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It may not be known in the U.S. that among the reactionary countries of Europe Hungary furnishes the greatest number of political émigrés. Tens of thousands of professionals as well as laborers fled to the neighboring countries rather than submit to the autocracy of Admiral Horthy and Captain Gombos. To give an idea of the number and the intellectual qualities of the émigrés it should be mentioned that in Vienna alone they have eight papers of their own, two of which are dailies. Another characteristic fact of the emigration is that the number of books printed in the Hungarian language, treating political subjects, published in Vienna, exceeds by far the number of books of the same kind published in the capital of Hungary.

The article presents information on various political developments. At a great mass meeting in Albert Hall last week, resolutions were passed demanding a different peace treaty and a peace of reconciliation and the immediate relief of starving Europe. In Switzerland, the feeling against the League of Nations is reported to be growing rapidly because of the peace. In another development, reports of wholesale massacres of Jews in Poland have at length gotten a tardy and imperfect publicity in this country, although the English papers have had a good deal to say about them for months.

This article focuses on various political issues around the world. The question which has been raised in the discussion about the cession of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, whether, even supposing the inhabitants were not wholly French in feeling, France could defend her unwillingness to surrender them on the ground of prescription, can hardly yet be said to be a practical one, as far as the present war is concerned. The controversy which has been raging for some months between the New York papers about the ownership of the telegrams received from certain correspondents at the scene of hostilities in Europe, is, perhaps, except the great increase in the consumption of lager-beer, the most curious incident of the war on this side of the ocean. It is, of course, very unfortunate that so valuable an officer as secretary Jacob Dolson Cox should resign his place in the cabinet, but it would be still more unfortunate if the public were left in ignorance of, or under any misapprehension about, the cause of his resignation.

Europe is at peace, but the Eastern Question survives to plague European diplomacy, and ominous mutterings from the Balkan Peninsula reach us in fragmentary cable reports of a plot to overthrow Ferdinand of Bulgaria. Russia, in winning Austria over to her definition of the term " Nihilist," has thus virtually secured a vindication of her course in the Lutzki affair, which during the last few weeks has been so much discussed in the European papers. The fall of the Servian Ministry was brought about by the opposition of the Radicals to the press law which the Minister of the Interior, M. Gyaya, himself a former Radical, urged the Skupshtina to pass.

At the May 1945 peace treaty summit West Germany has been included in the European Defense Community and consequently in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. As soon as the agreements were signed they were bused by the U.S. to block new discussions with the Soviet Union. The extreme weakness of France in Europe has been exploited by the U.S. as an argument for the rebirth of the German army. The Soviet Union has used this in turn as the excuse for a vigorous call to arms in East Germany. But West Germany cannot raise an army rapidly without the help of old Nazi cadres and of officers sympathetic to the Nazi regime.

This article focuses on the unification of Western Europe. There is no doubt about it that Western Europe is "unified" only by the Atlantic Pact and anti-communism. If there was no united Western Europe, it was the fault of the British Labor Party, which was the most powerful "Third Force" party in Europe and could have taken the lead. Instead, it did nothing about Europe and was concerned only about two things: the success of its economic experiment within Great Britain and its relations with the U.S. Everything now suggests that, far from supporting the Third Force, the U.S. is supporting the right. Yet at least until recently the Labor Party persisted in believing in some invisible leftward trend in the U.S., and thought that real Social Democracy would materialize much sooner in the U.S. than, say, in Italy.

The Eastern question has appeared and disappeared on the political horizon like a meteor. It, however, appears to me that humiliating terms like those imposed upon Russia by the Paris, France treaty should not be forced on a great power, and that, if it be done, we cannot expect anything else than that they will be repudiated at the earliest favorable moment. Such a moment had flow come for Russia by the defeat of France. English as well as other papers have asserted that Russia had acted in concert with Prussia.

The Kingless Kingdom of Hungary, where elections are being held in December, is generally recognized to be an unfortunate country. If the interests of a people are to be identified with those of its rulers, this judgment would have to be revised. No regime in Europe has been more successful in turning national misfortune into personal profit. Hungary is usually presented to the world as a land of peace-loving, hard-working peasants, crushed by the Treaty of Trianon, yet harboring no revengeful thoughts. Its only desire, apparently, is to be left alone by its neighbors and eventually to return to the monarchy which it abandoned under pressure in 1920.

The article presents information on racist nationalism. Europe is cemented by a common language and culture, stands in pleasing contrast to what is going on in the Balkans, where scenes in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia evoke some of the nastiest chapters of racist nationalism in the twentieth century. The Slovenes themselves have made haste, amid celebrations of newfound nationhood, to declare an amnesty for collaborators with the Axis powers. A few hundred miles north the Slovakians are dusting off their own proud heritage. It's enough to make one yearn for the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which did impose upon large portions of Middle Europe some kind of transnational respect for minorities, as did the Communists in the postwar period now concluded.

It is not the relics of the past which draw most of the U.S. people abroad, but rather the wish to sample another way of living than their own. Every summer there are events in Europe which are not staged for tourists, which are little advertised or known, and which present in a few days, a day, or some hours a whole broad phase of culture. Information regarding these have been assembled here under the subject music, drama, festivals, art, politics and sports.

The article focuses on the book "They Make a Desert," by Francesco Nitti and translated by F. Brittain. The book focuses on the treaty of Versailles. Nitti believes all Europe to be on the verge of political and economic ruin. The Dawes Plan he approves merely as a well-designed palliative. Nitti asserts that Europe does not yet dare to face the problem of her existence. He recognizes as natural and yet deplores, the American attitude toward Europe. Against the Reparation Commission he says that they are "stupid men directed by clever men" and their organization is a "docile organ of every kind of abuse."

The government of France had been very severe towards the foreign press. A Vienna paper, the most important organ of Austrian journalism, the "Neue Freie Presse," was prohibited in France, probably on account of its extraordinary zeal on behalf of activist M. Thiers. An article titled "Retrospective View of the Berlin Interview, by a German Diplomat" focuses on a Prusso-Russian alliance. German diplomat Otto Furst von Bismarck felt that Russia had been injured by Europe, harshly treated and outlawed. However, this alliance is gradually losing its force.

Discusses political and social conditions in Europe as of April 4, 2005. Reflections of the author on time spent as a student in France; Impact of economic growth on Europe's role in international relations; Discussion of relations between the U.S. and Europe; Impact of the European Union on political stability in Europe; Comparison between domestic and foreign policies in Europe and the United States; Impact of European political influence on the superpower status of the U.S.

When the thinkers of the European New Right point to their main theoretical influences, the politician Antonio Gramsci's name stands out as an anomaly among such figures as conservative Weimar Republic theorists Carl Schmitt and Ernst Junger or the animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz. Only twenty years later, the assumptions of the New Right are an established part of political discourse throughout Western Europe, championed by political parties that vie for representation at every level of government. The principle that all peoples are biologically unique, and therefore not equal, also legitimizes disparity between First and Third World peoples.

Focuses on relations between Europe and America as of January 24, 1981. Information on policies adopted by various European countries regarding nuclear weapons; Statement made by Michael Foot, leader of Great Britain's Labor Party to oppose the introduction of cruise missiles; Criticism of the winter 1981 issue of the journal "Daedalus" which talked about U.S. defense policies in the 1980s.

Focuses on the political conditions in the U.S. Information on performance of U.S. President Richard Nixon before Associated Press Managing Editors Association; Description of political strategy of Nixon's offensive; Details of foreign policies of the U.S. towards Europe; Others.

The article focuses on issues related to the Council of Europe meeting which was held recently in Strasbourg, France. These issues relates to the defense of Europe and the Schuman Plan related to the conflict between the France-Benelux and the British positions. A need to give Western Europe the force required to stop an eventual advance of the Red Army was felt. Moreover, there was absence of a consistent, aggressive, democratic policy that gives an air of futility to the Strasbourg deliberation. Take Spain, for instance. A hastily drafted motion expressing in very diplomatic language the Assembly's disapproval of the decision of the American Senate to lend $100,000,000 to Franco immediately collected many signatures from even moderate representatives of several countries.

This article focuses on international relations. According to the author, in any consideration of the special rights and prerogatives, known to diplomats as vested interests, of the Western Powers, the fact to be noted is the declines of openly aggressive policies in relation to China. After the battle of Concessions which closed the last decade of the nineteenth century the various parties thereto settled down to a consolidation of their holdings and a defense of their political priority, and except for the Russian advance from the north Europe played a more passive role.

The article presents notes on various issues related to world politics as of January 1950. One article focuses on the economic message given by the U.S. Congress to U.S. President Harry S. Truman on what the expected scenario of the economy should be. Another note alarms on the American military assistance to Europe. It points out that the continent which is to be governed by the U.S. military men may create a good deal of friction between this country and the other signatories of the Atlantic Pact.

With the conquest of Greece, the German Chancellor, Adolf Hitler has achieved three objectives. He has ousted Great Britain from its last toehold on the mainland of Europe, excluding Gibralter; he has rescued his Italian partner from an extremely embarrassing situation; and he has considerably improved the strategic position of the Axis in relation to the vital British base in Egypt. There are, of course, several major obstacles 'to be overcome' before the Germans can strike at Suez with any assurance of success. Between Greece and Alexandria there is a wide stretch of water where the British navy remains dominant, even though its advanced base in Crete is now exposed to bombing attacks.

The immediate crisis unleashed by the Anglo-French aggression against Egypt after the second world war, is over. Dangers and problems remain; and even the withdrawal of English and French troops from Egypt, if it can be enforced, will not suffice to exercise the devils, have loosed. But the fear of a Third World War has receded, and the whole world has heaved a mighty sigh of relief. The studied English affront to the United States is receding into the background like a bad dream, and already voices on both sides of the Atlantic are busy proclaiming "back to normal." That, very roughly, is the position a week after the acceptance of the United Nations' plan for ending the fighting. It is a very natural reaction. American policy, European commentators think, has come round to a more realistic appreciation of the situation.

This article presents brief information on political conditions of several nations. By and large, the U.S. Administration has acted wisely in meeting the grave Suez crisis which has arisen in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. In discussing the situation in the Middle East, one must distinguish, of course, between the U.S. foreign policy, prior to the crisis and the various acts and statements which have been devised to cope with it. In any case, the United Nations remains the best hope for peace and freedom--freedom through a steadily strengthened rule of law, freedom through cooperation. The U.S. Democratic Party has once again come to that familiar fork in the road. It must decide again, and soon, whether its Southern wing shall continue to dominate the Congressional leadership and thereby make the record, fashion the issues and determine national policy.

The article discusses several issues related to economics and politics from different countries of the world. The extraordinary change in the financial relations between the United States and Europe, by which, whether temporarily or permanently, this country has been transformed from a continuous borrower on the foreign markets into the most important lender on the same markets, is commonly described as a new and sudden development. In England, France, and the United States, both political parties have become so determinedly humanitarian that without the excitement of foreign politics one of them would go out of existence. In fact, it may be said that one of them has gone out of existence. The Liberal Party in England has shared the fate of the Democratic Party in the United States.

This article presents information related to socio-political issues in the United States. A plan of a war with Spain was suddenly sprung upon the country last spring. A mere description of what is proposed shows that nothing so important has been laid before the American people since the adoption of the Constitution. It is a more radical change in the political framework of American society than the union of the States. Nothing except the Constitution has been held by American publicists to be so firmly settled. It is true that it has never been formally accepted by those of Europe, but Americans have always said that it made no difference whether they accepted it or not, that they would resolutely enforce it whenever the occasion came.

The article presents recent developments around the world related to various issues. The U.S. Secretary of State, George C. Marshall recently made a statement in which he challenged all who cling to a policy of drift in the face of Europe's economic crisis. The survival of Spain's dictator, Francisco Franco and his Fascist regime two years after the war's end is an arrogant challenge to the United Nations Assembly which convenes this week. The communal riots in India continue to engage the attention of the governments of India and Pakistan. The latest British by-election, in the edge Hill district of Liverpool, England, it has been said that this was real test of the Labor government's hold and popular support and that the Labor Party had a hard fight on his hands.

From the outset it has been evident that regardless of Russia's attitude the American government is determined to give large scale assistance in the rebuilding of Western Europe. This explains the grudging American bid to Russia to participate and also the flagrant snubbing of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, which meets in Geneva. It explains too the skeptical reception the plan received by the Moscow press, which viewed it, with some justification, as a wider statement of the U.S. President Harry S. Truman's doctrine.

This article focuses on the political conditions of the U.S. The victory of the U.S. Republican party has lead to a good deal of despondency and alarm in Europe. Of course, it is understood that foreign policy in many important aspects has bi-partisan support in this country and was not an issue in the election. Meanwhile, the gravest danger arising from the abandonment of controls in the U.S. is its probable effect on the housing situation. Although rent ceilings are to remain, it has been indicated that they would probably have to be raised, and the real-estate interests will certainly now redo their efforts to boost revenues.

This article focuses on the social and political conditions prevailing in the U.S. No sooner had the U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced his bread-for-Europe plans than Representative Edwin Arthur Hall, New York Republican, introduced a resolution in the U.S. Congress calling for a ban on grain and flour exports until the Secretary of Agriculture found that shortages of animal feed in certain areas had been made good, and that enough flour was available to assure the American people the present amount of white bread.

The article presents information on international politics. The Polish-border question is disturbing the unity of the United Nations, and no accommodation between the positions of the Soviet government and the Polish government in exile appears in sight. Both parties are exhibiting an intransigence which bodes ill for the future peace of Europe. The government in exile itself has issued orders to its underground which seem to suggest an attempt to observe neutrality as between the Soviet and Nazi armies.

Presents letters to the editor on various political and cultural issues and developments. Reasons which render doubtful a permanent and durable peace in Europe; Views on sending troops from British Empire of India for England's aid, to Europe; Arguments advanced in support of peace propaganda.

This article focuses on various political issues in the U.S. and Europe. The renomination of U.S. President Stephen Cleveland by the National Convention of his party has been so much expected, and so little doubtful at any time, that criticism and comment are for the most part-superfluous. The nomination of Allen G. Thurman for vice-president illustrates anew the weakness of electoral system in the U.S., so far as it affects that office. The political aspect of Europe has not been for many years as dark as it is now, and the uncertainty of the future is greater than is ever known. This uncertainty is owing to several causes, but the most important of all is probably the sudden and unexpected development of a crisis in France which is as mysterious in its causes as it is in its character.

At a time when neo-Fascist ministers are returning to government in Europe, when creeping revisionism is gaining ground, when items from Soviet archives are cleverly selected to blur the past and convince people that Communist and Nazi, resister and collaborator, victim and executioner were all the same, it is important both to say "No, it wasn't so," and to ponder the purpose of such manipulations. The reactions to D-day in Occupied Europe were, naturally enough, contrasting. At one extreme, among the resisters and the victims, the Allied invasion buoyed hopes and strengthened the conviction that, whatever cruel damage the enemy might still inflict, it was the beginning of the end.

The article examines the causes of Russia's weakness and of Europe's abject abdication, and to seek behind these failures the political and social forces that may be capable of challenging U.S. President George Bush's "new world order," which is as old as capitalism and as modern as a laser-guided missile. While the warmongers gloat, the struggle must go on, with its hours of hope and moments of despair. This time around the U.S. establishment had an easier task, since it confronted not a revolutionary people in arms but an allegedly mighty regular army, driven to disaster by a madman.

Little Austria is the bung of a vinegar barrel. The vinegar is German fascism. If the bung is forced out, the vinegar would begin pouring over southeastern Europe. The vinegar, to be sure, has eaten into the bung; Austria is itself a fascist country. But as long as the liquid is held in check some people bless the bung. In effect, they are blessing the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Austrian independence is Mussolini's contribution to European peace. Mussolini does not want Austria. But he wants to make sure that Germany will not absorb it and then look down menacingly on Italy from the Brenner Pass, which would thus become the common frontier of the two fascist states.

The report that French politician Pierre Laval is considering an agreement giving Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler a free hand in the East in return for a definite pledge safeguarding France's eastern frontier may be wholly without foundation, but its persistence illustrates the fundamental instability of present-day European alignments. For it need scarcely be pointed out that a Franco-German rapprochement would change the entire map of Europe. It would mean that France and presumably England and Italy, would back Hitler in his avowed program of expansion at the expense of Memel and the Soviet Ukraine, on the understanding that Hitler would renounce his ambitions in Austria and Alsace-Lorraine.

Europe now is treading gingerly upon the floor of a long-dreaded experience. A great power has committed an aggression, and the League of Nations must perform its obligations to mete out punishment under the Covenant. It will do this, barring unforeseen incidents, with forbearance bordering upon timidity. The principle of gradualism, officially adopted for just such a contingency in 1921, has been seized upon with relief, it makes it possible for the League states to feel their way, and to test out first of all the possibility of applying economic sanctions effectively without their leading to war. It is obvious that, more than anything, the League members shrink from taking steps which would transfer the conflict from Africa to their own soil and waters.

The article presents information various political developments related to Russia. Every intellectual and Communist in Europe has either used or heard the argument that the Soviet government should have adopted a more hostile attitude toward German dictator Adolf Hitler's regime. When all the world condemned the Nazi persecutions of Jews, the Soviet press printed the facts without comment. When thousands of German Communists were being arrested, tortured, and killed, the Russian Communists refrained from any public protest, and normal relations between Berlin and the Kremlin continued undisturbed.

This article focuses on the prevailing political conditions in the U.S. and around the world. It has taken more than six months to force the British Government out of almost benevolent neutrality into this avowed pessimism. In those months unemployment has grown in England, the French franc has fallen and in Germany the results, which Prime Minister of Great Britain Stanley Baldwin now predicts, have already occurred. The time to predict them has passed. Germany is in economic chaos today. Social and industrial ruin is following. The mark has dropped, since the poilus entered the Ruhr, from one-tenth to four ten-thousandths of a cent. The sober basis of national economic life in Germany has gone.

The party coming into power in the U.S. is drafting plans for a tariff built to put up one more obstacle for a tottering Europe. The party going out of power celebrates peace by keeping Debs in prison and propaganding violently, with all its machinery, about red hobgoblins, a course of action which sooner or later, if continued, will bring results such as people are now seeing in France. At home is reaction, in greater intensity than several decades have seen. Abroad are confusion and distrust blocking the path. Disillusion, nevertheless, and disappointment, does not excuse discouragement. However evil the circumstances, the work of rebuilding must be carried along.

The article discusses the possibility for a radical change in the entire political structure of Europe as the creation of ultimately, a United States of Europe. The present scenario in which the world is dominated by great powers, Europe can maintain itself as an independent entity between the two giants, the United States and the Soviet Union but only if it represents a third great power itself. This development would probably be welcomed both by Americans and majority of Europeans outside the Russian orbit. Though United Europe is a desired goal, still there happens to be disagreements. American policy at present favors closer "integration" of Europe as a major step towards Federation.

The article discusses issues related to world politics. It also focuses on a recent publication related to French General Baron Thiebault. A week ago the Eastern question seemed about to receive an answer, but no one is wiser as to the final solution. Letters from England say that the British Government was decided to go ahead even if alone, and force a solution securing the reforms and the safety of the Christians of Turkey. The question, however, which appears subject to an adjournment, is one of those, which must inevitably be answered. The Turks of today must expiate the victories of their fathers and restore to Christian Europe what the fathers took from it; so decides historical justice, and people believe that Turkey will for no long time sign protocols as a European Power. A protest must be made against the new fashion of publishing memoirs piecemeal, one volume after another, at intervals often so long that the reader has some difficulty in finding the thread, which he was obliged to abandon. This method may be advantageous to the publisher, but it is rather irritating to the reader. Who would have thought, when the first volume of the memoirs of General Thiebault appeared, that so many others would follow it?

This section presents articles on world politics. One of the articles presents an outlook of the European war. Russia obtained, after the war of 1810, the abrogation of article 2 of the Treaty of Paris, but this conquest seemed very small compared to the conquests of Germany. The secret feeling of enmity between the Slavic and the German races, which had always existed and which had been kept under control by diplomacy and by the personal action of the Russian and German crowns, was allowed freer play, and soon found daily expression in the press and in literature. The feelings of Russia also found expression in a new Interest iii conquered and vanquished France, in the incessant invitations made to her to "make herself strong again."

The author says that Japanese have always insisted that the Western nations do not understand the peculiar ways of the East, and that a system of world organization which might keep the peace in Europe and America would not work in the Orient. All Oriental peoples have suffered sufficiently from the white man's imperialism to distrust a system of world organization that appears to give white men continued domination. Fortunately Japan can be destroyed militarily without imposing fresh burdens on Japanese people.

Statesman Benito Mussolini's resignation means the end of the Axis. The war in Europe will go on, but it will be dictator Adolf Hitler's war. Italy is finished. Not all the bombast about its sacred soil or its given word can conceal that fact. Italy may go through the motions of continued resistance for a while, but no one can doubt that Mussolini resigned so that the King could lead Italy out of the war. When Hitler, at his recent meeting with Mussolini, refused to invest more divisions in the Italian campaign, the Fascist dictator could neither carry on the war successfully nor end it.

The article discusses international politics. U.S. has done a great deal to help smash the Axis far more than one can boast about in public. And America could do a great deal more if it was not daily growing more exhausted, bitter, demoralized, and even terrorized by the unceasing warfare carried on against it. The situation has been bad for a long time. It has now become intolerable. The fascists that the U.S. is helping to destroy in Europe and Asia might well wish to destroy America itself, but the present campaign is waged right here in Washington by persons working for the government, paid out of public funds.

The author says that whether it be an earthquake, a flood, a fire, or an exodus of refugees, the hyenas always hover near, eager to prey on the victims. By and large, the laws of nations are rightly severe on this particularly repulsive kind of evildoer, but it is usually the petty thieves that receive the roughest treatment, while the big shots get away with their plunder. Thousands of antifascist refugees are at present stranded in the few countries of Europe yet uninvaded. Most of these have found only a temporary sanctuary, and being continuously harassed by the local authorities, they are ever on the lookout for a better place to go.

This article focuses on political conditions around the world during the second world war. The French army, broken into four fragments, is still fighting. The dictators' immediate concern is to get France completely out of the war in order to concentrate all their forces for a rapid conquest of Great Britain. That achieved, they can revise their conditions without interference. In an effort to save some children at least, from the Nazi juggernaut an organization known as "Save Europe's Children" was formed in Washington last week under the leadership of Secretary Harold Ickes.

The article discusses international relations. Under the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Germans were a people set apart. If they knew the Czech language at all, it was through intercourse with their servants and their tradesmen. Socially they had no inter- course with their non-German countrymen. Promised increased political power in Europe as their share in the victory of the Central Powers, they were bitterly humiliated by the repression to which they were subjected after the defeat, for the Czech government made cruel and foolish mistakes in the first years after Versailles, France. Moreover, this once prosperous border area has suffered almost uninterrupted economic depression since it became part of Czechoslovakia.

The article focuses on German politics. In 1955, the phrase most worrying to West German political leaders was "peaceful coexistence." Behind that phrase lurked the fear of a long- term Soviet Union plan for crystallizing the present division of Germany as part of a continuing status quo in Central Europe. Today, fear of a phrase has been superseded by fear of a single word: disarmament. Germany's leaders have realized with a real shock of surprise that the Soviets may not merely preach peaceful coexistence; they may make concessions to the West which could do two things, weaken the Western Alliance and at the same time, induce it to leave Germany divided.

The article presents information on various socio-political news from the world. American press in Manila was censored, news to and from the United States was suppressed or cut down to a meaningless nothing but the Filipinos, by means of cablegrams from Hong-Kong in Chinese, got all the information. All the American military plans were known in advance. Whether the Washington authorities were misled as regards the condition of affairs in Luzon or whether they deliberately closed their eyes to the truth. The Hong-Kong newspaper attributes the successive failures in the Philippines to the ignorance of the Americans with respect to the Filipinos. At Hague, warning was given to United States for adhering to their traditional policy of having nothing to do with European quarrels and allowing Europe to have nothing to do with American quarrels.