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Throughout the 19th century, in the context of setting up the new republican order, the humanization of physical punishments was promoted. As part of a cultural climate affected by the individualization of the body, modern educational trends questioned the excessive punishment of children. This paper discusses the reviews of such disciplinary practices in Buenos Aires elementary schools and its countryside, with the aim of reflecting on how this "civilized awareness" process struggled for a punishment economy to design--at the end of the century--a new ethical code of honor and virtue based on self-discipline as the kind of behavior that should be adopted by future citizens of the republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some beliefs and attitudes produced by the victorious groups of the coup d'état that took place in October 1820. We attempt to show that after these violent political episodes, centralist sectors displayed a conciliatory rhetoric that can be traced in periodicals and in the messages announced by men with political and military power in the province. Such a rhetoric was accompanied by measures taken by the provincial executive power and they were intended to integrate some federal sectors recently defeated. This statement allows to question the idea that October winners started an intense revenge over defeated groups, which could be noticed in the new military reforms where no former revolutionary would be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyse the different perspectives that are enunciated by three federal lines about political parties, during Juan Manuel de Rosas' first government. Political, economical and institutional reasons underlie the speech of those federalist groups. Such disparity of interests and arguments assume special importance to understand the causes of the existence of such divisions inside the federal party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the role performed by the parsons as ecclesiastical judges in the Buenos Aires rural parishes during the last colonial decades. For such purpose, we analysed the regulation relating to their functions in the judicial environment as well as the effective exercise of these tasks. Particularly three fields of action of these parishes-judges are considered: marital control, the administration of the right of "asilo en sagrado", and their intervention in testamentary dispositions. The period in which we center the research is crossed by the tension that meant the reduction of competences carried out by borbonic policies. In response to these regalist measures, we will see clergymen either deprived of some judicial functions, keeping others, or resisting the reduction of some tasks that, until that moment, were in their hands. As it would happen in other areas, also in the excercise of justice, parishes and mayors will share some functions and -not unfrequently- will compete for the control of the institutional power at local levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]