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Papers used for food packing were studied for formaldehyde migration from them by the colorimetric method with acetylacetone. The studied material comprised 14 samples of paper of Polish or foreign production: pergamenous paper, offset and sulphite papers and one sample from waste paper imported from Germany. Formaldehyde migration from these samples differed but never exceeded 1 mg/dm2, with the exception of the recycled paper from which it was 1.77 mg/dm2.

After decontamination, cleaning, maintenance and functional testing, sterilised items must be packed suitably. The package must protect sterilised items against microbial contamination during removal from the sterilising chamber, and during storage or transport until use. The ability of any given pack to withstand penetration by bacteria is termed bacterial barrier efficiency. The assurance to keep the contents of the packaging sterile is determined by quality of the materials and the quality of seals. The research was done to proof the microbial barrier, determined by quality of the packaging materials/systems used to sterilization in hospital practice in Poland. 4 packaging materials and 4 types of containers were tested. In all used methods the growth of microorganisms indicated the lack of the bacterial efficiency, the lack of growth--the bacterial barrier efficiency. It was proved that two tested specialistic sterilization papers, non woven material and specialistic containers (metal with a filter or valve, plastic with a filter) are effective microbial barriers because it was no microorganisms growth. It has been determined that sulphite bleachery paper of 60 g/m2 and Schimmelbusch container do not provide the microbial barrier. Based on the performed studies it has been determined that sulphite bleachery paper and Schimmelbusch container can not be used as sterilization packaging system in sterilization practice in hospitals.

Methods of identification and quantitative determination of synthetic dyes in gelatine jellies have been described. Extraction and isolation procedures of synthetic food dyes have been developed specifically for gelatine products. The various techniques have been used as follows: paper chromatography, absorption spectrophotometry and polarography. Tartrazine, Cochineal Red and Indigotin in amounts permitted by Polish legislation have been determined.

Background: Ionizing radiation and xenoestrogens are widely present in the human environment. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics, epoxy and polyester resins. BPA is present in a great variety of products including: baby bottles, compact disks, thermal paper, safety helmets, bullet resistant laminate, plastic windows, car parts, adhesives, protective coatings, powder paints, polycarbonate bottles and containers, the sheathing of electrical and electronic parts, dental fillings. Food and beverage cans are protected from rusting and corrosion by the application of epoxy resins as inner coatings. Human activities involving the use of radiation and radioactive materials in industry, agriculture and research cause radiation exposure in addition to natural exposure coming from cosmic rays and naturally occurring radioactive substances., Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the effects of bisphenol A, X-rays and combined exposure to X-rays and bisphenol A on the induction of micronuclei in the peripheral blood and in bone marrow reticulocytes of laboratory mice., Material and Method: Pzh-Sfis male mice were exposed for 8 weeks. Animals were treated with bisphenol A diluted in drinking water (5 mg/kg bw, 10 mg/kg bw, 20 mg/kg bw), irradiated 0.05 Gy of X-rays or exposed to a combination of both (0.05 Gy + 5 mg/kg bw BPA). The samples of peripheral blood were taken at 1, 4 and 8 week following the start of exposure, whereas the bone marrow after the end of experiment, only. The induction of micronuclei in reticulocytes were evaluated by using fluorescence microscope., Results: Bisphenol A as well as ionizing radiation stimulated induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow reticulocytes. After the irradiation the level of micronuclei increased, whereas after exposure to BPA decreased related to time expired from beginning of experiment. Combined exposure of ionizing radiation and bisphenol A induced significantly higher frequency of micronuclei compared to the effect produced by BPA alone. The frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood reticulocytes increased during the experiment. In all groups, the significantly lower induction ofmicronuclei in reticulocytes of bone marrow than of peripheral blood were observed. The levels ofmicronuclei in mice exposed to a combination of X-rays and BPA or to irradiation alone were slightly higher compared to those administered to BPA alone., Conclusions: Bisphenol A induced micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow reticulocytes. Subchronic BPA exposure leads to diminished sensitivity of genetic material of reticulocytes on the induction of damage. X-rays is probably the agent which decided about DNA damage following combined exposure.

Current advances in nanobiotechnology have led to the development of new field of nanomedicine, which includes many applications of nano(bio)materials for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (theranostics). Major expectations and challenges are on bioengineered magnetic nanoparticles when their come to delivering drug compounds, especially to targeting anticancer drugs to specific molecular endpoints in cancer therapy. The unique physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles offer great promise in modern cancer nanomedicine to provide new technological breakthroughs, such as guided drug and gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy, tissue engineering, cancer cell tracking and molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Along with the expanding interest in bio-engineered magnetic nanoproducts their potential toxicity has become one of the major concerns. To date, a number of recent scientific evidences suggest that certain properties of magnetic nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell membranes, resistance to biodegradation) may amplify their cytotoxic potential relative to bulk non-nanoscale counterparts. In other words, safety assessment developed for ordinary magnetic materials may be of limited use in determining the health and environmental risks of the novel bio-engineered magnetic nanoproducts. In the present paper we discuss the main directions of research conducted to assess the toxicity of magnetic nanocompounds in experimental in vitro and in vivo models, pointing to the key issues concerning the toxicological analysis of magnetic nanomaterials. In addition new research directions of nanotoxicological studies elucidating the importance of developing alternative methods for testing magnetic nano(bio)products are also presented.

Background: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) form a group of synthetic aromatic chemical compounds, commonly occurring in the environment as a result of industrialisation. Despite the ban on PCBs production, their wide application in the past resulted in their common occurrence in all elements of the environment. The lipophilic nature of the compounds resulting in their accumulation in live organisms and in the human body may trigger many harmful effects., Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the PCBs content in the selected species of wheat and in bakery products. The studies aiming at confirming possible correlation between the size of the grain of the selected species of wheat and the content of polychlorinated biphenyls were presented in this paper. Moreover, PCBs concentration in cereals' grains and in bread was compared., Material and Method: The PCBs content was defined in different sizes of grains species of wheat i.e. Opatka, Zyta, Elena and Almari. The study included also two kinds of wheat bread. PCBs were determined after the extraction with n-hexane followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Gas chromatography analysis was conducted on a PU 4600 Unicam apparatus with an electron capture detector., Results: The large variations in PCBs content depending on the grain size were confirmed. In the Opatka species the increase in the content of all determined congeners and the size of grain was confirmed. The lowest PCBs concentrations were in smallest grains (0,0090 mg/kg of fat), and the highest in the largest grains (0,0264 mg/kg of fat). In Zyta species PCBs content was also lowest in the smallest grains, however these results were not statistically significant. In the Elena species the increase in the PCBs content together with the increase in the grain size was confirmed. Basing on the determination coefficient it was found that the concentration of PCBs depends on the size of grains in 24%. The highest concentration of PCBs (0,0366 mg/kg of fat) was found in the largest grains, however differences between the examined fractions were not statistically significant. Similar tendencies were observed in Almari species. PCBs content in wheat bread was on lower level than in all of the examined species., Conclusions: It was confirmed that fraction 2,8 x 25 mm of all species of wheat grain had the highest PCBs content. The tendency to decrease of PCBs content with the decrease of the grain in size was observed. The relation between qualitative class of species and PCBs content was not confirmed. There were statistically significant differences in the PCBs concentrations between the wheat species within one size fraction. The results of PCBs content in wheat bread were lower than in all examined species of wheat. One can assume that for the production of bread collected for the study, the wheat originating from areas with low PCBs contamination was used. Somewhat higher PCBs content was observed in the wheat bread with bran added, probably due to higher PCBs accumulation in the bran, which contain higher fat and contribute therefore to the overall PCBs in the bran containing bread.

This paper describes the new microbiological hazards in food. For protecting human health, nowadays food safety authorities face with many challenges, that years ago were largely unheard. In 2011 verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O104:H4 has been isolated in Germany. Strain came from fenugreek sprouts originated from Egypt. It was characterized by unique features such as presence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli genes (aatA, aggR, aap, aggA, aggC) and resistance to most antibiotics. In Poland only three cases of disease caused by O104:H4 strain have been reported. Another emergence pathogen in Poland is Yersinia enterocolitica 08, biotype 1B. It is the most pathogenic bioserotype recently isolated in the USA only. Food-borne is commonly associated with raw or undercooked pork. The source of Yersinia spp. may be also milk and water. The presence ofbotulinum neurotoxins in food is not new, but still an important issue because of their high toxicity to human. Botulinum neurotoxins are high-molecular thermolabile proteins produced by Clostridium botulinum and some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. Based on their antigenic properties, botulin neurotoxins are divided into seven types A-G, however only types A, B, E and F are toxic to humans and some animals. Increasing risk associated with food results from antimicrobial resistance eg. extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae. Until recently strains ESBL+ were isolated in hospitals, however during last years they have been isolated from healthy humans, animals and food of animal origin. Increasingly common microbiological hazard in food is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although prevalence of this pathogen in food is not high, the thread comes from difficulties of treating of infections caused by MRSA. The occurrence of food-borne in humans may also be associated with presence of viruses in food and water. The carrier of viruses may be equipment in food plant, production line, packaging and man. Most food-borne are caused by noroviruses, rotaviruses, hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus. An increased number of food-borne viral outbreaks are recorded in several countries. Reasons for this include the improved diagnostic methods that have enhanced detection of some virus groups, and the increased marketing of fresh and frozen foods that has led to a worldwide availability of high risk food. Viruses may contaminate food either through contamination at source, principally through sewage pollution of the environment, or in association with food

The paper characterizes pro-health properties of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and assesses the possibility of increasing their content in pork and pork meat products. Studies conducted on animals indicate antitumor, antiatherosclerotic and antiinflammatory effect ofCLA, also find impact on reducing body fat and increasing muscle growth. However, the number of observations concerning human populations is insufficient to fully evaluate the relationship between CLA intake and reducing the risk of lifestyle diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research. Literature data indicate that the use in pigs feed suplementation with CLA preparations, can increase the content of these compounds in the meat and also show, that isomer cis-9, trans-11 is accumulated at significantly higher level. However, these changes were accompanied by increased the share of saturated fatty acids at the expense of monounsaturated which is unfavorable for human health. A better way to increase the CLA content in pork meat appears to be the addition of CLA preparation during the production process, because it does not affect the level of saturated fats. Pork and pork meat products enriched in CLA are characterized by low susceptibility to oxidation, which may result from the coupling of double bonds, antioxidantive properties of conjugated linoleic acid and the increased content of saturated fatty acids. The issue of beneficial effects on human health of pork and pork products with a higher content of CLA, requires further studies conducted on humans. Only then these products can be classified as a functional foods.

Fish and seafood are recommended diet constituents providing high quality protein, vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, these foodstuffs can also be the major source ofmethylmercury intake in humans. In general, more than 90% of the mercury in fish is found as methylmercury, but contents of methylmercury can vary considerably between species. Predatory species that are at the top of the food chain and live a long time, may accumulate higher levels of methylmercury. This paper contains information about sources of human exposure to organic compounds of mercury, toxicity, metabolism and transformation of mercury in the environment. Assessment of methylmercury by international risk assessment bodies such as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and U.S. National Research Council (NRC) were presented. Climate changes and their influence on the mercury cycle in the environment especially mercury methylation and concentrations of methylmercury in marine species were also presented. Consumer advice prepared by European Commission and Member States as regards consumption of predatory fishes such as swordfish, tuna, shark, marlin and pike, taking into account the most vulnerable groups of population e.g. women planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding women and children were presented. Mercury and methylmercury contamination of fishes and seafood on the basis of the literature references as well as intake of mercury with fish and fish products in Poland and other European country were discussed. The role of selenium as a factor which counteracts methylmercury toxicity and protects against some neurological effects of methylmercury exposure in humans, as well as information on potential etiological factors connected with autism disorder were also described. Attention has also been drawn to increasing number of notifications to Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) concerning the contamination of fish and fish products with total mercury. European and national regulations concerning maximum permissible levels of mercury in food were also presented. Possibility of selection of different fish and seafood species, taking into account low methylmercury contamination and high contents of omega-3 fatty acids e.g. sardine, mackerel, anchovy, salmon, periwinkle, have been discussed.

Cadmium (Cd), which belongs to the heavy metals, is one of the major polluting component of human and animal environment. Exposure to cadmium can lead to absorption of the compounds to the organism and consequently, the toxic effects in the nervous system. The paper presents various views on the biochemical mechanisms of neurotoxicity caused by cadmium. This paper describes the disturbances in the cellular antioxidant system, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, changes in energy production in the metabolic pathways, changes in the metabolism of biogenic amines, neurotransmitter amino acids and calcium ions and inhibition of enzymatic proteins.

Furan is an organic compound formed during heat treatment. It has been shown to be carcinogenic in animal laboratory studies. The aim of this study was to determine the content of furan in vegetables and vegetable-meat products intended for infants. The testing system used during this study was gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The content of furan in 48 samples of processed food ready to eat has been determined. In all samples furan was detected within the range from 13.2 to 91.1 microg/kg, and its average value was 43.3 microg/kg. The paper estimate the exposure assessment of infants to furan found in food. The calculated exposure ranged from 0.23 to 1.77 microg/kg bw/day with the average content of furan in ready to eat products ranged from 35.3 to 52.2 microg/kg. Exposure did not exceed the ADI value 2 microg/kg bw/day.

Numerous studies have shown that the occurrence of negative life events, especially in childhood and adolescence, increases the risk of developing mental and somatic disorders in future. The purpose of presented paper was to assess to what extent the severity of events determines health disorders and risk behaviours among adolescents. The study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of ten secondary school students in Warsaw in the three-year period. A questionnaire for data gathering was elaborated in Health Promotion and Postgraduate Education of the National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene. The scale of negative life events consisted of 32 items covering: 1) changes in live and health of closed persons, 2) contact with the acts of a crime or incorrect, 3) problems concerning biological maturation, 4) interpersonal relations in the nearest surrounding, 5) financial and living conditions and 6) problems of learning. The average severity of events evaluated by the students was used to determine the weights of individual item. Weighted scale as well as summarised scale were applied to analysis. In addition, the questionnaire included questions on health, well-being, and risk behaviours and attitudes, as criterial indicators. Our study did not provide evidence that only the severity of negative life events determines the health disorders and taking risk behaviours. The both scales showed similar moderate correlation with most criterial indicators and explained 10% - 20% of variance of subjectively experienced health indicators (self-assessment of health status, physical, psychical and social well-being), 10% - 25% of risk behaviours and attitudes and only 1% - 7% of health disorders measured by objective indicators (sickness absence, staying at home or in hospital due to health disorders, contact with physician, taking medication). It seems that not the severity of negative life events but their cumulating determines health and behavioural negative effects.

One of the most important objectives of health education is to shape the habits of attention to positive physical health, which determines the low risk of health problems, particularly in later life. Therefore, an important indicator of correct pro-health behaviors is to maintain an appropriate ratio between body weight and height, as well as maintaining fat distribution indices (BMI, WHR) at the appropriate level. Aim of this paper is to attempt a synthetic view of the health-related fineness--its development, and maintenance level for life in the context of the objectives of health education. The results of children and adolescents and the population of adult males from Cracow indicate that the percentage of children with elevated values of the fat distribution indices (BMI, WHR) between 8 and 19 years is systematically reduced in relation to international standards. At the same time in the adult male population dramatically increased to almost 50% in the group of men after the age of 50. This implies that educational activities related to the promotion of healthy lifestyle and maintain appropriate physical activity can not be finished at the stage of school education, but must also continue at a later date.

The aim of a paper was an assessment of Wroclaw University of Economics students nutritional habits. Purposeful sample group selection was opted in this surrey. The method Ch2 was used to analyses questionnaire data. Obtained results confirm, that most of student don't nourish properly. Irregular breakfast before leaving home is the most frequent incorrectness, as well as irregular second breakfast or resignation from second breakfast at work or on classes breaks. Dinners consumption for large group of polled was irregular too. Lack of proper nutrition habits among young people is the cause of this state. Young people haste and limited finance causing that most of polled. Students consume only one course meal, mostly preparing by themselves. Basic foodstuffs i.e. meat, fishes, poultry, dairy products and fruits and vegetables or more often. Large group of students (especially women) declared eating sweets to often.

The aim of the paper was analysis of behaviours of dietary students from Physical Education Department of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, and who lives independently in lodgings. The evaluation of feeding was conducted based on a computer program "Wikt 1,3", recommended by Institute of the Food and Feeding in Warsaw. Evaluations of the state of feeding individual respondents up using the AMC indicator were also determined. The diet of examined students contained too little energy, proteins, carbohydrates and minerals, however in excess quantities contained fat. Anthropometrics measurements showed, that examined women under the account somatic, were characterized with average by a correct body weight, and on average with good state of nourishing oneself

The aim of this paper was determination of the effect of the soil tillage systems (traditional and simplified) and weed control methods for herbicides (Plateen 41,5 WG, Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC, Barox 460 SL, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC) on the content of total sugars in the edible potato tubers cv. Wiking. The statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of the soil tillage and weather conditions over the experimental years on the content total sugars. The simplified used in the tillage soil increased the content sugars, as compared with the traditional tillage. During hot and dry vegetation weather the potato tubers accumulated the least total sugars. It was stated that the content of total sugars decreased after preliminary processing (after peeling) as compared to level of sugars non-peeled potato tubers.

Both epidemiological and experimental studies provide evidence of the dose-effect relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and lung cancer risk, exposure to tar or tobacco smoke and skin cancers or squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea and lung. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile N-nitrosamines, and also tobacco specific N-nitrosamines are considered to be the major carcinogens in tobacco smoke. To exert carcinogenic effect these compounds require previous metabolic activation by biotransformation enzymes. Individual susceptibility to chemical carcinogens is genotype and phenotype dependent. Machine-measured yields of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzo[a]pyrene and N-nitrosonornicotine in cigarette smoke are significantly lower than actual intake by smokers. The following features have significant influence on the tobacco smoke composition, cancer risk and other disease risks relative to cigarette smoking: tobacco type and its modifications and also nitrate content in tobacco. Tobacco additives, including ammonia releasing substances, do not contribute to cigarette smoke composition and its toxicity. Filters, paper porosity, cigarette length and circumference as well as the number of tobacco cuts per inch (whether it is coarse-cut or fine-cut tobacco) are of primary significance for the chemical composition of cigarette smoke and health risk.

Tributylotin (TBT) compounds are lipophilic substances having low vapour pressure TBT have been used as an active ingredient in molluscicides, antifoulants and wood preservatives, disinfectants and as biocides used in cooling systems, pulp and paper mills, leather processing, and textile mills. TBT acute poisoning in humans were manifested by hepatic functional changes, hypoglycemia, glycosuria, and respiratory system disturbances, similar to asthma. In experimental animals these compounds exerted mainly immunosuppressive, endocrinopathic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and skin and eye irritative effects. Mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic activity of TBT have not been confirmed. However gonadotoxic, embryotoxic, fetotoxic, and developmental effects were observed. In this article the actual views on the mechanisms of TBT toxic effects have been described. In conclusion, TBT may be a potential hazardous to human health.

Main purpose of this paper was to confirm of results obtained by new method based on bioluminescence technique for determination of susceptibility of materials contacting with drinking water were repeatable. Investigation was conducted during 8 weeks in dynamic conditions using continuous flow reactor UPE. Every week swabbes from tested materials were collected and level of ATP was examined. The results obtained from the surface of tested materials were repeatable and clearly approximate to those obtained from the surface of negative control material (stainless steel, low susceptibility for microbial growth). The level of the ATP on the surface of positive control material (paraffin, large susceptibility for microbial growth) was fifty times higher than that observed on other materials. Presented investigation was the main part of validation process, which in short time will serve to initiate system of complete assessment for materials contacting with drinking water according to Council Directives 89/106/EEC and 98/83/EC requirements.

The aim of this paper was evaluation of prevalence of supplementation according to demographic, economic and healthy factors and assessment of vitamins and minerals intake from supplements in Polish population aged 20-74 years. Data of 3132 men and 3529 women, from whom data about use of vitamins and minerals supplements on the day before examination was obtained, was used. Prevalence of supplement use in the study group was rather small and depended on gender, place of residence, education level and income. Mean intake from supplements of the majority of vitamins was higher than recommended daily allowance (RDA). Only iron intake from supplements was higher than RDA, however calcium and magnesium intake from supplements was 25% of RDA. High vitamin A, niacin and iron intake from supplements can display risk of adverse effect on health.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term describing a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with two conjugated double bonds. Among these compounds two isomers cis9, trans11 and trans10, cis12 have received considerable attention. They are present in milk and meat fat of ruminants and the cis9, trans11 (rumenic acid) is the most abundant with lesser amounts of the trans10, cis12 isomer. A considerable number of papers suggest anticarcinogenic properties of CLA, including their ability to suppress the growth of different cancer cell lines in vitro. It was also found that these isomers may act through different mechanisms to inhibit carcinogenesis. In view of the above, the objective of this paper was evaluation of isomer-specific effects of the natural CLA isomers i.e. cis9, trans11 and trans10, cis12 on proliferation of mammary cancer cell lines. Two mammary cancer cell lines were used: MCF-7 and T47D (ATCC Collection). The cells were incubated with both CLA isomers: cis9,trans11 or trans10, cis12 within the range of 5-200 microM for 24-120 h. There were no toxic effects of any of the isomers in the range of 5-100 microM, as indicated by the Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche) and cells proliferation was determined in these experimental conditions. Proliferation of cells was determined using Cell Proliferation ELISA BrdU (5' bromo-2' deoxyuridine), based on incorporation of BrdU to DNA of growing cells. The results obtained indicate that both isomers suppress the proliferation of the studied mammary cancer cell lines i.e. MCF-7 and T47D, especially when treated with the CLA isomers for 48 h or longer. Of the studied lines the strongest growth-suppressing function approximately 65% was observed for the line T47D.

The aim of the present paper is to try to evaluate the diet of 25 Physical Education students from Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz during a 10-days summer sports camp and to find out if the amount of food eaten covers the energetistic cost spent during motor exercises. To count nourishing values of the menu, computer program "Wikt" was used, the program of the Institute of Food and Nutrition, and the results were compared with the norms recommended. The diet contained too little energy for the tested women. There occurred so-called adverse 24h energetistic balance, in consequence of which - the decrease of body mass, especially fat tissue.

The aim of this paper was to present occurrence of plant protection product residues in apples in 2007. Gas chromatographic and spectroscopy methods were used. The most frequently found were fungicides: dithiocarbamate residues (18% of the analysed samples), captan residues (13%), pyrimethanil residues (6%) and insecticides: chlorpiryfos residues (6%), diazinon residues (6%) and pirimicarb residues (5%). 5.6% of analysed samples exceeded the national Maximum Residue Level established for apples. Violations were found for: flusilazole (n = 2), propiconazole (n = 2), cyprodinil (n = 1), dimethoate (n = 1), fenitrothion (n = 1).

The aim of paper was to assess the folic acid and cobalamine women (n = 960). The information about vitamins intake were collected using 24-hour recall and diet history questionnaire. The intake of vitamins folic acid and cobalamine was too low. The mean folic acid content in the diets of 100 women from Lower Silesia was 221.5 mcg and complied in 79% recommended level. The mean cobalamine content in the diets of 100 women from Lower Silesia was 2.9 mcg and complied in 97% recommended level. In examined group low knowledge about importance role of folic acid and cobalamine in health was noticed. Educational interventions are required to inform women and to increase its intake among them.

The aim of paper was to assess the vitamins of low physically active women (n=100). The information about vitamins intake were collected using 24-hour recall and diet history questionnaire. The intake of vitamins B1, B2, and B6 was too low. Vitamin B1--64.7% recommended level, vitamin B2--81.2% recommended level, vitamin B6--72.2% recommended level, niacin--63.5% recommended level and folacin--71.8% recommended level. The study showed unsatisfactory low consumption of milk and dietary products, cereal products, vegetables and fruits.

The aim of the paper, in which the 24-hour recall was used, was to asses the food intake of selected nutrients in first year student of Agricultural University in Wroclaw. The recommended dietary allowances for energy and basic nutrients in group of woman were particularly low, in group of man-intake of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and animal protein was improperly high.