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The paper argues that despite the widespread use of the term management in the context of tourism destinations, there is little actual management of tourism or tourists in most destinations. The paper uses the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model (Butler 1980) as a lens through which to view some current issues and problems facing tourism destinations. It explores some of the basic elements of the TALC model including carrying capacity and triggers or forces bringing about change in destinations and argues that the reluctance of many stakeholders to adopt sustainable principles is reflected in current problems such as overtourism. Recognition of the often ignored political element in the sustainable triumvirate of economic, environmental and social components is important because without political support for appropriate initiatives has meant that efforts to move towards more sustainable destinations have often proved fruitless. The paper concludes that despite calls for new ways of defining success for tourism destinations and for drastically changing the nature and scale of tourism in the post-pandemic future, it is likely that tourism will resume, at least for the short to medium term, in a form very similar to what existed before the advent of COVID 19.

This paper identifies the perceptions and behaviours of owners/ managers of rural small and medium‑sized tourism enterprises (SMTEs) regarding the use of social networks at the present time and in the future. Based on a qualitative perspective, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with owners / managers of SMTEs based in the Minho ‑ Lima region of northern Portugal. The costs reduction in acquiring new customers, improving credibility and corporate reputation are some of the main perceived advantages. Facebook stands out as being the most used social network, given the greater ease of achieving a broader market in an easy and fast way, essentially considering the high number of users. However, this paper also demonstrates that there is a strong lack of knowledge of how social networks, particularly Facebook, can be used in efficiently and effectively way. This paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the potential of social networks for tourism businesses operating in the rural context. Understanding these perceptions is important to identify initiatives and communication strategies appropriated to enterprises reality, contributing to encourage a greater and more effective use of social networks.

The experience in the construction of environmental governance around the Tortuguero National Park, is the main point of this paper. It will be analyzed from the implementation of the Local Council of Tor - tuguero / West Sector and the articulation of some agents of the Coastal Sector, remarkably, where there is a higher incidence of tourism. This paper is structured on the basis of qualitative research, such a the collec - tion of specialized bibliography, of documental and legal data, and also by means of interviews. Through such movements, it was identified a number of actions related to conservation of the environment and tourism in a sustainable perspective. However, despite the progress made, a need to undertake further efforts by all prob - lems remain with various aspects that historically are unsustainable for the management of the environment.

The use and management of new technologies is acknowledged as a key tool in the acquisition of competitive advantages in all the sectors. Particularly in the tourism sector, the use of website may influence the ability of companies to get to new markets. This paper aims at analysing the relation between the use of websites by companies of the tourism sector and its economic results. To tackle this objective, the technical efficiency of the tourism sector in the Pyrenean region of Catalonia is worked out. The paper uses a sample of companies from the SABI Van Dijk database, belonging to the hinterland regions in the North of Catalonia during the period 2011?2014. The non?parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the normality test Kolmogorov?Smirnov and the decision tree segmentation techniques have been used to test the research hypothesis. The main results of the paper show a positive association between the use of new technologies by the companies and their economic outcomes. On the contrary, there is not a positive association between having a website and the technical efficiency of the companies.

The objective this research paper is develops a destination loyalty theoretical model by using tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction. These study analysis components, attributes, factor influencing the destination image and examine the tourist satisfaction and determinants of destination loyalty. This is a conceptual paper attempts at evaluating recent empirical on destination image, tourist satisfaction and loyalty. The conceptual framework model is developed on the basis of existing theoretical and empirical research in the field of destination marketing. The models include four constructs. Tourist Perception constructs has been influenced by factors like Historical and Cultural Attractions, Destination Affordability, Travel Environment, Natural Attractions, Entertainments and Infrastructure. Destination image construct has been influenced by factors like Infrastructure & Facilities, Heritage Attractions, Natural Made Attractions, Destination Safety & Cleanness, Friendly Local Community & Clam Atmosphere, Rejuvenation and Service Price and Affordability. The satisfaction construct has been influenced by factors like Entertainments, Destination Attractions and Atmosphere, Accommodation, Food, Transportation Services and Shopping. The destination loyalty construct has influenced by intentions to revisit, word of mouth promotion and recommending to others . The earlier study result reveals that tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction directly influence destination loyalty. The outcomes of the study have significant managerial implications for destination marketing managers.

This paper discusses the relationship between a cultural manifestation and its own community. It’s resulted of a research project from Federal University of Alagoas, named “Survey intangible cultural heritage of Penedo and Coruripe - Alagoas.” The project was realized from 2007 until 2008, and as its title explains itself, had to order to identify some of the intangible cultural manifestation in these municipality. One of the study objects of the project was the “Mané do Rosário,” an authentic folklore party from Poxim village (Coruripe- AL). Then, the order of this paper it’s to identify the relationships established between the cultural manifestation the “Mané do Rosário” and the Poxim population itself.

This paper discusses the relationship between a cultural manifestation and its own community. It’s resulted of a research project from Federal University of Alagoas, named “Survey intangible cultural heritage of Penedo and Coruripe - Alagoas.” The project was realized from 2007 until 2008, and as its title explains itself, had to order to identify some of the intangible cultural manifestation in these municipality. One of the study objects of the project was the “Mané do Rosário,” an authentic folklore party from Poxim village (Coruripe- AL). Then, the order of this paper it’s to identify the relationships established between the cultural manifestation the “Mané do Rosário” and the Poxim population itself.

The objective this research paper is develops a destination loyalty theoretical model by using tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction. These study analysis components, attributes, factor influencing the destination image and examine the tourist satisfaction and determinants of destination loyalty. This is a conceptual paper attempts at evaluating recent empirical on destination image, tourist satisfaction and loyalty. The conceptual framework model is developed on the basis of existing theoretical and empirical research in the field of destination marketing. The models include four constructs. Tourist Perception constructs has been influenced by factors like Historical and Cultural Attractions, Destination Affordability, Travel Environment, Natural Attractions, Entertainments and Infrastructure. Destination image construct has been influenced by factors like Infrastructure & Facilities, Heritage Attractions, Natural Made Attractions, Destination Safety & Cleanness, Friendly Local Community & Clam Atmosphere, Rejuvenation and Service Price and Affordability. The satisfaction construct has been influenced by factors like Entertainments, Destination Attractions and Atmosphere, Accommodation, Food, Transportation Services and Shopping. The destination loyalty construct has influenced by intentions to revisit, word of mouth promotion and recommending to others. The earlier study result reveals that tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction directly influence destination loyalty. The outcomes of the study have significant managerial implications for destination marketing managers.

This paper covers two main areas. The fi rst area is an analysis of the various facets of heritage, cultural tourism and tourist encounter with other cultures in terms of culture-bound tourist gaze, a simplifi ed, generalised and necessarily distorted model of ‘the Other’. The model of perception is culture itself, and is discussed in terms of 3 macro levels: heritage; the practices and traditions of a people; and the system of internal values and beliefs that both form the model of reality and guide it. Secondly, the paper focuses on translation and Outsider interpretation. It reveals how little emphasis is given either to translator language or to cultural competence, and focuses on the problems of mediating for the culture-bound tourist gaze.

The relevance of human capital and collaboration with academia for innovation in the hospitality sector has never been denied, but the empirical evidence for this link is inadequate as far as Turkey is concerned. This paper intends to contribute to the knowledge in this area by employingself generated survey data for the province of Mugla, which is one of the most attractive holiday destinations in Turkey. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of human capital and collaboration with academia on innovation performance of hospitality firms. The results of the survey data and empirical investigation of logit and probit econometric models indicate that these factors are indeed conducive factors for the innovation performance of hospitality firms

Tourism, managed constructively, can play a role in poverty alleviation and community development. This paper suggests ways in which Community-based tourism (CBT) can be used as a strategy to develop poor communities. Looking at the specific social context of contemporary rural Mpondoland, which is characterised by high degrees of poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and unemployment, the paper considers ways in which local culture itself can contribute towards positive CBT outcomes. Local culture is not only seen as a tourism attraction, but also a resource upon which CBT development can be built. This paper considers various ways in which the local cultural context can be linked to CBT development, thereby enhancing the CBT development process.

This paper points out the conflicts that can arise in the field of Sports and Tourism through a case study of two marinas on the island of Tenerife (Spain). Following a qualitative approach, the discourses of the participants of seven different water sports were analysed. In spite of the traditional optimistic approach towards the relationship between sport and tourism, research results showed that conflicts can arise if this is not carefully managed. Conflicts were found at three levels. First, at a sport practice level, where conflict can arise between the different sports held in and around marinas. Second, at a socio-economic level, conflicts can arise between the different social groups that use marinas. Third, at a tourism level, conflict can arise between tourism development and the use of marinas as a sporting venue. The paper concludes by emphasizing key issues to bear in mind when managing the relationship.between tourism and sport, such as the brand image of both sports on the hand and tourism destinationson the other hand, and the social groups that usually play each sport and visit each destination.

The city of Faro was designated by the Portuguese government as the 2005 National Capital of Culture. The Faro 2005 National Capital of Culture took place between May and December in several cities of the Algarve region, with most events occurring in Faro. The programme consisted of 185 different performances represented through music, cinema, theatre, ballet and plastic arts. The paper analysessegments of the population that participated in the Faro 2005 event and discusses the relation between the event’s success and the degree of satisfaction of the participants. The contribution of the paper lies in pointing to the importance of an adequate marketing approach of large-scale events, such as cultural events, in order to achieve greater audience appeal/impact, in order to ensure sustainability.

The importance of destination image is widely recognised for its significant effect on the behavioural intentions of tourists. As such, efforts to build and/or improve destination images are critical to the success of destination tourism development. An important prerequisite for the successful longterm destination image improvement and promotion is the knowledge of tourists’ perceptions of the attributes of the destination’s image. This exploratory paper seeks to obtain some insight into this particular knowledge and to provoke discussions by contrasting the projected image of Linz as a tourist destination promoted by its policy makers with the perceived image held by Linz’s potential tourists in the context of the European initiative, “Cultural Capital of Europe” 2009. The paper juxtaposes the results of Linz’s 2008 image monitoring survey conducted by its policy makers with those of an exploratory survey conducted for this study. The latter was designed to capture the image components of Linz held by a convenient sample of domestic and foreign potential tourists to Linz.

The purpose of the paper is to explore and discuss the emergence of lifestyle entrepreneurship. The article addresses the question of the relationship between entrepreneur’s life quality and enterprise growth. The purpose is to conceptualize this relationship and to learn more about lifestyle entrepreneurship. Tourism serves as a case industry to illustrate both relevant research in the field of lifestyle entrepreneurship and a conceptual framework to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and perceived life quality. The paper delivers a literature review on entrepre-neurship and certain forms of entrepreneurship and conceptualizes lifestyle enterprise’s growth.

The tourism industry contains many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMTEs). Furthermore, the tourism industry is often said to be less innovative than other industries and SMTEs’ lack of motivation, knowledge and resources are often claimed to be the reasons why the industry is not very innovative. At the same time, though, rich and thick data on SMTEs and innovativeness is lacking. In order to contribute to the filling of this knowledge gap, this paper draws on a case company (a Danish caravan site) that has been innovative. The study reveals a series of reasons why this specific enterprise has been innovative and further, the paper suggests how these findings may transcend the case company.

With a two-fold purpose (1) to find out the topics that have been paid more attention by scholars with the aim of identifying future research lines, and (2) to analyse the methodological approach employed in the papers, content analysis has been conducted focused on 269 marketing oriented papers published in the main international tourist journals in the period 2004-2006. Findings obtained by three independent judges highlight the key role of consumer behaviour research, followed by marketing strategies. Concerning the setting, almost a half of the tourism marketing works is focused on destinations, although specific types of tourism is also a relevant topic for scholars.

This paper contributes to the development of the theoretical understanding in the field of religious tourism management by considering the Pilgrimage of the Dew as an alternative paradigm of analysis, which has been constituted in a destination able to host a very large number of travellers (pilgrims), in a very short period of time (3 days), without damaging the environment, ecologic and social, due to the own anthropologic characteristics of this form of travelling that gives priority to the human experience more than the market consumption. Thus, the model researched in this paper through the concept of “social capital” is opportune due to the confluence in the analysis of different social sciences (anthropology, economy and sociology) and from the theory and technique of tourism, concluding that the maintenance of the authenticity and sustainability of this form of religious tourism should be planned not on the basis of a real state model as currently, but on the unseasonality and a much better and regu-lated quality of the services provided.

The growing impetus of community-based tourism (CBT) as a means of achieving sustainable tourism and a strategy for social development forces us to seek a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. This paper proposes an analytical focus on the community as a theoretical/methodological tactic. The empirical reference point in this research paper is the concept of turismo comunitario (TC) in Ecuador, where five communities were chosen to conduct an in-depth ethnographic study. By means of a conclusion, a comprehensive framework is put forward for TC, founded on three main pillars: the analy-tical centrality of the communities; the consideration of TC as a ‘translation’ rather than an ‘adaptation’ to the market; and the fortifying - rather than debilitating - nature of TC for the communities involved. This provides a series of factors that can be used to gain a general understanding of CBT, from a theore-tical point of view, and which can also be used to evaluate the social viability of CBT projects and expe-riments.

The paper is based upon the results of research developed in the frame of an INTERREG IIIA Project on small-scale agricultural productions and local development in the Douro-Duero region of Portugal and Spain, involving researchers from the Universities of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro and Salamanca. The paper reflects the results of survey and observation work looking at the roles of restaurants, the importance of local fairs and markets, and the interest of visitors and tourists in local quality agrifood products. The following major conclusions are presented: local shops have little interest in acquiring these products directly from farmers; traditional gastronomy is a privileged way of promoting the valorisation of local quality agrifood products; tourism in the area has potential but it still quite incipient, but visitors and tourists look to buy these products.

The paper is based upon the results of research developed in the frame of an INTERREG IIIA Project on small-scale agricultural productions and local development in the Douro-Duero region of Portugal and Spain, involving researchers from the Universities of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro and Salamanca. The paper reflects the results of survey and observation work looking at the roles of restaurants, the importance of local fairs and markets, and the interest of visitors and tourists in local quality agrifood products. The following major conclusions are presented: local shops have little interest in acquiring these products directly from farmers; traditional gastronomy is a privileged way of promoting the valorisation of local quality agrifood products; tourism in the area has potential but it still quite incipient, but visitors and tourists look to buy these products.

There exists a wide consensus among governance theorists about the need of broadening the level of active engagement of the public in the processes of local planning and decision making. However, the praxis of public participation still arise many doubts and uncertainties that have not been solved by the academia yet. This paper examines the problems and difficulties faced during the design and im-plementation of a public participation process on the alternatives and future of several local development projects of residential tourism in two municipalities in the South-East of Spain. The objective of this paper is to show the main epistemological and ethical dilemmas (legitimacy, representation and utility) challenged during this project, as well as some of the answers given to these questions

Tourism is a very important activity in the Canary Islands, both economically and socially. It benefits local population through economic growth and employment creation. But after several decades of tourism development in the islands, academic knowledge about the behaviour of the sector and the impacts it creates is still scarce, considering its importance. One of the less known issues about tourism in the Canary Islands is the resident’s perception towards tourism. And it is this issue this paper deals with. It will be focused on the social discourses rejecting tourism in the Islands, even though it will also consider social discourses that have supported and still support tourism development. The paper adopts a qualitative strategy. The objective is not to analyze how many people in the Canary Islands reject or accept tourism, but rather to understand the meaning of their discourses about it. There are three impor-tant ideas in the reject discourse: tourism generate high concentration of population in the islands, the benefits of the activity go out and the tourists and the touristic model symbolize a low prestige consump-tion leisure product. Because today the sun and sea model symbolize low prestige

Ultraperipheral regions share certain common characteristics, such as their remoteness from the major supplying centres, their scanty resources, their island status or isolated location and consequent fragmentation of markets. Over the past decades, there has been an increasing awareness of the impact of ultraperiphericity on the development of a number of regions and islands. The concept of “ultraperiphericity” includes specific geographic circumstances that influence the development and specialisation of economies, competitiveness and business strategies. Agrotourism is playing an ever increasingly important role in the diversification of the agriculture, farming and tourism sectors into the Ultraperipheral Regions. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to the economic development of rural areas in Ultraperipheral Areas and to the reappraisal of agriculture, which is closely connected with tourism. Agrotourism is essential to diversify, transform and improve the competitiveness and quality of farms. This paper examines the impact of Agrotourism as an alternative to sun and sand tourism, resulting in the growth of family income, in rural development and, in short, in new approaches to the tourism industry. A further goal of the paper is to develop a strategic analysis of Agrotourism, studying both supply and demand in the Canary Islands

In this paper, I explain the development of a tourist village in the Catalonian coast (northeast of Spain) as a gay destination during carnival times during the month February. My intention is to include my reflections in this paper in the symbolic - cognitive studies about tourism and I want also to reflect about the idea of the constructions in gay culture of different places all around the world of leisure or/and pilgrimage. Sitges is a scale gay destination really knowledge in Western Europe during the hole year, but during carnival times, it's convert in a gay pilgrimage in different ways and there is have been crated during those last years gays places of leisure in the village that make me create the idea of the existence of a gay Carnival in Sitges Carnival. Because we cannot consider the gay carnival independent of what I call Sitges Carnival, I explain also the development and the historical conflicts between those two carnivals, and how those separate spaces have been created

This paper belongs to an ongoing investigation about social movements in Canary Islands. From a politic and relational approach this line researches in the re-colocating process of marginal groups in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. This process is derivated from speculated actions related to macrosocial elements as turism. Thus, this paper analyzes power relations articulating social representations with discurses and practices of the group. Also, the diacronic perspective allows to re-construct social trajectories from subjects and the quarter like an active social member in social movilization process. This is an ethographic research that implements combined qualitative techniques guided interviews and participant observation

This paper outlines the case for the analysis of tourism, power and place in the development process from a critical sociological perspective. It draws on recent trends in the sociology of development to develop existing theoretical models in a manner which transcends the more rigid dualisms between structure and agency on the one hand, and, the concerns of power and identity on the other. As in recent works from noted scholars such as Picard and Wood (1997), the relationship between tourism and processes of development and social transformation are more nuanced and varied than previous 'theo-retical' models in tourism have recognised. Hence, this paper examines the issue by considering four major thematic areas of relevance to the study of tourism and its diverse relationships to processes of social change: the relations of community, consumption, production and place

This paper is a historical analysis of the background and evolution of the concept of development and the limits to development, supported by links with economic science, thus pervading all social sciences. The assumptions of developmentalist theories, the so-called modernization theories, are shown and identified as traditional, conservative and consensual, thus differing from critical theories which adopt the assumptions of historical materialism. The paper examines those aspects of globalization which pertain to new approaches to development, whereby tourism becomes a link between the local and the global. The study explains how and why development is an unequal and joint process. Underdevelopment is a result of the structural adjustments which determine concentration of wealth and income, generating poverty as the ultimate expression of social inequality. It is shown that development only takes place when people benefit, when a human scale is reached, that tourism can both connect with concentrated economic growth and promote social development, otherwise known as local development

Over the last years, a great variety of terrorist cells have perpetrated bloody attacks against tourist destinations in diverse parts of the globe. This woke up the concern and curiosity of practitioners and academicians. The specialized literature agrees to point out that terrorism is the great threat of West today. Nonetheless, a much deeper look suggests that there is a historical relationship between both. The goals of this conceptual paper are related to addressee the sociological connection between terrorism and tourism to provide readers an all-encompassed state of the art. It is important to decipher the message of terrorism to exert coercion to Nation-States by hosting consumers. This extortion remains into the core of capitalism through the strike. Even though the paper focuses on a one-sided gaze all voices have been taken into consideration, the thesis that the existent economic dependence among developing and developed countries paves the ways for the advent of resentment and material asymmetries is avoided. The division of work leads tourism to relegate some stakeholders towards peripheral positions while investors accumulate for them the resulted incomes. This has been capitalized by anarchism (similarly-minded as terrorism) to bring beneficial improvements in the working condition of former centuries. If we agree modern tourism resulted from this process, scholarship must be accepted that tourism is terrorism by other means.

The concept of ‘counterurbanisation’ is now widely recognised within several branches of academia. Over the last four decades it has come to represent the net migration of people to more rural areas, notably although not exclusively across many countries within the Global North. It focuses on ‘permanent’ relocation, having separated itself within scholarship from more ‘temporary’ movements to rural areas, not least those undertaken for leisure purposes. This paper addresses this intellectual positioning of counterurbanisation and its exclusion of leisure users, arguing that, in some circumstances, it may now be unhelpful. In particular, recent discussions around the idea that we now live in an era of mobilities can lead to questioning both the idea of ‘permanent’ migration and its separation and implicit prioritisation over other forms of mobility. This leads to the paper advocating reconciliation between rural in-migrants and rural leisure users within a much broader counterurban imagination.

The objective this research paper is develops a destination loyalty theoretical model by using tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction. These study analysis components, attributes, factor influencing the destination image and examine the ourist satisfaction and determinants of destination loyalty. This is a conceptual paper attempts at evaluating recent empirical on destination image, tourist satisfaction and loyalty. The conceptual framework model is developed on the basis of existing theoretical and empirical research in the field of destination marketing. The models include four constructs. Tourist Perception constructs has been influenced by factors like Historical and Cultural Attractions, Destination Affordability, Travel Environment, Natural Attractions, Entertainments and Infrastructure. Destination image construct has been influenced by factors like Infrastructure & Facilities, Heritage Attractions, Natural Made Attractions, Destination Safety & Cleanness, Friendly Local Community & Clam Atmosphere, Rejuvenation and Service Price and Affordability. The satisfaction construct has been influenced by factors like Entertainments, Destination Attractions and Atmosphere, Accommodation, Food, Transportation Services and shopping. The destination loyalty construct has influenced by intentions to revisit, word of mouth promotion and recommending to others. The earlier study result reveals that tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction directly influence destination loyalty. The utcomes of the study have significant managerial implications for destination marketing managers.

Prime or shame? The “Mané do Rosário”: expression of intangible cultural heritage of Poxim ,Coruripe-AL, Brazil. This paper discusses the relationship between a cultural manifestation and its own community. It’s resulted of a research project from Federal University of Alagoas, named “Survey intangible cultural heritage of Penedo and Coruripe - Alagoas.” The project was realized from 2007 until 2008, and as its title explains itself, had to order to identify some of the intangible cultural manifestation in these municipality. One of the study objects of the project was the “Mané do Rosário,” an authentic folklore party from Poxim village (Coruripe- AL). Then, the order of this paper it’s to identify the relationships established between the cultural manifestation the “Mané do Rosário” and the Poxim population itself.

This paper covers two main areas. The ?rst area is an analysis of the various facets of heritage, cultural tourism and tourist encounter with other cultures in terms of culture-bound tourist gaze, a simpli?ed, generalised and necessarily distorted model of ‘the Other’. The model of perception is culture itself, and is discussed in terms of 3 macro levels: herita- ge; the practices and traditions of a people; and the system of internal values and beliefs that both form the model of reality and guide it. Secondly, the paper focuses on translation and Outsider interpretation. It reveals how little emphasis is given either to translator language or to cultural competence, and focuses on the problems of mediating for the culture-bound tourist gaze.

The relevance of human capital and collaboration with academia for innovation in the hospitality sector has never been denied, but the empirical evidence for this link is inadequate as far as Turkey is concerned. This paper intends to contribute to the knowledge in this area by employing self generated survey data for the province of Mugla, which is one of the most attractive holiday destinations in Turkey. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of human capital and co- llaboration with academia on innovation performance of hospitality firms. The results of the survey data and empirical investigation of logit and probit econometric models indicate that these factors are indeed conducive factors for the innovation performance of hospitality firms.

Tourism, managed constructively, can play a role in poverty alleviation and community development. This paper suggests ways in which Community-based tourism (CBT) can be used as a strategy to develop poor communities. Looking at the specific social context of contemporary rural Mpondoland, which is characterised by high degrees of poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and unem- ployment, the paper considers ways in which local culture itself can contribute towards positive CBT outcomes. Local culture is not only seen as a tourism attraction, but also a resource upon which CBT development can be built. This paper considers various ways in which the local cultural context can be linked to CBT development, thereby enhancing the CBT development process

Tourism is often identified as a strategy to ameliorate the wellbeing of poor communities and their most vulnerable members – women and their children. Women’s ability to get involved in and benefit from tourism is, however, conditioned by traditional gender roles and consequent education handicaps. Development programs often target women to mitigate these disparities. This paper examines whether an intervention by the Peace Corps resulted in improved human agency and self-determination among indigenous Q’eqchi’ women in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. The paper reports the accomplishments and shortcomings of the intervention and elaborates on the practical and theoretical implications of the findings.

The city of Faro was designated by the Portuguese government as the 2005 National Capital of Culture. The Faro 2005 National Capital of Culture took place between May and December in several cities of the Algarve region, with most events occurring in Faro. The programme consisted of 185 differ- ent performances represented through music, cinema, theatre, ballet and plastic arts. The paper analyses segments of the population that participated in the Faro 2005 event and discusses the relation between the event’s success and the degree of satisfaction of the participants. The contribution of the paper lies in pointing to the importance of an adequate marketing approach of large-scale events, such as cultural events, in order to achieve greater audience appeal/impact, in order to ensure sustainability.

The importance of destination image is widely recognised for its significant effect on the behavioural intentions of tourists. As such, efforts to build and/or improve destination images are critical to the success of destination tourism development. An important prerequisite for the successful long- term destination image improvement and promotion is the knowledge of tourists’ perceptions of the attributes of the destination’s image. This exploratory paper seeks to obtain some insight into this par- ticular knowledge and to provoke discussions by contrasting the projected image of Linz as a tourist destination promoted by its policy makers with the perceived image held by Linz’s potential tourists in the context of the European initiative, “Cultural Capital of Europe” 2009. The paper juxtaposes the re- sults of Linz’s 2008 image monitoring survey conducted by its policy makers with those of an explora- tory survey conducted for this study. The latter was designed to capture the image components of Linz held by a convenient sample of domestic and foreign potential tourists to Linz.

This paper points out the conflicts that can arise in the field of Sports and Tourism through a case study of two marinas on the island of Tenerife (Spain). Following a qualitative approach, the dis- courses of the participants of seven different water sports were analysed. In spite of the traditional opti- mistic approach towards the relationship between sport and tourism, research results showed that con- flicts can arise if this is not carefully managed. Conflicts were found at three levels. First, at a sport prac- tice level, where conflict can arise between the different sports held in and around marinas. Second, at a socio-economic level, conflicts can arise between the different social groups that use marinas. Third, at a tourism level, conflict can arise between tourism development and the use of marinas as a sporting ve- nue. The paper concludes by emphasizing key issues to bear in mind when managing the relationship between tourism and sport, such as the brand image of both sports on the hand and tourism destinations on the other hand, and the social groups that usually play each sport and visit each destination.

The purpose of the paper is to explore and discuss the emergence of lifestyle entrepreneurship. The article addresses the question of the relationship between entrepreneur’s life qual- ity and enterprise growth. The purpose is to conceptualize this relationship and to learn more about life- style entrepreneurship. Tourism serves as a case industry to illustrate both relevant research in the field of lifestyle entrepreneurship and a conceptual framework to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and perceived life quality. The paper delivers a literature review on entrepre- neurship and certain forms of entrepreneurship and conceptualizes lifestyle enterprise’s growth.

The tourism industry contains many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMTEs). Further- more, the tourism industry is often said to be less innovative than other industries and SMTEs’ lack of motivation, knowledge and resources are often claimed to be the reasons why the industry is not very innovative. At the same time, though, rich and thick data on SMTEs and innovativeness is lacking. In order to contribute to the filling of this knowledge gap, this paper draws on a case company (a Danish caravan site) that has been innovative. The study reveals a series of reasons why this specific enterprise has been innovative and further, the paper suggests how these findings may transcend the case company.

There exists a wide consensus among governance theorists about the need of broadening the level of active engagement of the public in the processes of local planning and decision making. However, the praxis of public participation still arise many doubts and uncertainties that have not been solved by the academia yet. This paper examines the problems and difficulties faced during the design and implementation of a public participation process on the alternatives and future of several local development projects of residential tourism in two municipalities in the South-East of Spain. The objective of this paper is to show the main epistemological and ethical dilemmas (legitimacy, representation and utility) challenged during this project, as well as some of the answers given to these questions.

This paper explores the different meanings that heritage has for conservation, tourism and local identity. Based on an in-depth examination of a conceptual framework, heritage was seen to have three different meanings: (i) the one recognized at the institutional level by administrations concerned with the protection of assets and spaces; (ii) the one that is based on the configuration of the image of the land within the tourism sector; and (iii) the one that corresponds to the sense of identity of the local people in that community. The aim of this research is to identify the relationships between these significances in order to contribute toward improved heritage management. To this end, an empirical methodology was configured based on standard techniques in social sciences, including an analysis of the content of public policies, a semiotic analysis of the tourism image and consultation using questionnaires. This methodology makes it possible to isolate the different variables and determine how the synergies between them are made manifest within a specific rural context, and then predict how these impacts can be replicated elsewhere. Based on our results, the conclusion is that more heterogeneous values of heritage need to be incorporated into both the tourism image and the social perception, using the latest academic approaches. It also shows that the traditional segmentation of administrative frameworks prevents a similar development within the existing institutional contexts.

This paper outlines the case for the analysis of tourism, power and place in the development process from a critical sociological perspective. It draws on recent trends in the sociology of development to develop existing theoretical models in a manner which transcends the more rigid dualisms between structure and agency on the one hand, and, the concerns of power and identity on the other. As in recent works from noted scholars such as Picard and Wood (1997), the relationship between tourism and processes of development and social transformation are more nuanced and varied than previous ‘theoretical’ models in tourism have recognised. Hence, this paper examines the issue by considering four major thematic areas of relevance to the study of tourism and its diverse relationships to processes of social change: the relations of community, consumption, production and place.

Wine producers in Portugal have begun to see tourism as an opportunity to diversify their profit margins. With the growing importance of enology universities have established greater research into the subject and to organize the existing bibliography. Thus, this paper presents a panorama of the articles on wine tourism 2003 to 2018 with a critical analysis of characteristics and trends in the Portuguese context. The literature review covers all the completed publications in English, Portuguese and Spanish in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo and Spell. A total of 36 articles were examined after eliminating duplicates, dissertations and theses. The main conclusions are that wineries tend to be organized by routes with scant literature relating to other routes and wine regions outside Portugal.

A chronological analysis of Christian pilgrimages over the course of around 2,000 years of existence suggests that there have been swings in their level of popularity: strong whenever the ruling classes whether religious or civil) protect popular sanctuaries and declining whenever policies constraint the practice of pilgrimages. This paper starts with the characterization of two authoritarian regimes, a fascist one in a western European country, Portugal 1928-1974): and a communist one in a central European country, Slovakia 1948-1989): at that time part of Czechoslovakia. The aim of this research was to explore the status quo during the period of government by the two authoritarian regimes, analyse the approach taken by each regime in regards to religious manifestations and how, with the eventual transition to democracy, it served to determine the dynamics surrounding each country´s main pilgrimage shrine, respectively Fatima Portugal) and Levo?a Slovakia. The research findings show that in Portugal there was no interruption on the increasing popularity and development of Fatima, from the authoritarian to democratic regimes. Meanwhile, in Slovakia only after democracy was reinstated, was it allowed for people to manifest freely their religious beliefs that led to a revival of pilgrimages and visits to Levo?a. The findings provide an understanding of the role of the state under authoritarian regimes and the policies implemented that prompted the importance and potential of the two shrines as religious tourism destinations.

The natural landscape of João Pessoa mixes beautiful beaches, cliffs, reefs, and other natural elements, being a famous touristic destiny. Added to this, it has a historic center with oldest buildings in the country, reflecting a historical period concerning the occupation and conquest of the portuguese people. Thus, the privileged nature, associated with important cultural heritage, results in the appropriation of this coastal environment, with the consequent urban development dating from the XVI century. The objective of this paper is to present the perception that travelers who have been in the Captaincy of Parahyba had about the physical environment which was essential for the consolidation of capital and urban expansion resulting in its cultural landscape. For this, it was resorted to a rich iconographic documentation produced during the period, with the role of instigating the current communities to a rediscovery of their identity and roots that are linked to physical elements of space.

Taking as reference the Sola study (1996), which outlines three stages in the trajectory of global Tourism Public Policy (TPP), this paper aims to analyze the profile of TPP of Brazil and Spain. We present the results of a study based on open system approach, grounded in a verification that is focused on establishing “management styles in TPP” as a system. We consider as inputs the information about the current demand and forecasts of tourism trends. For outputs were considered: 1) product offering; 2) environmental impacts 3) socio‑cultural impacts. For the comparative analysis between Brazil and Spain were used as analytical categories: 1) forms of action, 2) quantity/quality, 3) strategy and 4) impacts. The results show that, in Brazil remain traces of the first and second phases (Sola, 1996), along with specific initiatives characteristics of the third phase (due to recent investments in tourism), marked by the search for sustainability and competitiveness, as earlier in Spain..

Tourism planning and development necessarily entails efficient governance. The structure of such governance system includes the key players in order to ensure that all stakeholders are heard, contribute to the plan and participate in its implementation. This article introduces Cape Verde, a country with significant tourism growth and results, and it focuses on the case study of Boa Vista island. This paper is the result of a 5-year research that applied a mix methodology based on field work and interviews content analysis framed statistically and comprehensively in a mixed method analysis. This study demonstrates that communities are able to identify the negative and positive impacts of tourism development. Boa Vista has a community that is a practical example that locals able to recognize the existing problems and contribute to the future path to sustainable and truly representative development in sub-Saharan Africa.

El turismo literario se ha caracterizado por ser una tipología de turismo cultural relativamente reciente en España y consolidada en distintos países europeos, que ha avanzado en importancia e independencia hasta el punto de especializarse en ello destinos enteros, en muchas ocasiones ligados al mundo rural. Las iniciativas Villa del Libro han venido a desarrollarse como una variante de este turismo literario, a partir de la proliferación de librerías en pequeñas localidades que sirven como núcleo de desarrollo de todo su entorno. El presente artículo se ha constituido a partir de una investigación cualitativa mediante la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a dos expertos en turismo cultural. De su posterior análisis se han extraído y determinado las estrategias necesarias para el éxito y consolidación de los destinos culturales de carácter rural y el de la propia Villa del Libro de Urueña (Valladolid) como destino cultural de referencia en España. Recommendations and proposals for improvement in rural cultural destinations: The case study of the Book Town of Urueña (Valladolid, Spain) Abstract: Literary tourism is a specific form of cultural tourism that is relatively recent in Spain and widely consolidated in different European countries, where it has grown in importance to the point of whole destinations being built around the same, often in rural landscapes. Book Town initiatives have been positioned as a variation of literary tourism and consists in a plethora of bookshops in small towns that serve as the nucleus for regional economic and social development. This paper offers qualitative research on the subject, the result of in-depth interviews with two experts in cultural tourism. From the subsequent analysis, it is clear that management and marketing strategies are essential, among other aspects, for the success and consolidation of rural cultural destinations. The analysis centres most specifically on the Book Town of Urueña (Valladolid) as the Spanish reference for this type of tourism. Keywords: Literary tourism; Cultural tourism; Rural destinations; Book Town; Local development; Qualitative analysis.