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By utilising policy reference network analysis and keyword timing analysis, this paper proposes a framework for measuring policy diffusion, which can delineate research focus, measurement indicators, and methods of science and technology policy diffusion from four dimensions: intensity, breadth, speed, and direction. Based on the framework, this paper collects and categorises China's policies on technology transfer and commercialisation from 1985 to 2017, and conducts quantitative research on the diffusion process and characteristics of those polices from the previously mentioned four dimensions, which enables us to investigate the diffusion law of knowledge, information, and experience among those policies. The paper can provide data support on the choice of policy type for subsequent specific policy formulation by exploring the characteristics of different types of policy diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political concept of indigenous innovation in China sets out a guiding principle for the country's major transformation towards becoming an innovation nation. However, firms' innovation strategies and capabilities in middle-income countries are usually heterogeneous, making a uniform response to this concept at the company level highly unlikely. The paper's empirical contribution is based on analysing survey data on technologically advanced machinery firms in China. It uses a multinomial model approach to establish which drivers of innovation go hand-in-hand with the different innovation strategies. This paper identifies different innovation strategies and forms of innovation that co-emerge as part of this transformation, leading to four firm groups: low-cost producers, technology-oriented producers, user-oriented innovators and technology-oriented innovators. It thus contributes to a more differentiated view of the effects of China's innovation-focused transformation. We find that R&D investments, governmental R&D support and scientific collaborations are key factors to distinguish between the above-mentioned groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic relations between China and mineral-rich developing countries have revolved around the mineral resources of these countries. Hence, China’s recent rapid economic growth has had positive disruptive impacts on these developing States. Conversely, the more recent downturn in China’s economy has had negative disruptive effects on these developing States. By assessing the value of mineral product exports from South Africa (SA) to China from 2004 till recent years, this paper demonstrates that the decline in China’s economic growth has not been advantageous to mineral-rich developing States. Based on the findings of the spillover effects of this decline in South Africa’s mineral export value to China, this paper aims to instigate the policy-makers of these developing States (including SA) to see the need for their current policies to be re-assessed. This re-assessment is necessary to determine whether their policies are capable of enabling their economies to handle disruptive changes that can occur in their trade relations with a superpower like China. The result should be restructuring their policies so they would have buffers for changes in global mineral prices and demand, as well as enable these developing economies to be better prepared to enter more beneficial engagements with China when her economy grows stronger again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how returnees' repatriation speed and irregularity affect FDI knowledge spillovers. Using a unique dataset of high-tech Chinese firms located in Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing from 2007 to 2013, we find that returnees are vital in improving local firms' absorptive capacity and disseminating FDI externalities. Our empirical results show that returnees' high repatriation speed positively contributes to the local absorption of FDI knowledge spillovers, whereas repatriation irregularity dampens it. This research highlights the time-based attributes of returnees' repatriation as a new factor of absorptive capacity when learning from FDI knowledge. It thus provides a more integrated viewpoint on the relationship between returnees and FDI spillovers. Our findings have important implications for policymakers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on how a latecomer country can bring a large (infrastructural) technological system (LTS) to a market already dominated by the entrenched systems of global technology leaders. We construct a conceptual framework, building on Hughes LTS theory (1983) and insights from social studies of technology into the specificities of infrastructural sociotechnical systems to analyse the development of China's 3rd Generation mobile telephony system. We explore the complex dynamics surrounding the distributed governance of innovation, highlighting changes in key system builders. We note the role of the state in addressing critical problems ('reverse salients'), both in terms of aligning players through legitimating and sense-making and also, building the necessary mass and momentum. This includes a more radical reconfiguring of the field to secure the substantial commitments needed to materialise and embed a new LTS infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the governance and institutionalisation of Chinese makerspaces. Existing research on the governance of makerspace has proposed two governance models or 'paradigms': bottom-up commons-based peer production and top-down public policy based governance. This article is trying to explore how makerspace in China is governed by a multitude of institutional forces. By examining three maker communities, it is argued that: (1) the dominant model of governing Chinese makerspaces does not adhere to either of these two models. This paper proposed an alternative one: a 'subtle top-down' model that accounts for the dialectics between government and its governing approaches and, the involvement of various non-government actors aligning with public policy goals; (2) makerspace has become an instrument to drive China's transition from an industrial-based economy to a service economy. The proliferation of makerspaces marks the concrete step towards a Chinese contemporary modernisation route; (3) makerspace highlighted some of the attempts made by the state to address structural inequalities. This article concludes by pointing out the challenge is how to incorporate the rhetoric of disruptive innovation into the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to analyse the connotation of ‘regional innovation environment’ and explore the relationships between the regional innovation environmental components and innovation efficiency (IE). Three regional environmental factors were extracted, namely, economic infrastructure (EI), the quality and structure of innovators (QSI) and regional openness (RO). The relationships between the regional innovation environmental components and innovation efficiency present a chain structure as RO–EI–QSI–IE. Only the QSI component affects IE directly, and all of the effects are positive. Based on these results, the characteristics of Chinese regional innovation systems were analysed, and the implications on science & technology policy were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Universities are increasingly considered as crucial actors for innovation and regional development through university-industry collaborations. Extant research suggests that the impact of knowledge transfer is largely related to the multi-dimensional proximities between universities and knowledge recipients. However, majority of them approached the issue of proximity by treating collaborations between universities and their industrial partners as geographically static. Our case study looks at one Chinese research university which adopted an innovative outreach solution by setting up off-campus institutional arrangements to mitigate the problem caused by the geographical constraint, exploring how such entrepreneurial effort can pose an impact on the various dimensions of proximity. By doing so, this paper aims to enrich the knowledge of university entrepreneurship, elucidate the dynamic nature of proximity in the context of university-industry collaborations and draw practical implications for the promotion of such collaborations at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the match between resource relatedness and post-merger integration on technology innovation of acquiring firms to find the rationale behind technology-sourcing cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) of Chinese multinational enterprises. Using a sample of 88 Chinese technology-sourcing cross-border M&As, we find that the acquirer will improve technology innovation when greater resource similarity between the acquirer and target firms is matched with a high integration degree and a low target autonomy level. Meanwhile, the acquirer can improve technology innovation when greater resource complementarity is matched with a low level of integration degree in technology-sourcing cross-border M&As. This paper provides the acquiring firms with fresh ideas of how to make the integration decisions of technology-sourcing overseas M&As. We hope to help multinational enterprises to achieve more outstanding technology innovation performance through technology-sourcing overseas M&As in an intense global competitive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of six European certification firms attempt to position themselves in China’s offshore wind industry. We find that European certification firms lack attention to local needs and struggle with differences in risk perceptions. Chinese companies, on their part, stress the importance of first-hand experience rather than foreign involvement in project development, making the efforts of European certification companies redundant. We conclude that the Chinese development strategy is in opposition to established European certification practices: from a Chinese perspective, the European approach looks like over-engineered project development, whilst in China, taking risks and gaining access to necessary experienced and ‘independent’ knowledge is seen as a precondition for developing the offshore wind industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical and health care applications of nanotechnology have increasingly attracted research and innovation attention. Nano-biomedical science (NBMS) is a term we use to define this emerging domain. As China is one of the leading countries in nanotechnology, but lacks a long history as a biosciences leader, this paper explores the competitive positioning of China in the development of NBMS. Specifically, this paper profiles the research patterns of Chinese NBMS in comparison with the four other largest countries in NBMS, using bibliometric techniques. The results indicate that China is a leader in NBMS, leveraging its strengths in chemistry and physics in the broader nanotechnology domain. However, China's relative weakness in traditional biomedical disciplines, and its lack of presence in highly influential global journals, could prove to be limiting factors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper addresses limitations of the regulatory approach to standardisation of infrastructural information and communication technology (ICT) in the European Union and China. Specifically, by analysing the governance of digital mobile TV in the each policy, the paper discusses to what degree respectively the European Commission’s ‘New Approach’ and the Standardization Administration of China’s increasingly market-oriented standardisation process, after accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), are able to cope with issues specific to technological convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the way that increasing engagement in international standardisation processes has enabled Chinese firms to become global players in mobile telecommunications technologies and China to become a major influence in the international information and communications technology (ICT) standards arena. From a ‘social shaping of technology’ perspective it examines the development of the third generation (3G) TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous code division multiple access) mobile telephony standard (TD) and the path laid towards the next generation of mobile broadband standards and technologies. The paper highlights the complex interactions between a wide array of players involved, including national and foreign firms, and different sections and levels of the Chinese state. TD's success was by no means predetermined. China eventually adopted a pragmatic approach implementing TD and the two established Western standards. This complex history and interplay between Chinese and foreign players calls into question the idea of national or indigenous technologies for large-scale infrastructures, and highlights the limitations of national strategies in globalised innovation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how smaller developing countries can compete with China by examining the cases of two such countries; Mauritius and Morocco. In order to supplement their more traditional extractive and agro-based industries they have developed important textile and apparel sectors, supplying principally the EU. However, the textile industries in both countries have recently come under intense competitive pressure from China with its much lower production costs and huge capacity. This paper compares and contrasts the conditions under which Mauritius and Morocco have developed their textile industries as well as exploring the challenges they now face from China and the ways in which they have reacted to them. It also examines the wider industrial policy of both countries and the extent to which they have acquired the capability to meet the threats that now face them. Some specific strategies and actions are also described and evaluated with a view to providing advice and guidance for other smaller developing countries that face similar challenges in these and other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Huawei as an example, this paper analyses the catch-up process of latecomers from emerging markets during their transition towards global technological frontiers. We designed innovative indicators using USPTO patent data and used them to measure Huawei's catch-up in an established and an emerging technology field. We measure overall innovation capability (OIC) and core innovation capability (CIC), benchmarked against global forerunners, during its transition to industry leadership. Our findings indicate that Huawei built its OIC ahead of CIC. However, the effectiveness of its catch-up in CIC determined whether the latecomer firm achieved the leadership transition. Our findings make an important contribution to catch-up theory and carry significant implications for catching up firms and incumbent firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative case study investigates the contrasting approaches to telecommunications standard-setting adopted by two developing countries, China and India, using the 3G standard as a case study. Despite facing comparable opportunities in the form of fast-growing markets, and comparable challenges in terms of meeting consumer demand and fostering industrial development, the two countries adopted sharply different standards strategies, with China investing heavily in its home-grown Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access standard, and India allowing operators to choose any international standard. In this paper, we trace the antecedents of this divergence to the different policy approaches that the two countries adopted to their respective electronics industries in the early to mid-1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining insights from knowledge-based theory (KBT) and the product innovation literature, this paper explores whether and how knowledge integration methods contribute to high-tech new venture performance in China's emerging economy. Using data from 295 entrepreneurs and top executives in Chinese high-tech new ventures, we find that both the coordinated integration of knowledge and systemic integration of knowledge have positive effects on high-tech new venture performance and product innovation. Competitive intensity moderates the impact of knowledge integration methods on product innovation. Moreover, product innovation is a mediator in the relationship between knowledge integration methods and high-tech new venture performance. Our findings have important theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While emerging market economies have developed significant technological capabilities and increased their share of global value-added in aerospace, they have done so largely through utilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and offset arrangements to enter supply chains that remain dominated by European and American firms. The paper examines whether emerging markets are developing indigenous technological capability in aerospace technologies. Drawing on patent data from the Thomson Innovation database, the study seeks to understand whether anchor tenant capability is indeed forming in emerging markets. A tech-mining method is applied. The study suggests that China, in particular, has dramatically increased its innovative capacity in the area. However, the data also demonstrate the significant advantages enjoyed by incumbent firms from Europe and the USA, suggesting that the complexity of aircraft R&D remains a formidable barrier that can only be surmounted by determined government policies and anchor firms equipped with substantial innovation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper uses an in-depth case study approach to compare and analyze e-business microcredit firms and traditional bank business models in China, employing a business model template redefined as an analytical tool. The results suggest that the EMF business model has typical disruptive innovation characteristics, shedding new light on the definition and criteria of disruptive business model innovation as little research has done on its systematic analysis. This study also presents a holistic conceptual framework for four triggers constituting their business model difference, inclusive of non-mainstream customer positioning, inclusive platform-based infrastructure, platform-based leveraged capability, and user experience-centered value proposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government policies and actions in transitional economies have far-reaching consequences for technology progress. Many studies suggest the important role of governments in providing policies and finance to facilitate technology innovations. The Chinese government has often been seen to exemplify this. This article probes government actions in practice, the way it is conducted and the negative consequences for innovation. We focus on one of China's most important and successful sectors – construction. An analytical framework based on ‘complex systems industry’ is used and a causal map developed to examine the role of the Chinese government acting as client, regulator and administrator of industrial and professional bodies and their impact on innovation in the construction sector. This paper confirms that innovation is industry specific and social and economic context dependent. While recognising the powerful role of the Chinese government, it argues that in reality the ‘Chinese government’ is not a uniform entity, but rather consists of various entities acting in accordance with their varied vested interests at a specific time and under particular circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a standard-related lens on technology trajectory to analyse the mobile telecommunication technology choices beyond the third generation (3G) in one of the largest emerging countries. The attempt is made to model and map the technological evolution based on different standard platforms and through competing technologies under the globalised background. The interplay between different stakeholders behind different technological standards in China is examined. Whether and to what extent technological developments have respectively shaped the paths is also explored. We identify the key technological, commercial and institutional dynamics driving such technology evolution, and argue that large emerging countries can pursue their own policy agenda while dealing with the diverse interests of various stakeholders home and abroad. We also indicate that there remain some high uncertainties in terms of future technology trajectories under the emerging contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares three selected indicator series that address national, technology-based competitiveness. The 'traditional' Georgia Tech High Tech Indicators (HTI) have been comparing 33 nations with respect to current and future prospects at exporting high tech products since the late 1980s. Those indicators blend expert opinion with statistical time series data. Second, we introduce 'statistics only' HTI, a revised formulation that addresses knowledge-based service export capabilities as well as high tech products, biennially. Third, the World Economic Forum annually generates its Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), treating 125 countries. The traditional HTI reported China supplanting the USA as the top-ranking economy as of 2007. That has generated some controversy. In striking contrast, the 2006-2007 GCI reported China as No. 54. This paper explores the bases for these differences. To a substantial degree, they derive from whether one normalises based on a nation's size. We conclude that these indicator series provide multiple perspectives that complement each other. In the case of China, all of these indicators point to continuing dramatic increase in technology-based economic competitiveness. If not yet, then within not too many years, the USA will likely be supplanted by China as the leading technology-based economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory-driven and theory-based studies on innovation in China are relatively scarce. Most innovation studies about Chinese business are based on Chinese policy and government programmes and their results. This special issue ofTechnology AnalysisandStrategic Managementexplores China's indigenous innovation strategy and suggests a research agenda that focuses on Chinese innovation theory building that incorporates China's efforts to move towards an innovation-based economy. Currently, China is developing its indigenous innovation capabilities (The Chinese term is 自主创新, pronounced zizhu chuangxin). We suggest that innovation studies of Chinese business could focus on these indigenous innovation ambitions. In addition to this, it could adopt, and be embedded in a Chinese theory of innovation instead of a traditional Western-centric theory of innovation. Our proposition is that to better understand Chinese indigenous innovation, a new paradigm of Chinese innovation should be developed. We therefore present a research agenda that can be a starting point for the development of such a theory, and present seven papers in this special issue that give content to this idea. Obviously no theory will have a monopoly on exploring Chinese innovation phenomena, but it is interesting to add a Chinese-centric view into the Western-centric scholarly view. We hope that will be one of the contributions of this special issue on innovation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of entrepreneurship on economic development in China for the period 1999–2013 using a time-varying parameters stochastic volatility vector autoregressive model. Our results suggest a positive relation between entrepreneurship and subsequent growth of industrial output and employment. Furthermore, the positive effect of entrepreneurship shock peaks in a lag of 5 quarters on industrial output and in a lag of 10 quarters in employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses panel data between 2000 and 2010 to explore how firm ownership and regional industrial structures contribute to regional innovation performance in Chinese provinces. Specifically, we explore how the extent of specialisation and diversification in regional industrial structures at the province level fosters both Marshall–Arrow–Romer and Jacobs spillovers, as well as how foreign and state ownership influence regional innovation. We find: (i) China's regional innovation systems benefit from Jacobs but not MAR externalities, with the former spurring higher quality innovation in the form of increased invention patenting; (ii) state-owned enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises advance local innovation, with the latter again fostering higher quality innovation; and (iii) a convergence towards a combination of low specialisation and high diversity in provincial industrial structure is taking place between China's more developed inland coastal provinces and less developed inland provinces. Implications and suggestions for policy-making and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws attention to the specific aspect of institutional environments in international matchmaking for innovation. While technology is largely global this exploratory study of 18 cross-border cases between Europe and China points to the impact of distant institutional environments on the success and structure of cross-border collaborative innovation. Addressing differences in governance, market regulation, policy, IPR protection, language and culture like the Chineseguanxiare specific services based on dedicated capabilities of international innovation intermediaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leading international standards for information security management, ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 originate from the UK, but are applied worldwide. This paper explores whether the processes of selection, implementation and use of these interrelated standards differ between China and Europe by studying cases of Chinese and European companies. Chinese companies face some additional problems with the standards but manage to get them successfully implemented in a short period of time. Main differences relate to governance and management of standard adoption. This study is innovative in the method used for standardisation research (comparative multi-case study), and the topic: implementation and impact of information security management standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standards are ubiquitous, affecting the lives and business of citizens, companies and governments in a multitude of ways. As governments around the world realised the economic consequences stemming from standardisation, newcomers to the international standardisation arena have found themselves at a disadvantage owing to a lack of expertise and skills to contribute to the process, and the ‘barring’ strategies practiced by the keepers of the system in part as a result of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) royalties they collect from globally imposed standards. In this paper, we use the case of China's Audio Video Coding Standard (AVS) to examine government positions and possible strategies for standard market competition in the presence of a dominant international standard. In our analysis, we adopt a system perspective on the Chinese government's market intervention policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People’s Republic of China has become remarkably active in the development of interoperability standards across many areas of information and communications technology (ICT). Such standards are crucial for the creation of new industries and markets for novel ICT products and services. This engagement in standardisation is linked to the Chinese government’s strategy to develop indigenous technologies and, in some cases through involvement in international standardisation bodies, to put China at the heart of the next generation of global technological infrastructures. In this way China seeks to go beyond its globally competitive productive capabilities to acquire technology innovation capabilities. This strategy throws up important issues for China’s technology promotion policy in terms of how to contribute to standardisation processes and of how to exploit public sector research and development. China’s involvement in the shaping of these globally significant technologies will have far reaching consequences for developed economies and global ICT markets, posing challenges for industrial strategy and innovation policies across the developed and developing world. The USA has tended to see China’s search for indigenous technologies as potentially damaging to free trade and competition. In contrast the European Union (EU) has responded by seeking to align China’s indigenous ICT innovation policies with the European Research Area. However the globalisation of innovation signalled by these developments, based upon complex matrices of intellectual property, innovative capability and market knowledge from a wide array of industrial and research players across the world, calls into question simplistic established conceptions of ‘indigenous’ technologies. These developments thus raise a number of issues – which are explored in relation to various examples of ICT standardisation and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a framework for green technology foresight based on the idea of sustainability and takes the Chinese automobile industry as an example for the analysis of its implementation. First, it applies scenario techniques to identify technology requirements, considering six different visions of the future, especially the 'circulation society', the 'environment-friendly society' and the 'equity society'. Delphi techniques are used to complete the green technology foresight with an improved questionnaire and statistical model, compared with the traditional one. It is argued that green technology foresight is the evolution and extension of traditional technology foresight, and the basic idea of foresight-guided efforts to achieve sustainability should be considered not only in China, but also in other countries and in other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating universities’ R&D performance can serve as a tool for policymakers, enabling them to identify the best R&D practitioners for benchmarking and develop strategies for enhancing performance by highlighting areas of weakness. This study divides universities’ R&D performance into two dimensions: efficiency and effectiveness. We employ a network data envelopment analysis approach to measure universities’ R&D efficiency, and separately use a multi-index comprehensive evaluation method to assess their R&D effectiveness from a multistage perspective. We calculate the comprehensive R&D performance of universities in 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2014. An analysis of temporal variation reveals that universities’ R&D performance in some provinces improved rapidly, increasing gaps in performance as a whole. The spatial pattern for the 30 provinces shows that universities in provinces with medium or strong R&D performance are mainly in coastal provinces and central areas in China. Finally, universities’ R&D activities are considered ‘efficient and effective’ only in a small number of provinces, while in most provinces, these activities can generally be considered ‘less efficient and effective.’ Hence, universities in provinces with different R&D performance modes should implement targeted improvement strategies according to their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essence of innovation lies in the utilisation of knowledge. To ensure innovation and sustainability, this study constructs an internal linkage framework for open innovation, knowledge management capability and dual innovation. Research results show that both open innovation and knowledge management capability have a positive influence on dual innovation. The impact of inward-oriented open innovation on exploitation innovation is more prominent than that of outward-oriented open innovation. Whereas the impact of outward-oriented open innovation on exploration innovation is more prominent than that of inward-oriented open innovation. Knowledge management capability partially mediates open innovation and dual innovation while open innovation influences dual innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of researches have shown that geographic proximity and technological proximity influence firms' innovative performance. Little work has been done to explore how technological proximity interacts with geographic proximity. Using the theories of recombinant innovation and economic geography, this study develops and tests a theory of how firms' abilities to reap local benefits and generate innovation are influenced by technological features. Data on technological and geographic proximity of the top 100 firms in China's electronics industry from 1985 to 2012 are used to test the hypotheses. This study shows that, for a firm with high geographic proximity or located in a dense area of R&D, a low technological proximity in the industry facilitates the process of recombinant innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is widespread agreement that open innovation (OI) is strongly influenced by external partner heterogeneity. While previous studies have examined partner heterogeneity using quantitative analysis, the implications of a weighted assignment using an external partner heterogeneity index have received less attention. The purpose of this study is to develop a modified partner heterogeneity model. Specifically, using a questionnaire survey of Chinese firms, we develop a new method to measure partner organisational heterogeneity (POH). Then, the moderating factors of an industry's technological environment, termed the technological regime, are introduced. The empirical analysis shows that the technological regime is positively correlated with POH and OI performance. Hence, an advanced technological regime improves POH and OI performance by incorporating external resources and increasing innovation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate the scientific and technological innovation efficiency and economic efficiency of China’s provinces and cities from 2000 to 2016. Based on these two efficiency measures, a logistic model is used to calculate their symbiosis. The results show that, while the high scientific and technological innovation efficiency are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, the high economic efficiency spread from the eastern coastal zones to the inland regions. Further, these efficiencies have gradually shifted from independent development to symbiotic development between 2000 and 2007. From 2008 to 2011, the symbiotic point largely spread, emphasising the difference between regions. After 2012, the symbiotic point gathered around 0 again, indicating that external influences greatly influenced the symbiotic patterns in all regions. Finally, we introduce relevant policy recommendations based on the symbiotic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is a process of knowledge recombination [Fleming, L. 2001. "Recombinant Uncertainty in Technological Search." Management Science 47: 119 p]. Extant literature highlights the importance of a firm's knowledge base for innovation, while little is known about the structure of a firm's knowledge base and how it affects the firm's explorative innovation. Based upon the perspective of network analysis, we portray a firm's knowledge base as an intra-organisational knowledge network and examine the effects of two structural features of the network - density and centralisation - on the firms' exploratory innovation. Using a manual collected dataset of 738 Chinese automobile manufacturers, we find that a firm explores fewer new knowledge elements when the firm holds a dense knowledge network or a centralised knowledge network. More importantly, with the increase of a firm's R&D collaborations with external actors, the negative effect of density is mitigated while the negative effect of centralisation is reinforced. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally believed foreign direct investment (FDI) has spillover effects which can affect the innovation capabilities of local firms in host countries. Comparatively little, however, is known about the contingent local contextual factors that influence how these FDI spillovers can be captured. Integrating the literature on FDI knowledge spillovers with that on inter- and intra-industrial externalities, we explore how local industrial agglomeration moderates the effect of FDI knowledge spillovers on innovation in the emerging market context of China. Empirical estimates, based on panel data of 1610 listed indigenous Chinese firms recorded between 2000 and 2010, indicate that such spillovers are more easily captured in industrially diverse settings. By contrast, industrial specialisation negatively moderates this relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examines the relationship between technological diversification and regional innovation capability (RIC) based on 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2011. Our results support the positive role of technological diversification in affecting RIC. We also investigate the moderating effects of R&D investments and openness on the diversification-innovation relationship. The results indicate that R&D investments exert a positive effect on RIC, while openness, measured as foreign direct investment, exerts a negative influence on RIC. We thus argue that the positive diversification-innovation relationship is contingent on multiple factors. Both policy and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China proactively promotes indigenous technology innovation towards developing an innovation-based economy. This contradicts the developmental state literature that puts emphasis on technology imitation. Drawn from the strategic entrepreneurship perspective, this article explores the role of the government in China's technology innovation process. Carrying out a case study in the high-speed rail (HSR) industry, it suggests that it is best to understand the Chinese government as an entrepreneur in moving China's HSR industry towards technology innovation-driven development, through three dimensions of state-led strategic entrepreneurship: alertness to opportunities, resource exploration and consolidation, and strategic learning. This article highlights the importance of strategic entrepreneurship to the government in an emerging economy context and contributes to the literature by building a conceptual framework of ‘entrepreneurial state’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Networks’ impact on business outcome is documented in various theories. We examined the role of specific actors in the networks of successful Israeli technology ventures and identified the actor's contribution during early, advanced, and merger and acquisition (M&A) stages. A mixed qualitative–quantitative method was applied to collect insight and data from 185 founder-entrepreneurs who exited via M&A. A name generator-interpreter technique was used to obtain details on the role and contribution of 768 actors. Our findings pointed to the influential role of actors such as Venture Capitalists , angels, board members, and multinational firms, as well as the vital contribution of foreign actors, during M&A transactions. We further draw implications to illustrate that, if applied, lessons learned from sell-side acquired ventures can benefit Chinese companies in their quest to acquire innovation via M&A. We suggest that the understanding of networks practiced by acquired ventures can increase buyers’ accessibility and visibility to target opportunities and improve M&A outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on standards battles primarily focus on battles that occur in developed economies. In this research we focus on standards battles in China. In particular, we analyse two cases in which, in China, two competing domestic standards were developed in response to international standards but where the domestic standards do not get diffused in the international and domestic arena. Although the government plays a significant role in developing China's economy, we show that her strong hand does not easily promote a chosen standard into market dominance. By studying these cases of standards battles we open up the black box of the government and identify inconsistencies and competition within the government that lower overall commitment to enforce a strong standardisation policy of the Chinese government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationship between innovation and firm performance in two divergent emerging economy contexts: Korea and China. Mainstream innovation theories make disparate claims for how (1) intensity of innovation, (2) scope of innovation and (3) spillovers impact firm performance. Using a comparative institutionalist approach we hypothesise how these relationships apply to firms in Korea and China. Analysis of 897 firm–year data points over a 4-year period provides broad support for our hypotheses. Intensity of innovation (patent intensity) is a strong cross-contextual argument. Scope and spillover arguments appear to be more context-sensitive. Firms with innovation depth in specific technological fields enjoy better performance in Korea, while diversified innovation is more beneficial for firms in China. Spillovers have a stronger impact in Korea than China. The findings underline the importance of incorporating change in institutional context when developing policy and theory relating to firm innovation and performance in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of locally developed technologies have been globalising, and latecomers like China or South Korea are active in setting their national technology as international standards. This study presents five cases of information and communications technology (ICT) standardisation by China and South Korea and examines their promotion of indigenous technologies as international standards. International standardisation involves complicated networks of domestic and global stakeholders with different interests. Good coordination is therefore required. We identify differences and similarities among the cases and discuss implications. From the case studies, we find that coordination with foreign players is more critical than coordination with domestic players in determining the path and consequences of standardisation projects. Our analysis of the two countries’ standardisation efforts explores lessons to policymakers and firms in other latecomer countries in respect to promoting local technologies into the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Chinese science and technology (S&T) intermediaries have grown rapidly to become the important components of the market-driven economy. In this study, we analyse the characteristics of the Chinese S&T intermediary system and government support policies with regards to the S&T intermediaries' roles from three aspects of the evolution of technology innovation, the enterprise lifecycle and the enterprise R&D paradigm. To investigate the demands typically placed on S&T intermediaries by Chinese enterprises, we have questioned the selected information technology enterprises in Beijing and Jiangsu provinces. Research shows that demands on S&T intermediaries differ between large-scale enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. Furthermore, the Chinese government and enterprises value the S&T intermediary for its function of nurturing the evolution of technology and the enterprise, but overlook its role in open innovation. To address this gap, this research will then help policy makers to better understand how to improve the performance of S&T intermediaries under the open innovation paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]