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The oil-immersed transformer is a crucial piece of equipment in the power system. Operating at the specified temperature is necessary to ensure the normal operation of the transformer. The insulation paper on the winding surface has a significant impact on the actual temperature of the transformers, which is often overlooked by researchers. The one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction model of the transformer is established by analyzing the heat diffusion process of winding to transformer oil. Atomic force microscope was used to observe the microsurface structure of insulation paper and copper. According to the experiment, the heat transfer resistance in the series process of heat transfer at 7 0 ∘ C is 0.0138 m2 K/W. Space thermal circuit model of transformer is established by thermoelectricity analogy method, and the simulation circuit is optimized according to the boundary conditions set up in the actual environment. The results show that the error of the hot spot temperature is closer to the measured temperature and decreases by 2.5% when considering the thermal resistance of insulation paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing procedures of sandwich composites containing corrugated paper (CP) as a core layer and covered with glass fabrics are discussed herein. The core layer of the sandwich composite was fabricated with CP-reinforced epoxy (E) resin and then stacked with glass fabric on the top and bottom surfaces to fabricate the sandwich composites. Three composites [a CP-reinforced E (CP/E) composite, glass fiber nonwoven mat (GN) sandwich composite with a CP core layer (GN/E/CP) and glass mesh fabric (GM) sandwich composite with a CP core layer (GM/E/CP)] were developed in this study. The bending and compression properties of these sandwich composites were measured on a materials test system. Experimental results revealed that the bending strength of the GN/E/CP sandwich composite was approximately 45% and 150% higher than those of the GM/E/CP and CP/E sandwich composites, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waterproof and flame-retardant properties of corrugated paper (CP) reinforced epoxy resin sandwich composites are discussed. Two composites, a CP-reinforced epoxy composite (CP/E composite) and a CP-reinforced flame-retardant epoxy composite (CP/FRE composite), were developed in this study. A dipping bath was developed for impregnating the paper with epoxy and a flame-retardant epoxy solution to make the CP/P and CP/FRE composite panels. A room-temperature-cured epoxy resin was blended with various contents (10%, 20%, and 30%) of phosphorus-based flame-retardant compounds and then was used as a matrix to make CP/FRE-10, CP/FRE-20, and CP/FRE-30 composite materials. Water absorption tests of these composites were used to estimate the waterproof properties. In addition, vertical and horizontal burning tests were used to evaluate the flame-retardant properties of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tensile and compressive properties of jute fabric and corrugated paper (CP)-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) resin sandwich composites are discussed. A core layer was fabricated with CP-reinforced PLA resin. The core later was then stacked with jute fabric and PLA films on the top and bottom surfaces to fabricate the sandwich composites. Two composites, a CP-reinforced PLA composite (CP/PLA composite) and a jute fabric/PLA sandwich composite with CP as a core layer (J/PLA/CP composite) were developed in this study. A dipping bath was developed for impregnating the paper with a molten PLA solution to make the CP/PLA composite core layer. The resin film method was used to fabricate the jute fabric/PLA/CP sandwich composite on a hot press machine. A material test system (MTS810) was used to evaluate the tensile, flatwise compression, and longitudinal compressive characteristics of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for colorimetric detection of solution concentration is presented. A paper-based microfluidic device was designed and made using printed circuit board technology. Detection zone patterns were designed and transferred to a printed circuit board by hollowing technology. The printed circuit board with patterns was stuck onto a copper sheet. The hollowed zone was filled with solid paraffin and then covered with a piece of filter paper. The paraffin wax was melted by heating the copper sheet and permeated into the filter paper. Solution to be detected was pipetted on the paper-based device with detective zones. The images of the detective zones were obtained using a microscope with charge-coupled device, which is used for calculating RGBI model to further obtain the solution concentration. Litmus was demonstrated in sample experiments. Results showed that maximum error of measured value of solution concentration to its true value is less than 2% using the presented method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper chip is an efficient and inexpensive device for pesticide residues detection. However, the reasons of detection error are not clear, which is the main problem to hinder the development of pesticide residues detection. This paper focuses on error analysis for pesticide detection performed on paper-based microfluidic chip devices, which test every possible factor to build the mathematical models for detection error. In the result, double-channel structure is selected as the optimal chip structure to reduce detection error effectively. The wavelength of 599.753 nm is chosen since it is the most sensitive detection wavelength to the variation of pesticide concentration. At last, the mathematical models of detection error for detection temperature and prepared time are concluded. This research lays a theory foundation on accurate pesticide residues detection based on paper-based microfluidic chip devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use a novel approach to study the existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions (EUSS) to a Cauchy-type problem of nonlinear fractional differential equations (FrDiEq) of variable order with infinite delay (CPNFDEVOID). Contrary to the techniques taken in the literature, which were centered on the usage of the concept of generalized intervals and the idea of piecewise constant functions, our approach is straightforward and based on a novel fractional operator that is more appropriate and demonstrates the solvability and stability of the main problem under less restrictive presumptions. The results are achieved in this paper by using Fixed Point Theory (FPT). The application, which includes an example and supporting images, concludes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of a mixed Graphullerene-like nanostructure. The Blume–Capel model is employed, and Monte Carlo computations were performed using the Metropolis algorithm. The study examines various spin configurations within different parameter planes and reveals stable configurations. Furthermore, the paper analyzes magnetizations, susceptibilities, specific heat, and Binder cumulant as a function of the temperature to determine the transition temperature and characterize magnetic phase transitions in the system. The suitability of the investigated structure for magnetic refrigeration was also assessed by examining the magnetic entropy change and relative cooling power at different external magnetic field strengths. The results show a direct correlation between the external magnetic field and maximum entropy changes, indicating a significant magnetocaloric effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibers have been showing much greater potential to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-based composite materials. The purpose of this study is to extract the cellulose nanofibers from waste bio-resources; such as waste newspaper and paper sludge. The cellulosic raw materials were treated chemically and physically in order to extract individualized cellulose nanofiber. The combination of acid hydrolysis and following mechanical treatment resulted in the extraction of cellulose nanofibers having diameter of about 40 nm. In order to examine the reinforcing effect of the extracted cellulose nanofibers, fully biodegradable green nanocomposites were fabricated by composing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin with the extracted cellulose nanofibers, and then the tensile tests were conducted. The results showed that the enhancement in mechanical properties was successfully obtained in the cellulose nanofiber/PVA green nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the time-dependent two-dimensional cable equation of fractional order in terms of the Caputo fractional derivative. This cable equation plays a vital role in diverse areas of electrophysiology and modeling neuronal dynamics. This paper conveys a precise semi-analytical method called the q-homotopy analysis transform method to solve the fractional cable equation. The proposed method is based on the conjunction of the q-homotopy analysis method and Laplace transform. We explained the uniqueness of the solution produced by the suggested method with the help of Banach’s fixed-point theory. The results obtained through the considered method are in the form of a series solution, and they converge rapidly. The obtained outcomes were in good agreement with the exact solution and are discussed through the 3D plots and graphs that express the physical representation of the considered equation. It shows that the proposed technique used here is reliable, well-organized and effective in analyzing the considered non-homogeneous fractional differential equations arising in various branches of science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central purpose of this paper is to explore the nonlinear dynamics of the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (KPE). The multiple soliton solutions (MSSs) are constructed via applying the Hirota method. Then the soliton molecules on the (x,y)-, (x,t)- and (y,t)-planes are extracted via imposing the velocity resonance conditions to the MSSs. Eventually, two effective techniques, the sub-equation approach (SEA) and the variational approach (VA), are employed to probe some other diverse wave solutions, which are the bright wave, dark wave, singular wave and the singular periodic wave solutions. The dynamics of the extracted solutions are unveiled graphically to exhibit the physical attributes. The attained solutions in this paper can enlarge the exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional KPE and enable us to understand the nonlinear dynamic behaviors better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study purposes to extract some fractional analytical solutions of the Peyrard-Bishop-Deoxyribo-Nucleic-Acid (β-PBDNA) dynamic model with the beta-derivative by the unified Riccati equation expansion method (UREEM). Furthermore, we examine the role of various parameters of the fractional model on the soliton dynamic. The research focuses on computational biophysics and materials science, examining the impact of various parameters on the fractional model. This paper contributes to understanding soliton solutions and the β-PBDNA dynamic model, demonstrating the applicability of the UREEM method to various fractional models. Some soliton solutions of the model are successfully generated by applying the UREEM. Implementing the UREEM, we take a fractional wave transformation to convert the model into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. So, a linear equation system is generated. After the system is solved, the soliton solutions are gained for the appropriate solution sets. Finally, 3D, 2D and contour graphs of diverse solutions are depicted at suitable values of parameters. In addition, this paper presents 3D, 2D and contour graphs of various solutions with suitable parameter values. The results are beneficial for interpreting the model in future work and confirm that UREEM is effectively applicable to diverse fractional models, coupled with a comprehensive graphical analysis of how different parameters influence these solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a low dropout bandgap voltage reference circuit that combines high output voltage accuracy and low temperature-coefficient in a wide temperature range. The low temperature-coefficient is achieved by an advanced high-order curvature compensation technique, which is implemented by a novel exponential piecewise compensation term in a high-temperature range. A supply noise self-regulation technique is proposed to realize an excellent power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) without using any amplifiers in this paper. The proposed high-accuracy voltage reference is designed in a 2 μ m bipolar process. The circuit generates a reference voltage of 3.3 V and can operate under a minimum supply voltage of 3.8 V, while consuming 44.8 μ A. The output voltage accuracy is ± 0.15%. The PSRR at 10 Hz and 1 MHz is − 6 4 dB and − 7 8 dB, respectively. The line regulation is 2.45 ppm/V in a supply voltage range from 3.8 V to 20 V. The average temperature coefficient is 11.9 ppm/∘C in a temperature range from − 5 5 ∘ C to +125∘C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Newtonian fluids display fascinating and versatile flow behavior, enabling applications in fields where precise control and manipulation of viscosity are required. This paper presents the rheology of Homann stagnation point flow for a Jeffrey fluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a biaxially stretching surface. The system of equations is solved numerically using appropriate similarity transformations and conditions. The boundary conditions are set to maintain a fixed physical environment, and the far field values are defined accordingly. The dual solutions are found and expressed in terms of relevant quantities, and their behavior is analyzed using graphical representations via bvp5c. Stability analysis is conducted as well. The model is extended to study the behavior of Jeffrey nanofluids under the influence of various physical phenomena such as thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Ohmic heating, heat source/sink, radiation, and chemical reaction. The model presented in this paper can help researchers predict and optimize the behavior of such systems for a range of industrial and biomedical applications. It is observed that when the smallest eigenvalue is positive, the disturbance initially decreases, and the flow is stable, otherwise unstable. The stretching/shrinking parameters affect the flow field and boundary layer characteristics, leading to changes in the skin friction forces and an increase in the skin friction coefficient. Moreover, the Peclet number augmented the concentration of microorganisms due to gyrotactic bioconvection for first and second solutions, whereas bioconvective Lewis number shows an opposite trend. The comparison of the present results, as a simplified case, with existing literature demonstrates good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address various optical soliton solutions and demonstrate the different dynamics of solitary waves to a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with parabolic law (NLSE) using a newly created powerful and effective method named as the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method. This technique presents an organized manner to reveal the essential dynamics. There is great significance of the nonlinear Schrödinger equations and their several formulations in numerous fields of science, particularly in nonlinear optics, optical fibers, quantum electronics, and plasma physics. Through the use of numerical simulations and mathematical analysis, we explore the characteristics and behavior of these solitary wave solutions in a variety of scientific contexts. These results demonstrate the essential complexity of the governing equation and yield novel derived solutions. These solutions contribute to a better understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena by highlighting the fundamental dynamics establishing solitary waves in the NLSE. To enhance our wider knowledge, we provide effective graphic representations of the nonlinear wave structures in the derived solutions utilizing a variety of graphs, including 3D, 2D, and density plots. Moreover, a specific transformation has been applied to transform the system into a planar dynamical system, and several phase portraits have been presented to examine its behavior. Furthermore, upon introducing a perturbed term, chaotic behavior has been observed across different parameter values through both two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present boundary layer flow of Maxwell fluid over a stretching sheet has good number of practical applications in metallurgy, drawing of plastics, polymer sheet extrusion including hot rolling extrusion, glass blowing, spinning of fibers, rubber and plastic sheets, crystal growing and many more. Due to these extensive applications of Maxwell fluid in engineering, medicine and manufacturing industries including the above-mentioned applications, authors have motived, inspired and investigated the present problem. However, in this research paper, the influences of Soret and Dufour effects on the steady-state Maxwell fluid flow past a stretching sheet with nonuniform heat source/sink are considered numerically. The thermal and concentration stratifications impacts are also incorporated. The viscous dissipation and magnetic field effects are also included in the respective governing equations. The main novelty and uniqueness of this numerical research is to generalize the earlier studies and describe the salient features of magneto-thermo visco-elastic dissipative Maxwell fluid motion about a stretching sheet with cross-diffusion effects under the influence of double stratification phenomena. To differentiate the non-Newtonian fluids from those of Newtonian fluids, a well-known Maxwell fluid flow model is used in the present study. The investigated physical problem results the highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) and which are not amenable to any of the direct methods. Suitable similarity transformations are deployed to reduce the highly complex PDEs into the system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A robust BVP4C Matlab function is employed to solve the rendered dimensionless system of ODEs. The numerically generated computed data is plotted in terms of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles including engineering quantities of interest such as skin-friction, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers in the flow region. It is evident from the current analysis that, the amplified magnetic field decreases the velocity field and increases the thermal and concentration distribution fields. Accelerating Maxwell’s number diminished the flow velocity and increased the temperature field. Increasing Soret and Dufour numbers enhances the concentration and temperature fields, respectively. Amplifying Maxwell’s number raises the skin-friction coefficient and enlarging the thermal stratification parameter magnifies the thermal transport rate. The mass transport rate amplified with a raise in concentration stratification number in the flow region. Finally, it is provided that, the current results are excellently matching with earlier published results in the literature and it confirms the accuracy of the used numerical method and the produced similarity solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum orthogonal arrays are combinatorial designs with a remarkable class of genuinely multipartite highly entangled states. In this paper, we propose the method for constructing maximally multi-qubit entangled state through phase parameters of orthogonal arrays. Using this method, we not only determine that maximally n-qubit entangled state, but also find the n − 1 orthogonal array that gives maximally n − 1 entangled states. Such states play an important role in quantum theory with a high degree of multipartite entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise pollution is growing nowadays and there is always a conflict between ventilation and noise insulation. The advances in acoustic metamaterials provide an effective solution for this conflict. In this paper, we propose a metastructure with protruded necks based on Helmholtz resonance. Sound transmission loss (STL) of 13 dB at low-frequency of 488 Hz is obtained in experiment with the ventilation of 20%, which is in good agreement with the simulation. It is revealed that introduction of protruded neck can reduce the resonant frequency. Sound absorption is the main mechanism for noise insulation at low frequency. Next, the effects of geometric parameters on sound insulation are discussed. A reduction in cross-sectional area of neck, an increase in neck length, and an increase in ventilation all lead to a decrease in both resonant frequencies and STL amplitudes. Finally, a two-layer structure is constructed by the proposed metastructure with different neck length in each unit. Both the amplitude and frequency range of STL are enlarged. These results exhibit a practical application for ventilated metastructure in sound insulation at low frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of electronics, the application and research of two-dimensional materials have been at the forefront of the world's scientific research. Black phosphorus (BP) has the advantages of large specific surface area, anisotropy, band tunability, high electrical conductivity and high theoretical specific capacity, which make it very promising for research in the fields of medicine, aerospace and electrochemistry. This paper calculates the electronic structure and adsorption properties of BP in water for different heavy metal ions of Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + and Cd 2 + , including adsorption energy, bandgap, electron density and Mulliken population analysis, based on the first-principles approach of density generalized theory. First principles are quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), which is a dominant well-developed method in the field of materials simulations, with low errors and high efficiency, especially in systems containing metallic particles. The results showed that the Pb 2 + adsorption system in water was more stable than the Hg 2 + adsorption system and the Cd 2 + adsorption system. The bandgap values of 0.617, 0.785 and 0.715 eV of BP after adsorption of Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + and Cd 2 + in water are smaller compared to 0.891 eV of intrinsic BP, and its properties change from direct bandgap semiconductor to indirect bandgap semiconductor. The higher the stability of a system for the adsorption of different heavy metal ions by BP, the higher the internal electron activity of the adsorption system and the amount of electron transfer. Meanwhile, it is concluded that the electrons mainly transfer from P to heavy metal ions in all the adsorption systems. The electron transfer of the BP-Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + , and Cd 2 + adsorption system occurs mainly in the p, s, and s/p orbitals, respectively. The above content investigated the electronic structure changes and internal electron transfer of heavy metal ions adsorbed by black phosphorus in water, expecting to provide a new reference basis for the detection of heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater using black phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the motion of inertial particles in three-dimensional (3D) unsteady cylindrical wake flow is investigated by a two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. At different flow Reynolds numbers (Re), the corresponding striking dynamic property and dispersion mechanism of four particle classes have been studied, with inertia parameterized by means of Stokes number (Sk). It is found that inertial particles with lower Stokes number are expelled from vortex cores, and coherent voids encompass the local Kármán vortex cells. As Stokes number increases, a low velocity particle channel could be formed, which almost coincides with the results in the literature. Moreover, with the increase of Reynolds number, numerous irregular coherent voids are observed in the cylinder wake, and the high-speed particles follow the fluid flow closely when they are contained in the vortices. Although the centrifugal force of Kármán vortex cells significantly affects the dynamics of inertial particles, the fluid flow modulation is believed to be responsible for the distinctive particle dispersion patterns in the vortex streets. For particles with medium inertia, the two-way coupled modulation weakens the centrifugal effect of vortex structures on the particles. This trend declines with the increase of Reynolds number, and vanishes with light particles, while both two-way coupled modulation and the centrifugal effect of vortex structures are almost equally effective with heavy particles. The investigations contribute to a better understanding of the particle-laden flows in practical applications, which will benefit the optimized design of certain machinery and equipment for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation of this paper is to explore an oscillatory flow of a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) couple stress fluid with heat and mass transfer analyses through a porous medium. The modified Darcy–Brinkman couple stress fluid model is employed. There could be many potential applications of this study, such as thermal system, solidification of liquid crystals, cooling of metallic plates in a bath, exotic lubricants and colloidal solutions. In the wake of these potential applications, the study of MHD couple stress fluid flow with additional diffusing components has been found to be innovative and very interesting in the analysis of the influence of combined magnetic effects, couple stress fluid and two solutes. A governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equation with boundary constraints represents the modeled flow problem. In addition, these equations are converted into nondimensional form by employing the suitable nondimensionalizing quantities. It is possible to attain analytic solutions to the dimensionless equations that control the liquid flow, and the consequences of the flow's confines on velocity, temperature, concentration and skin friction profile are examined and also the results are discussed through graphs. It is noteworthy that when the injection level on the heated plate is increased, the skin friction on each channel plate also increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of low quality of coherent demodulation transmission signal of digital signal in the background of Levy noise, this paper proposes a new method of 4FSK signal reception based on adaptive tristable stochastic resonance (SR) system. The bit error rate (BER) of output signals of adaptive tristable SR system model and the traditional modulation model are compared by simulation. The numerical simulation results show that compared with the traditional model, the output BER of the 4FSK signal after demodulation of the adaptive tristable SR system model is reduced by 4% compared with the traditional model. The time domain image of 4FSK signal is clearer, the burrs are significantly reduced and the spectral amplitude of 4FSK signal is greatly improved. The success of this experiment suggests a strong promise of SR systems for digital signal detection in impact noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will investigate the structural, electronic, mechanical, magnetic and optical properties of Heusler Mn2NiAl (MNA) compound using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) of the full potential linearized augmented plane-wave method for exchange and use correlations, modified Becke–Johnson and GGA+U Hubbard parameter. The calculated band structure (BS) and density of states (DOS) of MNA showed a metallic (GGA), nearly half-metallic (mBJ) and half metallic (GGA+U) behavior. Moreover, the magnetic computed magnetic moments by GGA+U are higher compared to GGA and mBJ results. Bulk modulus, shear modulus, Voigt and Reuss polycrystalline elastic modulus, Debye temperature, sound velocities, the melting temperatures, B / G ratio, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were obtained. The elastic anisotropy of MNA alloy was analyzed using 2D and 3D figures of directional dependence of Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, linear compressibility and Young's modulus. Studies have shown that the Heusler material MNA has magnetic and anisotropic properties and is mechanically stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine the analytical properties of the nonlinear (1+1)-dimensional Camassa–Holm equation (ℂℍ), a fundamental model within the domain of nonlinear evolution equations. The aforementioned equation serves as a valuable tool in elucidating the unidirectional propagation of shallow water waves over a level terrain, as well as in representing certain nonlinear wave phenomena seen in cylindrical hyperelastic rods. We use the Khater III (핂hat.III) and improved Kudryashov (핀핂ud) technique to provide accurate solutions, drawing inspiration from the intricate mathematical framework of the ℂℍ issue. He’s variational iteration (ℍ핍핀) technique is used as a numerical methodology to assess the correctness of the generated answers. This strategy reveals a notable concurrence between the analytical and numerical outcomes. This alignment guarantees the suitability of the acquired solutions within the framework of the studied model.The importance of this investigation lies in its ability to improve our comprehension of the intricate dynamics regulated by the ℂℍ equation and its connections with other nonlinear evolution equations that describe shallow water wave behaviors and nonlinear wave propagation in cylindrical hyperelastic rods. The results of the study demonstrate novel analytical approaches, expanding the range of potential solutions and offering valuable insights into the physical characteristics of the interconnected wave phenomena. This research offers valuable insights and methodologies for addressing intricate mathematical models in shallow water wave theory and studying nonlinear waves in hyperelastic materials, therefore making substantial advances to the subject of nonlinear partial differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we construct the photonic dam-break flow problem for ϕ(α) magnetic fluid in a spherical model. Then, we obtain an optical magnetic transform for the NLSE in hydrodynamical form. By dispersive photonic hydrodynamic representation, normal of surface ϕ(α) flow is obtained. Thus, we design two-phase ϕ(α) flow dispersion density in a spherical model. Finally, we have new modeling of dispersive dam break two-phase ϕ(α) flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper inspects the combined effects of heat and mass transfers in a hybridized Williamson viscous nanofluid composed of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles in RT42 (Rubitherm) as base fluid in the existence of heat source and thermal radiative aspects. Knowing that the base fluid RT42 is a phase change material (PCM), it is also considered that the surface on which the nanofluid flows is an expandable surface with varying thickness. The influence of chemical reactions process and viscous dissipation on the flow and temperature of the hybridized nanofluid is examined. The parameters’ influences on the problem are evaluated after setting appropriate similarity transformations to transform the collection of major partial differential equations (PDEs) into nondimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The study concludes that the presence of hybridized nanoparticles of CdTe and SiC reduces the horizontal and vertical surface frictional forces of the hybrid nanofluid. The integration of nanoparticles in RT42 enhances heat transfer rates and reduces mass transfer. The thermal radiative variable declines the heat transfer of hybridized nanofluid. The results indicate that altering the variable parameter of surface thickness reduces frictional forces in both directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the food industry, electrical conductivity is essential for heating processes. The dependence on temperature conductivity of electricity on the outermost layers flow of the nanofluid is the main topic of this paper. Variable electrical conductivity, viscosity, thermo diffusion, thermal radiation and radiation absorption on convective heat and mass transfer flow Cuo and Al2O3-water nano-fluids confined in cylindrical annulus. The non-linear governing equations have been solved by finite element technique with quadratic approximation functions. For various parametric adjustments, the temperature, speed, and nanoconcentration have all been examined. Similar to the cylindrical wall, quantitative evaluations have been made of the surface resistance, temperature rate and mass transport. It is discovered that for both types of nanofluids, a higher thermo-diffusion effect leads to a lower concentration and Sherwood digits on the cylinders. An augment in Q1 enriches the rapidity in CuO-water nanofluidic system as well as decreases in Al2O3-water nanofluidic. Increased Q1 lowers the real temperature and nanoconcentration in both types of nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, K2Ti6O13 (KTO) nanowires were doped with carbon (CKTO) via a novel solid-phase approach at 800∘C for the first time using ethanol, KF, and TiO2. In addition to the lower sintering temperature, a shorter insulation period was achieved compared to the conventional solid-phase method. Furthermore, by combining and calcining CKTO and g-C3N4, a CKTO/g-C3N4 heterojunction composite was produced. The rate at which CKTO/g-C3N4 photocatalytically degraded methylene blue was higher than those of pure CKTO and g-C3N4. Our study indicates that adding g-C3N4 enhances photocatalytic performance by reducing the recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and narrowing the bandgap of the CKTO/g-C3N4 heterostructure. This paper presents a novel method for creating KTO composites in an eco-friendly and productive manner for the photocatalytic degradation of organic colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane-type acoustic metamaterials have a favorable noise suppression effect. Hence, a membrane-type acoustic metamaterial plate (MAML) with an X-shaped pendulum arm and cylindrical mass blocks (CMB) was proposed in this paper. The theoretical model based on spring–mass systems and numerical simulation models of the membrane-type acoustic metamaterial cell (MAMC) were established under fixed and periodic boundary conditions to reveal the noise attenuation mechanism quantitatively, and the necessity of the CMB is discussed. Based on the results, it can be observed that the normal displacement of the membrane is nearly zero when the noise frequency is at the peak of the sound transmission loss (STL) curve. However, when the frequency is at the valley of the STL curve, the displacement is nonzero and fluctuates significantly. Meanwhile, by comparing the STL curves with and without the CMB, it was found that the MAMC performance is improved effectively by the CMB at low frequencies. The effective mass density of MAMC was found to be negative. To verify the accuracy of numerical calculations, an impedance tube experiment was conducted. Finally, orthogonal experiments were designed to describe the effects of the structural parameters a, l, and t on the effective bandwidth Ω, peak frequency Φ, and comprehensive index ξ and to obtain the optimal structural parameter combinations for different indexes. This work further contributes to applying and developing the membrane-type acoustic metamaterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fordy–Gibbons equation is a nonlinear differential equation. Physically, the motion of a damped oscillator with a more complex potential than in basic harmonic motion is described by the Fordy–Gibbons equation. For the equation under consideration, numerous novel families of precise analytical solutions are being successfully found. The soliton solutions are represented as rational and exponential functions. To further illustrate the potential and physical behavior of the equation, the findings are also stated visually. Three approaches are suggested in this paper for solving the Fordy–Gibbons equation. These solutions are new solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the distinctive working environment of high precision machining and manufacturing field, it poses challenges in meeting the isolation requirements, including limited installation space, multi-dimensional vibration, and a wide range of vibration frequencies. To tackle these obstacles, this paper introduces a magnetorheological (MR) isolator that offers adjustable vertical damping characteristics while guaranteeing three-axis vibration isolation through an inclined cone structure. First, the structure of the isolator was designed by combining a flow valve damper with a conical rubber structure. Second, in pursuit of lightweight design and enhanced magnetic field strength, collaborative simulations using ANSYS and Maxwell are conducted to subject the critical components of the isolator to multi-objective optimization. The optimization results demonstrate that the mass of the isolator has been reduced by approximately 27.7%, while the magnetic field intensity has increased by around 20%. Finally, the performance of the MR isolator was verified through static testing and dynamic testing, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the isolator can generate a maximum damping force of approximately 778N when exposed to a current of 1.5A. Compared to the initial value of 445.06N at 0A, there has been an approximate increase of 1.74 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the improvement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells is always the focus. In this paper, an efficient anti-reflection micro/nanostructure is proposed to improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Graded effective refractive index theory is used to achieve the anti-reflection effect while the simulation model is established by FDTD. A specific periodic nanostructure is obtained, which can achieve a good anti-reflection effect. According to the simulation model, the reflectivity of the solar cell is reduced by 0.85% and the transmittance is increased by 0.85% in the band range of 200 nm to 1000 nm. Specifically, high anti-reflection phenomena are obtained in the band range of ultraviolet and blue light, in which the reflectivity is reduced by 1.56% and the transmittance is increased by 1.55%. Based on the simulation results, the array nanostructure is produced by etching the self-assembled polystyrene (PS) microspheres. Finally, the required structure is formed on the silicon wafer by nanoimprinting and etching technology. The reflectivity of 2.8% is obtained on silicon, which can potentially increase the opto-electrical performance of the solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the computational examination is carried out on the heat generation, Soret and Dufour’s influence on the unsteady MHD convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid with chemical reaction. It is due to the exponentially accelerated vertical porous plate embedded in a permeable medium with ramped wall temperature together with surface concentration and also with thermal radiation impacts. The basic governing set of the equations of the fluid dynamics to the flow is converted into nondimensional form by inserting suitable nondimensional parameters and variables. In addition, the resultant equations are solved computationally with the efficient Crank–Nicolsons implicit finite difference methodology. The influences for several imperative substantial parameters for the model on the velocity, temperature and concentration for the fluids, the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood number for together thermal situations have been explored with the help of graphical profiles and tabular forms. It is found that, the increasing quantities of the Dufour, temperature generation and thermal radiation parameters, the fluid temperature as well as velocity enhances. Similarly, it is noted that an escalating Soret parameter causes the fluid’s velocity and concentration whereas the chemical reaction parameter notifies reversal outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, under the observation of extended modified rational expansion method based on symbolic computation, the multiple solitary wave solutions for nonlinear two-dimensional Jaulent–Miodek Hierarchy (JMH) equation are constructed. In this investigation, we use the computer software Mathematica for the construction of multiple solitary wave solutions. The interested and important things in this work are the multiple solitary wave solutions which have various kinds of physical structures such as kink soliton, periodic traveling wave, bright soliton, anti-kink soliton, dark soliton, combined bright and dark solitons, topological soliton and peakon soliton. We are sure that the various kinds of soliton solutions are found first time by using one method in the existing literature works. On the basis of this research, we can say that the applied technique is very efficient, reliable, fruitful and powerful. The constructed soliton solutions for nonlinear JMH equation will play an important role in the investigation of different physical phenomena in nonlinear sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is accomplished to explore the pioneering of a two-dimensional ferromagnetic fluid flow over a flat elastic sheet with the magnetic dipole effect. The recent flow design was selected as it is mostly applicable in bioengineering as well as engineering fields that includes magnetic drug targeting systems. In this paper, the impacts of thermal radiation and magnetic dipole in flow of ferromagnetic Sutterby fluid for a stretching surface are examined. Some suitable similarity transformations are exploited to achieve the system of nonlinear ODEs from set of PDEs, then acquired ODEs are resolved by numerical scheme known as bvp4c technique. Impacts of ferromagnetic interaction parameter, viscous dissipation and curie temperature are perceived for velocity as well as temperature fields. Furthermore, velocity as well as thermal gradients are deliberated and scrutinized pictorially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steam condenser is a crucial component in power plants, playing a vital role in influencing the overall performance of steam power plants. This paper delves into a detailed assessment of the thermal aspects and evaluation of steam surface condensers. To conduct this rigorous evaluation, we meticulously crafted a three-dimensional (3D) model of a multi-tube single-pass counter-flow heat exchanger using ANSYS Design-Modeller. Within this model, a multiphase mixture model was harnessed to replicate the condensation process that takes place within the condenser. After the model's development, a series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were expertly executed utilizing ANSYS Fluent Workbench. The simulations encompassed diverse cooling water flow rates and steam inlet velocities. Notably, two sets of CFD simulations were carried out: the initial set featured a velocity inlet in the condenser, while the second set involved CFD simulations with a pressure steam inlet. The findings derived from these simulations unveiled a noteworthy correlation between the condensation rate within the shell and both the rate of circulating water flow and the operational pressure of the condenser. Additionally, it was discerned that the condensation rate could be further influenced by the specific geometry of the condenser. In sum, this study concludes that optimizing the geometrical configuration and baffle arrangements holds promise for increasing the condensation rate and overall performance of steam condensers employed within steam power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to grasp the playing functions that utilize criteria for decision-making (DM) approaches, this paper offers a League season learning selection issue. The decision criteria to assess several game-based learning options are outlined, and a real-world choice dilemma is provided. Finding the most effective League season learning among playing functions is the goal. The needs for a League season of learning, such as Cognitive Methodologies, Gameplay Characteristics, Psychological Reactions, Accessibility, Users, as well as its environmental and societal impacts, are taken into consideration, leading to the identification of six primary criteria and 22 sub-criteria. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to calculate the criterion weights. The Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje techniques are used to rank and choose between four possibilities. The outcomes of the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje procedures are also contrasted with those of the Complex Proportional Assessment, Multi-Atributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis and Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison approaches. The results of the rankings of the alternatives produced by each approach all recommend the same choice as the best. Thus, it can be said that Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations, Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje, Complex Proportional Assessment, Multi-Atributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis and Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison approaches may be successfully employed for selection issues in game-based learning, as well as generally for other forms of multi-criteria decision problems with finite number of choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical solution to the model. By solving the system of nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations using Akbari–Ganji's method (AGM), we can derive the semi-analytical expressions for substrate and oxidized and reduced mediator concentrations. These models provide information about enzyme electrode mechanisms and their kinetics. These modeling results can be helpful for sensor design, optimization, and determining how the electrode will react. Further, we studied the effects of many physical and biological parameters on model prediction. The mathematical equations, which are nonlinear partial differential equations, are solved using AGM. Also, we derived the semi-analytical results for concentrations for saturated and unsaturated kinetics. It is verified that the proposed solution is validated by comparing it with numerical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a pulsatile flow of a biviscous fluid in a circular tube of varying cross-section has been considered for investigation. The study helps to draw the characteristics of blood, the pressure drop and the wall shear stress on the inner wall of small blood vessels and capillaries where suction/injection velocity arises and Reynolds number is very low. The effects of Reynolds number, apparent viscosity coefficient and leakage parameter on the streamlines, pressure drop and wall shear stress have been discussed and shown graphically for suction and injection, respectively. The wall of the tube is supposed to be permeable and a normal velocity of the fluid at the wall is prescribed to consider the fluid exchange across the wall. Both analytic and numerical solutions are given. Using the perturbation technique, we analyze the problem for low Reynolds numbers and small oscillation amplitude. Lastly, the simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and excellent tracking performance of the proposed control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel 3D chaotic oscillator that incorporates quadratic and absolute-function nonlinearities is introduced in this paper. The system dynamics are explored using the Lyapunov direct method, phase plane trajectories, time response, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation diagrams, and basins of attraction. The uniqueness and existence of the system solution have been proven. The analytical investigations show that the system has two stable equilibrium points along with one unstable equilibrium point and a line of equilibria. The positive half of this line represents unstable equilibria, while the negative half is associated with stable equilibria. Additionally, it is found that the oscillator exhibits a chaotic basin of attraction centered along the line of equilibria and surrounded by a fixed-point attractor. An electronic circuit using Multisim software is designed to demonstrate the possibility of physical implementation for the considered mathematical model. Chaos control is addressed using adaptive and sliding mode control strategies. The performance of both control methods is compared, with the sliding mode control demonstrating superior results in both fast response and small transient overshoot. Furthermore, a novel sliding mode controller for master–slave synchronization is introduced, showing high performance compared to other sliding-mode and adaptive control methods applied in the literature. Finally, the proposed oscillator is employed as a Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) for image encryption applications using a new encryption model. The experimental results confirm the high security and robustness of the proposed encryption algorithm against various attack methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, alumina-reinforced copper-based composite materials were prepared by using the electroless plating method to coat copper powder with a layer of silver and then combining the solution sol method and powder metallurgy method. The results show that recrystallized structures and twins appear in composite materials after high-temperature sintering. As the sintering temperature increases, the ratio of recrystallized structures and twins gradually decreases, and straight coherent Σ3 annealing twins appear in the structure, the number of high-angle grain boundaries decreased, the number of small-angle grain boundaries continues to increase, the average grain size increased from 3.89 to 4.83μm, the tensile strength increased from 156MPa to 167.5MPa, the maximum elongation was 9.4%, and the density increased from 6.81g/cm3 increased to 7.62g/cm3, the porosity dropped from 13.3% to 5.5%, the conductivity increased from 60.3% IACS to 73.2% IACS, the maximum hardness value was 68.71 HV, the best performance of the composite was achieved by sintering at 900°C with the tensile strength and elongation are 163MPa and 9%, respectively, the conductivity is 68.9% IACS, and the density is 7.35g/cm3. Its fracture surface shows mostly ductile features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) can exhibit chaotic behaviors detrimental to their regular operation in practical applications. To accurately predict the chaotic state of PMSM, this paper proposes a C-MRESN method based on the combination of convolutional neural network (CNN) and multi-reservoir echo state network (MRESN). The significant advantage of C-MRESN is that it combines the advantages of the two models, which can capture the complex temporal and spatial information from nonlinear time series and retain these features for prediction. In addition, this work uses the L-BFGS-B optimization algorithm to optimize the training process of C-MRESN and significantly improve the prediction accuracy of C-MRESN. By comparing the prediction experimental results with six other machine learning models, C-MRESN shows the minor prediction error and the most extended accurate prediction range. The root mean square error (MSE) of the 2000-step prediction results of C-MRESN for the three PMSM variables, id,iq and ω can reach 1.190×10−9, 8.599×10−10 and 1.626×10−9, respectively. The experimental results substantiate that the C-MRESN is an effective and advanced method for the chaos prediction of PMSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to theoretically examine the phenomenon of modulation instability (MI) in the presence of a considerable nonlinear refractive index movement in a triad-core nonlinear coupler, including a bi-negative refractive material transmission medium. The formula for the instability gain is deduced with the help of the linear stability analysis. The significant role of cubic, quintic, septic, nonic, and stability of the front-to-reverse-transmitting wave nonlinearities in the phenomenon of MI in the nonlinear triad-core coupler is critically confirmed via MI gain spectra analysis. It is found that the cubic, quintic, septic, and nonic nonlinearities improve the MI in both dispersion regimes (normal and anomalous) by boosting the gain and width of the instability profile by taking account of reverse-to-front ratio power (f). On the other hand, quintic nonlinearity improves the MI in the cubic case by enhancing its width and gain in the normal and anomalous dispersion areas. Using 3D pictures, we analyze the dynamic behavior of the MI under an anomalous dispersion area and find that, in both normal and anomalous dispersion scenarios, the instability shape develops with septic and nonic nonlinearity. Furthermore, as the figures clearly show, neither the normal nor the anomalous dispersion scenario significantly changes due to septic and nonic nonlinearity alone. We aim to shed light on the role of contamination in saturation nonlinearity by examining soliton and MI, their production, and control in triad-core couplers, focusing on a Negative Index Meta Material (NIMM) transmission medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the heat transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with Williamson hybrid nanofluid (HNF), considering the influence of bioconvection as well as a chemical reaction on a stretched surface. We observe no investigation on bioconvection Williamson HNFs flow in the literature, which is a novel contribution to the literature. The recent study seeks to enhance the heat transfer rate by investigating inclined magnetic field, along with the interplay of bioconvection and chemical reactions. The employed hybrid nanoparticles consist of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and copper (Cu) suspended in base fluid (water). The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are changed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through an appropriate similarity transformation. These ODEs are subsequently analyzed employing the MATLAB bvp4c approach numerically. This study presents comprehensive insights into the behavior of distinct parameters, conveyed through phase portraits of temperature, velocity, nanoparticle concentration, as well as microorganism density profiles. The results showed that the momentum profile was inversely affected by increasing Williamson parameter, magnetic force, and inclination angle, while the temperature was boosted with advanced magnetic field, radiation parameter as well as Brownian motion parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the dual-mode manifestation within the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, elucidating the amplification or absorption of paired waves. This study delves into the simultaneous generation of two distinct waves associated with the dual-mode phenomenon with three crucial parameters: phase velocity, nonlinearity and dispersive factor. The resulting wave phenomena from these solutions have implications across various fields, including fluid dynamics, water wave mechanics, ocean engineering and scientific inquiry. The study employs the modified Sardar sub-equation method to obtain the optical soliton solutions, encompassing various types such as dark, bright, singular, combo dark–singular, periodic singular and dark–bright solitons. The obtained results highlight the reliability and simplicity of the modified Sardar sub-equation method. Additionally, the paper delves into the parametric conditions crucial for shaping and sustaining these solitons. The research explores the interaction of dual waves and the variation in wave speed. Furthermore, dynamic phenomena are illustrated, and the physical implications of the solutions are interpreted using 3D and 2D plots with different parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variational Integrator (VI) is a numerical technique, in which the Lagrangian of the system is used as the action integral. It is a special type of numerical solution that preserves the energy and momentum of the system. In this paper, we retrieve numerical solutions for heat and wave equation with the help of all possible combinations of finite difference scheme like forward–forward, forward–backward, forward–centered, backward–forward, backward–backward, backward–centered, centered–forward, centered–backward, centered–centered. We also use Lagrangian approach along with the projection technique to obtain approximate solutions of these linear models. This approach provides the best approximate solutions as well as preserves the energy of the system while the finite difference scheme gives only the numerical solutions. We also draw a comparison of existing exact solution with all approximate solutions for both models and provide graphical representation of these solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine propellers operate under severe service conditions and experience various corrosion forms. Electrochemical, mechanical, and biological corrosion are the three main common types of corrosion that occur on marine propellers. Electrolysis (electrolytic corrosion), being one of the electrochemical corrosion forms, has been extensively observed on marine propellers. It is the forced introduction of an external current in metals when submerged in seawater. However, it has rarely been studied for marine propellers, mostly on underground pipelines. This paper investigates the effect of electrolysis on a chromium-containing coating on copper substrate by studying the surface and cross-sectional microstructure of the substrate. It is likely that cathodic disbondment caused by high alkalinity and hydrogen evolution at the defect location were the primary reasons contributing to the failure of the coating, and the silver-colored layer deposition around the delaminated area is the corrosion product of copper–chromium oxide. The purpose of this study is to understand the electrolysis corrosion mechanism on Cu substrate and to develop a highly effective anticorrosion coating for marine propellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three structures (cylinder, square column, and hexagonal prism) of InGaAsP nanowire arrays are designed based on the excellent light trapping effect of nanostructures. The effects of nanowire aperture, array period, and nanowire height on the light absorption properties are simulated and analyzed using the finite-domain time-difference (FDTD) method. The photoelectron emission capacity of the nanowire arrays was also calculated using MATLAB. The results show that the cylindrical nanowire array has phenomenon of resonance enhancement (absorption peak) in the near-infrared band of 820–1000nm, and the shift of absorption peaks can be achieved by adjusting the geometric parameters. Meanwhile, the quantum efficiency is taken to 9.98%. These simulation results provide some reference for the photocathode design of InGaAsP in the near-infrared band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we obtain normal dispersive 풩ℒℋ풮 shock waves for ϕ(풥1),ϕ(풥2),ϕ(풥3) dam-break intensity by the nonlinear heat system. Then, we obtain super-fluid normal dispersive 풩ℒℋ풮 shock waves for ϕ(풥1),ϕ(풥2),ϕ(풥3) dam-break microfluidics. Finally, we illustrate thermonormal 풩ℒℋ풮 pressure of ϕ(풥1),ϕ(풥2),ϕ(풥3) wave energy with normal dam-break in shallow water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the unsteady incompressible flow of the viscous nanofluid on a contracting surface with viscous dissipation effects. Presented and contrasted are analyses of both multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). As the common (or base) fluids, kerosene oil and water are utilized. In the existence of first-order thermal and velocity slip conditions, mathematical modeling and analysis are performed. Using the MATLAB software's bvp4c solver tool, numerical solutions to the governing nonlinear modeled problems were obtained. This technique is particularly effective for developing many solutions to highly nonlinear differential equations. In addition, a comparison is done between this study and previously published works. The temperature, velocity, skin friction coefficient and heat-transfer rate have been explored for various significant factors included in the problem statements. In the unsteadiness parameter regime, dual solutions can be found. As the velocity slip parameter is increased, the flow slows down. In comparison to SWCNTs kerosene, MWCNTs kerosene oil has a greater velocity curve for the nanoparticles volume fraction. Increases in volume fraction decrease skin friction, whereas increases in the unsteadiness parameter speed up the drag force. Furthermore, as the Eckert number intensity increases, so do the temperature profiles in both solutions. Finally, the stability study revealed that the initial solution is robust, whereas the breakage in the second solution in the Nusselt number shows singularity, and thus the second solution is considered unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]