point of conversation analysis. Specifically, it provides us with that "social reality that is constantly constructed in communicative acts and in terms of linguistic and non-linguistic forms, speakers are concentrated in analyzing the situation and context of their actions, interpreting the statements of the interlocutors, determining the appropriateness of the situation, understanding the effectiveness of their statements and coordinating their actions with the actions of the interlocutors" (Bergmann 2001: 919). Since the beginning of the temporary settlement of Albanians in Switzerland, Albanian language is spoken by more than 200,000 speakers according to the Federal Statistical Office. Finally, this paper also aims to highlight the use of Albanian language in Switzerland in the context of linguistic contacts and migration linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's developed media environment, in conditions of crisis there is a great danger of rapid undermining of public confidence in state institutions in charge of crisis management. Therefore, organizing and implementing effective crisis communication is essential for the crisis management process. In our history as an independent state, the military conflict in 2001, is remembered as the biggest political-military crisis that our country faced. At that time, the institutions in charge of security in the country faced a new challenge that required a systematic, professional and extremely careful approach to solving - crisis management and crisis communication as an integral part of it. Because of this, the purpose of research of this paper is to study crisis communication and determine its importance in crisis management, through the prism of the 2001 conflict in the Republic of Macedonia. To achieve the goal of the research, the research methodology included collecting, systematizing, analyzing and presenting the available data and information in the paper, through a logically justified, rounded and scientifically based approach. The scientific research is in fact an empirical, exploratory and quantitative research of the set scientific problem and scientific hypotheses, in the form of a survey. The results of the research indicate the readiness of the state bodies for crisis communication, the engagement of professionally trained persons for crisis communication, the challenges in crisis communication, especially the lack of legal regulations as a challenge in crisis communication. Furthermore, the influence of the international community in crisis communication and interethnic tensions, the objectivity of the media and state institutions, as well as the level of transparency and, finally, lessons learned and the level of their implementation. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of the results and the set theoretical framework of the work, indicate that in general, the state bodies in the Republic of Macedonia were almost completely unprepared for the realization of effective crisis communication in 2001, and that the involvement of the international community in crisis communication with its experts in order to reduce the existing tensions, especially in the crisis regions in the country, but also to pave the way for a peaceful resolution of the crisis. Regarding the objectivity in informing the domestic and international media, it is concluded that the opinion on the partial objectivity prevails, as a general picture of their informing, but at the same time this is influenced by the lack of developed and professional public relations system in the state bodies, which would work to address these effects of biased media coverage, further increases the potential for crisis escalation. The opinion of the respondents that the state bodies did not make full use of the potential from the experiences in 2001, except for the institutional improvements in the direction of establishing the public relations system at the level of state institutions, and by appointing public relations experts, justifies the applicability of the results and the field of research, and opens space for systematic improvement in crisis communication. In addition to this, the events that took place in May 2015, in the neighborhood "Diva Naselba" in Kumanovo, which had put the Macedonian state authorities to the test in terms of crisis management and crisis communication again, indicated the importance and need for constant development of the crisis management system and crisis communication as part of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides data that show the role of the Kosovo Security Force in Emergency Management. Assessing the problems that arise from this topic, the paper intended to present the role of emergency management within the KSF as an organization. This paper attempts to address the issues arising from the KSF's emergency management. The data presented in this paper orient us correctly and accurately based on the legislation in force on how the Kosovo Security Force manages emergency management and what its role is. At the beginning, this paper presents the mission and management of emergencies in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, as well as the ways of organizing emergency operations and the role that the Kosovo Security Force has in managing Situations in the Republic of Kosovo. From this paper it can be understood that the Kosovo Security Force, based on the legislation in force, plays a key role in organizing and conducting emergency operations in the country by supporting all other security institutions operating in Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication today in both classical and new media has changed not only its way and access to interpersonal communications, but also in social relations. The world today, more than ever before, is in a struggle between classical communications, always overwhelmed by the pessimism of social developments, with new or modernized communications. Many scholars have put forward theories that testify to this war, even in the social context, that they make comparisons or connections of communicationbetween two sides of the Atlantic. The first one is on the sociological plane between European sociology and the second one onAmerican pragmatism. These relate in particular to the claims of the American empirical school and the Frankfurt school as well as to Habermasian and post-Habermasian theories of public space. This paper attempts to highlight this "war" that has a profound social impact on our lifestyles, approaches to various problems, combating misinformation or even harmful political decision-making. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to move away from the negative effects stimulated by this communicological transformation, to show that public action is not merely a passive conformism, to show that society is rational and dynamic, and that there are no externalities or absolute superiority of intellectuals. In addition, the paper will not eliminate the critics of negative phenomens whether they are consequences of shallow thoughts or low interests, or due to the lack of legal regulations in the Balkans and specifically in the Republic of Northern Macedonia, which would condemn the inclusion of negative innovations, misguided, and as consequence harmful to society. The paper will have a positive approach to today's technological developments that affect communication and social life in general. It will be an alarm case for intentional or unintentional deviations, which give alert for wrong decisions that result from sociological deviations in communication. The point of this paper is to presents a basis for study or concern, for this global transformation where local institutional issues have already taken on broad transnational character. In this context, caring for communication, especially its regular social development, would contribute to raising new dimensions of its true ideals of ethnic, political or even religious pluralism, and would represent the true ideal of not abandoning the vision of an open, multidimensional world. These are some of the most sensitive issues in the world, especially the Balkans, which will be approached with a positive and progressive look. This paper will be conducted through the survey method, and the content analysis. The public, especially the educated and critical public in the Republic of Northern Macedonia, as well as some of the traditional media and news portals in RMV, are subject of observation. In addition to the problematic rise that we claim to be worldspecific but Balkan-specific, the work will extend to the communicational and sociological reality of the Republic of Northern Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I'm going to present modern, alternative approaches to language learning and discuss the opportunities for their incorporation into the academic Albanian language courses outside of the Albanian speaking areas. Based on evidence and from my personal experience as a philology student, universities often fail to provide a suitable, interesting and dynamic immersion environment and to boost the learning motivation of the student. The focus is put almost only on translation and passive understanding and not on the equally distributed development of all the components of the language knowledge. As a consequence, students are progressing very slowly and it's not uncommon among them to fail to achieve professional realization with Albanian language due to not reaching the expected language proficiency from the course. Scientists have proven that one can learn at easiest a foreign language, when one feels pleasure and is actively involved in the material of instruction. Spaced repetition is a technique, which implies review of learned words or idioms at increasing intervals. Being a language student and teacher myself and having researched the modern language learning strategies like "speaking from day 1", "bidirectional translation", "learning from an interesting content", "learning with building blocks", suggestopedia and the classical ones, I have developed my own set of strategies, which increases the speed and the quality of the learning process. With this paper I would like to offer solutions which could improve the quality of the lectures and the performance of the students in the university classes of Albanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education today is a very important problem all over the world, as well as in our country, so its reform is the main intention of the leaders of this digester. Education reforms have started to be implemented in previous years and continue to be relevant today because quality and success depend on these reforms. In relation to this issue, the Concept for primary education has been drafted, according to which a contemporary approach to learning is provided. This paper aims to analyze the Concept and verify how much its content actually offers something new in this cycle of education and is suitable for teachers. Like any research that is associated with the methodological part, in this paper we will use the method of theoretical analysis, to have clearer results we will use tools and techniques such as the questionnaire for teachers, from which we will get the opinions and attitudes of them in relation to this Concept. We will present the achieved results in a tabular way in order to have a clear picture about them and in this way we will notice how the new Concept will be a new opportunity for quality assurance in primary education in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of interest rates, government expenses, money supply and real exchange rates on the economic growth of the Republic of North Macedonia. A country's economic groëth refers to the growth of that country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The interest rate is one of the determining factors of economic groëth. Despite the challenging macroeconomic environment and other influencing factors, the Republic of North Macedonia in recent years has maintained low inflation rates and interest rates. Empirical analysis of the paper is based on data obtained from the Central Bank of Republic of North Macedonia on a quarterly basis for the period from 2008 to 2020. Through the use of co integration tests (Johanensen test), Granger causality test, autocorrelation test, VAR, ARCH and GARCH process, it is verified that the rate interest rate is a determining variable and has a long-term relationship with economic groëth. The co integration test (Johannesen test) shoës that in all equations the results are statistically significant and the variables have a long-run relationship betëeen them. Then the use of the Granger test of causality notes that money supply causes interest rate changes; they also cause a change in economic groëth. The unit root test is used to determine the level of integration of variables .The use of the Granger causality test then points out that the money supply causes changes on interest rate ; GDP also causes interest rate changes. The interest rate causes the change of economic groëth. Government spending causes the change of economic groëth. The effective exchange rate causes the change of economic growth. Evidence of co integration allowed the application of the VAR model, which enabled the identification of variables that affect economic groëth in the Republic of North Macedonia, both in the short and long term. In the end, all variables are tested together and it turns out that logarithmic GDP and interest rates have an impact on economic growth. The conclusions from the data analysis are that all variables are interrelated and have an impact on economic growth. Also there can be identified and other economic factors that have impact on economic growth that are not included on this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life we live in today is very dynamic and hectic.Things change very quickly, within a short period of time, the knowledge we gained a while ago can turn into ignorance, this is due to developments in science and technology, in the way of life in general, including the field of education which has undergone great changes especially in Kosovo. We find the beginnings of education from an early age in the Albanian territories, which have evolved from generation to the present day. Due to social, cultural, political, economic circumstances, education in Kosovo has had significant problems in relation to the countries of the region. But still he has remained stoic in the face of all problems and challenges. With the end of the war in Kosovo and the creation of the legal basis, as well as the reforms undertaken by a number of local and international mechanisms, there has been significant progress in many areas such as: construction of school facilities, licensing of teachers, drafting new curriculum models in accordance with the principles of the Europian Union, as well many other achievements which have made other non – majority communities to be integrated. Seeing as very necessary the beginning of reforms (changes) in education, began very important changes in this sector, which we think went through many challenges until the beginning of their implementation in practice. This progress has been achieved in cooperation with numerous international institutions. In addition to the achievements, various problems have been continuously present, from the insufficient budget to the challenges and the need for the construction of school facilities in rural areas. Considering the changes in education as a very current phenomenon and based on theory and practice, we will approach our problem in clarifying the theoretical and practical aspects of the problems related to the changes in education. The reason that prompted me to write a scientific paper with such research was that the topic of my selected paper was related to my profession as a teacher and during the work of this scientific paper i focused on the changes made in the education system since the period of the recent war in Kosovo to the present day as well as the approach of teachers to these changes. The purpose of this research is to describe the approach of teachers to the need and importance of changes in the education system and acceptance, their involvement in these changes in order to increase the quality of teaching in educational institutions. As respondents in this research are included 83 teachers of grades I-V of primary schools,,Lekë Dukagjini” Prizren,,,Mati Logoreci” Prizren,,, Mustafa Bakiu” Prizren,,,Abdyl Frashëri” Prizren. Referring to various sources from the literature review, it has been estimated that the main role in the elaboration of my research is played by teachers. For this reason, i thought of conducting a survery with them, in order to get their opinions and views on the topic. To meet the survey data. Questionnaries were used as a tool for measuring teachers’ thoughts and attitudes. The sample of this research consists of a total of 83 respondents including teachers participating in this research. Based on the results of this research, education reforms are welcomed and welcomed by Kosovar teachers and students, and from the beginning of their implementation until today have had a positive impact on raising the level of quality in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the article in different languages is of great importance, especially when teaching and studying a foreign language. The use of the article, especially in the German language, presents a big problem for foreigners who learn or study the German language. This happens because when learning a foreign language, in most cases, the system of the native language serves in an analogous way. The article, in the grammars of different languages, is not treated as a separate word class or at least tends not to be treated as such. The German language has a system of prefixing articles (definit der, das die and indefinit ein, ein, eine), while in the Albanian language there are the front articles i, e, të, së and back articles or suffixes of names depending on the case of the name. while in the Albanian language it is different, in fact there are front and back articles. The object of this paper is the article, respectively the definit and indefinit article as determinants of the name (Determinative), its use in the German language and the equivalent forms in the Albanian language. Other parts of the determinants can only be handled according to the given circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's a real challenge to write about Albanian-Yugoslav relations in the second half of the '40ies of the XX century. In this first part of this paper, I have tried to focus on the reasons why Albania chose Yugoslavia as the closest political and economic partner in the postwar period. Both countries were exercising the same structures of power and embraced the same political regime. Both communist countries took the power immediately after the respective liberation of their territories from the nazi occupation. Albania in these two and a half years, exercised a disastrous political and consequently policies which led to complete bankruptcy and total dependence on Yugoslav credits and loans. From the other side, the Yugoslav were much more flexible in their policies by trying to be as much as they could independent from Moscow's tutelage and having more or less a solid place in the future international relations. Due to Albania's disastrous economic policies, Yugoslavia succeeded to completely subdue the tiny neighbor country, in the beginning in economic terms. The most significant economic victory of Yugoslavia towards Albania was the currency parity when was clearly visible according the Albanian experts of the State Bank of Albania that Albanian currency the franc was much more stronger than the Yugoslav dinar. In these two and a half years of close relationship, Yugoslavia did what she wanted with Albania and through the credit of 2 billion dinars, paved the way to the complete political mastering of Albania in every sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the lexicon of teenage girls and its features, precisely, nouns, adjectives and verbs will be analysed, also through giving interpretations of the effects that emit foreign words, and some others that are unusual in the "girl's language" which is known as "victimizing" or unequal to the other gender. Emphasis will be placed on the topics discussed in these spontaneous communications, and the global impact of renowned events that are accessible to everyone, transmitted with the rapid spread of information from every corner of the world. At this age, their daily mental vocabulary is rapidly enriched with Albanian words that they did not use before e.g. gossip, doctor, etc., foreign words, as a consequence of globalism as: my love, dear, okay, like, merci (especially of English, due to its impact in social networks and as a "lingua franca"), also for the need of a "secret lexicon". 33 random conversations of 17-18-year-old girls from Prishtina were recorded. The data shows that girls have progressed in enriching their lexicon, even with words that are known as "typical of boys" such as swear words, however "softer" than those of the other gender, nouns: idiot, stupid, or adjectives with a pejorative connotation such as: terrible, catastrophic. This, based on the conventional opinion that they are impossible to recognize. The lexical competence of the respondents proves the opposite. The topics of conversation are related to famous personalities, the variety of news absorbed by social networks and platforms with global reach. This materialization of worldwide information shows the global convergence of interaction with people and possibility to touch different topics and with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study paper that we have tried to address is entitled "The existence of the settlement of Vushtrri presented through the tombstone/stele and mosaics", so named because we wanted to prove the existence of the settlement in the present-day land of Vushtrri with its surroundings in antiquity, initially through a monument gravestone/stele and then we have provided some data about the possibility of the existence of mosaics in the aforementioned plot. Likewise, through this study, we have tried to highlight the talent of the inhabitants of this area, the Ilyrodardans, regarding art, not excluding the influences from other cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our traditions while researching our cultural heritage of hospitality, I came across a special welcome for travelers. This reception in its interior embraces the humanity of our people towards travelers, creating a kind of beneficial goal for both parties: the traveler and the host. Apart from providing security to the two parties, knowledge, information, experiences, organizational and friendly connections were exchanged there, knowledge was enriched, etc. This reception was held in special rooms called oda sajbi. In this paper, in addition to a comparison with hospitality in the world, the character of the friend and the traveler is also clearly analyzed. Despite expectations, on the sociological and psychological side, this custom represents the highest level of intelligence and civilization of the society that created this custom with rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In enriching the lexicon of the Albanian language, besides other ways, composition plays an important role also. In this paper, are analyzed the compound words in the prose "Four tales from Zulluland", "Albania as it seemed to me", "Dr. Gjilpëra (Needle) discovers the roots of the drama of Maumrras", "Albania - the Rocky Garden of Southeast Europe". " and other writings (That strange Country - Albania, Racial origin, Albanians: the Keys to Understanding their Life and their Nature, Painterly Kilt, Martial Traits, Language and literature, Bejlers and Bajraktars, Language and Literature, Religion, Farewell Albania of the Bird) from Faik Konica. Through the method of word analysis and classification, compound words are divided according to their lexical-grammatical value, that is, grouped into nominal compound, compound modifier and adverbial compound words and according to the construction, according to the lexical-grammatical value of the members. The results of the conducted research prove that the language of Konica is quite rich in compound words of which compound modifier of the noun + adjective type dominate the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International words help in the acquisition of the language and through them, the discovery of past and present cultural influences. Their linguistic reflection in social changes, in recent years, has been reflected especially in globalism and internationalism. Present everywhere, especially in higher education, globalization has greatly increased the demand for students to seek programs that allow them to move freely. This is primarily related to the expansion of linguistic experience and linguistic knowledge, to understand the academic lexicon, as well as different peoples, cultures and countries, creating a mobile intellectual force. Such requirements lead to new teaching modules, such as the acquisition of international words and the same ones in at least three languages of the same language family. This article helps not only to maintain a new attitude towards international words as part of the world heritage, but also as a service or in other words a catalyst in the learning of foreign languages and the linguistic sensitivity of the individual. International words, such as: aspect, autonomous, chronic, approve, action, constant, extract, contemporary, transport, jargon, energetic, myth, potential, turbulent, vital, charisma, spontaneous, humour, absurd, unique, propose brilliant, etc. are a example of what we followed above. A multilingual table is presented, where the international words of the TOEFL test are presented with their counterparts in Italian, French, German and Romanian. In addition to the definition of internationalisms and their acceptance criteria, we clarified their tradition, contemporaneity and the selection of languages in the paper. Human language is a code and the more its key words we discover, the sooner we reach the ideal of the learned modern man, who is thought to be at least brave. Knowing and learning European languages in non-university and university education facilitates the learning of academic vocabulary in the first place. The linguistic experiences of the students are presented in such publications as the European Language Portfolio of the AML in the Republic of Albania, should be expanded with the student's notes on the linguistic similarities that he notices in the languages learned, which help as his own. as well as the language researcher. As part of the applied linguistics, the full result of this study could be a book, in each word of Albanian you will find its counterparts, together with the description, meanings and etymology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of intertextuality that implies that no text can be seen separately from its context or the text from which it originated, in literature, it is a concept used to describe the techniques and strategies that writers use to reflect on themselves in their literary works, but also to create literary cross-references between texts. This can include the expression of personal emotions, reflection on their personal experiences, and the presentation of their thoughts and ideas about literature and the world in general. This causes a mixture of reality with the writer's subjective stance and then leaves the reader to form their own relationship with the text and its interpretation. The paper will include elements of literary cross-references between authors Petro Markos and Ernest Hemingway, highlighting the key points of their works, characters, and the authors' own lives. The methodology used will be that of analysis, comparison, providing the results of theoretical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper that we have dealt with is titled "The centuries-old home of Zymer Music in Ceceli of Vushtrri". This means that the object in question, having existed for several centuries, has great cultural-historical value. Besides its existence for centuries, it has had many functions, so dealing with it, as if it a necessity. Likewise, the promotion of this object can also increase the interest of visitors in this region, and all this can be "translated" to the increase in the incomes of the population of these countries. In addition to the above, the importance of promoting this Albanian house lies in the fact that it reflects the construction values of Albanian masters, not overlooking here any influence that may have been integrated by the Ottoman Empire, or from any other culture. Than, the fact that Albanians lived in this house, shows the continuous presence of this population in this parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of developing the individual is a complex development that begins since the period of beginning of the progress of life and continues throughout its space. Development occurs in several dimensions such as: physical development, motor development, cognitive development, perceptual development, social development, emotional development, moral development, linguistic development, and so on. All of these dimensions are intertwined and help develop each other. Development occurs naturally, as a result of maturity, which is the process of genetically controlled growth. Also, on the other hand, it is influenced by appropriate brought up and lifestyle practices, which can promote and accelerate it, as if inappropriate living practices and styles can hinder or slow it down. Developments as a whole and linguistic one in particular, over the years (according to various theorists), have supported one or the other of these approaches as: nature (inherited genetic interruption for development), or brought up (environmental conditions that influence development), as key influencing development process factors. Those who believe in natural tendencies tend to expect children to achieve certain stages of development at the same time due to maturity. In contrast, those who believe in the - environmental input, emphasize the external environmental impacts on the individual. Recently researchers are increasingly uniting their ideas in a single approach, which intertwines both, which supports the idea that, in fact, both of these factors are closely linked to each other. This new approach brings the idea that really is nature, which through well growth, brings the healthy development of the individual. This new approach clarifies that, genetic tendencies are stimulated under some optimal environmental conditions located in the Broka area in the frontal lobby as well as to have a fully developed apparatus. Only after the biological condition it is completed can linguistic development be supported by the nurture and social environment. Individuals need to hear the spoken language that they can learn and imitate it. Linguistic development, in fact, is the development of many parts of a language system that needs to evolve and work in an order to meet "result" of human speaking. So language, more specifically spoken language, can be said to be taught by interaction with adults caring for the individual (parents or primary caregivers). Continuous experience, the earliest contact with the sounds and exercise of linguistic expressions is needed to learn the language that the child will speak. to achieve more optimal development levels. * Nurture affects development through various spheres: physical-by offering healthy food, physical activity or avoiding stress; * Cognitive-by providing informal experience and formal process stimulating guidelines * Cognitive and social-by offering adult interaction models and peer relationships. This present paper has a central focus, linguistic development, as a dimension of the cognitive sphere. He argues precisely in the context of this combined approach between nature and well growth by emphasizing the idea that children development can be stimulated, encouraged and accelerates through appropriate well growth techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, globalization involves all civilizations, all cultures and societies. As far as globalization is concerned, although it is based on the so called economic liberalization, we all know that it is above all a diverse process. We say so because the diversity and complexity of globalization derive from the involvement of different civilizations, which also refers to different cultures in global streams. Regarding our cultural heritage and tradition, it is well preserved so far, but, as it happens everywhere in the world, the general global trends are not sparing it. Having in mind that the language is the most vital part or element of our culture, this paper will deal with the issues of Albanian language, or our language, versus globalization. Being in close contact with other languages and cultures around, languages themselves interact as they have never done before in human history, and this, above all, is due to the extraordinary development of the information technologies, including internet, mobile telephony, satellite television, etc. In conclusion, we have to be very careful in preserving of what is ours, both language and culture in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some terms that name linguistic phenomena and their interpretations, not included in the texts that deal with linguistic phenomena for Albanian, without being limited within the punctuation marks of the sentence. The theoretical treatment of linguistic, grammatical, sociolinguistic, generativist phenomena and especially of the grammar of the Albanian language text, as a relatively new field of Albanian linguistics, requires as much knowledge of the study methodology as a set of scientific methods, as much as of the terminology that marks and specifies the phenomena according to the fields of linguistics. Phonetics, lexicology and traditional grammar of the Albanian language do not include the treatment of some linguistic phenomena, according to new theories of linguistic system studies. Consequently they do not even include the terms for them. For the treatment of linguistic, grammatical phenomena in particular, it is necessary to go outside the traditional framework; the new treatments of general linguistics should be taken as a basis for the reinterpretation of certain linguistic phenomena of Albanian and the interpretation of terms that are not used in traditional linguistics for Albanian. The treatment of linguistic phenomena is not limited within punctuation marks, it goes beyond them. The linguistics of the text has opened new horizons. The treatment and reinterpretation of linguistic phenomena with contemporary terminology does not diminish the achievements of Albanian linguistics so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]