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This article focuses on various political issues around the world. The question which has been raised in the discussion about the cession of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, whether, even supposing the inhabitants were not wholly French in feeling, France could defend her unwillingness to surrender them on the ground of prescription, can hardly yet be said to be a practical one, as far as the present war is concerned. The controversy which has been raging for some months between the New York papers about the ownership of the telegrams received from certain correspondents at the scene of hostilities in Europe, is, perhaps, except the great increase in the consumption of lager-beer, the most curious incident of the war on this side of the ocean. It is, of course, very unfortunate that so valuable an officer as secretary Jacob Dolson Cox should resign his place in the cabinet, but it would be still more unfortunate if the public were left in ignorance of, or under any misapprehension about, the cause of his resignation.

This article focuses on the democratic nationality. In Europe the idea of national polity is most nearly approached in the British Constitution; where, though the forms of royalty are still maintained, Parliament is omnipotent; and the voice of the. Commons, swollen by the voice of popular assemblies outside of Parliament, makes the nation felt as a power, though the people are still limited in suffrage, and though land, office, and social consideration are largely monopolized by the nobility. In Germany the full realization of nationality is still hindered by vicious and cumbersome political divisions, making the states a pasture ground for petty princes; while France vibrates from the extreme of popular sovereignty to that of imperial absolutism. Nevertheless the tendency of the modern period of society with which we stand connected is toward nationalization, and against either a feudal federation or a despotic centralization.

It is perhaps idle to make any conjectures on the results of the interview of the three Emperors in Berlin, Germany; and it is a remarkable fact that so far nothing has transpired of the conversations held. between the three sovereigns and their ministers. The secret has been so well kept that journalists have been thrown back on their imagination and their instinct. For the present day, it may be said that the moral director and ruler of European politics, the arbiter of the European Continent, is Prince Otto von Bismarck. Whatever was done and said at Berlin was said and done under his influence and under his control. The key of the interview of the three Emperors must, therefore, be sought in the character and opinions of Prince Bismarck himself. Bismarck, who knows all the forces of the times, had secured many allies in the press of Vienna, Austria. Some of the leading papers of the Austrian capital are more Prussian than the papers of Berlin. The Jews, who are very numerous in Vienna, and very influential, are all his allies, as Bismarck represents in their eyes the cause of religious freedom.

At the May 1945 peace treaty summit West Germany has been included in the European Defense Community and consequently in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. As soon as the agreements were signed they were bused by the U.S. to block new discussions with the Soviet Union. The extreme weakness of France in Europe has been exploited by the U.S. as an argument for the rebirth of the German army. The Soviet Union has used this in turn as the excuse for a vigorous call to arms in East Germany. But West Germany cannot raise an army rapidly without the help of old Nazi cadres and of officers sympathetic to the Nazi regime.

This article focuses on the new map of Europe with its Allies and neutrals after the war. Either Germany will win out as it planned -and this is no longer thought possible- or the Allies will have the victory which they hope. Or else the war will end in more or less of a "deadlock"-a "drawn game"-"with neither victors nor vanquished." In any of these events, the map of Europe is sure to be remade. The Allies are beginning to discuss-and neutrals are beginning to air their apprehensions-as to what the situation on the map shall be post bellum. The Swiss are first in the field with a proposal. It is nothing less than the neutralization of the whole course of the Rhine. Belgium had already been urged to insist at the peace-making on an extension of territory towards Luxemburg.

Focuses on political problems faced by the Federal Republic of Germany. Overview of the politics in the country; Relations of Germany with Western Europe; Economic crisis prevailing in the country.

The Austrian people have seen one way out-federation with their blood-brothers of Germany, who might share with Austria their coal, and link their industry with hers in such fashion as to give both life. But this the peace treaty forbids Austria to do, unless with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations, and France, still obsessed with the fear of a mighty Germany, stands adamant against such consent. There is no time to waste, for bankruptcy is contagious, and half of Europe is on the verge of the illness. Polish and Hungarian moneys are worth even less than the Austrian krone, and the Jugoslav, like the German mark, is 95 per cent below par.

Western Europe has been saved from industrial collapse because of Marshall aid. But it is the conclusion of a useful survey of the work of the Economic Cooperation Administration published by the New York Times that in most countries its tangible benefits have accrued to the owners of industry rather than to the workers. In West Germany, for instance, the newspaper's correspondents reported that Marshall aid had helped to increase employment but `had contributed little to the improvement of living standards.

When the Nazi leaders discuss their plans for the benefit of foreigners, especially Americans they utter honeyed words about "cooperation" and "division of labor" in a free, prosperous, and peaceful Europe. They plan a self-sufficient Europe, independent of raw-material sources overseas, particularly in the United States and Latin America. Today these plans are completed, and many of them are already being translated into fact. The main purpose is to "Germanize" the European steel and chemical industries. Germany is to be the only country on the Continent manufacturing steel, engines, or automobiles, owning chemical plants, or operating research laboratories.

The article discusses developments of second World War. The Coldest Winter in northern Europe for a century is adding to the miseries of war. In Finland, the weather has undoubtedly been an aid to the defense, but it has intensified the suffering of the evacués from the cities and those whose homes have been destroyed by Soviet bombers. The Northern neutrals, dependent on Britain and Germany for coal, have found their reduced supplies still further diminished owing to the freezing of the Baltic and its approaches to an extent that has almost halted sea transport. In Copenhagen, hot water has become a rare luxury, and in Sweden, mobilized reservists have been diverted from drills to wood-cutting.

The Socialist party in the United States has not escaped the sword which the war thrust into the vitals of organized Socialism in Europe. Here, too, there have been sharp divisions. The Socialist candidate for the Presidency, last year, along with several other leaders of the party, has issued a statement in support of the war against Germany. Reaffirmation by Socialists of internationalism, and of the solidarity of workingmen everywhere, has necessarily to-day a melancholy sound. It echoes the failure of high hopes at the beginning of the war in Europe.

In this article the author discusses aspects of the 2010 financial debt crisis in Europe. The central focus of the article is an examination of tax cuts that have been made in a variety of European nations. These personal and corporate tax reductions are at the root of the crisis and have caused a great deal of inequality in the countries where they have been enacted. Among other issues the article examines the impact of tax cuts in Germany, the support for tax reductions by the center-left political parties, and the benefits accruing to the wealthy.

The article presents information various political developments related to Russia. Every intellectual and Communist in Europe has either used or heard the argument that the Soviet government should have adopted a more hostile attitude toward German dictator Adolf Hitler's regime. When all the world condemned the Nazi persecutions of Jews, the Soviet press printed the facts without comment. When thousands of German Communists were being arrested, tortured, and killed, the Russian Communists refrained from any public protest, and normal relations between Berlin and the Kremlin continued undisturbed.

The article presents information on various developments. Germany's answer to the French security notes is another step toward peace. A long vista of negotiations opens ahead, but Europe is on the right road. And vastly more important than the phrases of the diplomatic notes is the fact that the French troops are out of the Ruhr. That mischievous invasion of German territory plunged Europe anew into a haze of war talk. Drums beat, troops marched, men talked angrily. Hate boiled on both sides of the Rhine.

This section presents articles on world politics. One of the articles presents an outlook of the European war. Russia obtained, after the war of 1810, the abrogation of article 2 of the Treaty of Paris, but this conquest seemed very small compared to the conquests of Germany. The secret feeling of enmity between the Slavic and the German races, which had always existed and which had been kept under control by diplomacy and by the personal action of the Russian and German crowns, was allowed freer play, and soon found daily expression in the press and in literature. The feelings of Russia also found expression in a new Interest iii conquered and vanquished France, in the incessant invitations made to her to "make herself strong again."

The article focuses on German politics. In 1955, the phrase most worrying to West German political leaders was "peaceful coexistence." Behind that phrase lurked the fear of a long- term Soviet Union plan for crystallizing the present division of Germany as part of a continuing status quo in Central Europe. Today, fear of a phrase has been superseded by fear of a single word: disarmament. Germany's leaders have realized with a real shock of surprise that the Soviets may not merely preach peaceful coexistence; they may make concessions to the West which could do two things, weaken the Western Alliance and at the same time, induce it to leave Germany divided.

The future status of the Ruhr and the Rhineland will indubitably have a decisive influence on the future of all Europe; but it is a very complicated problem, with economic and political aspects inseparably interwoven. One of the first questions requiring settlement is that how much production shall be permitted in the two provinces, especially in the Ruhr. Before the Second World War the Ruhr was the greatest coal- and steel-producing area of continental Europe. For a long time it was one of the greatest coal-exporting areas. Today it is no where denied that the speed of European reconstruction depends on the speed with which the Ruhr can resume its peace-time production of coal for the supplying of Europe's industries.

With the war in western Europe practically at an end, certain questions only indirectly related to the beginning of hostilities and the subsequent development of the world struggle become once more of international importance. The Schleswig-Holstein question is of this sort. The settlement of the status of the Kiel Canal is already foreshadowed as a military necessity by the Allies, and doubtless will be so regarded by the peace conference. The prevailing sentiment in Schleswig at the present time regarding the extent of the territory whose return to Denmark may rightfully be claimed is indicated in a recent speech in the German Reischstag by H. P. Hanssen, the representative since 1906 of North Schleswig.

Presents letters to the editor related to the World War I. Responsibility of Germany for the war; State of affairs in Europe; Information on Germany's holy war.

The article discusses several issues around the world. French General Charles de Gaulle insists that the unity of Europe must rest on cooperation among sovereign states, and above all on French-West Germany axis independent of the United States, with, France and, by implication, West Germany, each possessing its own arsenal of atomic bombs. At, a press conference in 1959, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called Berlin, Germany's situation abnormal, surely a modest appraisal, all things considered. But German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, suspecting gloomily, and correctly, (1) that anything that was abnormal called for normalization and (2) that normalization in this instance could only be at West Germany's immediate expense, and declared highly affronted. Ever since, he continues to be affronted whenever the possibility arises, no matter how distant and vague, of a U.S.-Soviet detente on the divided city.

The article presents news related to political issues. On June 28 the people of Spain confirmed the action of the April revolutionists in overthrowing the monarchy by electing a parliament that will be overwhelmingly republican. Under the pressure of economic necessity Europe is moving toward lower tariffs. Germany and Rumania are the latest countries to enter into an arrangement for the reciprocal reduction of import duties. At the dismissal of Professor Herbert A. Miller from Ohio State University has received wide publicity throughout the country, the release of Dean Carl C. Taylor of the graduate school of North Carolina State College at Raleigh has been given almost no attention outside the State.

This article focuses on the impact of Hitlerism in Germany as well as in rest of Europe. In Central Europe, the old heart of the storm, the old international pivot Hitlerism has produced its most suggestive results so far. There is confusion amounting almost to chaos in the politics of the Danube basin since the advent of Adolf Hitler. Germans in Hungary are Nazis when they are not Jews. Even the Swabians in Rumania and the semi-Germans in Bukovina feel the Swastika itch. Austria is, of course, quivering on the brink, but of Austria more anon. Hitlerism has served to impair democracy almost everywhere and to grease the elbows of the dictators.

This article focuses on the books "From Pinafores to Politics," by Mrs. J. Borden Harriman and "Three Generations," by Maud Howe Elliott. Those who have despaired of finding intimate and unknown details in autobiographies will find Mrs. J. Borden Harriman's "From Pinafores to Politics" a pleasant surprise. People on this side of the ocean when Germany invaded Belgium strained their meager imaginations to picture the chaos of frenzied Europe. Mrs. Harriman, who was there collecting reports on labor problems, says that it makes her realize now that, the next war, too, will come to most of the people out of the sky, catch them laughing again at garden parties.

Presents letters to the editor. Impact of the invasion of Ruhr, Germany by France on prices; International relations between European countries; Criticism of doctrines taught to children by religious sects.

The article discusses post-war Europe. Whenever people try to picture conditions in post-war Europe, the idea is put forth that political and criminal gangs will play an important role. Confirmation for this view is found in the German media of June 18, 1943, in an item reporting the arrest of thirty members of a robber band which had established itself in Duisburg, Germany, or rather the ruins of Duisburg. Their leader was a certain Willi Springfield who had deserted from the army and been sought in vain ever since. One of the members was the owner of a city-wide freight business, and his trucks were valuable equipment for the gang's activities.

German policy in conquered France has changed many times, and in the last six months it has taken a completely new direction. None of these changes have been made voluntarily; they have all been dictated by the increasing strain the war is putting on Germany's military and economic structure. This evolution of policy can be divided into three stages, one lasted from the collapse of France to the spring of 1941; the second from the spring of 1941 to the autumn of 1942, during which time French industry was taken over and converted to German military needs; the third began when North Africa was invaded and the German general staff found itself compelled to consider the possibility of a second front in Europe.

This article focuses on the German Industrial Fair which opened at the Museum of Science and Industry in New York City on April 9, 1949. Two German products will be conspicuously absent from the fair, "Cyklon B" and "Persil." Cyklon B is a hydrocyanic-acid product made before and during the war by a firm called Degesch, a subsidiary of I.G. Farben AG, the dye trust. Persil is a soap powder long popular in Europe for laundering and bleaching duty linen. Before the war it was advertised everywhere; the name was even spread across the German sky by airplanes. In 1945, when the denazification law was imposed upon them, the Germans remembered Persil.

This article focuses on the prospective reconstruction of France after her liberation from Germany after the end of the Second World War. Both the French Committee of National Liberation and the Consultative Assembly in Algiers are studying the problems of economic reconstruction that will face the government of liberated France. Eventually the entire economy of the country, as indeed of all Europe, must be rebuilt, but the two most pressing needs will be to resettle the millions who have been driven from their homes or deported and to provide food for the starving people. At the frontiers or in occupied territory close to the frontiers it will be necessary to establish temporary rehabilitation centers for feeding, clothing, and supplying medical care to the returning men.

This article present selections from the comments on the Peace Treaty of some of the important liberal and Socialist newspapers of Europe. According to the editorial published in the newspaper "Daily News," the terms and conditions, which are imposed on Germany are less harsh as compare to those which Germany would have imposed on Allies had she won the war. It seems that the Treaty leaves Germany a mere skeleton. The main objectives behind the motives of Germany were to enslave the world. The obligation of the Treaty on Germany reflects that the objective for winning nations is not to destroy a nation, but a system of government.

The article analyzes the war time expenditures in Europe. Of the novel and startling financial expedients, undertaken by the markets of belligerent Europe when the war broke out, or afterwards, very few established new economic precedent. The attempt at arbitrary regulation of the foreign exchanges, as in the recent futile experiment of Germany, was new as a war expedient. The German Government's prohibition under penalty of imprisonment, in the autumn of 1914, of bidding a premium on gold, had a well-known precedent; the French revolutionary tribunal of 1791 fixed the death penalty for such action.

One year ago, within a few days, the world's financial markets, suddenly realizing what was about to happen, made what hasty preparations they could to bear the brunt of the economic storm. Now that the full twelve months has elapsed since the war really began, from the financial markets point of view, it is in order to ask whether the expectations and apprehensions of those first days have or have not been fulfilled. Germany would be crippled economically, by the destruction of her foreign commerce, she would soon feel the strain of raising the necessary war loans. England would call in all her capital from abroad. At the first opportunity, all Europe would be throwing its billions of dollars of American securities upon the New York market.

The article presents information about various political developments taking place in the U.S. According to a letter, the general British feeling in regard to Germany's reply to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's note of June 11 may be concisely summed up in six words addressed by politician Marcus Tullius Cicero to Lucius Sergius Catiline, "Quousque tandem abutere patientia nostra?" As in all times of great national stress, reputations are now being made and unmade daily in England. Especially is this true in the sphere of journalism. According to another letter, burning constitutional questions have been set aflame by this incendiary war in all the countries of Europe. Answers that have been elicited may bring out of the shadow certain constitutional principles of the U.S.

The article focuses on the developments related to the First World War. The Allied Forces have launched attacks on the German forces at various fronts in Europe. An attack on the German line in the West is ridden with enormous difficulties and required vast preparation by the Allied Forces. The need for munitions in the war has become acute.

Presents letters to the editor related to various political issues related to European countries and the U.S. Information on the Mohonk conference; Hostilities against Germany.

Presents letters to the editor on articles published in previous issues. Criticism of the policy of the Prussian railways in adjusting rates on milk; Problems related to the availability of American books in Europe.

The American visitor to Berlin who casts a first casual glance over the theatrical columns of a daily newspaper is likely to get the impression, not that he has traveled some four thousand miles from home, but that Broadway has suddenly begun to speak German for the majority of the pieces there advertised are already familiar to him. Deutsehes Theater, Broadway and Theater in Admirspalast have not even taken the trouble to disguise themselves under new names. At the moment new German plays unknown to the American stage are extremely few, and it is, indeed, to America herself more than to any other country that the German managers are looking for material. The American who was accustomed, up to a few years ago, to find Europe stubbornly indifferent to all forms of American art, except, perhaps, the movies, experiences in Berlin a natural resurgence of pride when he hears American plays so eagerly inquired after, but this pride is soon given pause when he realizes that it is by no means the works most esteemed at home which are most sought after here.

This article analyses the development made on the front of cooperation between England, France, and Germany, in 1927, on which the peace of Europe depends. Nearly a year has passed since M. Briand's famous speech in the Assembly of the League of Nations after the admission of Germany into the League and his subsequent meeting with Dr. Stresemann at Thoiry. When one compares the hopes that were aroused a year ago with the distressing reality of the present situation, one is almost driven to despair. There was, however, another and perhaps a stronger motive for giving way. M. Briand knew that for the French public the franc is more important than reconciliation with Germany or the peace of Europe. Had he brought down the government he would have become the destroyer of the Savior of the Franc and the wrecker of financial restoration, and the country would have turned against him.

Ideas are the strongest forces in civilization, they are stronger than facts, they create facts. Central Europe is the traditional home of ideas. And again, as long ago, the literature of Germany and Austria, even of Hungary and Czechoslovakia, is a literature of ideas. This does not mean that the literature of Central Europe today lacks either fire or edge, either form or passion. But all passion is centered about ideas. The expressionist and activist movements, for instance, are not created by aesthetic triflers. Eminent poets, novelists, and playwrights represent these movements. Creative power and vision are in them. But beneath the creative impulse is the practical impulse to recreate a muddled and stricken world.

At the United Nations General Assembly meeting in Lake Success, the Europeans have two causes of worry, one is the handling of the German question and other is the delay in tackling the all-important problem, now that the Atlantic Pact has been signed, of providing the countries of Western Europe with adequate means of defense. The new German state will have executive, legislative, and judicial authority. The accumulated laws and decrees imposed by the military governors are got rid of en bloc. The occupation powers retain control of disarmament, and the Ruhr remains under the "international authority" created by the London agreement of December 28 last, but all other matters placed under the control of the Allies by the earlier occupation statute are turned back to the Germans.