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The digital landscape of Shetty situates rhetoric scholars within complex intersections. His persuasive discourse is characterized by consistent attempts to evoke culturally shared frames for the millennial viewers, subscribers, and followers; entail desired courses of action on their part; and affect the way life events are interpreted and experienced. With this in mind, the current research in undertaken to examine a selection of Shetty's digital narratives to: first, unveil the Buddhist practices Shetty propagates as a code for living the enlightened life; second, pinpoint the rhetorical strategies Shetty uses to make his wisdom reach the globe, on the other. Specifically, the paper rests on an eclectic approach informed by Goffman's framing theory, Kress and Van Leuween's visual design, Van Leuween's sound design, and Martin and White's appraisal theory. The multi-layered analysis discloses how the digital monk works to align his intended audiences with his Buddhist movement via rhetoric of transcendence closely tied to the practices of discipline, generosity, (self)compassion, non-attachment, right effort, meditation, and patience. This paper hopes to be a significant contribution to the study of digital narratives, driven by socially engaged Buddhist tenets from social, multimodal, and evaluative standpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the relations among the knowledge and intention of clean recycling and the recycling behavior at home and in the workplace, and the spillover of recycling behavior from home to workplace. Through a territory-wide questionnaire survey in 2016, this paper successfully interviewed 600 respondents involved in domestic and workplace recycling. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the correlations among their knowledge and intention of clean recycling, and recycling behavior at home and in the workplace. Results indicated that the knowledge–intention–behavior association was found in the domestic context, but not in the workplace. Specifically, the correlation between knowledge of clean recycling and intention of clean recycling was significant in the home context but such correlation was not significant in the workplace context. Intention to participate in clean recycling significantly correlated with recycling behavior in both contexts of home and workplace. Significant correlations were found between intentions of clean recycling at home and in the workplace, and recycling behaviors at home and in the workplace, respectively, indicating that the contextual spillover encompassed both conscious and unconscious pathways. The findings of this paper supplement the literature and provide insights into how to improve recycling programs in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social integration of individuals in the Fuling District, Chongqing Municipality, China, following the construction of the Three Gorges Project. The experience of these individuals is defined as a case of project-induced displacement and resettlement. Specifically, the paper focuses on the effects of multilevel social capital on social integration at three different life stages, i.e. young adults, middle-aged people, and the elderly. Social capital is classified into two levels in this study, i.e. individual social capital (e.g. strong ties or weak ties) and community social capital (e.g. social interaction, social trust, and neighborly reciprocity). A total of 620 eligible participants were interviewed in six resettled communities. A multilevel analysis was applied to the data. The results revealed that the specific life stage plays a moderating role in the effects of social capital on social integration. Similarly, social integration is affected by the relationships between individual and community social capital for young and middle adults. This study revealed that strong ties were positively associated with social integration for young adults. In contrast, weak ties compromised social integration for middle-aged people and the elderly. The positive effects of social interaction were observed for middle-aged people and the elderly. Neighborly reciprocity was positive for young adults and middle-aged people. The positive effects of social trust remained stable across different life stages. The study concludes that social capital should be cultivated according to the specific needs of adults depending on their life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer review is widely used throughout academia, most notably in the publication of journal articles and the allocation of research grants. Yet peer review has been subject to much criticism, including being slow, unreliable, subjective and potentially prone to bias. This paper contributes to this literature by investigating the consistency of peer reviews and the impact they have upon a high-stakes outcome (whether a research grant is funded). Analysing data from 4,000 social science grant proposals and 15,000 reviews, this paper illustrates how the peer review scores assigned by different reviewers have only low levels of consistency (a correlation between reviewer scores of only 0.2). Reviews provided by "nominated reviewers" (i.e. reviewers selected by the grant applicant) appear to be overly generous and do not correlate with the evaluations provided by independent reviewers. Yet a positive review from a nominated reviewer is strongly linked to whether a grant is awarded. Finally, a single negative peer review is shown to reduce the chances of a proposal being funding from around 55% to around 25% (even when it has otherwise been rated highly). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee and asylum seeker children in Indonesia have experienced exclusion and inequitable education. This paper, therefore, examines what are the gaps between International and Indonesian national laws on the right to education and its implementation in order to demonstrate educational exclusion and inequity. Subsequently, it scrutinizes the reasons why the inclusion and equity in the education of refugee and asylum seeker children should have been promoted in Indonesia. This paper examines international and national (Indonesian) documents (namely official law provisions, academic works, and research papers) and interviews with 13 informants in Jakarta and Bogor for data analysis. The findings reveal that the Indonesian national laws related to the right to education and its implementation have not been adequately recognized and exercised in accordance with the international laws. This paper argues that the Indonesian government should take into consideration the inclusive and equitable education for refugee children because these children are subject to an educational emergency. Moreover, the children could play some key roles in social, cultural, political and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joining the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is often associated with material returns, but whether and how this contributes to better subjective well-being remains under-researched. Using data from the 2012 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this paper examines the effect of party membership on Chinese residents' subjective well-being. This paper has found that CCP membership, as a prestigious social identity, has a pure effect on subjective well-being. This happiness effect—termed by this research as identity premium—is greater when party membership is subject to scarcity. These findings suggest that it is the enhanced sense of self-regard brought by the relative value of party membership that boosts people's satisfaction with life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic consumption and the commitment to climate protection via carbon offsetting are important for the protection of global natural resources. This paper analyzes the relationship between these behaviors and examines factors that explain behavioral (in) consistency across these behavioral fields. Thereby, we examine the influence of priming by an "organic offer" on subsequent monetary donations via carbon offsetting. Here, for the first time, we investigate the interaction between priming, ethical mindsets (rule-based or outcome-based mindsets), environmental values and moral identity. The study is based on a laboratory experiment with students which was conducted in December 2017 (n = 226). The main results show that the three-way interaction between priming by an "organic offer," rule-based mindsets and environmental values is associated with a higher likelihood for actual carbon offsetting. Furthermore, the findings indicate that moral identity neither interact with rule-based nor with outcome-based mindsets. However, an interaction between priming by an "organic offer" and outcome-based mindsets leads to a lower likelihood for carbon offsetting, which speaks for moral licensing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined coping and adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers and their efficacy in response to climate change in Zango and Kofa communities in North-Western Nigeria. Three focus group discussions with 51 participants comprising men, women, and the youth, and 15 follow-up interviews were conducted in this study to understand the influence of cultural beliefs on climate change adaptation. Results show that to adapt, farmers borrow food from neighbours to repay in good season, use early maturing crops, sell livestock and other assets, engage in other businesses. Farmers also offer prayers and sacrifices based on the belief that climate change is caused by God. Thus, offering prayer and making sacrifices were very pronounced and found to be the dominant strategies farmers adopt in both communities which could potentially lead to less adaptation action thereby indirectly exposing the vulnerable communities to additional shocks. We found that most (50% and above) of the participating farmers in both communities had no access to any formal education which could affect their adaptation decisions. We concluded that farmers' cultural beliefs and practices such as prayer influences their adaptation behaviour and therefore adaptation designs need to address cultural influences to avoid future maladaptive responses consequently exacerbating vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most scholars have focused on the simple presence of schools when examining their influence on neighborhood crime. This paper instead examines two school characteristics that might affect local juvenile crime. More specifically, this study uses negative binomial and logistic regression models to estimate the effects of high school dropouts and high-performing schools on juvenile violent crime in Orange County, CA. An integrated theoretical approach based on social bond and routine activity theories is utilized to guide this research. Findings from this study suggest that dropouts are associated with increases in aggravated assault and robbery incidents, but high-performing schools do not significantly affect these crime types. Finally, the models predicting juvenile crime are compared with models predicting all crime (both juveniles and adults), supporting our argument that juvenile crime is the theoretically appropriate crime measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates the concept of collaboration risk and measures collaboration risk in an emergency management context to investigate the relations between perceived collaboration risks and network structure and to test a hypothesized non-linear form for this relation. Using an Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework, the study discusses three dimensions of collaborative risk derived from coordination, division, and defection risk and measures these by means of a structured-survey of 69 organizations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea. The results of a fractional polynomial regression model show that the perceived level of collaboration risk has an inverse U-curve relation with the number of collaborative ties forged by organizations. These findings imply that organizations' perceived collaboration risk beyond a threshold point motivates the termination of former ineffective arrangements. At the same time, the collaboration with other participants increases to a specific level of collaboration risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at whether fiscal decentralization of welfare programs made state governments effective at alleviating poverty. We make use of the National Association of State Budget Officers' (NASBO) State Expenditure Report which publishes expenditure data in different areas by state and federal government. Using this data, we constructed expenditure ratios to demonstrate the moment when state governments took on more responsibility in funding compared to the federal government. Although we hypothesized fiscal decentralization to worsen poverty growth, we found the fiscal decentralization of Medicaid to reduce poverty rate growth. We believe this negative finding to be the result of the types of additional goods that are being offered to Medicaid beneficiaries beyond what is federally required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Labor exploitation is a violation of distributive justice and is measured by deviations of wages from productivity. • Labor exploitation persists in varying degrees in most contemporary societies such as OECD countries. • Labor exploitation tends to be the lowest in liberal societies, especially Scandinavia. • Labor exploitation continues to be the highest in conservative societies, including the US under conservatism. This paper undertakes an exploratory comparative analysis of exploitation among contemporary capitalist Western, and comparable, societies such as OECD countries. It aims to contribute to a better understanding of the patterns and factors of economic exploitation among these societies. It reconsiders the concept of labor exploitation in earlier economics and sociology by providing an overview of relevant contemporary conceptions and analyses of labor and similar exploitation. It outlines a theoretical framework such as the AGIL model for analyzing exploitation, it formulates hypotheses proposing that exploitation will vary with certain types of social systems. It presents comparative data on the variables used to estimate the degree of exploitation for OECD countries, This paper reports descriptive and regression findings on rates of exploitation for these countries. The findings generally support the hypotheses that exploitation widely and systematically varies across types of contemporary social systems, notably that exploitation is considerably lower in liberal society as a whole, and welfare capitalism in particular, than in other societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses case study data from four lesbian, gay, and queer (LGQ) parent families with children between the ages of 14–18 years old to describe queer socialization, or the process of by which children learn about queer culture. The author draws on the racial socialization literature, and extends the limited research on socialization in lesbian and gay (LG) parent families, by describing the content, form, and rationale for queer socialization. Results indicate that queer socialization takes the form of direct, indirect, and time management strategies aimed at teaching children about queer culture, discrimination toward LGBTQ people, wariness in relationships with heterosexual or socially conservative individuals, or heteronormativity. Queer socialization occurred in these families because of concerns for children's wellbeing, and environmental, parental, and child characteristics. Understanding the what, how, and why of queer socialization is the first step to fully understanding the process and utilizing it to improve the lives of LGBTQ parent families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We examine how the composition of workplaces affects women's share of management in 195,534 workplaces from 1980 to 2005. • We use EEO-1 reports from the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and identify "tipping points" that affect women's share of management. • Regardless of workplace composition, increases in the share of non-management women predicts increases in women's share of management. • We add to the body of workplace inequality research and further illustrate the need to determine under which conditions these processes operate. Abstract This paper examines how concepts of gendered organizations, tokenism and the glass escalator affect women's share of management. Specifically, we examine how the gender composition of workplaces affects women's share of management in 195,534 workplaces using EEO-1 report data collected from the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1980 until 2005. The EEO-1 data allow us to explore the effects of gender composition on women's share of management net of labor market change, industrial change, organizational determinants, and changes in workplace segregation using workplace-level data. We draw on past research to identify potential composition levels—tipping points—in which women have more or less share of management. Our findings suggest that across all compositions, ranging from women comprising less than 15% to over 85% of the workplace, larger percentages of the non-management women are associated with greater shares of women in management. Findings offer little support for the glass escalators hypothesis extended to workplaces, but once further contextualized, the findings do suggest that workplaces are gendered in such a way that tokenism works differently for men and women. Thus, our paper adds to the body of research on gender composition and further illustrates the need to determine under which conditions these social processes operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The implementation of the prohibited grazing policy has achieved remarkable ecological benefits. • Farmers of different types had different adaptation perceptions. • Farmers of different adaptation perceptions choices of adaptation strategies also varied. • The main factors that influenced farmers' adaptation strategies also included livelihood capital and farmers' perception of the policy. Abstract Due to long-term human activities, grassland ecosystems have been severely damaged. To protect grassland ecosystems, the prohibited grazing policy (PGP), a grassland ecological protection policy, was instituted for Chinese grasslands in 2002. However, it is unknown whether farmers have effectively adapted to the PGP. The adaptability of farmers to this policy has directly influenced the effective implementation of the policy and the sustainable development of the ecosystem. Previous research on adaptability has not focused on the adaptation to political change. This article uses a case study in Northwest China to investigate the adaptability of farmers to the policy. First, we study the restoration status of ecosystems. In addition, this paper studies the perceptions regarding farmers' adaptability to the policy and explores the adaptation strategies of different types of farmers. Finally, this paper discusses the main factors that influence farmers' choice of adaptation strategies. The implementation of the PGP has achieved remarkable ecological benefits. Farmers of different types had different adaptation perceptions, and their choices of adaptation strategies also varied. In addition to the farmers' perception of the policy, the main factors that influenced farmers' adaptation strategies also included livelihood capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how the Modified Lilien Index (MLI) can be used to measure the rate of neighborhood racial and ethnic change. The MLI is useful because it measures the rate of change across multiple racial and ethnic groups. It also weights the rate of change for each neighborhood based on changes in the racial and ethnic composition of the entire population, which helps contrast neighborhoods undergoing high and low rates of change compared to the nation as a whole. Using harmonized census data, we demonstrate the utility of the MLI by analyzing neighborhood change across four groups—White, Black, Latino, and Asian—from 1970 to 2010. We find that the rate of racial and ethnic change decreased substantially during this time period, but also that there is significant variation in this trend at the regional and metropolitan level. Based on these results, we suggest that the MLI can be used to identify emergent geographies of neighborhood racial and ethnic change within a broader territory and to quantify how change impacts community structure and the outcomes of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between social capital and health. We use various estimation methods such as pooled OLS, a split-sample approach, a quadratic regression, and fixed effects model to investigate country-level unbalanced panel data of 194 countries for the time period 1990–2015. The results support the negative effect of bonding social capital and the positive effect of bridging social capital on health. The effects are more pronounced in low income countries. The first contribution of the paper is to better explain the mixed results of previous studies by focusing on the distinction between the two types of social capital. The second contribution of the paper is to address endogeneity and nonlinearity problems and to capture dynamic change by using various econometric methods. The findings imply that the socio-economic effects of social capital are different depending on the type of social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place of residence is one factor that may affect individual engagement and experiences in outdoor recreation. In this paper we assess four measures of place of residence and their associations with fears related to outdoor recreation. Data are from a statewide survey of Missouri households conducted in 2013 (n = 3,204). Logistic regression models are used to examine different measurements of place of residence and their relationship to the likelihood respondents reported environmental or social fears related to participation in outdoor recreation. The relationship between place of residence and reporting environmental fears was contingent on how place of residence was measured. In contrast, results related to social fears were more consistent such that residents of more urban and suburban settings were significantly more likely to report a social fear related to outdoor recreation activities regardless of how place of residence was operationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the impact of two drinking habits – moderate drinking and heavy drinking – on marijuana use among college-aged youths. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 (NLSY97), this paper reveals that there is a positive association between both drinking habits and marijuana use in the long run, indicating that alcohol and marijuana are complements. However, in the short run, the association between marijuana and alcohol varies based on different drinking habits. The present study also provides evidence that underage drinking might lead to marijuana use among people younger than 21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of authoritarianism as a core political value has been emphasized by recent scholarship on the political behavior of the American electorate. This paper adds to this literature by examining the effect of authoritarianism in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Given the campaign style of Trump and the issues that he made salient in his campaign, it is hypothesized that authoritarianism should have a substantial effect on vote choice of whites. Using data from the American National Election Studies (ANES), logistic regression models of presidential vote choice of white respondents are estimated to ascertain the effect of authoritarianism in presidential elections from 1992 to 2016, controlling for party identification, ideology and several standard demographic control variables. Findings indicate that authoritarianism had the largest effect on white vote choice in 2016 than in any prior election that was analyzed. The candidacy of Trump appears to have been the triggering mechanism given that authoritarianism was a less salient predictor of U.S. House vote choice in 2016. Moreover, this relationship was true for both college and non-college educated whites. Authoritarianism also seems to have been primed by Trump appealing to racial animus, anti-immigration sentiment, nativism, and anti-Muslim prejudice. Authoritarianism is likely to remain a salient determinant of vote choice during the Trump era. Indeed, a widening and deepening of this cleavage means its effects are likely to be apparent in elections below the presidency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic sanctions have become a popular tool of statecraft in international politics. This paper makes an attempt to investigate the effect of economic sanctions on ethnic violence by using a sample of 46 target states over the period 1984–2008. Our results indicate that the imposition of economic sanctions has a deleterious influence on ethnic violence. Moreover, an interesting by-product finding of this paper is that we find a U-shaped relationship between income and ethnic violence, which shed new light on the income-ethnic violence nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how social economy organizations (SEOs) position themselves in the welfare mix without being occupied by the state or market, especially in a context where they have not yet taken firm root in society. Focusing on the South Korean case, this paper analyzes the developmental path of the social economy in light of two factors: the degree of state involvement in the social economy, and SEOs’ political power. Based on these two factors, we develop four ideal types of the social economy: (1) a quasi-governmental social economy, (2) government–SEO partnership, (3) a marketized social economy, and (4) an autonomous social economy. The Korean case shows a path where politically strong SEOs and a strong interventionist state incubate the social economy. However, it also presents SEOs’ struggle to maintain their political influence to develop as an independent sector, without being occupied by the government or market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity of police personnel, especially regarding representation of female and racial/ethnic minority officers, is an important step in improving positive police-community relations. Historically, both female and minority applicants have faced challenges in recruitment, hiring, and selection. By systematically reviewing literature available from 2000 to present, this paper identifies persistent challenges and programs aimed at overcoming such deficits in the United States. The studies use samples ranging from potential applicants in college settings to large police agencies, and use primarily quantitative approaches. This review identified four areas that affect hiring of minority and female officers: (1) organizational and external predictors, (2) motivations and attitudes, (3) effective recruitment strategies, and (4) screening process barriers. Recent research has only topically addressed these concerns, while simultaneously revealing significant limitations regarding sample sizes, research design, and implementation in the field. Directions for future research and implications for policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Higher Education Reauthorization Act (HERA) of 2006 eliminated so called the "50 percent rule" that prohibited students enrolled in post-secondary institutions offering 50% or more of their courses exclusively online to receive any federal financial aid (Title IV aid). In this paper we study the net cost of attending colleges and additionally test for so-called "Bennett" hypothesis that assumes that the Title IV aid, that became available after elimination of 50% rule, might have been captured by institutions that could increase tuition and fees and lower the amount and availability of the institutional grants to students. We study the net costs, tuition and fees, and institutional aid for students who study exclusively online, students in for-profit colleges in which exclusive online education is more heavily concentrated, and students who study exclusively online at for-profit universities before and after the elimination of 50% rule. We find a partial support for Bennett hypothesis for profit, but not exclusively online students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of language for state building, many governments undertake language planning efforts to ensure their citizens can speak an – if not, the – official language. Yet the mere act of designating a language as official is not sufficient for the language to be widely spoken across the population. In this paper we ask, what explains official language spread? We argue whether citizens can speak an official language – either as a first or second language – depends on how much the government prioritizes the education ministry. Governments that allocate more resources – financial, political, and human capital – to the education ministry are more likely to spread the official language. We assess this argument first with a case study of Singapore 1965−1985. We intentionally pick a successful case to elucidate the mechanisms linking education prioritization to language spread. To demonstrate the mechanisms are not Singapore-specific, we run a second test. The statistical analysis employs original cross-national, over-time (1978–2009) measures of budget allocation ranks, minister ranks, and ministry cabinet ranks. The results suggest a strong effect between education prioritization and language spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a model to illustrate how human capital investments made by the defense sector impact economic performance. Emphasizing the on-the-job accumulation of human capital during military service, the model demonstrates the effect of investments on the accumulation of human capital and output of the defense sector, whose military good has a spillover effect on general production. Calibrated with data from the United States for the years 1949 to 2014, investments are shown to positively impact both the accumulation of human capital and economic growth. The measured benefits are seen to be lower than investments made into formal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the number of roles in theatre plays has decreased over time. Playwrights seem to internalize the costs of producing plays by downsizing the number of roles. This downsizing is not a recent phenomenon: it already started a long time ago. This is not surprising, since production costs increase over time and the Baumol cost disease is obviously one of the reasons, though one cannot exclude that fashion has changed given the time elapsed between William Shakespeare and Samuel Beckett. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of the violence against women. IPV involves but is not limited to physical, sexual and emotional abuse and controlling behaviour by an intimate partner (WHO, 2012). This paper aimed to explore the gender differences and socio-demographic factors associated with attitudes on IPV against women using a representative sample in Kosovo. This article relies on secondary data analysis of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in Kosovo. The Kosovo MICS sample was designed to provide estimates for a large number of indicators at national, urban, and rural levels. In total, 5251 women and 2165 men age 15-49 years participated in interviews. The findings indicate that tolerant attitudes toward IPV against women in specific hypothetical situations are more acceptable among women: who live in rural areas, who have lower secondary education, and those who have lower wealth index income and report less access to media (TV and newspapers/magazine). Findings from this study provide valuable information of how factors situated at different levels of social ecology, individual, institutional, and material level interplay within themselves while contributing to the maintenance of traditional gender norms among both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in longevity and population aging are the greatest conquest and social challenge that we face in this century, especially in the most developed countries. Spain is, currently, one of the oldest countries in the European Union and it is expected that in 2050 it will be the oldest country in the world, second only to Japan, with the region of Galicia (located in the northwest of this country) being one of the most highly aged contexts, with a rate of people over 65 years old well over 24%. In the light of this demographic transition, which some see as a threat to the general wellbeing of society, it becomes particularly urgent to study the social representations of aging. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to assess the attributions, attitudes and knowledge around aging that circulate in highly aged contexts. With this purpose in mind, 445 adults were selected, stratified by age (young people, middle-aged people and older adults) and provided with a selection of tools to assess their knowledge, stereotypes and attributions regarding aging and old age. The results indicate that attitudes towards aging itself are negative, becoming more negative as we age. In a similar way when analyzing attitudinal biases towards aging, a mostly negative tendency is observed. Besides, the level of knowledge about aging is very low in all participants, especially in younger groups. The findings imply that these result could be used to design, implementation and evaluation of anti-ageist programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between state-level high-tech employment and state economic development, labor, and tax policies over the 2007–2012 period. During this period national high-tech manufacturing employment decreased, national high-tech service employment increased and the nation experienced a severe recession. Overall high-tech employment grew very little during this time period but changes in high-tech employment varied substantially from state-to-state. This paper asks why. A two-stage empirical model is developed and estimated. Among other things the results indicate that these policies did influence employment in the period although perhaps in unexpected ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In much of the academic literature, hunger is treated as a problematic condition that affects people against their will. However, this focus ignores the many instances in which people actively choose to go hungry. The clearest examples are cases – such as dieters, hunger artists, and religious fasters – in which the choice seems voluntary. Yet people forced into famine or starved in concentration camps also make critical, though often subtle trade-offs related to hunger. This paper explores two fundamental characteristics that help to clarify the differences between various cases of hunger: the degree of choice and the severity of the consequences. By emphasizing the centrality of choice and providing a framework for the analysis of various situations, the paper argues for a re-examination of the concept of hunger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between membership size and the governance of grassroots associations. The issue of mission preference heterogeneity is highlighted and its effect on membership size is analyzed by developing a model and conducting a numerical simulation. An important finding is that the degree of heterogeneity of mission preferences in the potential member population has a negative effect on the optimal number of members of the grassroots association. The paper ends with a discussion of the use of governance mechanisms to limit mission drift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation regarding the legalization of same-sex marriages has been advocated for and opposed across distinct states in the United States. Claims makers on either side of the issue have attempted to have their voices heard in local and national newspapers. Newspaper personnel determine how to frame the issue, deciding which meanings associated with same-sex marriage will be highlighted and which will go unrepresented. This paper analyzes the media framing of Proposition 8 in California, a voter initiative prohibiting same-sex marriage, comparing frames across three newspapers: one local to California, the San Francisco Chronicle , and two national, the New York Times and the Washington Post . The paper illustrates shifts in frames from May 2008 to August 2010, a time period extending from the vote on the initiative through two court challenges. Overall, the results indicate that these newspapers more frequently frame same-sex marriage as a civil rights issue and that those attempting to block same-sex marriage do so as a function of discrimination. Less frequently, they frame same-sex marriage as a threat to heterosexual marriage. The findings show that the frequency with which the frames appear shift across newspapers as well as the time period of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite wide-ranging multidisciplinary scholarly research on rule-breaking (or rule-following), little is known about its temporal dynamics, and causal attribution remains an open question. This paper argues that rule-breaking is a complex phenomenon that feeds back into itself and demonstrates this with a lab experiment by comparing behavior of groups previously exposed to different levels of rule-breaking. Under the feedback hypothesis, those who had previously been exposed to substantial rule-breaking should exhibit a stronger tendency to break rules compared to those without such a history, everything else being the same. This is supported by experimental results, and further analysis also suggests a temporal interaction between the feedback effect and individual propensity to rule-following. These findings show that earlier decisions on rule-breaking can shape later decisions; that is, history and the dynamic feedback effect of rule-breaking matter. Methodological and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data consists of 366 U.S. metropolitan areas in 2010. • Conceptualizes immigration as two distinct dimensions,immigrant concentration and immigrant diversity. • Findings suggest that immigrant diversity has positive effects while immigrant concentration has no significant effects on four aspects of urban quality of life. The growth and dispersion of immigrant populations in the United States in recent decades has sparked debate about the effects of immigration on the quality of life. Existing research provides evidence of both positive and negative effects, a result that we contend may reflect differing aspects of immigration. In this paper, we conceptualize immigration in urban areas as having two faces: immigrant concentration (the presence of large , concentrated populations of immigrants) and immigrant diversity (the presence of large , diverse populations of immigrants). For 366 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas, we examine how these two faces have influenced four dimensions of quality of life: economic well-being, social well-being, healthy living, and urban mobility. Controlling for appropriate covariates, we find that immigrant concentration tends to have negative effects on urban quality of life, but these effects dissipate when immigrant diversity is considered. On the other hand, immigrant diversity has positive and robust effects on all four dimensions of urban quality of life. We also find little evidence that these findings are an artifact of reverse causality, that is, the influence of quality of life measures on immigrant diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A scale of Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) is presented. • The scale is unidimensional and shows valid and reliable psychometric properties. • PEIEL predicted tolerance of economic inequality over and above wage gap estimates. • PEIEL had an impact on the tolerance towards inequality of right-wing individuals. This paper describes the development of the Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) scale. It is written and validated in Spanish. We first carried out an exploratory study, using a sample of 205 participants (52.2% men and 47.8% women; age: M = 24.69, SD = 8.95). We then conducted a confirmatory study with a sample size of 215 individuals (43.7% men and 56.3% women; age: M = 23.83, SD = 6.46). Results showed that the PEIEL scale is a valid and reliable unidimensional instrument. This scale negatively predicted tolerance of economic inequality over and above perceived inequality measured by wage gap estimates. In addition, perceived economic inequality in everyday life was negatively associated with tolerance of inequality, particularly in individuals with right-wing political ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Researchers' multiple roles are key in drawing boundaries of social responsibility. • The researcher may become a cultural broker to attend needs of migrant populations. • Research ethics should be viewed as a continual and contextual process. • Boundaries of social responsibility need to be constantly re-drawn and negotiated. The perils that migrants face when arriving in a new country are many. To deal with the host community requirements, they often turn to their country people, those who arrived before them, and they build networks that help them manage their new needs and situations. At times, however, when involved in a research project, they also turn to the researcher who can provide help in ways nobody else can. In this paper, I discuss my experience of investigating intercultural communication with migrant physicians in Chile and how, very often, the gatekeepers of my study would require help on matters that could not be addressed through the aims and outcomes of my research. Putting forward the main principles of reciprocity in social research as the basis for the discussion, this article reflects on the boundaries of researchers' social responsibilities and the limits of reciprocity within the qualitative research, in particular, when conducting studies with migrant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Indigenous rights in Australia have undergone enormous transition since the groundbreaking decision in Mabo vs. Queensland in the Australian High Court. This paper explores these changes with a particular emphasis on Aboriginal water rights—an important, and more complicated, corollary to land rights. Mabo opened many possibilities that Aboriginals could claim water rights for everything from irrigation to fishing and spiritual uses. Since 2000 claims of this nature have been made in the federal court system and have challenged the total scope of water law on this the driest inhabited continent on earth. Water law in Australia is primarily a function of state government and these policies have had differential impact on Aboriginal rights which will be explored in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines US school rampage shootings, focusing on the period from the late 20th century to the present. School rampage shootings are thought to be distinct from other forms of violence because of the relatively safe rural setting in which most of these events occur, the lack of specified individual targets, and the number of deaths involved. While this type of violence seems to have spiked in the mid-1990s, school violence in general and school shootings in particular have occurred throughout the history of formal education. Research shows that certain elements of school rampage shootings are unique, while others do not distinguish them from more common forms of violence. For the most part, theory development is still nascent, with the most advanced explanations relying on psychological factors. Finally, interventions have generally been guided by situational crime prevention rather than theories about why violence occurs in school. This paper argues that more research is needed before firm policy conclusions can be made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Political communication scholarship has established the standard operating procedures for national media sourcing of government and politicians. The literature shows a strong reliance by the news media on official and national-level news sources that support the status quo. This paper investigates the less known subject of local newspaper sourcing practices on local House members. House members rely on the local media to communication with constituents but we have little insight into who provides the source material for coverage. Results show that local papers often parallel the national political media by depending on official and nonlocal sources for reporting ostensibly local political angles. Further, members’ press releases, papers’ size, and presence of a Washington bureau help explain local papers’ sourcing practices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explores waves of xenophobic violence that have followed terrorist attacks in the United States from a value-added perspective. This work explores the applicability of theory of collective behavior to these incidences of postattack violence, collectively characterizing these events as hostile outbursts. The history of postterrorism violence in the U.S. is detailed in this work, including a review of the first World Trade Center attack (1993), and the Oklahoma City bombing (1995). Special focus is placed on the immediate American response to the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. This paper culminates with a discussion of future research directions and the benefits that may result from conceptualizing postterrorism xenophobic violence as a hostile outburst in terms of preventing unnecessary bloodshed in the wake of terrorist activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Retail business development is a broad goal for both private business interests as well as local policymakers, yet the goal of retail opportunities for local residents themselves is often seen as secondary. This paper considers the argument that retail opportunities and sense of community are in fact linked in important ways, links that reinforce the social fabric of a community and/or neighborhood. The paper first briefly reviews the inherent linkages between retail shopping and local development patterns, and then considers the sense of community in the context of Garfield County in western Colorado. Based on the key questions derived from this background, we formally test the inter-relationship between local retail spending and sense of community from detailed survey data, then more broadly consider the factors that critically shape a locality''s “sense of community.” These findings shape several important policy implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Resource-rich countries tend to have more malaria transmission and death cases. • Governance capacity, leader's intention, and sanitary conditions explain this observation. • Findings from 107 countries between 2000 and 2014 lend empirical support. • These findings have further implications for resource and malaria management. Recent discussions on the natural resource curse theory have expanded from looking at economic and sociopolitical developments to focusing on the impact of natural resources on the spread of, and deaths from, infectious diseases. However, consensus on a link between natural resources and infectious diseases rarely exists, and empirical results are mixed at best. This paper attempts to re-explore such a link by focusing on malaria, a major infectious disease. We argue that in resource-rich countries the reluctance of governments to invest in human capital, rampant corruption and weakened state capacity, and inferior hygiene conditions in mining and drilling areas lead to higher numbers of cases of malaria. To provide empirical support, we apply different natural resource measures, and examine their impacts on the number of cases of infection and death from malaria for the period 2000–2014. Statistical results largely confirm our observations that natural resource abundance is positively associated with a higher number of incidences of and deaths from malaria. These results hold with alternative malaria and resource indicators, and model specifications. The results also have policy implications for malaria control, global public health, and natural resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The systemic model of community emphasizes on-going socialization processes. • Gender is an important, but underexamined, concept for the systemic model. • Motherhood emerged as a key result for women's neighborhood experiences. • Women's neighborhood experiences provide insights on gender and the systemic model. Kasarda and Janowitz's (1974) systemic model emphasizes community as a system of kinship and friendship ties driven by on-going processes of socialization. The emphasis on socialization is particularly germane to gender, specifically parenting and motherhood, but little research has unpacked neighborhood activities and gender. Drawing on qualitative data from a neighborhood in Albuquerque, New Mexico, I demonstrate that motherhood was central to women's participation in neighborhood activities, use of neighborhood space, and neighborhood expectations. This paper adds to understandings of community by incorporating gender as relevant for examining neighborhood dynamics and highlighting how women experience their neighborhood as mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• African Independent Television and Naija.com placed more internally displaced persons stories on their headline. • African Independent Television and Nigerian Television Authority used more of the positive and neutral tone. • Naija.com described and reported the issues of internally displaced persons in the various camps, using more of negative tone. • Nigerian Television Authority and African Independent Television mostly focused on the governmental financial/physical support frame. • Naija.com focused more on the internally displaced persons vulnerable state. Most prior studies that have researched internally displaced persons coverage in developing countries have primarily focused on the print media representation, in addition to general information. This paper analyses television and blog coverage of internally displaced persons in Nigeria from October 2016 to October 2017. In order to determine how internally displaced persons news was covered on television and alternative media, quantitative content analysis was conducted. Approximately 87 stories of internally displaced persons were covered by the Nigerian Television Authority, African Independent Television and Naija.com from October 2016 to October 2017. Specifically, African Independent Television and Naija.com gave more attention to the coverage of internally displaced persons than the Nigerian Television Authority. More internally displaced persons news stories were used as headlines by the former in comparison to the Nigerian Television Authority, and the majority of the stories appeared in the first two headlines. It was also observed that the African Independent Television and Nigerian Television Authority described and reported the issues of internally displaced persons in various camps through the use of a more positive and neutral tone. Conversely, the tone used by Naija.com was more negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Decentralized police systems are inversely associated with police intensity. • There are differential effects of police decentralization between countries. • More developed countries with decentralized policing employ more police officers. • Less developed countries with decentralized policing employ fewer police officers. This study is a cross-national exploration of the relationship between the varying degrees of police decentralization and police intensity. Decentralization allows more local choice about policing and police intensity, which allows citizens to express their preferences. Using policy intensity as a proxy for preferences, the paper tests whether police intensity varies between decentralized and centralized systems. The objectives are, first, to examine the association of centralized and decentralized police systems with police intensity via empirical analyses of 70 countries, and, second, to examine the association of centralized and decentralized police systems on police intensity in more and less developed countries. Findings from random effects estimations show that, in the 70 sample countries, more decentralized police systems are inversely associated with police intensity, measured as the number of general purpose police per capita. However, when the countries are categorized as more and less developed based on the Human Development Index, decentralized police systems tend to be positively related to police intensity in countries with a higher index but inversely in countries with a lower index. These findings suggest differential effects of police decentralization, and perhaps decentralization in general, between the two groups of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present study is a theoretical and empirical exploration of the surge in youth activism in Hong Kong. • The Activism-Radicalism Intention Scale (ARIS) is used to distinguish between activism and radicalism among a group of tertiary students. • The liberal education thesis, critical network analysis, and value-systems explanation are used to explain their activism. • The Chinese values of trustworthiness and social harmony play a role in shaping youth activism and radicalism. In the past decade, there has been an evident surge in political activism in Hong Kong, especially among the youth. This paper seeks to explain this development by adopting an emerging framework, the Activism–Radicalism Intention Scale (ARIS), that distinguishes between activism and radicalism and demonstrates how past and current intentions relate to each other. To explain how young people become politically motivated, we borrow from existing literature and test three dominant explanations, namely the liberal education thesis, critical network analysis, and value-systems explanation. Using results from a survey conducted with tertiary students in Hong Kong, we find the critical network to be an important explanation of participation. Interestingly, the Chinese values of trustworthiness and social harmony also play a role in shaping youth activism and radicalism, but in less predictable ways. This study contributes to the literature by providing an innovative way to systematically analyze youth activism and assess the influence of Chinese values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]