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Summary Main aim of this paper is to compare the classification accuracies of glacier change detection by following classifiers: sub-pixel classification algorithm, indices based supervised classification and object based algorithm using Landsat imageries. It was observed that shadow effect was not removed in sub-pixel based classification which was removed by the indices method. Further the accuracy was improved by object based classification. Objective of the paper is to analyse different classification algorithms and interpret which one gives the best results in mountainous regions. The study showed that object based method was best in mountainous regions as optimum results were obtained in the shadowed covered regions.

Summary Alarming situation of toxic substances such as benzene and its analogs in the environment and workplaces, making it important to monitor these chemicals and their metabolites in order to evaluate risk hazards and potential problems caused by exposure to toxic compounds. Benzene is omnipresent in usage across industries. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) which is a part of World Health Organization (WHO) has classified Benzene as a human carcinogen. trans-trans Muconic acid (ttMA) is the most important biomarker of benzene for biomonitoring of its low level exposure. In this paper the sensing ability of polyaniline (PANI) to ttMA is investigated for development of cheap, portable and effective electrochemical biosensor. To take this ahead for biosensor device application, successful self-assembling of PANI nanofibers of 40–70 nm range on SS 304 working electrode was achieved. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the chemical structure of PANI. Morphology of sample was observed by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). The detection potential of ttMA in phosphate buffer solution of pH 5.8 acting as a supporting electrolyte was found to be at 0.26 V by linear sweep voltammetry.

Summary Inverted pendulum on cart belongs to a class of highly non-linear, multivariable and complex system which is currently a keen area of interest for researchers in the field of control engineering and robotics. This paper considers stabilisation and control of inverted pendulum on cart moving on an inclined surface. The task of controlling inverted pendulum on inclined surface is much difficult as compared to that moving on horizontal surface. An offline control of the proposed system has been successfully achieved using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy controllers. A Matlab-Simulink model of the proposed system has been built using mathematical equations derived from Newton's second law. The study compares the proposed techniques in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The simulation results are illustrated with the help of graphs and tables which confirms the validity of the proposed techniques.

Summary Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) is a protective device used for low voltage protection in the range of 12–1250 A. It is having fast breaking and making ability due to special contact structure. In case of transformer it is generally placed in secondary side and in case of motor protection it is used as backup protection. The existing design is suffering from chattering of contact tip which lead to erosion and in turn affect electrical life. It also reduces interrupting/breaking capacity of MCCB. In this paper, detailed study of the factors and constraints related to repulsion threshold current ( I rp ) and consistency of magnetic release for 630 A MCCB is carried out using Finite Element tool JMAG to find out limitations and scope of design improvements in existing design. The proposed suggestion is validated by testing.

Summary Breast cancer is significant health problem diagnosed mostly in women worldwide. Therefore, early detection of breast cancer is performed with the help of digital mammography, which can reduce mortality rate. This paper presents wrapper based feature selection approach for wavelet co-occurrence feature (WCF) using Genetic Fuzzy System (GFS) in mammogram classification problem. The performance of GFS algorithm is explained using mini-MIAS database. WCF features are obtained from detail wavelet coefficients at each level of decomposition of mammogram image. At first level of decomposition, 18 features are applied to GFS algorithm, which selects 5 features with an average classification success rate of 39.64%. Subsequently, at second level it selects 9 features from 36 features and the classification success rate is improved to 56.75%. For third level, 16 features are selected from 54 features and average success rate is improved to 64.98%. Lastly, at fourth level 72 features are applied to GFS, which selects 16 features and thereby increasing average success rate to 89.47%. Hence, GFS algorithm is the effective way of obtaining optimal set of feature in breast cancer diagnosis.

Summary This paper focuses on corrosion characteristics of cast and forged aluminium 6061 based composites reinforced with TiB 2 particles. Composites were synthesised by in situ technique using potassium hexafluorotitanate salt (K 2 TiF 6 ) and potassium tetrafluroborate (KBF 4 ) halide salts by stir casting route at a temperature of 850 °C. Cast aluminium alloy and its in situ composites were subjected to open die drop forging at a temperature of 500 °C. Both cast and forged alloy 6061 and in situ composites were then subjected to microstructure studies, salt spray test. Salt spray test was conducted as per ASTM B117 standard test procedure using 5% sodium chloride test solution. Result reveals that, forged alloy and its in situ composites exhibited improved corrosion resistance compared to cast ones.

Summary In this paper, we proposed superscalar pipelined inner product computation unit for signed-unsigned number operating at 16 GHz. This is designed using five stage pipelined operation with four 8 × 8 multipliers operating in parallel. Superscalar pipelined is designed to compute four 8 × 8 products in parallel in three clock cycles. In the fourth clock cycle of the pipeline operation, two inner products are computed using two adders in parallel. Fifth stage of the pipeline is designed to compute the final product by adding two inner partial products. Upon the pipeline is filled up, every clock cycle the new product of 16 × 16-bit signed unsigned number is obtained. The worst delay measured among the pipeline stage is 0.062 ns, and this delay is considered as the clock cycle period. With the delay of 0.062 ns clock cycle period, the pipeline stage can be operated with 16 GHz synchronous clock signal. Each superscalar pipeline stage is implemented using 45 nm CMOS process technology, and the comparison of results shows that the delay is decreased by 38%, area is reduced by 45% and power dissipation is saved by 32%.

Summary In deregulated rate structure, the performance evaluation of distribution system for energy efficiency includes; loss minimization, improved power quality, loadability limit, reliability and availability of supply. Energy efficiency changes with the variation in loading pattern and the load behaviour. Further, the nature of load at each node is not explicitly of any one type rather their characteristics depend upon the node voltages. In most cases, load is assumed to be constant power (real and reactive). In this paper voltage dependent practical loads are represented with composite load model and the energy efficiency performance of distribution system for practical loads is evaluated in different configurations of 33-node system.

Summary This paper presents a technique that aimed to accomplish an efficient balance between video compression using H.265 protocol and retention of 8K resolution. The study implements multi-level of optimization in the encoding process using H.265 where JPEG2000 standards play a crucial role. The study also applies a novel concept of orthogonal projection that manages pixels metadata required in every frame transition followed by motion compensation. By using multiple file formats of 30 video datasets, the outcome of the study is found to be accomplishing approximately 49% of enhancement in data quality and around 59% of improvement in video compression in comparison to the existing techniques of HEVC-based video compression.

Summary Cloud storage, which can be a surrogate for all physical hardware storage devices, is a term which gives a reflection of an enormous advancement in engineering ( Hung et al., 2012 ). However, there are many issues that need to be handled when accessing cloud storage on resource constrained mobile devices due to inherent limitations of mobile devices as limited storage capacity, processing power and battery backup ( Yeo et al., 2014 ). There are many multi cloud storage applications available, which handle issues faced by single cloud storage applications. In this paper, we are providing analysis of different multi cloud storage applications developed for resource constrained mobile devices to check their performance on the basis of parameters as battery consumption, CPU usage, data usage and time consumed by using mobile phone device Sony Xperia ZL (smart phone) on WiFi network. Lastly, conclusion and open research challenges in these multi cloud storage apps are discussed.

Summary In presence of environmental noise, speakers tend to emphasize their vocal effort to improve the audibility of voice. This involuntary adjustment is known as Lombard effect (LE). Due to LE the signal to noise ratio of speech increases, but at the same time the loudness, pitch and duration of phonemes changes. Hence, accuracy of automatic speech recognition systems degrades. In this paper, the effect of unsupervised equalization of Lombard effect is investigated for Hindi vowel classification task using Hindi database designed at TIFR Mumbai, India. Proposed Quantile-based Dynamic Cepstral Normalization MFCC (QCN-MFCC) along with baseline MFCC features have been used for vowel classification. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used as classifier. It is observed that QCN-MFCC features have given a maximum improvement of 5.97% and 5% over MFCC features for context-dependent and context-independent cases respectively. It is also observed that QCN-MFCC features have given improvement of 13% and 11.5% over MFCC features for context-dependent and context-independent classification of mid vowels.

Summary This paper presents an optimal placement methodology of energy storage to improve energy loss minimization through peak shaving in the presence of renewable distributed generation. Storage sizing is modelled by considering the load profile and desired peak shaving. This storage is suitably divided into multiple storage units and optimally allocated at multiple sites with suitable charge discharge strategy. Thus the peak shaving for maximum loss reduction is explored here. Renewable distributed generation (RDG) is modelled based on the seasonal variations of renewable resources e.g ., solar or wind and these RDGs are placed at suitable locations. A high-performance Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm is applied to the proposed methodology. The results are compared with the well-known genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology is illustrated by various case studies on a 34-bus test system. Significant loss minimization is obtained by optimal location of multiple energy storage units through peak shaving.

Summary Cryptographic techniques are employed for minimizing security hazards to sensitive information. To make the systems more robust, cyphers or crypts being used need to be analysed for which cryptanalysts require ways to automate the process, so that cryptographic systems can be tested more efficiently. Evolutionary algorithms provide one such resort as these are capable of searching global optimal solution very quickly. Cuckoo Search (CS) Algorithm has been used effectively in cryptanalysis of conventional systems like Vigenere and Transposition cyphers. Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is a crypto primitive used extensively in design of cryptosystems. In this paper, we analyse LFSR based cryptosystem using Cuckoo Search to find correct initial states of used LFSR. Primitive polynomials of degree 11, 13, 17 and 19 are considered to analyse text crypts of length 200, 300 and 400 characters. Optimal solutions were obtained for the following CS parameters: Levy distribution parameter ( β ) = 1.5 and Alien eggs discovering probability ( p a ) = 0.25.

Summary Many mining operations produce tailings that dewater very slowly under self-weight consolidation. On way of reducing the water content of such tailings is by coagulation/flocculation processes (C/F processes). This paper describes a study using aluminium chloride and pre-hydrated aluminium salts as aluminium chlorohydrate – ACH (F1.2A, F1AM, FD15, FDM17H, F1S) and polyaluminium chloride – PACl (PAX-18) in dewatering of flotation tailing slurries, resulting from coal flotation in the coal preparation at the Paskov Mine (Czech Republic). Experiments were conducted at different temperature and mixing conditions to simulate full-scale conditions. The results point to a potentially technique for reducing the water content of tailings streams, thus increasing storage space, improving economic and environmental aspects.

Summary In this paper, we present a software tool capable of predicting the final quality of triple play services by using the most common assessment metrics. The quality of speech and video in network environment is a growing concern of all the internet service providers to carry the multimedia traffic without the excessive delays and losses, which degrade the quality of multimedia as it is perceived by the end users. Prediction mathematical model is based on results obtained from many performed testing scenarios simulating real behavior in the network. Based on the proposed model, speech or video quality is calculated with regard to policies applied for packet processing by routers and to the level of total network utilization. The application cannot only predict QoS parameters but also generate the source code of particular QoS policy setting according to the user interaction and apply the policy to the routers in the network. Contribution of the work consists of a new software tool enables network administrators and designers to improve and optimize network traffic efficiently.

Summary A cellular neural network (CNN) is a massively parallel analog array processor capable of solving various complex processing problems by using specific templates that characterize the synaptic connections. The hardware implementation and applications of CNN have attracted a great deal of attention. Recently, memristors with nanometer-scale and variable gradual conductance have been exploited to make compact and programmable electric synapses. This paper proposes and studies a novel memristive CNN (Mt-CNN) with time-variant templates realized by memristor crossbar synaptic circuits. The template parameters are estimated analytically. The Mt-CNN provides a promising solution to hardware realization of real-time template updating processes, which can be used to effectively deal with various complicated problems of cascaded processing. Its effectiveness and advantages are demonstrated by practical examples of edge detection on noisy images.

Summary Variable weight synthesis method is a safety assessment method which is using the varied weight principle, based on analytic hierarchy process and combining the theory of grey relevancy, it reduce influence that secondary cause is not obvious in assessment process, and make the result more correct and dependable. In the paper, variable weight principle and the assessment method were expounded in detail.

Summary In recent years, the coal mine safety production situation in our country improved year by year, but severe accidents still occurred; the accidents caused great economic loss to the national economy. According to statistical analysis, almost all of the coal mine accidents will expose the hidden danger in before, most of the accidents caused due to safety management not reaching the designated position and the hidden danger management does not take any decision in time. Based on the coal mine safety management holes in our country, the coal mine macro, meso and micro safety management system was established in this paper, which includes meaning and conception of the theories of the macro, meso and micro safety management, and also includes the matching hardware equipment, in order to achieve the hidden danger's closed-loop control and dynamic early warning in the process of coal mine production.

Summary The acceleration and deceleration of trains are essential for satisfactory performance of train services and for effective utilisation of line capacity by railways for a given network. However, it increases the risk of unbalancing the passengers. Therefore, in this paper, the jerk was analysed in the vehicle in order to examine its effect on safety and comfort to the passengers. For the purpose of this analysis, a rake with 24 ICF coaches fitted with CBC (H type tight lock) and low preload draft gear hauled by WDP4 locomotive was considered. It was modelled using Universal Mechanism – a multibody dynamic software. Also, in addition, the vehicle is considered to be subjected to external forces such as rolling resistance, longitudinal wheel resistance, and gravitational force. The tractive and braking efforts for the locomotives are also considered with realistic track conditions between Lucknow and Kanpur of India. The presented results suggest that the CBC with balanced type draft gear reduces the jerk in the train.

Summary In the recent years, population based meta-heuristic are developed to solve non-linear optimization problems. These problems are difficult to solve using traditional methods. Simple optimization (SOPT) algorithm is one of the simple and efficient meta-heuristic techniques to solve the non-linear optimization problems. In this paper, SOPT is compared with some of the well-known meta-heuristic techniques viz. Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (ABC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Differential Evolutions (DE). For comparison, SOPT algorithm is coded in MATLAB and 25 standard test functions for unconstrained optimization having different characteristics are run for 30 times each. The results of experiments are compared with previously reported results of other algorithms. Promising and comparable results are obtained for most of the test problems. To improve the performance of SOPT, an improvement in the algorithm is proposed which helps it to come out of local optima when algorithm gets trapped in it. In almost all the test problems, improved SOPT is able to get the actual solution at least once in 30 runs.

Summary Burst pressure is the pressure at which vessel burst/crack and internal fluid leaks. An accurate prediction of burst pressure is necessary in chemical, medical and aviation industry. Burst pressure is a design safety limit, which should not be exceeded. If this pressure is exceeded it may lead to the mechanical breach and permanent loss of pressure containment. So burst pressure calculation is necessary for all the critical applications. To numerically calculate burst pressure material curve is essential. There are various material models which are used to define material curve, amongst them Ramberg–Osgood is very popular. Ramberg–Osgood accurately capture material curve in strain hardening region. This approach is applicable for different material grades. In this paper a finite element method is used to predict burst pressure using Ramberg–Osgood equation. These results are then compared with results obtained from elasto-plastic curve and true stress strain curve. Results obtained by finite element analysis are validated with experimental data which is considered from open literature.

Summary The laying and commissioning of new transmission line is very difficult due to socio-economic problems, like environmental clearances, right of way, etc. Therefore, there is an emphasis on better utilization of available transmission infrastructure. FACTS devices can provide reactive power compensation, transmission capability enhancement, and voltage and stability improvement. FACTS devices operate under the command of system operator who analyses its demand by the data acquired through traditional SCADA system, state estimation algorithms and PMUs. SCADA together with PMU give accurate information about the operational state of power system. This paper proposes a scheme to automate the FACTS devices in collaboration with PMUs in a more efficient way. Highly precised data from PMUs can be fed to intelligent controllers for effective analyzing and automating the FACTS device through control command. Thus, this combination can provide real time control of reactive power, together with enhancement of power handling capability and stability improvement.

Summary The customer's review plays an important role in deciding the purchasing behaviour for online shopping as a customer prefers to get the opinion of other customers by observing their opinion through online products’ reviews, blogs and social networking sites, etc. The customer's reviews reflect the customer's sentiments and have a substantial significance for the products being sold online including electronic gadgets, movies, house hold appliances and books. Hence, extracting the exact features of the products by analyzing the text of reviews requires a lot of efforts and human intelligence. In this paper we intend to analyze the online reviews available for books and extract book-features from the reviews using human intelligence. We have proposed a technique to categorize the features of books from the reviews of the customers. The extracted features may help in deciding the books to be recommended for readers. The ultimate goal of the work is to fulfil the requirement of the user and provide them their desired books. Thus, we have evaluated our categorization method by users themselves, and surveyed qualified persons for the concerned books. The survey results show high precision of the features categorized which clearly indicates that proposed method is very useful and appealing. The proposed technique may help in recommending the best books for concerned people and may also be generalized to recommend any product to the users.

Summary This research paper depicts the application of highly powerful and accurate semi-analytical methods, Differential transformation method (DTM) to portray the non linear temperature distribution of convective-radiative fin with variable specific heat. With the help of DTM, the nonlinear terms appeared in governing equations are reduced to recurrence relation with non-dimensional terms. A longitudinal fin of constant rectangular profile through which air flows in transverse direction at ambient temperature has been considered for present analysis. The governing differential equation and corresponding boundary conditions are decided based on the heat transfer in longitudinal fin. The governing equation is non-dimensionalised for successful application of DTM with generalised terms. The results of temperature distribution in fin have been obtained for a range of values of several parameters of DTM. The results have indicated that DTM is efficient and convenient tool for analysing nonlinear differential equations of several environments. Present results have been compared and analysed with other analytical methods available in literature.

Summary Mobile is becoming a part of everyone's life and as their power of computation and storage is rising and cost is coming down. Most of mobile phone users have a lot of private data which they want to protect from others ( La Polla et al., 2013 ). It means user must be authenticated properly for accessing the mobile resources. Normally user is authenticated using text passwords, PIN, face recognition or patterns etc. All these methods are used but they have some shortcomings. In this paper we have seen various existing methods of mobile authentications and proposed our improved mobile authentication IPCT scheme. We have compared our Image Pass Code with tapping scheme with existing techniques and shown that our scheme is better than existing techniques.

Summary The objective of the paper is to analyse parametric studies and optimum steam extraction pressures of three different (subcritical, supercritical and ultra-supercritical) coal fired power plant cycles at a particular main steam temperature of 600 °C by keeping the reheat temperature at 537 °C and condenser pressure at 0.09 bar as constant. In order to maximize the heat rate gain possible with supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam conditions, eight stages of feed water heater arrangement with single reheater is considered. The system is optimized in such a way that the percentage exergetic losses are reduced for the increase of the exergetic efficiency and higher fuel utilization. The plant cycles are simulated and optimized by using Cycle Tempo 5.0 simulation software tool. From the simulation study, it is observed that the thermal efficiency of the three different power plant cycles obtained as 41.40, 42.48 and 43.03%, respectively. The specific coal consumption for three different power plant cycles are 0.56, 0.55 and 0.54 Tonnes/MWh. The improvement in feed water temperatures at the inlet of steam generator of respective cycles are 291, 305 and 316 °C.

Summary Network-on-Chip has been a growing design paradigm with the rise in Multi-Processor System on Chip (MPSoCs) primarily due to its scalability. While regular meshes (2 or 3-dimensional) are the usual proposal for such a paradigm, a real chip may not follow it. Heterogeneous cores, hardware failures or manufacturing defects can possibly cause irregular topologies in a Network-on-Chip. Selection of a routing algorithm is an important challenge in NoC design as it affects power consumption, communication latency and overall system performance. Routing can be supported in such faulty environment by use of routing tables. But this is not a scalable solution as table size grows with network size. Logic Based Distributed Routing (LBDR) is proposed as a new routing implementation technique which offers compact routing implementation and fault tolerance without use of routing table. In this paper we propose a Hybrid Fault Tolerant Routing Algorithm (HFTRA), which aims to provide fault tolerance support in presence of on-chip link failures. Proposed routing is implemented with LBDR scheme. Analysis of the method has shown the effectiveness of proposed scheme as compared to routing tables when implemented using LBDR.

Summary The world today is experiencing an exponential growth in cyberspace. Nevertheless, India too has witnessed a significant ascend in Internet activities and it is quite assertive to say that such phenomenal growth in access to information on one hand leads to empowered individuals and organization and on the other hand also poses new challenges to government and citizens. To make the cyber world safe is the need of the hour. Putting up deterrent measures against cybercrime is essential to national cyber security in protecting critical infrastructure of the nation as well as for individuals. In this regard, the prime objective of the government is to prevent cyber attacks and to protect the country's critical infrastructure. It also focuses on reducing vulnerability to cyber attacks so as to reduce and minimize damage and recovery time. To prevent the cyber crimes, individuals and governments need to clearly understand the crime schemes in the cyberspace and the contemporary and continuing Internet trends and behaviours of these criminals. This paper gives a brief outline of categories of cybercrimes. These crimes are categorized as crimes against individuals, property, organizations and governments. Various Internet crime scheme are evaluated and behaviour of criminals to perform the cybercrimes has been analyzed. A critical evaluation of report of cybercrime complaints under IT Act 2000 has been presented.

Summary Selection of a suitable robotic manipulator, out of the available conventional configurations, is one way to employ a robot. However, with the increasing applications of robotic assistance, the concept of task-oriented customised design for prescribed working locations in a given environment, has got attention of several researchers. One of the challenges in this direction is the realisation of specific designs, involving unconventional values of robotic parameters. This paper discusses the D–H parameters based adaptive modules, which can be adjusted according to the given values of robotic parameters. The modules are available in three types with similar architecture. The details of this basic length unit, adaptive twist unit and extended length unit are discussed. Focus of the work is to validate the adaptability of the proposed architecture through the modelling, simulation and development of standard configuration.

Summary Selecting the right vendor is an important business decision made by any organization. The decision involves multiple criteria and if the objectives vary in preference and scope, then nature of decision becomes multiobjective. In this paper, a vendor selection problem has been formulated as an intutionistic fuzzy multiobjective optimization where appropriate number of vendors is to be selected and order allocated to them. The multiobjective problem includes three objectives: minimizing the net price, maximizing the quality, and maximizing the on time deliveries subject to supplier's constraints. The objection function and the demand are treated as intutionistic fuzzy sets. An intutionistic fuzzy set has its ability to handle uncertainty with additional degrees of freedom. The Intutionistic fuzzy optimization (IFO) problem is converted into a crisp linear form and solved using optimization software Tora. The advantage of IFO is that they give better results than fuzzy/crisp optimization. The proposed approach is explained by a numerical example.