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The purpose of this study was to evaluate disparities in urine drug testing (UDT) during perinatal care at a single academic medical center. This retrospective cohort study included patients who had a live birth and received prenatal care at our institution between 10/1/2015 and 9/30/2020. The primary outcomes were maternal UDT during pregnancy (UDTPN) and UDT only at delivery (UDTDEL). Secondary outcomes included the number of UDTs (UDTNUM) and the association between a positive UDT test result and race/ethnicity. Mixed model logistic regression and negative binomial regression with clustering based on prenatal care locations were used to control for confounders. Of 6,240 live births, 2,265 (36.3%) and 167 (2.7%) received UDTPN and UDTDEL, respectively. Black (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.54–2.84) and individuals of Other races (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.03–2.64) had greater odds of UDTPN compared to non-Hispanic White individuals. Black (beta = 1.12, p < 0.001) and Hispanic individuals (beta = 0.78, p < 0.001) also had a positive relationship with UDTNUM. Compared to individuals with non-Medicaid insurance, those insured by Medicaid had greater odds of UDTPN (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.11–2.49) and had a positive relationship with UDTNUM (beta = 0.89, p < 0.001). No significant associations were found for UDTDEL and race/ethnicity. Despite receiving more UDT, Black individuals were not more likely to have a positive test result compared to non-Hispanic White individuals (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72–1.25). Our findings demonstrate persistent disparities in substance use testing during the perinatal period. Significance: What is already known on this subject?: Prior literature has shown evidence of racial disparities in urine drug testing during pregnancy-related hospital admissions and at delivery. What this study adds?: This paper found that disparities in urine drug testing also exist during the prenatal care period at an urban academic institution. We also found a positive relationship between the number of tests received and being of Black or Hispanic race/ethnicity. Future research should investigate health care system-related interventions to mitigate disparities in urine drug testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the long-term influence of having a child at risk of different developmental delays (communication, mobility, self-care, relating, learning, coping, or behaving) on parental labor force participation as the child grows. Method: A retrospective cohort was conducted using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children survey, Waves 1–8 covering birth to 15 years of age of children. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to explore the odds ratio of mothers being out of the labor force at different children's ages. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to identify the 'risk' of mothers returning to the workforce after leaving. All models were adjusted for the mother's age, education attainment, and employment status at time of birth, as well as marital status at the current wave. Results: There were 5,107 records of children, and 266 of them were at risk of any developmental delays at age 4–5 years. This sample represents 243, 026 children born in Australia in 2003/04. After adjusting for potential confounders, mothers of children at risk of each type of developmental delay (except mobility and self-care) had greater odds of being out of, and not returning to the labor force from children aged 2–3 to 14–15 years, when compared to mothers of children who are not at risk of developmental delays. Similar differences were found for fathers but were distinctly small and with narrower fluctuations, compared to mothers. Conclusion: Policies and programs funded by the government are greatly needed to support the mothers of children at risk of developmental delays. Significance: What is already known: Maternal labour force participation has been negatively affected by having a child with chronic health conditions, whereas paternal labour force participation is not significantly influenced. What this paper adds: Having a child at risk of developmental delays negatively influenced maternal and paternal labour force participation, where the influence on fathers was distinctly small and with narrower fluctuations during the 14 to 15 years of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal and child health (MCH) services are critical for vulnerable populations. Workforce shortages, poor retention, and gaps in necessary trainings impede the capacity of public health systems to address needs. This manuscript characterizes the current MCH workforce, MCH program applicants and graduates, and describe findings within a national context to devise elements of a recruitment and retention strategy. Methods: Data were obtained for public health program applicants, first-destination employment outcomes, and worker perceptions and demographics. Data were stratified according to the MCH and total public health workforce and by local, state, and national totals. Data were characterized by degree type, discipline, demographics, and employment outcomes. Results: MCH staff constitute 11% of the state and local governmental public health workforce. MCH staff are approximately as diverse, have higher educational attainment, and are more likely to hold nursing degrees than the rest of the public health workforce. Yet, just 14% of MCH staff hold any type of public health degree. The MCH pipeline from academia appears modestly sized, with approximately 5% of applicants between 2017 and 2021 applying to a MCH master's degree. Discussion: The MCH workforce has a lower proportion of formal training or degrees in public health, though trends seem to indicate improvements. However, it is critical that a multi-faceted recruitment and retention strategy be coordinated by a broad range of stakeholders. These efforts will serve to improve the capability and capacity of the public health system to address critical needs of increasingly diverse MCH populations. Significance: In order to modernize and reimagine the academic-public health pipeline, it is critical to better understand how many applicants and graduates exist within Maternal and Child Health programs across the US, and their characteristics. This manuscript connects that information with the most recently available public health workforce information on demographics, workplace perceptions, and intent to leave among staff at state and local health departments. Data presented in this paper allow the most comprehensive characterization of the MCH academia->practice pipeline to-date, identifies a fundamental disconnect in those career pathways, and offers options to repair that break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may significantly affect the peripartum experience; however, little is known about the perceptions of women who gave birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the purpose of our study was to describe the peripartum experiences of women who gave birth during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we collected survey data from a convenience sample of postpartum women recruited through social media. Participants were 18 years of age or older, lived in the United States, gave birth after February 1, 2020, and could read English. This study was part of the COVID-19 Maternal Attachment, Mood, Ability, and Support study, which was a larger study that collected survey data describing maternal mental health and breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents findings from the two free-text items describing peripartum experiences. Using the constant comparative method, responses were thematically analyzed to identify and collate major and minor themes. Results: 371 participants responded to at least one free-text item. Five major themes emerged: (1) Heightened emotional distress; (2) Adverse breastfeeding experiences; (3) Unanticipated hospital policy changes shifted birthing plans; (4) Expectation vs. reality: "mourning what the experience should have been;" and (5) Surprising benefits of the COVID-19 pandemic to the delivery and postpartum experience. Conclusions for Practice: Peripartum women are vulnerable to heightened stress induced by COVID-19 pandemic sequalae. During public health crises, peripartum women may need additional resources and support to improve their mental health, wellbeing, and breastfeeding experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite the obstacles of limited education and employment opportunities—and the stress associated with immigration and pregnancy—Mexican immigrant women have low rates of preterm birth (PTB) compared to the US national average for all races and ethnicities. Stressors during pregnancy, and stressors associated with acculturation, may accelerate cellular aging manifested by shortened telomere length (TL) in pregnant women. Our objectives were to: (1) determine whether women with PTBs had shorter telomere lengths compared to women who had full term births; (2) assess the association of acculturation with TL and PTB. Methods: This prospective pilot study collected data from 100 self-identified Mexican-origin pregnant women. Survey data included self-administered sociodemographic and acculturation measures and was collected from participants via paper and pen, while biologic data was collected via a single blood draw during a regularly scheduled prenatal visit between 26 and 36 weeks gestation. PTB data was collected from the participant's medical record after delivery. Results: TL was significantly associated with PTB; the median TL of the women with PTB was less than the median TL for the full sample (p = 0.02). Based on regression analysis for PTB vs acculturation, we found no significant associations between acculturation and PTB or TL. Conclusions for Practice: This study provides important evidence of the association between shortened maternal TL and adverse birth outcomes. By linking social, clinical and biologic data, we can enhance our understanding of social determinants that may affect racial and ethnic disparities in preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe delivery and birth outcomes of Aboriginal infants and their mothers in an urban setting on the east coast of Australia. The paper uses a causal pathway approach to consider the role of risk and protective factors for low birthweight. All mothers who delivered at Campbelltown Hospital between October 2005 and May 2007 were eligible. The study included 1,869 non-Aboriginal infants and 178 Aboriginal infants and their mothers. Information on delivery and birthweight was extracted from electronic medical records. Risk factors for poor outcomes were explored using regression and causal pathway analysis. Mothers of Aboriginal infants were younger than mothers of non-Aboriginal infants, and were more likely to be single, less educated, unemployed prior to pregnancy, and live in a disadvantaged neighbourhood. Health and service use was similar. They were significantly more likely to have a vaginal delivery than mothers of non-Aboriginal infants (77% cf 62.5%; χ = 14.6, P < 0.001) and less likely to receive intervention during delivery. Aboriginal infants (3,281.1 g) weighed 137.5 g (95%CI: 54-221 g; P = 0.001) less then non-Aboriginal infants (3,418.7 g). Gestational age, and single mother with incomplete education, prior unemployment, smoking, and living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood were associated with lower birthweight. Maternal vulnerability had a cumulative impact on birthweight. A causal pathway analysis demonstrated the associations between risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid reduction in under-five mortality has put Bangladesh on-track to reach Millennium Development Goal 4. Little research, however, has been conducted into neonatal reductions and sub-national rates in the country, with considerable disparities potentially masked by national reductions. The aim of this paper is to estimate national and sub-national rates of neonatal mortality to compute relative and absolute inequalities between sub-national groups and draw comparisons with rates of under-five mortality. Mortality rates for under-five children and neonates were estimated directly for 1980-1981 to 2010-2011 using data from six waves of the Demographic and Health Survey. Rates were stratified by levels of rural/urban location, household wealth and maternal education. Absolute and relative inequalities within these groups were measured by rate differences and ratios, and where possible, slope and relative indices of inequality. National mortality was shown to have decreased dramatically although at differential rates for under-fives and neonates. Across all equity markers, a general pattern of declining absolute but constant relative inequalities was found. For mortality rates stratified by education and wealth mixed evidence suggests that relative inequalities may have also fallen. Although disparities remain, Bangladesh has achieved a rare combination of substantive reductions in mortality levels without increases in relative inequalities. A coalescence of substantial increases in coverage and equitable distribution of key child and neonatal interventions with widespread health sectoral and policy changes over the last 30 years may in part explain this exceptional pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Infants affected by prenatal alcohol and drug use are more likely to be removed from parental custody than those in the general population, although it is unclear whether their custody outcomes differ from infants investigated by child protection systems (CPS) for other reasons. This analysis seeks to compare trajectories of involvement and custody outcomes among infants investigated by CPS with and without documentation of prenatal substance exposure (PSE). Method: We used vital birth records linked to administrative CPS records to examine the timing of system involvement and 3-year custodial outcomes among investigated infants with and without identified PSE. We defined PSE according to documentation on the state's standardized hotline screening form, which CPS completes upon referral for alleged maltreatment. We estimated the likelihood a child was in nonparental custody at age 3 by specifying multivariable generalized linear models, adjusted for covariates available in the birth record. Results: In our sample of 22,855 infants investigated by CPS in 2017 in California, more than 26% had documentation of PSE. These infants experienced an accelerated timeline of system penetration and were 2.2 times as likely to be in nonparental placement at age 3. Discussion: PSE confers an independent risk of custody interruption among infants investigated by CPS. The younger age of these infants, complexity of parental substance use, and potential misalignment of administrative permanency timelines with parental recovery all suggest the need for increased research, policy, and programmatic interventions to serve this vulnerable population. Significance: Children with PSE face environmental risks in the early developmental period. Often in the United States, CPS is relied on to assess and mitigate these risks. Amid calls for a public health response to PSE, it is essential to understand how children with PSE interact with CPS. We describe the incidence and timing of custody interruptions in a large U.S. state, comparing infants with PSE to those investigated by CPS for other reasons. This study extends current understanding by demonstrating the independent risk of custody interruption conferred by PSE status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether paternal early-life socioeconomic position (defined by neighborhood income) modifies the association of maternal economic mobility and infant small for gestational age (weight for gestational age < 10th percentile, SGA) rates. Methods: Stratified and multilevel binomial regression analyses were executed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of parents (born 1956–1976) and their infants (born 1989–1991) with appended U.S. census income information. Only Chicago-born women with an early-life residence in impoverished or affluent neighborhoods were studied. Results: The incidence of impoverished-born women's upward economic mobility among births (n = 3777) with early-life low socioeconomic position (SEP) fathers was less than that of those (n = 576) with early-life high SEP fathers: 56% vs 71%, respectively, p < 0.01. The incidence of affluent-born women's downward economic mobility among births (n = 2370) with early-life low SEP fathers exceeded that of those (n = 3822) with early-life high SEP fathers: 79% vs 66%, respectively, p < 0.01. The adjusted RR of infant SGA for maternal upward (compared to lifelong impoverishment) economic mobility among fathers with early-life low and high SEP equaled 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) and 0.81 (0.47, 1.42), respectively. The adjusted RR of infant SGA for maternal downward (compared to lifelong residence in affluent neighborhoods) economic mobility among fathers with early-life low and high SEP were 1.37 (0.91, 2.05) and 1.17 (0.86, 1.59), respectively. Conclusions: Paternal early-life SEP is associated with maternal economic mobility (both upward and downward); however, it does not modify the relationship between maternal economic mobility and infant SGA rates. Significance : What is known about this subject? Impoverished-born women's upward economic mobility across their life-course is associated with decreased infant SGA rates; and, affluent-born women's downward economic mobility is associated with increased infant SGA rates. A prior study found that paternal SEP is a determinant of infant SGA risk independent of maternal demographic characteristics at the time of delivery. What this study adds? Paternal early-life low SEP is associated with impoverished-born women's persistent impoverishment and affluent-born women's downward economic mobility. However, it fails to modify the relationship between women's upward or downward economic mobility and infant SGA rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW), biological vulnerability that includes preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA), is associated with reduced maternal sensitivity ("making accurate inferences about an infant's physical and emotional needs and responding appropriately") and impaired infant cognitive development. However, research does not examine if preterm birth, SGA, or both drive these associations. This study separated these measures of biological vulnerability to examine associations of LBW, PTB, and SGA with maternal sensitivity and infant cognitive development (controlling for maternal depression, breastfeeding, and demographic covariates). Methods: The sample included 6900 9-month-old infants from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort and used birth certificate data, maternal interviews, assessments of maternal sensitivity and infant cognitive development. Multiple linear regressions examined LBW, PTB, and SGA associations with concurrent measures of maternal sensitivity and infant cognition. Results: Of the biological vulnerabilities, preterm birth had the strongest negative association with maternal sensitivity (F1,6450 = 29.48 versus 15.33 and 5.51, ps <.001) and infant cognitive development (F1,6450) = 390.65 versus 248.02 and 14.43, ps <.001). In the final regression model, preterm birth and maternal sensitivity were uniquely associated with infant cognitive development (R2 =.05, p <.001), after controlling for maternal depression, breastfeeding, and demographics. Conclusion: In this nationally representative infant sample infants, PTB had a stronger negative association with both maternal sensitivity and infant cognitive development in comparison to SGA or LBW. The LBW designation combines infants born preterm with SGA infants, potentially minimizing differences in developmental outcomes of PTB and SGA infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic intensified food insecurity (FI) across the country, and families with children were disproportionately affected. This study explores experiences with FI and social resources during the pandemic among families participating in a free, clinic-based community supported agriculture (CSA) program. Methods: Free weekly boxes of organic produce from local farms were distributed to pediatric caregivers for 12 weeks at two pediatric outpatient centers associated with a children's hospital in a low-income, urban area. Demographics and a two-question FI screen were collected. Caregivers were purposively selected to participate in semi-structured interviews about experiences with FI and community or federal nutrition programs during the pandemic. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Content analysis with constant comparison was used to code interviews inductively and identify emerging themes. Results: The 31 interviewees were predominantly female; more than half were Black, FI, and SNAP beneficiaries. Study participants were more likely to have repeat participation in the CSA program. Interviews elucidated four major themes of barriers to food access during the pandemic: (1) fluctuations in price, availability, and quality of food; (2) financial strain; (3) faster consumption with all family members home; (4) shopping challenges: infection fears, store closures, childcare. SNAP, WIC, and school meal programs were generally facilitators to food access. Increased SNAP allotments were particularly useful, and delays of mailed WIC benefits were challenging. Conclusions for practice: This qualitative study describes facilitators and barriers to food access among clinic-based CSA program participants during the pandemic. The findings highlight areas for further exploration and potential policy intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether differences in gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse perinatal outcomes exist for Black and White women who are overweight or have obesity (OW/OB) at entry to prenatal care. Methods: We enrolled 183 pregnant women with BMI 25-45 kg/m2 (71% black, 29% white) prior to 14 weeks gestation. Data were collected on demographic, medical history, diet and physical activity during pregnancy. Relationships between race and maternal outcomes and infant outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: The average age of pregnant women were 26 years (±4.8), with a mean BMI of 32.1 (±5.1) kg/m2 at the time of enrollment. At delivery, 60 women (33%) had GWG within Institute of Medicine recommendations and 69% had at least one comorbidity. No significant differences by race were found in GWG (in lbs) (11±7.5 vs. 11.4±7.3, p=0.2006) as well as other perinatal outcomes including maternal morbidity, LBW and PTB. Race differences were noted for gestational diabetes, total energy expenditure and average daily calorie intake, but these differences did not result in significant differences in GWG or maternal morbidity. Conclusion: The lack of racial differences in GWG and perinatal outcomes demonstrated in this study differs from prior literature and could potentially be attributed to small sample size. Findings suggest that race differences in GWG and perinatal outcomes may diminish for women with a BMI in the overweight or obese range at conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare differences in healthcare utilization and costs for Medicaid-insured children with medical complexity (CMC) by race/ethnicity and rurality. Methods: Retrospective cohort of North Carolina (NC) Medicaid claims for children 3–20 years old with 3 years continuous Medicaid coverage (10/1/2015–9/30/2018). Exposures were medical complexity, race/ethnicity, and rurality. Three medical complexity levels were: without chronic disease, non-complex chronic disease, and complex chronic disease; the latter were defined as CMC. Race/ethnicity was self-reported in claims; we defined rurality by home residence ZIP codes. Utilization and costs were summarized for 1 year (10/1/2018–9/30/2019) by complexity level classification and categorized as acute care (hospitalization, emergency [ED]), outpatient care (primary, specialty, allied health), and pharmacy. Per-complexity group utilization rates (per 1000 person-years) by race/ethnicity and rurality were compared using adjusted rate ratios (ARR). Results: Among 859,166 Medicaid-insured children, 118,210 (13.8%) were CMC. Among CMC, 36% were categorized as Black non-Hispanic, 42.7% White non-Hispanic, 14.3% Hispanic, and 35% rural. Compared to White non-Hispanic CMC, Black non-Hispanic CMC had higher hospitalization (ARR = 1.12; confidence interval, CI 1.08–1.17) and ED visit (ARR = 1.17; CI 1.16–1.19) rates; Hispanic CMC had lower ED visit (ARR = 0.77; CI 0.75–0.78) and hospitalization rates (ARR = 0.79; CI 0.73–0.84). Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic CMC had lower outpatient visit rates than White non-Hispanic CMC. Rural CMC had higher ED (ARR = 1.13; CI 1.11–1.15) and lower primary care utilization rates (ARR = 0.87; CI 0.86–0.88) than urban CMC. Discussion: Healthcare utilization varied by race/ethnicity and rurality for Medicaid-insured CMC. Further studies should investigate mechanisms for these variations and expand higher value, equitable care delivery for CMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe demographic characteristics and health-related social needs of families who accessed maternal-infant care through a mobile medical clinic (MMC) during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore feasibility, acceptability, perceived benefits, and barriers to care. Methods: In this mixed-methods observational study, chart reviews, telephone surveys, and qualitative interviews in English and Spanish were conducted with caregivers who accessed the MMC between April and November 2020. Qualitative interviews were analyzed with the constant comparative method alongside descriptive chart and survey data analyses. Results: Of 139 caregiver-infant dyads contacted, 68 (48.9%) completed the survey; 27 also completed the qualitative interview. The survey participants did not differ from the larger sample; most (86.7%) were people of color (52.9% identified as Latino and 33.8% as Black). Health-related social needs were high, including food insecurity (52.9%), diaper insecurity (44.1%), and anxiety (32%). Four women (6.1%) were diagnosed with hypertension requiring urgent evaluation. Nearly all (98.5%) reported being very satisfied with the services. Major themes from qualitative interviews included (1) perceived patient- and family-centered care, (2) perceived safety, and (3) perceived benefits of dyadic mother-infant care. Conclusions for Practice: In this assessment of caregivers who accessed the MMC—a rapidly-developed COVID-19 pandemic response—insights from caregivers, predominantly people of color, provided considerations for future postpartum/postnatal service delivery. Perceptions that the MMC addressed health-related social needs and barriers to traditional office-based visits and the identification of maternal hypertension requiring urgent intervention suggest that innovative models for postpartum mother-infant care may have long-lasting benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The high incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI)-related morbidity and mortality is a major public health concern in developing countries. This study aimed to quantify regional inequalities and the degree of association between childhood ARI and background factors. Methods: This study utilised information of 238 945 children aged below five years extracted from the Fourth Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. Inter-state and regional inequality in the prevalence of ARI were quantified and presented using a map of India and forest plot. The association of background characteristics and ARI was quantified using bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression models. Results: Significant inequalities in the prevalence of childhood ARI were observed across the six regions of India. Considering the children from north-east region as a reference, those from north, central and east regions were 0.68, 1.02 and 0.57 times more likely to suffer from ARI. Comorbidity, sex, age and nutritional status of children were significantly associated with the prevalence of ARI. Conclusions: ARI remains a significant public health concern among Indian children. The results of this study showed that significant regional disparities in the prevalence of ARI exist in India. This study adds value to the better understanding of inequality patterns and quantifies within- and intra-region inequalities in the prevalence of ARI in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use by 12 weeks postpartum among participants of Centering Pregnancy®, a model of group prenatal care (GPC), and traditional prenatal care (TPC), and to investigate differences in contraceptive method choice by type of prenatal care. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all eligible patients who participated in GPC (n = 143) and a random sample of patients participating in TPC (n = 290) who followed up at our institution within 12 weeks of delivery. Our primary outcome was the proportion of participants using a highly effective contraceptive method within 12 weeks postpartum. Contraceptives were classified in tiers (Tier 1, long-acting reversible and permanent contraception; Tier 2, oral contraceptive pills, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, or injection; Tier 3, barrier and fertility awareness methods, withdrawal, spermicide; and no method). Tier 1 and Tier 2 methods were considered highly effective. Results: The prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use by 12 weeks postpartum was 63.6% (91 of 143) and 63.1% (183 of 290) among participants in GPC and TPC, respectively (p = 0.99). We found no difference in Tier 1 versus other method use (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.95–1.15, p = 0.34) or Tier 2 versus other method use between groups (aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89–1.08, p = 0.69), in a multivariable model controlling for demographic and clinical factors. Conclusions for Practice: The prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use at 12 weeks postpartum was not different between GPC and TPC participants in this study. GPC was not associated with increased use of Tier 1 or Tier 2 contraceptive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: National studies report that birth center care is associated with reduced racial and ethnic disparities and reduced experiences of mistreatment. In the US, there are very few BIPOC-owned birth centers. This study examines the impact of culturally-centered care delivered at Roots, a Black-owned birth center, on the experience of client autonomy and respect. Methods: To investigate if there was an association between experiences of autonomy and respect for Roots versus the national Giving Voice to Mothers (GVtM) participants, we applied Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for the overall sample and stratified by race. Results: Among BIPOC clients in the national GVtM sample and the Roots sample, MADM and MORi scores were statistically higher for clients receiving culturally-centered care at Roots (MADM p < 0.001, MORi p = 0.011). No statistical significance was found in scores between BIPOC and white clients at Roots Birth Center, however there was a tighter range among BIPOC individuals receiving care at Roots showing less variance in their experience of care. Conclusions for Practice: Our study confirms previous findings suggesting that giving birth at a community birth center is protective against experiences of discrimination when compared to care in the dominant, hospital-based system. Culturally-centered care might enhance the experience of perinatal care even further, by decreasing variance in BIPOC experience of autonomy and respect. Policies on maternal health care reimbursement should add focus on making community birth sustainable, especially for BIPOC provider-owners offering culturally-centered care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transitioning to motherhood is an important life event. Stress often arises due to feeding concerns, infant crying, and sleep problems. Neuroprotective Developmental Care (NDC) also known as the Possums programs provides an evidence-based, consistent and holistic approach to maternal and infant wellbeing. Objectives: To understand maternal characteristics at point of services access and an exploratory evaluation of effectiveness of NDC/Possums services. Methods: All mothers accessing NDC/Possums services via clinical services or self-paced online modules were invited to participate in a baseline survey. Follow up occurred when infants were 6 and 12 months of age. Participants who completed the 6-month survey were compared against their own baseline surveys. Those who completed the survey at 12-months were compared against their own baseline surveys. A pseudo-control group who had completed the baseline survey with infants 12 months of age was also compared to those who had accessed NDC/Possums services prior to 12 months of age (termed 'intervention' group). Results: Crying time, mothers' perceptions of infant sleep problems, mothers' own sleep, mothers' Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) scores and the mothers' Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores showed statistically significant improvements from baseline to 12-month old follow-up. Significant differences were also found between the pseudo-control group and 'intervention' groups. Conclusions for Practice: This results indicate that accessing NDC/Possums services is efficacious in addressing infant's crying, the mother's perceptions of their baby's sleep problems, the mother's own sleep satisfaction, the mother's experiential avoidance, and the mother's risk of postnatal depression. NDC is relevant to public health, clinical service delivery and education for health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antenatal care (ANC), delivery by skilled birth attendants, and postnatal care (PNC) are critical components of maternal health services for reducing maternal mortality. The study aimed to compare the utilization of maternal health services in the two most recent rounds of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) and identify the factors influencing the utilization of these services using the 2016 EDHS. Methods: Two rounds of EDHS data in 2011 and 2016 were used to estimate the proportion of women who had ANC, delivered by skilled birth attendants, and had a postnatal checkup and other characteristics of the surveyed population. The most recent round of data—the 2016 EDHS—was used to examine the socio-cultural and reproductive health factors associated with the three maternal health services utilization. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses with adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) were conducted using Stata 15.0. Results: The use of ANC services and skilled birth attendants increased significantly between 2011 and 2016 EDHS, utilization of ANC services increased from 34.0 to 65.5%, and use of skilled birth attendants increased from 11.7 to 35.9%, respectively. The use of postnatal care decreased from 9.3 to 6.9%. Utilization of maternal health service was significantly associated with urban residence, Protestant religion, Oromo ethnicity, more education, more household wealth, and less parity. Furthermore, women who had ANC visits during pregnancy were more likely to subsequently use skilled birth attendants (AOR 5.5, p < 0.001) and PNC (AOR 2.9, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study highlighted the inequalities in the utilization of maternal health services between rural and urban areas, and the need of addressing the social, economic, and physical barriers that prevent women from using these services. Further, programs should be targeted at promoting the use of professional birth and postnatal services in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Children raised by depressed mothers perform lower on measures of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral skills, compared to children of non-depressed mothers. It is unclear how maternal depressive symptoms (MDS), which persist and accrue over time, impact child development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cumulative MDS from pre-pregnancy to postpartum influences child development in children by age 2.5. Methods: Using a longitudinal population-based study design, 2679 racially and ethnically diverse mothers completed the 2014 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) and 2016 Follow-Up surveys. A total MDS score was created based on responses to standardized questions, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Data was collected for before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and 4 months postpartum in the 2014 survey, and at 2.5 years postpartum in the 2016 survey. Child development was measured using the CDC's Learn the Signs. Act Early Milestones Checklist. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. Results: The prevalence of any cumulative MDS was 45.2%. Language, cognitive/adaptive, motor, and social-emotional delays for surveyed toddlers were 7.7%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 14.2%. After adjusting for covariates, mothers reporting depressive symptoms at all four time points were significantly more likely to report a social-emotional delay in their child (aOR = 4.39, 95% CI − 1.72 to 11.18). Conclusions for Practice: Mothers with cumulative depressive symptoms are at-risk of reporting social-emotional delays by age 2.5. Understanding these effects may help direct resources to target interventions that support mothers with depressive symptoms early-on and promote positive developmental outcomes among their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: (1) To compare the prevalence of antenatal admissions and mean length of stay among women with opioid-affected and non-opioid-affected deliveries; (2) examine predictors of admission; and (3) describe the most common discharge diagnoses in each group. Methods: Using data from seven states in the State Inpatient Databases for varying years between 2009 and 2014, delivery hospitalizations among women 18 years of age and older were identified and classified as opioid-affected or non-opioid-affected. Antenatal admissions were linked to deliveries. The antenatal admission ratio and mean length of stay for each group were calculated; the percentage of deliveries in each group with no, any, one, two, or three or more antenatal admissions were compared with t-tests. Logistic regression models estimated odds of any antenatal admission, stratified by opioid-affected and non-opioid-affected deliveries. Frequencies were tabulated for the ten most common discharge diagnoses in each group. Results: Of 2,684,970 deliveries, 14,765 were opioid-affected. Admissions among women with opioid-affected deliveries were more prevalent (26.4 per 100 deliveries) compared to 6.7 among women with non-opioid-affected deliveries and were associated with a 1.5-day longer mean length of stay. The presence of a behavioral health condition was associated with higher odds of antenatal admission in both groups, with a particularly strong association among women with opioid-affected deliveries. Six of the ten most common diagnoses for admissions prior to opioid-affected deliveries were behavioral health-related. Conclusions for Practice: These results highlight the importance of addressing the large burden of behavioral health conditions among pregnant women, especially those with opioid dependence and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Floods are one of the most common types of disasters in Bangladesh and lead to direct and indirect impacts on health. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of floods on Maternal and Newborn Healthcare (MNH) utilization in Bangladesh between the years 2011 and 2014. Methods: We used variables from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014 data and georeferenced data of floods between 2011 and 2014 from the Emergency Events Database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether the flood-affected exposures were significant in predicting differences in MNH utilization. Results: The odds for the received antenatal care by skilled providers, institutional deliveries, deliveries by c-section, and postnatal care of the babies were significantly lower (Unadjusted OR = 0.81, 0.88, 0.83, and 0.82 respectively; P < 0.05) in the flood-affected area than the non-affected area. Additionally, the odds of postnatal checkup of women was statistically significant (P < 0.001) and less likely to be received in flood-affected area (OR = 0.76). The odds of all indicators were significantly lower (OR < 1) for the women living in the twice and four times flooded areas compared to the once flooded areas. Conclusions for Practice: The study shows that floods can have a negative impact on MNH utilization. In addition, repeated floods have a worse impact on MNH utilization than incidental floods. Extra effort should be put on ensuring access to MNH of women in flood-affected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: During the perinatal period, 10–20% of women experience anxiety and/or depression. Untreated perinatal depression has the potential for adverse effects on the family and infant resulting in long-term deleterious consequences. This study measured the association between self-reported depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores, self-reported anxiety and neonatal birth outcomes. Methods: A retrospective design was used with ObstetriX™ data retrieved from 16 metropolitan and rural hospitals in NSW, Australia during 2009–2014. Data were available for 53,646 singleton births. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to identify self-reported depression while women self-reported pregnancy related anxiety. Regression modelling measured the effects of self-reported depression and self-reported pregnancy related anxiety on neonatal birth outcomes. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to model the effect on birth weight, gestational age, admission to NICU or the SCN, outcome (stillborn vs livebirth), and Apgar scores. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the effect on neonatal length of stay. Results: Babies born to women self-reporting anxiety were more likely to have birth complications, be admitted to the nursery, had lower Apgar scores and longer hospital stays. Babies born to women self-identifying as experiencing a level of depression were more likely to have a lower birth weight, shorter gestational age, and, lower Apgar score. These babies were more likely to be admitted to the nursery with an increased length of stay. Conclusions: Perinatal anxiety and depression contribute to poor birth outcomes. Early detection of maternal perinatal anxiety and depression is an important step towards treatment interventions. More research is needed to identify models of care that are effective in identifying and managing perinatal depression and anxiety to improve birth outcomes for women and their babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Medical homes are an effective model of primary care. Historically, however, racial and ethnic minorities have not had equal access to medical homes. The present study estimated the national prevalence of youth's access to a medical home and its components by race and ethnicity. Methods: We conducted secondary data analysis using the 2016–2017 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of U.S. youth age 0–17 years (N = 62,308). We obtained weighted and unweighted descriptive statistics and conducted multivariate logit regression models. Results: Although 49% of the total sample had access to a medical home, 57.1% of white youth had access compared to 37% of Hispanic youth and 39.7% of black youth. Among youth without a medical home, black youth had less access than white youth to a usual place for care (64.7% vs. 55.3%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–0.97) and family-centered care (78.1% vs. 66.7%, aOR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.52–0.79). Hispanic youth (68.2%) also had less access to family-centered care than white youth (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.60–0.89). White youth were less likely to have access to effective care coordination, when needed, than Hispanic youth (46.2% vs. 53.5%, aOR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.09–1.66). Conclusions for Practice: Our findings suggest racial/ethnic disparities exist in youth's access to a medical home and its components. We posit the need for continued efforts to enhance access to medical homes for all youth. Future studies need to examine systemic barriers to youth's access to medical homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To determine the effect of an enhanced information package, the Welcome to Parenthood® (W2P) Kit, given at birth on (a) early parenting experiences and (b) use of educational resources and community services. Methods Two-group, post-test only design, with parents (mothers and fathers) in comparison group (n = 186; received standard discharge information) recruited prior to intervention group (n = 195; received W2P Kit); most were Canadian-born and highly educated. Participants completed an investigator-designed, online or telephone survey at 3 months postpartum, which generated quantitative and qualitative data. The W2P Kit included evidence-based, educational resources about infant feeding, child development, and parenting skills that targeted mothers and fathers, information about community services for new parents, infant board book, and small gifts. Results At 3 months postpartum the intervention group was significantly more likely to be aware of, and to have used, the educational resources than the comparison group. The intervention group was also more likely to have made an unplanned visit to the doctor for their infant, but groups did not differ in early parenting experiences or use of community services. Parents who received the W2P Kit reported that it was helpful to learn about various aspects of child development and parenting. Conclusions for Practice Parents who received the W2P Kit reported increased awareness and use of educational resources, but participants in both groups reported similar experiences as a new parent and use of community services. An enhanced information package given at birth may be a useful health promotion strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To estimate the effect of a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) intervention on asthma-related emergency room (ER) visits of pediatric patients. Methods Patients receiving care at pediatric primary care practices participating in the Florida Pediatric Medical Home Demonstration Project as well as pediatric patients treated at non-participating clinics were identified from 4 years of claims and enrollment data. We estimate several fixed effects logistic regression models using one pre-treatment year and three post-treatment years to investigate whether asthma-related ER visits decreased because of the PCMH intervention. Results The estimation suggests that the intervention did have a negative effect on asthma-related ER visits in the earlier part of the intervention (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.16-0.73). However, this effect was not detected in the later years. Because fixed effects models require repeated observations on the same individual, we believe our estimations of the PCMH model's impact is more accurate than previous studies. Conclusion for Practice Reducing asthma ER visits is a task that might be immediately actionable for PCMH practices, or those undergoing transformation. Our results adds to the others suggesting positive impacts of the PCMH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives In this study, the effects of food supplementation during pregnancy on maternal weight gain, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, we recruited 1360 pregnant women with a gestational age of 10 weeks who had BMI < 18.5 and hemoglobin < 10.5/dL from rural areas of the east Azerbaijan province in Iran. Rural areas were randomly assigned into two groups: food-supplemented and control areas. In food-supplemented areas the food supplement was provided (1500 kcal/d) from 10 weeks of pregnancy through to the end. Information on demographic data were collected and anthropometric and Hb measurements were taken using standard instruments. Results The average weight gain was 9.1 ± 1.8 kg and 7.9 ± 1.6 kg in supplemented and control groups respectively, which was significantly different (p = 0.001). Also, a significant time × treatment interaction in maternal average weight gain (p = 0.001) was observed. The mean Hb decreased from 12 mg/dl and 12.1 mg/dl in week 10 to 11.9 mg/dl and 11.7 mg/dl in week 20 in the supplemented and control groups respectively, which was significant only for the control group. Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in the rates of low birth weight (LBW) infants (p = 0.001) and preterm births (p = 0.013). Conclusion for practice Food supplementation significantly reduced the prevalence of poor maternal weight gain, infants with low birth weight, and preterm births compared to no intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives At present, coal seam gas (CSG) is the most common form of unconventional natural gas development occurring in Australia. Few studies have been conducted to explore the potential health impacts of CSG development on children and adolescents. This analysis presents age-specific hospitalisation rates for a child and adolescent cohort in three study areas in Queensland. Methods Three geographic areas were selected: a CSG area, a coal mining area, and a rural area with no mining activity. Changes in area-specific hospital admissions were investigated over the period 1995-2011 in a series of negative binomial regression analyses for 19 International Classification of Diseases (ICD) chapters, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results The strongest associations were found for respiratory diseases in 0-4 year olds (7% increase [95% CI 4%, 11%] and 6% increase [95% CI 2%, 10%] in the CSG area relative to the coal mining and rural areas, respectively) and 10-14 year olds (9% increase [95% CI 1%, 18%] and 11% increase [95% CI 1%, 21%] in the CSG area compared to the coal mining and rural areas, respectively). The largest effect size was for blood/immune diseases in 5-9 year olds in the CSG area (467% increase [95% CI 139%, 1244%]) compared to the rural area with no mining activity. Conclusions for Practice Higher rates of hospitalisation existed in the CSG area for certain ICD chapters and paediatric age groups, suggesting potential age-specific health impacts. This study provides insights on associations that should be explored further in terms of child and adolescent health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To quantify and compare the sedentary time estimated by the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) and the sedentary time objectively measured by a multi-sensor monitor (SWA) in pregnant women. Methods One hundred eighty-six participants answered the SBQ and wore the SWA at least 7 valid days. The concordance, correlation, agreement and relative activity levels between both measures of sedentary time were examined. Differences of sedentary time between weekday and weekend and between groups stratified by sociodemographic and clinical characteristic were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. Results Pregnant women were sedentary the 64% of their waking hours. Television viewing is the most prevalent sedentary behavior. The concordance, correlation, and agreement between SBQ and SWA were weak, yet a significant correlation in weekday and average day sedentary time (r = 0.23 and 0.20, P = 0.001 and 0.008, respectively) was observed. A significant linear trend was found for increasing sedentary time between both methods using a relative activity levels analysis. Conclusions for Practice Pregnant women experience high amount of sedentary time, for approximately half of the day. The SBQ shows a low validity and agreement, but strong ability to rank individuals compared with SWA in pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Little is known about childcare staff’s and parents’ uptake of and attitudes towards pertussis vaccine. Methods Questionnaires were distributed to St. Louis parents and childcare staff in fall, 2014. Parents versus staff and vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals’ beliefs regarding pertussis vaccine were compared using chi square tests. Multivariate logistic regressions were run to develop predictive models for staff’s and parents’ vaccine uptake. Results Overall, 351 parents and staff from 23 agencies participated (response rate = 32%). Parents were more likely than staff to have received pertussis vaccine (66.5 vs. 45.8%, X2 = 12.5, p < .001). Predictors for staff vaccination included willingness to get vaccinated even if there was a cost (OR 6.6; CI 1.8–24.6; p < .01), awareness of vaccination recommendations (OR 5.2; CI 1.2–22.8; p < .05), and healthcare provider recommendation (OR 4.2; CI 1.2–15.1; p < .05). Parents’ predictors of vaccination included perceived importance of vaccination (OR 9.9; CI 4.1–23.8; p < .001), healthcare provider recommendation (OR 4.6; CI 1.7–12.6; p < .01), believing vaccination is effective (OR 4.4; CI 1.1–18.0; p < .05), and knowing where to get vaccine (OR 3.5; CI 1.5–8.1; p < .01). Among unvaccinated staff (n = 52), 74.5% (n = 38) and 70.0% (n = 35) would receive pertussis vaccine if it were offered free of charge and onsite, respectively. Conclusions for Practice Childcare staff’s and parents’ pertussis vaccine uptake was higher than overall U.S. rates, though significantly lower than the Global Pertussis Initiative target. Implementing an education campaign and providing free vaccine on-site are likely to result in increased vaccine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The study investigated whether state mandates for private insurers to provide services for children with autism influence racial disparities in outcomes. Methods The study used 2005/2006 and 2009/2010 waves of the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Children with a current diagnosis of autism were included in the sample. Children residing in 14 states and the District of Columbia that were not covered by the mandate in the 2005/2006 survey, but were covered in the 2009/2010 survey, served as the mandate group. Children residing in 32 states that were not covered by a mandate in either wave served as the comparison group. Outcome measures assessed included care quality, family economics, and child health. A difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) approach was used to assess the impact of the mandates on racial disparities in outcomes. Results Non-white children had less access to family-centered care compared to white children in both waves of data, but this difference was not apparent across mandate and comparison states as only the comparison states had significant differences. Parents of non-white children reported paying less in annual out-of-pocket expenses compared to parents of white children across waves and groups. DDD estimates did not provide evidence that the mandates had statistically significant effects on improving or worsening racial disparities for any outcome measure. Conclusions This study did not find evidence that state mandates on private insurers affected racial disparities in outcomes for children with autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To characterize the pregnancy outcomes of women Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans including prevalence of preterm delivery, low birth weight, and macrosomia, and to highlight methodological limitations that can impact findings. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted starting in 2014 analyzing data from the 2009 to 2011 National Health Study for a New Generation of US Veterans, which sampled Veterans deployed and not deployed to OIF/OEF. All pregnancies resulting in a live birth were included, and categorized as occurring among non-deployers, before deployment, during deployment, or after deployment. Outcomes included preterm birth, low birth weight, and macrosomia. The association of deployment with selected outcomes was estimated using separate general estimating equations to account for lack of outcome independence among women contributing multiple pregnancies. Adjustment variables included maternal age at outcome, and race/ethnicity. Results There were 2276 live births (191 preterm births, 153 low birth weight infants, and 272 macrosomic infants). Compared with pregnancies before deployment, pregnancies among non-deployers and those after deployment appeared to have greater risk of preterm birth [non-deployers: odds ratio (OR) = 2.16, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.25, 3.72; after deployment: OR = 1.90, 95 % CI 0.90, 4.02]. A similar pattern was observed for low birth weight. No association of deployment with macrosomia was detected. Discussion Compared with non-deployers, those who eventually deploy appear to have better pregnancy outcomes prior to deployment, but this advantage is no longer apparent after deployment. Non-deployers may not be an appropriate reference group to study the putative health impacts of deployment on pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify demographic and substance abuse trends among pregnant women entering treatment over eleven years. This study compiled the publicly available Treatment Episode Datasets from the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration from 1998 to 2008. Subjects included 1,724,479 women entering publicly funded substance abuse treatment for the first time, 81,818 of whom were pregnant. Compared to non-pregnant women, pregnant women were more likely to be younger, minority, never married, less educated, homeless, and on public-assistance or have no income. Referrals from health care providers (HCPs) among pregnant women entering treatment have stayed consistently low while referrals from the criminal justice system accounted for the largest portion of pregnant women entering treatment. Over the past eleven years, there has been a general decline in alcohol abuse and an increase in drug abuse among women entering treatment; this trend was more pronounced in pregnant women. Unlike their non-pregnant counterparts, pregnant women were more likely to report marijuana, not alcohol, as their primary problem substance as well as other drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine. Over the past eleven years, trends in the demographics and patterns of substance abuse among women have changed; some of these trends were unique to pregnant women. A large proportion of pregnant women entering treatment are referred by the criminal justice system. Knowledge surrounding the demographics and abuse patterns of pregnant women entering treatment can inform HCPs and community programs in their screening and outreach efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to (1) measure health insurance coverage and continuity across generational subgroups of Latino children, and (2) determine if participation in public benefit programs is associated with increased health insurance coverage and continuity. We analyzed data on 25,388 children income-eligible for public insurance from the 2003 to 2004 National Survey of Children's Health and stratified Latinos by generational status. First- and second-generation Latino children were more likely to be uninsured (58 and 19%, respectively) than third-generation children (9.5%). Second-generation Latino children were similarly likely to be currently insured by public insurance as third-generation children (61 and 62%, respectively), but less likely to have private insurance (19 and 29%, respectively). Second-generation Latino children were slightly more likely than third-generation children to have discontinuous insurance during the year (19 and 15%, respectively). Compared with children in families where English was the primary home language, children in families where English was not the primary home language had higher odds of being uninsured versus having continuous insurance coverage (OR: 2.19; 95% CI [1.33-3.62]). Among second-generation Latino children, participation in the Food Stamp (OR 0.26; 95% CI [0.14-0.48]) or Women, Infants, and Children (OR 0.40; 95% CI [0.25-0.66]) programs was associated with reduced odds of being uninsured. Insurance disparities are concentrated among first- and second-generation Latino children. For second-generation Latino children, connection to other public benefit programs may promote enrollment in public insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]