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Background: Today, active participation and empowerment of rural communities are essential for achieving environmental sustainability. Empowering local people will lead to their active involvement in environmental protection. Research Method: This research aimed to elucidate the concept of environmental empowerment strategy in rural communities, identify effective indicators, and present strategies in South Mirbeg District. It is a part of basic research with an exploratory approach due to its purpose and descriptiveanalytical methodology. After identifying and defining the effective components of environmental empowerment through literature review and expert opinions, a specialized questionnaire was designed to collect information from 365 households and 5 villages. Research Innovation: The innovative aspect of this research lay in the thematic combination of empowerment and environmental strategies. Research Findings: The components of new environmental technologies (A4) with a weighting factor of 0.094, financial incentives (A8) with a weighting factor of 0.094, and environmental investments (A11) with a weighting factor of 0.086 had the greatest effects on the process of environmental empowerment in the territory. Among the selected indicators, the effect coefficient of managers and decision-makers (A14) with a weighted value of 0.014 and the index of extrapolated plans and programs (A15) with a weighted value of 0.019 had the lowest effects on the process of environmental empowerment of residents in the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity. Introduction Urban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran. From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Definition: What are the reasons for Saudi Arabia's conservative foreign policy shift to an aggressive approach after the Arab spring in Yemen? Purpose: Investigating and analyzing the causes of the Saudi military invasion of Yemen from two geopolitical and ideological aspects and its impact on Saudi Arabia's balancing policy with Iran. Methodology: The study was conducted using the descriptive-analytic method. Data collection method was library one using scientific and research papers and online sites. The theoretical framework of this paper was derived from the theory of balance of power, which emphasizes the (relative) equality of power between the two rival blocs, providing a useful theoretical framework for examining the shift in the conservative approach of Saudi foreign policy to the aggressive approach following the Arab spring developments in Yemen. Result: The findings of this article suggest that Ansarullah's full control over Yemen could change the balance of power for Iran's benefit by endangering Saudi security (provoking Shiites in the south and east as well as threatening oil transit through the strategic Bab al- Mandab Strait) and expand its sphere of influence in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has changed its conservative foreign policy approach to an aggressive foreign policy towards Yemen after changes in Islamic awakening for expanding its influence and maximizing its security on the one hand and to curb the expansion of Iranian influence in the region with the aim of weakening the axis of resistance and balancing strategy on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement:One of the ways to increase the quality of the environment is paying attention to the issue of pedestrianism, and supporting the social and cultural activities. Obviously, the promotion of pedestrianism indicators, is depended on detailed planning in different areas, and paying attention to the effective details on the quality of the environment, including pedestrian network supporting spaces. One of the strategies for the success of urban development projects, is carrying down the residents-based assessments. In this paper, the central tissue of Shahrekord is selected as the statistical population of the research, and we are investigating the performance of the pedestrian network supporting spaces in this area, using Cochran's sampling. Aim:The purpose of this paper is measuring the residents' Satisfaction level, from supportive spaces in the pedestrian network. Methods: The central tissue of Shahrekord, based on the new-urbanism Approach. This is an applied journal, with a descriptive-analytical method; while data gathering being done by questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Its analysis was done by Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Examining the position and function of the selected supporting spaces indicates that the distribution of backup spaces, supports the existing pedestrian structure. With Historical buildings, Business centers, and Public Transportation Terminals having the most Satisfaction, And the least satisfaction being related to Cultural and artistic activities, green spaces and recreational areas. Innovation: It seems that strengthening the pedestrian network supporting spaces, causes to promote the satisfaction of residents from the Environment quality, while considered as an effective step in promoting the pedestrianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Islamic Republic of Iran has suffered a lot over the last 40 years to control and control and prevent social damage and drug abuse. The alarming spread of this issue, especially in the geographical distribution of Isfahan, family and other educational institutions, has faced new doubts and concerns. Therefore, cultural policy makers and urban management need to update information and their findings in order to design more effective plans in this area to provide them as soon as possible perspective on the status quo of addiction. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of how geographical distribution of social damage in Isfahan and what are the trends and trends of drug use and its changes, type and age group and gender in Isfahan and what changes have they experienced. Method: This paper is carried out using a secondary analysis of surveys and national research. The results: data of the study, feminized and industrialization of drugs, globalization and, especially at the critical point of Isfahan. The results of this research show that Isfahan has seen a change in pattern of social damage among the age group of young people. The emergence of criminal and criminal families is a new pattern for social damage in the areas and hotbeds of tourism and also the change of the sex composition of social crimes is one of the characteristics of social damage in the geographical area of Isfahan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated approach to the key elements of rural spatial policy-making -including places, people and activities- in the formulation of laws, programs and policies; promotes sustainable rural development. Lack of integrated vision, while having a sectorial approach, in the process of formulating rural development programs in Iran, has caused serious challenge to the sustainable development of these areas. The aim of this paper is analyzing the qualitative content of spatial policies of rural development in Iran. The present paper is a fundamental research in terms of nature; and a developmental research, in terms of purpose. Data analyzing method in this paper is based on qualitative-content-oriented Analysis. Spatial policy subjects, include place-based policies, physical sustainable development, and the institutionalization of sustainable development policies. These categories include 11 indicators (subcategories), constituting the conceptual framework of the research. Qualitative-content Analysis of spatial policies, based on the 11 indicators or sub-categories of the research, 143 codes were obtained, after extracting the unit of meaning, compressing the sentences, and encoding. These codes were categorized in different categories (categories and indicators), respecting their conceptual and thematic relationship. Results showed that of total of 143 codes extracted, the index of planning nature, budgeting, and making Sustainable Development National Strategy, with 21 codes (14.68%) ranked in the first; three indicators of economic dimensions, physical-infrastructural dimensions, and coordination of sectors and Different levels (national and local), ranked the second place with 18 codes (12.58%); and finally the indicator of backwarded-regions protection, with 15 codes (10.48%) ranked the third place. Therefore, the orientation of spatial policies for rural development is towards planning and budgeting factors, physical-infrastructural dimensions, economic, and backwarded regions supporting, while the share of social and environmental factors and the participation of NGOs and the private sector in the formulation of these policies, is little. The Innovational aspect of this paper is its comprehensive analysis of policy-making documents - including five-year development plans, general policies of these plans, general laws and system policies (33 related documents)- using spatial policy indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue: The critiques of modernism in urbanization has led to the emergence of post-modernist approaches; consequently, environmental and sustainable urban development. Transit- Oriented Development (TOD) is one of the examples of sustainable urban development, whose main goal is to solve traffic problems of cities, based on land use planning, and public transportation development. In the new comprehensive plan of Tabriz, in addition to the central core of the city, two sub-cores in the east and west of the city are proposed as the focus of the city concentration cores; while, a transport-oriented development approach and the creation of a nodal-transit model, were chosed as the traffic-policy of the project. Obviously, the lack of coordination in focusing these areas with traffic plans, and turning these centers into transport-oriented development centers, will create new traffic problems. Aim: Therefore, the main aim of the present study is to measure these centers in terms of space, and their capacity to turn them into TOD centers, and in the cases available, there are solutions delivered, to improve the situation. Methodology: The purpose of this research is applied; while is descriptive in terms of method. The work process generally consists of two stages of library studies and field research. The most important tool for collecting and analyzing information, were GIS softwares, like ARC GIS 10.3 software. The Morris uncertainty coefficients, the linear nonscaling method (special vector) and hierarchical analysis method (AHP) are used for ranking and comparative comparison of the studied areas. Innovation: The present paper's innovation was standardizing and categorizing the transportoriented development approach; while using the analytical functions of GIS software such as Arc GIS and Autodesk MAP for field analysis of indices. Results: results of the research show that the railway part has relatively better status than the university neighborhood; and none of the proposed kernels of the comprehensive plan in the current situation, are in good agreement with the TOD indices, and to transform into TOD, there should make major spatial changes in their structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Places form part of people's identity. But today, urban places, including neighborhoods – affected by urbanism and urbanization- have lost their meaning, resulting in the weakening of today-citizens’ place identity. However, some old neighborhoods -as Identity-maker elements- may still maintain and enhance citizens’ place-identity, and due to this important role, this calls for double attention. Regarding the importance of this subject, the aim of this research is to analyze the place identity level, and its affecting factors, in one of the oldest neighborhoods in Sabzevar, named Kolah Farangi Neighborhood .This is a survey research, the required data of which, have been collected by questionnaire with simple random sampling, then analyzed using onesample T-test and Pearson correlation and Lambda correlation. In the paper, place-identity has been evaluated with five components, including external evaluation, familiarity, pastcontinuity, place commitment and attachment. Results show that, except of the external evaluation component, other components of place-identity are at the appropriate level and despite the changes that have taken place in the physical context of the Kolah Farangi neighborhood, the neighborhood still has a high level of identity for its inhabitants. Also, the length of residence in a neighborhood, housing ownership status, social interactions and the sense of security, affect the place-identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns of city planners and managers is how to distribute and allocate resources, and provide urban services fairly in different parts of the city according to the needs of the urban community. The lack of optimal distribution of services between different regions and areas of the city, provides for the emergence of problems aroused by injustices and socio-economic inequalities. This paper aims to investigate and determine the allocation and concentration of resources and urban services; emphasizing on spatial inequality approach in different regions of Yazd. The research method was descriptive-correlative, using library methods for data collection, and utilizing statistical techniques and Williamson's utility models, Shannon Entropy, Topsis, LQ Factor, and Spearman-Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results indicate unequal distribution of a number of urban facilities and services among different regions of the city. Finally, the way of urban-services spatial distribution indicates the tendency of urban land uses, to focus and polarity in some parts of the city; while there is also no relationship between the services and population-density of the regions. Findings show that this relationship has been existed in the past. Finally, in order to increase spatial inequality in differen regions of Yazd, the priority of suggested land uses was determined, using local-coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement: Nowadays, phrases such as fast paced world, rapid environmental changes, fast transportation, and so on, are much heard. In the era of acceleration, humans are advised not to get lagged from the speed convoy. Accordingly, a new paradigm, called slow-city, is emerging. Slow- Cities movement was created in 1986, as a cultural movement to enhance the quality of life and reducing speed in urban areas. The movement initially began with the idea of cooking slow foods, against fast food, also protesting against McDonald's food chain, then gradually developed. Purpose: Esfahan with a history of Sustainable urbanization; is moving towards being a fast-city in the current age. Disorderliness in traditional quarters, car-basedness, creating broad highways, Unplanned density-selling, a lot of fastfood shops, lack of attention to greenways, etc., encourage people to join this acceleration. One of the objectives of this research is the analysis of slow-city indicators in Isfahan; and this assessment for Isfahan, with a chronic acceleration, can be considered as an effective solution in slow and enjoyable urban development. Methodology: This paper is based on the slow-city indicing, which benefiting from the combination of objective and subjective indices from different sources, first fulfills the process of codification and domesticitation of indices; then, analyzes about 50 slowing indicators in Isfahan's 15 regions, through combining objective methods (data collection based in the objective indices and standards), and fieldquestionnaire methods, using elites' opinions. Results: results showed that regions 3, 5 and 10 had the highest rank in terms of slow-city indicators, and the second rank included regions 6, 1, and 15. The worst situation was for regions 8, 13 and 9, having lowest scores in this ranking. Innovation: Due to the less attention having been paid in Iran and especially in Isfahan to the slowcity indicators, this research is considered innovative in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statemen: Information and communication technology (ICT) is considered as the growth engineand an energy source for economical and social empowermentof each country, specially the third world countries; whil, this technology, having a pivotal role people's quotodienne life, and their accessability to freedom, justice, welfare and also security. Aim: This paper aims at analysising the effects of ICT, on the rural good governance in the rural areas of Meshginshar County. Mehodology: This study is developmental in its goal; while, being descriptive-survey, with the analytical-specifying in terms of natur. Statistical population of research included all of villagers residing in the rural areas of Meshginshar County, having had ICT offices. In addition, for determining sample size, the villagers, we benefited the Cochran formula with the confidence level of 95% and the error probability of 5%. Data gathering for responding the research questions, has been in two methods of documentary (the secondary data) and survey (the initial data); while, the used tools in survey method, having been questionnaire and interview. face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert panel. A guiding study, including 30 questionnaires, was carried down in the similar region, and based on the gathered data, and using the Cronbach's alpha in SPSS software, the reliability of different parts of the questionnaire was determined between 0.78-0.89. Results: relating to the relation between dependent and independent research variables in the villages with ICT offices, the relationship between efficiency and effectiveness variables, social participation, conscientiousness and monitoring; with the variable of information and communication technology, has been positive at 1% error rate. And the relationship between the variables of justice and equity and social responsibility, with the information and communication technology variable, has been positive at 5% error rate. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between variables of transparency, flexibility and rule of law; with the variable of information and communication technology. In addition, relating to the relationship between independent and dependent variables of research, in the villages without ICT offices, resulted in a positive relationship between consistency and monitoring variables, with the information and communication technology variable, at 1% error rate. There was no significant relationship between variables of flexibility, efficiency and effectiveness, transparency, social participation, rule of law, justice and equity, and social responsibility; with the variable of information and communication technology. Innovation: Looking at rural development management with a new approach, and trying to consolidate the foundations of e-government, in governing the local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deterioration is a fact which has influenced most of the historic cities of Iran. What is certain in such cities, this problem has hampered the growth of the urban texture and is pushing it around. Therefore, in addition to destroying the internal texture of the historic parts of the city, it is creating huge costs upon the city by emerging new contexts. The current paper approach is descriptive-analyticand the method is combination of both field studies and documental methods. The research was conducted by using both SWOT and AHP techniques and also Expert choice software. In this research, we have assessed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban deteriorated contexts of Dogonbadan city. The findings obtained from above model indicate that in terms of strengths, providing renewal and development plans of deteriorated context (ultimate weight= 0.315) , Existing urban services including: water, electricity, gas,.. (ultimate weight= 0.274) and confortable accessibility to urban center market and other parts of the town (ultimate weight= 0.193) are the most important factors. In the context of weaknesses, high unemployment rate (ultimate rate= 0.284), low income (ultimate weight= 0.195) and inappropriate streets (ultimate weight= 0.158), are the most important factors respectively. In terms of opportunities, locating in Oil City Dogonbadan (ultimate weight= 0.41), proximity to shopping centers of the city (ultimate weight= 0.184) and existence of residential areas around the texture (ultimate weight= 0.123), are the most important factors. And ultimately, among the threats, the factors such as: The increasing influx of immigrants into the context (ultimate weight= 0.349), negative attitudes towards living in these textures (ultimate weight= 0.216) and disregard to public participation (ultimate weight= 0.198), are the most important factors. Final analyzes in this research has led to efficient strategies to optimize and improve the urban deteriorated contexts in the Dogonbadan which have been given as details in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Achievement of sustainable rural development necessitates active participation of all stakeholders within these communities. Among the crucial components for progress and development in rural areas is the enhancement of manpower skills. Recognizing significant involvement of rural women in village production activities, growth of tourism in these regions presents a new opportunity for their engagement in development, thereby underscoring the importance of their empowerment. Empowerment has emerged as a fundamental aspect of sustainable development, wherein augmenting women's capacity and control over resources can be facilitated through tourism development. This research aimed to assess the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. This study adopted a practical research approach with survey-based data collection. The research population comprised the residents of coastal villages in Bushehr Province. The sample size for this study was determined to be 400 individuals using Cochran’s formula. Statistical analysis, employing the one-sample T-test and utilizing AMOS and SPSS software, was conducted. The theoretical framework and the results of the statistical analysis employed in this research demonstrated the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban regeneration, a contemporary approach to revitalizing worn-out urban areas, has a tremendous impact on the quality of life and sustainability of residents. When combined with creative strategies like urban branding, this approach can spur the growth and enhancement of dilapidated urban fabric, ultimately boosting a city's competitiveness. The primary aim of this research was to analyze and model the regeneration of the worn-out urban areas of Shahr-e-Kord from urban branding perspective. The worn-out tissue of Shahr-e-Kord was selected as a case study. This was an applied research study with a descriptive-correlational purpose. The data were collected through documentary and field methods. The statistical population included 8292 residents of Shahr-e-Kord worn-out fabric with a sample of 367 participants selected using Cochran's formula. The questionnaires were completed by 400 participants using cluster sampling and simple classification. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in PLS software was employed for data analysis. The results indicated that physical and spatial interventions (path coefficient of 0.508) had the most significant impact on the effective regeneration of Shahr-e-Kord worn-out fabric followed by marketing and place promotion components (coefficient of 0.355). Non-spatial interventions (0.214) and indirect marketing effects (0.180) ranked lower in influence. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a strong, positive, and significant influence of the branding variable on the regeneration of the worn-out urban fabric with an impact coefficient of 0.833. This suggested that a change in urban branding factors and components could lead to favorable changes in urban regeneration variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: Selmas City situated in West Azerbaijan province at coordinates 38° 12ʹ north and 44° 46ʹ and 40ʺ east experienced a significant earthquake almost a century ago. On Tuesday night or Wednesday morning, May 17, 1930, the city was struck by a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 on the Richter scale and 2.7 on the Geophysics Institute scale. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the history of Azerbaijan and the broader Middle East region up until that time. The year 1930 became synonymous with seismic activity, earning the name "Selmas" in the annals of seismology. Objective: This research aimed to investigate and examine the impact of the May 1309 earthquake on the human geography, as well as the historical and ancient structures of Selmas City and its surrounding region. Methodology: This study adopted a fundamental research approach, employing a descriptive and analytical methodology. It relied on primary sources, such as documents, libraries, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes. Results: The findings of this research revealed that the Selmas earthquake had led to the destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its vicinity. The extent of the damage extended from Selmas Plain to Qatur, Khoy, and Upper Zab Regions in Turkey. Alongside the loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives, this earthquake had caused substantial damage to numerous historical and ancient structures throughout the entire Selmas Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the significant social disruptions caused by natural disasters in urban areas fostering social resilience as a capability not only helps to maintain the initial performance of cities, but also contributes to their post-disaster improvement and prosperity. This study focused on evaluating the indicators of social resilience in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz as these historical areas were among the most vulnerable parts of the city and played a crucial role in restoring normal social conditions. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. In the analysis section, SPSS software was utilized, employing one-way variance and sample t-test methods to examine the impacts of gender, age, and education on the three functional, social, and cultural dimensions. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were investigated using multivariate regression analysis. The research findings highlighted that the indicators of creating an inclusive urban space for all segments of society, fostering a sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood, were the most influential factors in promoting social resilience. Moreover, enhancing resilience in the face of crises necessitated increasing social interactions and raising people's awareness. Therefore, establishing a platform that fostered social interactions within the neighborhood and served as a hub for activities could expedite the neighborhood's recovery process during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mental and social well-being of urban residents is greatly influenced by their exposure to vibrant and engaging physical environments and face-to-face interactions. The development of walkways is considered a crucial step toward achieving these goals. This research focused on evaluating the vitality indicators of Jahānshahr Walkway in Karaj City. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical, utilizing observational data collected through a checklist, as well as survey data obtained from a questionnaire. The sample population consisted of 270 randomly selected walkway users. Data analysis was conducted using EXCEL software, employing an innovative model. The findings revealed that the assessed walkway received a score of 4.666 (on a scale of 0-5), indicating a good level of vitality. However, Jahānshahr Walkway was lacking in certain social indicators, such as incorporation of cultural symbols, organization of festivals and rituals to attract people to the space, and presence of elements that appealed to children. On the other hand, its strengths lay in indicators, such as availability of recreational and leisure activities, diversity of leisure time options, and vibrancy of the walkway's surroundings, which were predominantly linked to the economic dimension. To enhance the vitality of the space, it is recommended to focus on preserving and expanding green areas catering to the needs of children, developing cultural identity and symbols, improving sanitation facilities, and ensuring convenient access to banks and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most investigable topics in modern cities is achieving sustainable development. One of the strategies to achieve sustainable development is to preserve the balance and harmony between population, and resources and services available in a city. This paper aims at determining the extent to which, each of the seventeen districts of Boroujerd city enjoys facilities and utilities, while its method is descriptive-analytic. At first, the per capita of the status quo of each urban land use was separately extracted for each area from the detailed map, then, using TOPSIS method, each urban area was evaluated in terms of benefiting urban facilities and services. In the present study, the per capita of urban land use for commercial, educational, cultural, tourism-catering, healthcare-medical, officialdisciplinary, green space, facilities and equipment, and sport elements in each area was considered as research indexes; and the 17 city districts considered as alternatives. Results indicate that, considering urban facilities and services, most of the districts in this city, are not in a desirable status. As a result, we can divide the city areas in four levels in terms of development. In this way, the area 17 is placed in the first level of development, areas 2, 12 and 15 in the second level, areas 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 16 in the third level, and areas 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13 and 14 in the fourth level of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, lake tourism, as one of the newest forms of natural tourism has gone under attention of academic assemblies. The experts of the tourism believe lakes of a large capacity to attract tourists. These experts are somehow realistic, as the lakes and ponds are some of the most unique, beautiful, original and amazing phenomena, each including so exquisite, attractive, unknown and mysterious sights, that can attract lots of tourists. In this view, the numerous lakes of Fars province, shows a series of attractive visual interconnected elements for tourists. Therefore, the goal of this paper is positioning qualified lakes for tourism development in Fars province. Identifying the potential capable sights for lake tourism development, calls for Identification and analyzing the criteria, sub criteria, and several options of information layers. Thus, in the article, as the first step, the required information layers for positioning the Potential areas of lake tourism development are prepared, and then, because of the differences in the level of criteria, sub criteria and affecting options, 20 authors and experts in the field of tourism, made a binary comparison between these components, and calculated the final weight of each, using AHP Model. After that, regarding the final weight of sub criteria and options, the information layers were combined, using GIS software. The results of the combination of these information layers showed that the capable areas (lakes) for tourism development in Fars province are prioritized for suitable development, so that three lakes (Pareeshan, Herm- Kariyan, and Hiramm) are placed in very suitable domain; "Arjan desert" lake is placed in very suitable and suitable domain; "Maharlou", "Tashk" and "Bakhtigan" are placed in suitable domain; and finally, the lake "Kaaftar" is placed in suitable and very unsuitable domains for lake tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing tourism eco-camps is a key strategy for sustainable tourism development, particularly in religious tourism destinations, as it enhances their appeal and economic value while preserving spiritual and historical sites. Weis Al-Qarn, a popular tourist destination in Kermanshah Province, attracts a significant number of visitors annually. Introducing a tourism eco-camp in this area can be a crucial step towards achieving sustainable religious tourism objectives. Hence, this quantitative and applied research aimed to identify an appropriate location for a tourism eco-camp in the tourist area of Weis Al-Qarn in Kermanshah Province. To accomplish this objective, 12 criteria, including elevation, slope, annual solar radiation angle, geology, proximity to landslide areas, distance from the river, distance from roads, land use, vegetation differentiation index, distance from cemeteries, distance from the court of Weis Al-Qarn, and proximity to paragliding sites, were employed. The data analysis involved using the overlay method and the Weighted Sum tool in ArcGIS software. The research findings revealed that out of the total investigated area of 219.39 ha for the tourism eco-camp construction, approximately 32.2 ha were classified as highly suitable, 55.03 ha as suitable, 60.76 ha as moderately suitable, 45.73 ha as unsuitable, and 25.66 ha as highly unsuitable. The highly suitable area was predominantly located in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area with a limited portion in the western section [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Literary tourism plays a crucial role in generating wealth and creating jobs worldwide, particularly in Iran and other developing countries. It serves as a fundamental pillar of tourism, offering societies a new path for knowledge, progress, and long-term sustainability. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the key factors driving the advancement of literary tourism in Iran. Research method: To achieve this objective, the study adopted an applied approach with an interpretive and analytical focus. Methodologically, it fell within the realm of qualitative and quantitative research. The analysis utilized grand theory, Delphi, and the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) model. The research population consisted of experts and elites in the broader field of tourism with a specific emphasis on literary tourism. Targeted sampling methods were employed to select a sample size of 30 individuals for data collection. Findings: The study identified several categories for enhancing the development of literary tourism in Iran. These categories included improving managerial and institutional practices, increasing investment in literary tourism and related initiatives, enhancing competitiveness through effective advertising, considering legal aspects, and constructing a localized model. Such factors as discourse narratives, educational initiatives, specialized activity development, and literary route creation were determined through a two-stage Delphi method research and confirmed to be significant by expert consensus. The subsequent analysis using the SSIM Matrix revealed that improvements in managerial and institutional measures exerted influence over other factors. Additionally, formulation of a local literary tourism model, encompassing discourse narratives, education, specialized activity development, and literary route creation emerged as a crucial factor in attracting literary tourists, influencing other factors while also being influenced by them in return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: The location and architectural design of administrative sites play a crucial role in achieving passive defense goals and facilitating decision-making at various strategic levels. Office spaces are a key consideration for urban planners and designers. Objective: This applied research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, aimed to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Methodology: The study employed documentary methods and questionnaires to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as the statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. The IHWP model's positioning was analyzed using GIS software and the AHP method in Expert Choice software was utilized to assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample. Innovation: The research findings revealed that from among the 4 regions of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% had low desirability, 43.40% demonstrated moderate desirability, 28.74% displayed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. Notably, desirability tended to decrease from north to south. Furthermore, the study examined 47 architectural indicators for office building design, highlighting the necessity of incorporating secure underground spaces for emergency shelter and safeguarding sensitive areas within office buildings to enhance resilience against potential threats. Ultimately, the research presented the placement and design requirements for office buildings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to assess the suitability of land for constructing an outdoor sports stadium in Ardebil Province, focusing on the climate. Methodology: Weather variables, such as mean temperature, snowfall, and rainfall, along with environmental factors, were considered. The evaluation utilized a combination of Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), and Geographic Information System (GIS). A separate layer was created for each variable and after determining their weights, overlaying the layers with fuzzing was used to identify optimal lands for sports facilities in Ardebil Province. Results: The findings indicated that snowy days and average temperature were the most significant factors influencing the selection of land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.241 and 0.163, respectively. Among the environmental criteria, land slope and elevation were the most important factors for selecting land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.294 and 0.166, respectively. The land suitability results revealed that areas in the northern half of Ardebil Province, particularly Moghan Plain, Garmi, Aslandoz, and Beile-Savar, were highly suitable for constructing a sports stadium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When implementing urban plans, it is crucial to consider socio-cultural dimensions alongside physical aspects. While restoration and enhancement of historical contexts often prioritize physical intervention, social and cultural aspects are sometimes overlooked. Research indicates that prior to any physical intervention, it is essential to address and evaluate social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the cultural-social and historical contexts of Baba Qasim and propose a series of social intervention measures in the neighborhoods of Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan. The research methodology employed in this study was descriptive-analytical, utilizing both library and field methods for data collection. Furthermore, in line with the research approach, endeavors were made to conduct people-centered and participatory planning through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population comprised the residents of the neighborhoods of Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan in Isfahan Region 3. To determine the statistical sample, Cochran's formula was utilized, resulting in the selection and study of 320 residents of Babaghasem Neighborhood. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 100 residents and key figures from Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbalistan neighborhoods. Data analysis in this research was conducted in two distinct stages. Initially, the SPSS version 24 software was employed to analyze the collected information. Subsequently, the content analysis method was utilized to extract, interpret, and systematically report the concepts and themes present in the data. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the residents' sense of belonging to their living environment, social trust, social cohesion among residents, level of participation, and residents' willingness to engage in renovation efforts. Consequently, as these indicators increased, there was a greater inclination towards renovation and a reduction in deterioration. Therefore, it was concluded that by bolstering social capital in the neighborhood of Baba Qasim, further degradation of this valuable neighborhood of the city could be averted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial justice is a focal point in the field of urban facilities planning, and a branch of social justice, in which neighborhoods' status, in terms of distribution of services and and the enjoyment of various economic, social and infrastructure indicators, are examined. In this paper, spatial justice in distribution of urban services in 18 neighborhoods of Tehran's 6th district was studied. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In a way that at first, using VIKOR model, we analyzed the distribution of services in neighborhoods. Then, in order to evaluate the urban management in distribution of services, SPSS statistical tests were used. The results of vikor model show an unfair distribution of services at the neighborhoods of 6th district. Argentina-Saa'ee, and Vali Asr Square neighborhood, with the score of (0.069) and (0.083) enjoyed better services; and Jannat-Roftegar, and Fatemi neighborhoods with score (1) and (0.863), had the weakest service distribution. Findings showed citizen dissatisfaction from service distribution. In a way that Keshawarz and Qezel-Qal'e had the highest and lowest level of satisfaction in case of distribution of services. The reason for this can be found in the lack of participating the citizens, having non-defined neighborhood usages in the civil management system of Iran, the lack or decline of infrastructure facilities, and services and the unclear status of councils -as a link between citizens and civil managers. These are the important factors, intensifying the inequality between neighborhoods. As urban management is the main axle of services distribution among neighborhoods, it can play a better role in the distribution of services, with acquiring knowledge of how the way of services distribution in the neighborhoods, and citizen satisfaction level of that distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural housing in Iran in terms of making model is in transition from traditional model to modern model. New model of rural housing is often derived from the model of urban housing which reminiscent is kind of city landscape in the village. Rural housing improvement projects in country that by Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation runs, one of the factors transformative in model of rural housing from traditional to modern. While housing in rural areas not only as living space and has multiple functions. This paper has tried to within the framework of sustainable development with pathological approach to the evaluation new model of rural housing in Shusf vill with the help of experience the local community. This research is qualitative. Documentary and field studies data has been collected. In the field method from direct observation and semi-structured interview technique was used. Data has been analyzed with grounded theory. Results show that the new model of rural housing damages such as physiological anomalies, functional alteration of housing and deterioration the field of household economic growth, energy challenge and nature destruction disrupt of social - cultural space and inefficiencies induced of rural settlements. Finally we can say that this new model due to link rupture it's with conditions and rural environments, in the process of achieving sustainable rural development basic gaps is entered [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexploitation of natural resources and the environment during urban development has led to numerous environmental challenges in cities. This study aimed to identify the key criteria for establishing sponge eco-city pavements using environmental technologies and assess the importance and performance of these criteria in Shiraz. The research adopted an applied approach and utilized a descriptive survey method to analyze the importance-performance of environmental technology components in sponge eco-city pavements. Initially, a Delphi study was conducted, involving 30 expert panel members selected through a snowball sampling method. Following multiple sessions, the criteria with the highest scores were identified through an importance-performance analysis. The findings revealed that permeability and cost-effectiveness were the most and least important criteria with values of 3.78 and 3.30, respectively. In terms of performance, load bearing capacity and water storage capacity scored the highest and lowest with values of 3.16 and 3.04, respectively. The importance-performance matrix positioned permeability and water storage capacity in the 1st quarter, stability and load bearing capacity in the 2nd quarter, strengthening the underground ecosystem in the 3 rd quarter, and affordability in the 4th quarter. Ultimately, the study emphasized the prioritization of permeability and water storage capacity, which held the highest weights of 2.646 and 2.442, respectively. thus, they should receive primary attention in the development of pavements in Shiraz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tourism as a vital economic sector necessitates infrastructure development. Within this context, provision of tourist accommodation stands out as a crucial service for sectoral growth, requiring optimal siting based on diverse regional indicators and capacities. Purpose: This study aimed to identify potential areas for establishing tourist accommodation in Dezpart Region in Khuzestan Province. Additionally, it conducted a comparative analysis of fuzzy overlay models to assess their respective outcomes. Research Method: The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach based on spatial data. Fuzzy logic analysis was conducted using ArcGIS software, involving data standardization, fuzzification using established algorithms, and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to derive criteria weights. The fuzzy overlay methods were then utilized to generate the final map. Findings: The results indicated that, among the 9 criteria examined, the distance from tourism sources (with a final weight of 0.290) and the distance from fault lines (with a weight of 0.192) were the most influential in identifying areas suitable for tourist accommodation. Furthermore, analysis of the fuzzy overlay models confirmed that the Gamma model was more stringent and pessimistic compared to the Sum model. According to the Sum fuzzy model, over 39.41% of the area was deemed suitable, whereas the Gamma model identified only 10.3% as suitable for accommodating tourism services. The overall quality assessment also supported the superiority of the Sum model in delineating potential areas for tourist accommodation. Examination of the spatial distribution of the final maps revealed a greater concentration of suitable areas in the central and northern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of a smart city involves utilizing information and communication technology to improve the livability and sustainability of urban areas and unique locations, thereby promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. The extensive use of digital sensors and control systems for managing urban infrastructure has led to the development of various applications with the Internet of Things (IoT) playing a crucial role in enabling new services and enhancing interaction levels. As this technology continues to progress, it holds the potential to transform every aspect of human life. This research aimed to conduct a spatial analysis of smart city indicators, particularly those related to the IoT across 13 regions of Mashhad metropolis. This study took an applied approach with a descriptive-analytical nature by utilizing both documentary (library) and field (questionnaire) data collection methods. The sample consisted of residents from 13 regions within Mashhad metropolis with a sample size of 171 questionnaires determined based on the 2016 population of 3,062,242. The questionnaires were distributed proportionately across each region. The data analysis was conducted by using SPSS software and decision-making methods, such as MEREC and COCOSO. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling approach (Smart PLS) was employed for a comprehensive analysis. The research findings indicated that Regions 9, 1, and 4 showed the highest levels of smart city indicators based on IoT in Mashhad, while Regions 3, 12, and 10 exhibited the lowest levels. According to the results of the PLS structural equation modeling test, the variable of smart governance showed the highest overall impact coefficient (1.523) on the IoT-based smart city followed by smart economy (1.256), smart citizen (0.895), smart environment (0.687), smart mobility (0.622), and smart living (0.160). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rapid growth of global population and urbanization has resulted in disorder in urban spaces, diminishing their effectiveness and exacerbating transportation issues. Furthermore, the lack of foresight by urban managers in long-term planning has hindered sustainable urban development. Consequently, policymakers and urban planners have been compelled to address these challenges through appropriate measures and strategies. The Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) approach has been presented as a viable solution to these disruptions. This approach aims to revitalize surrounding land uses and improve the movement of goods and services by making adjustments in the vicinity of public transportation systems. The metro station of Meydan Sā'at (Line 1) in the twomunicipality area of Tabriz City holds significant potential to evolve into a TOD center due to its numerous challenges. Objective: The research endeavored to foster sustainable development, cultivate a welcoming environment, and restructure land use in accordance with TOD criteria. Research Method: The methodology employed was descriptive-analytical with practical objectives and the research was conducted through the preparation of a questionnaire, data extraction from GIS software, and the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings: Upon analyzing 4 primary criteria and 9 influential sub-criteria, the results underscored the significance of options, such as enhancing economic efficiency, improving the public transportation system's effectiveness, and increasing density with the selection priority scores of 0.25, 0.183, and 0.161, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shahinshahr, located 19 kilometers north of Isfahan, has recently transformed into one of the immigration-accepting cities in the province. Assessing natural potential is vital for achieving sustainable development, particularly in urban centers. Objective: This research aims to investigate the ecological potential of Shahinshahr for urban development based on land use principles, utilizing geographic information systems. Research Methods: The research uses a descriptive-analytical approach and falls under the category of applied research. To achieve the research goal, spatial data and relevant analyses were conducted in GIS, along with the multi-criteria decision-making models ANP and SAW. The process involved conducting fundamental studies and preparing digitized thematic maps of the region. By overlaying elevation, slope, direction, soil types, vegetation, geology, and climate maps and using ANP and SAW methods, an ecological power map for urban development was created in Arc GIS 10.8 environment. Research Innovation: This study represents a novel approach in Shahinshahr, where spatial data and decision-making techniques are simultaneously utilized to pursue the primary research objective. Research Results: The results indicate that the northern part of the city is favorable for development. In addition, depending on the climatic conditions and topography of the area, floods may occur in case of rain. In order to deal with this issue, the necessary measures have already been taken. There is a connector in this range that can solve this problem. On the other hand, the southern and eastern parts are non-scientific due to their connection to the cities of Isfahan, Gaz, and Gorgab, and the western part due to their proximity to large industries such as Isfahan Refinery and petrochemicals. Also, the development of the southern part is unprincipled and inappropriate due to the existence of sewage facilities and agricultural lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Space has always been a place of thinking and theorizing in various scientific fields, including geography. Each scholar looks at space from a different perspective. In the meantime, in the present research, an attempt has been made to study the reading of the concept of space from the perspective of the actant-network theory and to obtain a new reading of the concept of space. Objective: The aim of the current research is to identify the applications of the actant-network theory in reading the concept of space and also to expand new visions by using new intellectual-philosophical theories in looking at space. Research Methods: The current research is a part of basic research and it is done based on the analytical method. The source of this research to discover applications is Bruno Latour's (1996) actant-network theory. In this study, the data were collected by referring to main texts and secondary materials (articles, theses, and books written in recent years about the actor-network theory) by sampling the texts (in a targeted manner). The purpose of sampling here is to theorize applications, not statistical generalization. Research Findings: The actant-network theory defends the agency of non-human actors along with humans by rejecting essentialism as well as nature/society duality and believes that human actors are not superior to non-human actors and the whole is not in the hands of any of them. The application of the actant-network theory in the reading of the concept of space results in the acceptance of the principle of suspension in the knowledge of space, space as a syntagm, collective prod [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background: As one of the main sources of development, the city has a very important and decisive role. Therefore, urban management plays an important role in the development of this factor. In this context, good urban governance by using the capacity of existing institutions and creating institutional platforms to facilitate decision-making is effective in recreating the worn-out urban texture. Objective: In this research, the objective is to investigate the status of good urban governance indicators and their impact on the regeneration of the worn-out texture of Semnan City. Research Method: In this study, the descriptive-analytical research method was based on collecting data through the field. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was also verified with a Cronbach coefficient greater than 0.70. The statistical population of the research is made up of 92,203 residents in the wornout texture of Semnan. The sample size (380 people) was determined by Cochran's formula. Findings: The result of the one-sample t-test showed that the variables of good urban governance are significant at a level of less than 0.05 and have an average status in the worn-out texture of Semnan city. Also, the result of the test confirmed that the best situation was related to the central justice index with an average rating of 4.24. The result of the one-sample t-test showed that the healing state of the texture was weak. In addition, the regression result of the 63.2 percent effectiveness of good governance in promoting urban regeneration indicates that two indicators of transparency and justice have the greatest impact on regeneration with beta values of 0.324 and 0.311, respectively. Overall, good urban governance as a model of urban management can be effective in recreating the worn-out texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulence and unexpected events have significantly impacted cities, accelerating the process of urban growth and development. In this ever-changing urban landscape, utilization of scenario planning tools is crucial for urban planners. The northwest district of Mashhad is a key area within the master plan of the city. Notably, this area is characterized by rapid and extensive construction. The following research question guided this study: "What are the potential future scenarios for urban development in the northwest area of Mashhad?" The research was purposefully applied in terms of methodology and employed a descriptive and analytical approach. Both documentary and field methods were utilized for data collection, while the Delphi method and Smicprob Expert scenario planning were employed for data analysis. The results of scenario development indicated that the third scenario held the highest probability at 17%. According to this scenario, 4 events were continuous with only one event not occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: The need for attention has been raised more than before to the border areas and the competitiveness of these areas by entering the age of globalization. The competitiveness of border regions is an effort to eliminate unfavorable social and economic situations and protection and pay attention to the capabilities of these areas as well as the improvement of physical, natural, and artificial capitals. Purpose: The present research has been done with the aim of expressing competitiveness in Kurdistan and analysis of possible situations from future competitiveness in the province. Methodology: The type of the current research is applied in terms of purpose and it is exploratory in terms of nature based on the future research method. Data collection has been done in both library and field methods. To express the status of indicators and extraction of key factors and scenarios from forecasting software, MicMac, and ScenarioWizard were used. Meta swot software was used to identify the competitiveness strategy. Qualitative data were gathered with an open questionnaire and document review and quantitative data were collected numerically which was used in the first stage from the open questionnaire for general extraction of effective factors on competitiveness. In the second stage, key factors were extracted from the weighting of Delphi questionnaires in MicMac software. Results: The results indicated that the competitiveness model of Kurdistan is unstable and fragile. In addition, the research coefficient has shown the realization of scenarios with unfavorable situations. The best solution for moving from unfavorable scenarios to favorable situations has been to emphasize indicators with the most success, inimitability, and compatibility with competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rural indigenous entrepreneurship is one of the recent research areas to show that is incompatible with some of the main assumptions of classic (Western) entrepreneurship. In Iran- including in the southern province of Lorestan- which has a rich cultural heritage and indigenous people, so far the issue of native rural entrepreneurship and its advantages have not been addressed. Objective: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the benefits of native rural entrepreneurship. Research Method: The present study is applied in terms of the purpose. Based on the nature and method, it is a descriptive study. The methods of collecting the data were through using library sources and questionnaires. The Johanson test was used to examine the most important areas, advantages, and competitive opportunities for native rural entrepreneurship. Findings: The results of field studies showed that according to the concept of indigenous entrepreneurship, 20 indigenous rural entrepreneurs were identified in Lorestan province, which were different from classical entrepreneurship. This type of entrepreneurship was created in connection with native culture, rural and local resources, and the native knowledge of the region. Investigating the benefits of native rural entrepreneurship led to the identification of 5 general categories: 1) the benefits of launching and implementing native rural entrepreneurship, 2) economic benefits, 3) cultural benefits, 4) social benefits, and 5) environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following too much activities and population density, economic, social and environmental problems emerged and quality of life dropped in the metropolitans, on the one hand, and in order to make the distribution of the country population balanced and to decentralize the big major cities on the other, the policy and strategy to establish new towns was made. To achieve these goals, the ideas of new towns mainly in terms of population attraction and employment were proposed. Now that two decades have passed since the policy was made and proposals periods expired, it is the right time to evaluate the performance of population attraction of the new towns. thus, the present paper with a descriptive and analytical approach tries to assess the performance of the new town of Mohajeran' population attraction. Information and data from Field and library studies such as questionnaires have been collected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. The results show that population of the new town of Mohajeran in 1385 (2006) was 11109 which had the reliability rate of 8.54 percent compared to the predicted population in the same year and 12.30 in the late 1388 (2009) the prediction of which was made in 1385 (2006) suggesting its weak performance in attracting population. With the proposed plans evaluated, it was indicated that none of the goals was reached other than providing a site for the residence of oil industry employees as well as for by-industries. Analysis of questionnaire data also indicate that despite some shortcomings, including failure to provide good and enough services, poor access to various urban land use, suburban transportation problems, affordable rent and housing buy and... has been cases that respondents referred to them as living difficulties in mohajeran new town. However, measures like the establishment of Arak-Mohajeran suburban railway, administrative-trading and service-providing--welfare complexes and the housing project of Maskane Mehr by the civil engineering company of Mohajeran are in hand and operation which can increase the residents' satisfaction and improve the trend of population attraction in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Nowadays, most of the city's public spaces and streets, are being heavily dominated by the machines, due to the irregular increases in the vehicles' number, and living pattern's dependency on it. This issue has made a lot of problems in the civil matters, including increasing the ecological pollution, decreasing the public health, increasing the maintenance and repairing costs etc. For this reason, these days, walkability plans are considered as a solution for decreasing these problems. Imam Khomeini Street, located in Dezfoul city, is one of the main streets of the city, in which the riders and pedestrians' traffic is very high, causing several traffic problems in this part of the city Purpose: The purpose of this research is to check the possibility of implementing a walkability plan, around the central tissue of Dezful city, in terms of transportation and accessability dimensions. Methodology: The research method is descriptive–analytical, the data having been collected through the researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, we benefited from single-sample T-test in SPSS software, also the structural equations modeling method, using Amos software. Results: in evaluating the plan's administration, in transportation dimension, according to data obtained from the T-test, the Significance level were under 0.05. For this reason, in transporting aspect, this plan is not appropriate to be executed, because its execution, causes problems in transportation. Innovetion: This paper compares two societies, using structural models, causing the possibility to modify the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial status of the subjective indicators of resilience in the informal settlements of Zahedan. The statistical population includes residents of three neighborhoods: Karimabad, Qasimabad, and Shirabad. The reason for choosing these neighborhoods is their high vulnerability to natural and human hazards. In order to realize the spatial dimension of the research, spatial sampling was used in such a way that the studied neighborhoods were divided into small zones using the sampling tool set and the create fishnet tool in GIS software, and a number of questionnaires were assigned to each zone depending on its population. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people, which was distributed according to the population of each neighborhood and each zone. Factor analysis tests and techniques, Pearson's correlation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Sheffe's post hoc test were used to analyze the questionnaire data, and GIS was used to prepare the maps. The research results indicate that there is a significant difference in the researched neighborhoods in terms of resilience indicators. In addition, the spatial sense of belonging index has the greatest effect on the resilience of the studied area. The results of Pearson’s correlation show that in the two neighborhoods of Karimabad and Shirabad, the highest correlation was between the two variables of safety and health and the sense of belonging to the place. In the neighborhood of Qasimabad, the highest correlation was between the two variables of knowledge and individual skill and the improvement of the economic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of citizen participation is not new. Today, there is a greater desire to employ modern participatory technologies, with population or community-based strategies, such as participatory volunteered location-based crowdsourcing (VGIS) software to make the cities smarter. Because, in addition to being location-based, the system is voluntary and can simultaneously collect humans’ data. However, there is no precise understanding of how experts are going to execute this method in practice; thus, this study helps to fill this important research gap. The objective of this research is to determine the key factors that have a significant impact on the adoption and utilization of new volunteer crowdsourcing technologies, specifically location-based systems like volunteered geographic information (VGI), as a means of crowdsourcing in urban management, as viewed by both researchers and officials. The research, in terms of its practical goal and nature, is descriptive-analytical. In this study, two qualitative methods, Delphi and the quantitative survey questionnaire, were used sequentially and their results were combined. The results were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis by SPSS software to extract the main components. The research results show that, according to researchers, the most important and effective factors for the successful design and implementation of the voluntary geographic information system technology and its acceptance by citizens are citizens. However, according to municipal officials and experts, the most important factor is organizational and institutional factors, which refer to policy-making and legal support. In fact, municipal officials and experts believe that in order for citizens to accept voluntary location-based technology, the path should be determined by top-level officials first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the important challenges in urban planning is the inappropriate distribution of urban service uses. The border city of Bandar Dair is no exception to this rule. Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure social justice in the spatial structure of the border city of Bandar Dair with an emphasis on the spatial distribution of service uses. Research Method: In this regard, in the first step, the point position of nine groups of service users was layered based on the existing maps of the municipality. Then, each of the nine service uses was weighted using the Delphi method and experts' questionnaire. Finally, using the capabilities of the GIS (Euclidean Distance and Weighted Overlay), the spatial distribution of each service use was analyzed. Research Innovation: Conducting these studies has not been reported or published in the area, and for the first time, this type of study is being conducted in the city of Dair. It is innovative and new. Findings: The results of the study show that the spatial distribution of administrative police use is suitable and the uses of urban, cultural, and therapeutic green spaces are poorly distributed. The general findings of the research show that in 58.9% of the area of the city of Bandar Dair, the distribution of services is at a good and very good level. On the other hand, 41.09% of the total area of the city has a medium to low distribution of public services. By examining the maps of the research, we realize that in the new areas of the city, a weak and very weak distribution has happened. In other words, as we move from the central area of the city to the outskirts of the city, the distribution of services tends to be weak and very weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to identify the effective drivers of place identity and sense of place with a futurology approach in Kandovan's ancient village. This is an applied study based on its objective, and it is analytic and exploratory in terms of nature, with a futurology approach. Data were collected using documents and libraries. Qualitative data were gathered with the use of open questionnaires and document reviews, and quantitative data were prepared numerically by weighting Delphi questionnaires so that indicators and components in different dimensions were first collected and then provided to executive and academic elites who specialized in architecture and planning to identify the most influential factors according to their expertise. The elites were then required to score the identified factors in the framework of the cross-effects matrix using values of 0-3, according to their effectiveness or being affected. Findings based on the state of the dispersion plane of the factors indicate the system instability, with most of the variables dispersed around the diagonal axis of the plane. In addition, given the high scores of the effective drivers and those directly affected, 39 out of the 59 variables considered were eventually identified as Mic Mac output, influencing the future identity and sense of place in Kandovan village. The results show that among the 39 driving variables, originality, identity of the village, having a prominent place in architecture compared to contemporary buildings and commitment to maintaining it, a sense of beauty in the village, rooting and belonging, having a diverse combination of form and activity, simultaneous response to all social, economic and cultural needs, and reminiscence over time were the most effective and important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface of the earth or the top of the earth at the level of cities and urban areas becomes significantly higher than the surrounding environment, which is known as the thermal component. If this phenomenon is higher than a certain limit, it will cause problems for the city residents. But one of the most important factors that can play a very important role in controlling this phenomenon is the presence of vegetation, which is mainly a significant part of this coverage in urban areas. In this study, the effect of vegetation cover on the amount of urban heat island in Isfahan City was investigated. For this purpose, the surface temperature of the city and its relationship with the surface cover were investigated using the land surface temperature (LST) products of the MODIS sensor in places with heat islands by applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of Landsat satellite data during the period of 2001-2020. Examining the annual changes in temperature in Isfahan shows that during this period, the temperature is generally increasing, so 2011 with an average annual temperature of 37.21 degrees Celsius is the hottest year and 2012 is the coldest year with an average annual temperature of 33.7 degrees Celsius. The most apparent thermal islands were observed in areas with industrial use, high-traffic places with severe air pollution and population density, and places with weak vegetation, areas with dense and worn-out textures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Today, smart growth approach has an extremely important role in rural sustainable development. This approach aims at improving the quality of human life and responding to social-economic, environmental, and physical problems. It can pave the way for rural management, optimal use of facilities, and solve rural problems. Indeed, the smart growth approach can provide a way out of instability and achieving sustainable development in rural areas. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the status of smart growth components in the rural settlements of Jiroft County. Methodology: The required data were collected by using a questionnaire and various pieces of software were used to analyze them. This research was based on a descriptive-survey method with an applied purpose. Also, documentary and field methods were utilized to collect the information. The sample population of this research included the residents of 18 villages with a population of more than 1000 people in Jiroft County in Kerman Province. Using Cochran's formula, 131 households and 261 people were selected and randomly surveyed. To achieve the research objectives, SPSS, AHP, GRA, and GIS software was applied. Results: Based on the results obtained from the structural model of Smart PLS, transportation and communications (0.723) had the greatest impacts on the formation of smart growth in the study area. Afterwards, the indicators of physical texture improvement, environmental quality improvement, local community sustainability, local economic sustainability, quality of housing, and compact development were ranked with 0.715, 0.707, 0.706, 0.704, 0.626, and 0.459. The results of spatial analysis showed that the highest ranks of rural settlement were related to the villages of Aliabad, Dolatabad, Dubneh, Hosseinabad Dehdar, Ismaili Sofla, and Gulab Sufian Sofla and the lowest ranks were related to the villages of Tarj, Kenar Sandal, Narjo, and Soghdar based on the intelligent growth indicators. In general, the results revealed that the smart growth approach had a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of the studied rural settlements. Innovation: In the present study, for the first time, the issue of effective components on the formation of home-grown growth in the sustainable development of rural settlements was addressed by using applied models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: The city of Taleghan has experienced uninformed land use and environmental degradation for many years due to its unique geographical location, thus facing environmental instability conditions. Aim: The aim of the present study was feeling the need to preserve the environment of this sensitive urban area and reduce the destructive environmental effects of land use change. Methods: First, the ecological sources of the study area, such as slope, height, soil, vegetation, etc., were prepared. Then, data analysis was done to assess the ecological capability of the region. After that, the process of assessing the ecological capability of the area was followed according to Makhdoom’s model. Finally, the optimal land use was determined according to the power of each environmental unit of the area and the desirable status of land use in the study area. Results: The highest area under study had a slope of less than 1-9 %, which was consistent with those of the alluvial deposits and flood plains. At present, the maximum extent of the study area was field and then agricultural use. According to the ecological capability of the region, a rangeland area could be converted to agricultural and residential applications. The highest suitable area for agricultural use was in the order range of 2 and 3, while most of the area was in the next order range of 2 and 3. Taleghan City and its district villages were located in the suitability range for urban development. Innovation: The aim of this study was the integration of environmental and urban metrics to extract the optimal land uses in the political domain of Taleghan City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: Security directly and indirectly affects all aspects of citizens' lives. One of the most important aspects of security is the feeling of social security, which includes financial, life, job, and economic, and moral securities, etc. Examining how the state of social security feels and the key drivers that affect it was the main issue of the present study. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the indicators of feeling of social security and identify the key drivers that affect it in urban spaces. This was a case study in Ravansar City in Kermanshah Province. Method: The present quantitative and applied research was done with a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods. To achieve the research objectives, a combination of the opinions of citizens (364 people) and experts and specialists (30 people) was used. The main tool for data collection was a combination of a researcher-made questionnaire and the Delphi technique. To analyze the collected data SPSS and MicMac software was utilized. Results: The results showed that the average values of 2.692, 2.769, 2.6, 2.66, and 2.507 obtained for the dimensions of financial, occupational, and economic securities, moral, value, and cultural securities, and family security were significantly lower than the average base, respectively. Also, the variable of life safety with the value of 3.023 was not significantly different from its mean base. The results of the study of the general state of social security showed that the obtained average value of 2.788 was significantly lower than its average base. The results showed that the key drivers of social security affecting the feeling of social security were as follows: life satisfaction, good urban governance, income, trust, police performance, quality of physical environment, social cohesion, access to essential services and welfare, and performance of responsible institutions. Innovation: Identifying urban management as the link and main element of providing citizens’ sense of social security, which depends on their conscious participation in the selection of urban managers, was the innovation of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Geomorphic phenomena have a primary impact on the locations, dispersions, spheres of influence, physical developments, and morphologies of settlements. In other words, geomorphic units and topographic elements are very important in physical development of settlemenets and play a significant role in the spatial distribution patterns of cities, as well as influencing the morphologies, constructions, and textures of them. Accordingly, location, orientation of mountains, and the type of landform have an undeniable role in issues such as urban construction and urban population movement. Nowadays, the increase in human population has created an increasing need to land occupation around residential areas; this is closely related to the geomorphic indicators of each area. Then, if the process of creating new settlements is formed with no proportion to natural capacities and facilities, it will create adverse effects and results in the physical-biological problems of cities, such as natural hazards, which cause disturbing the balance of the environment and disrupting services. Evidence of hazards in recent years show that most developing countries, especially in their rural areas, have high-risk physical structures that are often vulnerable to hazards. Therefore, based on various studies, there is a close relationship between geomorphological components and human settlements. These components have sometimes caused the growths and developments or emergence and expansions of settlement centers, which have sometimes appeared to be dangerous and repulsive. Therefore, recognizing the natural environment characteristics and the features and capabilities of landforms is important and necessary for identifying suitable and sustainable points for the creation and development of human settlements. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the roles of geomorphic features and components in the formations, developments, evolution, and patterns of settlements around Shirkuh Mountain in the arid and warm region of Central Iran. Methodology: To do this research, topographic and geological maps, Google Earth images, and, most importantly, field studies and observations were used. This study was based on descriptive phenomenological method. Accordingly, geomorphological factors, including altitude, direction, and lithology, geomorphic features, including fluvial landforms, such as alluvial plains, alluvial fans, plains, lake and river terraces, and glacial landforms like cirques, valleys, and glacial terraces were surveyed and analyzed. Then the role of each factor in the creation, development, and transformation of the settlements was studied and evaluated. Results: The results showed a different settlement pattern on the northern and southern slopes, as well as the western and eastern slopes of Shirkouh. Most of the settlements of the southern slopes were located at high altitudes between 2450-2550 m along the ice-water equilibrium line. However, the settlement range elevation on the northern slopes varied between 1700 and 1650 m, while fluvial landforms, such as river terraces, alluvial fans, and pediments, had not played a role in the formations of these settlements even with relatively good water resources unlike most other parts of Iran and the world. The settlement on glacial landforms at altitudes above 2000 m probably dated back to very dry and hot periods and the settlement on the edge of the current playa depression referred to the Late Quaternary cold periods. The formations and developments of settlements in the two completely different environments and climatic conditions, namely the high altitudes and the margins of the downstream depressions, indicated a climate change and consequently vertical displacements of the settlements along the Holocene. The results also revealed that other factors, such as geographical direction, altitude, slope, and lithology, had played an effective role in the densities and developments of these settlements. Innovation: This study showed that the alluvial fans had never been used to build a settlement anywhere in the study area until the last 3 decades due to heavy rainfall and heavy flooding. Although according to previous studied, most of the settlements in Iran, whether urban or rural settlements, especially in the central and eastern parts, have been located on alluvial fans, even the prehistoric settlements. Also, this study showed that glacial landforms located at the high altitudes had been the most desirable place for the creation and transformation of settlements due to specific climatic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]