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The aim of this paper is to make a sociological study of the Castilian episcopacy in the reign of Enrique IV (1454-1474). We will analyse differents sociological aspects of the bishops, such as their number, appointment age, social and regional origins, education or their pre-episcopal careers. The ultimate goal is to move towards a better knowledge of the bishops as an ecclesiastical and power elite in late medieval Castile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the Castilian lanza, making a proposal on its origin, and reveals our stance on an underlying issue regarding this topic: it has been discussed by many Historians from different perspectives that, far from removing all doubt, have generated some confusion. One of these is the time frame. While the available data allow to determine a specific point in time for the emergence of the lanza in Castile, some authors have formulated different hypotheses as a result of either tracking semantic records in all kinds of texts -mainly literary-or following evidence in a military-organizational context. Another research line, also military-related, has been focused on finding equivalents in other late medieval European territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the features of the military command that was exerted by the kings of Castile in Late Middle Ages with respect to its performance during the campaigns against the Muslims, particularly from the reign of king Alfonso XI to the conquest of Granada by the Catholic Kings. These military traits were strongly associated to the notions of 'the recovery of Spain' (restauratio Hispaniae, 'Reconquista'), Crusade and Chivalry. From its analysis through 14th-15th centuries chronistical texts, we propose the hypothesis that this medieval model of monarchical military leadership, linked to the aforementioned ideological framework, could have been reflected in the narrative of the 'Crónicas de Indias' and concurrently have been assumed by the Spanish captains of the Conquest of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to make a review from a diplomacy perspective of the municipal ordinances, which are some of the most important documents among those belonging to the medieval chancellery, despite there is little knowledge about them as studies have been few. The analysis has been limited to the oldest municipal norms of Guadalajara, due to their antiquity, the way they were managed by the crown and due to their interesting content about urban supply. The main contribution consisted in their documentary exploration. Likewise, perspectives for future diplomatic reasonings through comparative research have been specified. Our proposal will therefore allow a deeper knowledge about the installation and evolution of the municipal ordinances in the 14th and 15th centuries in the kingdom of Castile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]