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Background: Many studies were conducted to evaluate the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. The aim of this study was to review these studies. Methods: We searched the ISI and PubMed databases for studies that evaluated the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and obesity in children. At first, the studies containing the words "glycemic index", "glycemic load", "glycaemic index" or "glycaemic load" plus "child", "children", "young", "youth" or "adolescent" were selected. Among 1001 selected studies, articles were accepted if they had considered obesity or related factors as their main dependent variables. Findings: Twenty studies were included. Although the cross-sectional results were inconsistent, stronger studies had found a direct relation between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. Cohort studies had shown positive, neutral and negative associations between these dietary factors and obesity in children. However, although most clinical trials had reported a positive effect of dietary glycemic index on childhood obesity, they had not shown the similar effect for glycemic load. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence for making a certain conclusion. Therefore, further studies in this field are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common type of kidney disease in children characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema. Response to therapy can be affected by factors like pathologic views, genetic and clinical manifestations. The incidence of genetic mutations is different in variant geographic locations and races. Response to nephrotic syndrome treatment can be influenced by some mutations in WT1 and NPHS2 genes. Methods: 49 children suffering from nephrotic syndrome participated in two groups of steroidsensitive (n = 14) and steroid-resistant (n = 35) nephrotic syndrome. Mutations in WT1 and NPHS2 genes analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Clinical and pathological reviews were done too. Findings: There was a significant relationship between both primary creatinine and hypertension in the first visit and resistance to therapy. Pthological views of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), glomerular fibrosis, and glomerular sclerosis were significantly related to steroid resistance group (P < 0.001). Genetic analysis for mutations of WT1 and NPHS2 genes among 29 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome showed 2 and 5 different mutations in WT1 and NPHS2 genes, respectively. All of the mutations were seen in steroid-resistant group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of WT1 and NPHS2 analysis and pathological study in Iranian children with nephrotic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood masturbation is defined as self-stimulation of the genitalia in a prepubescent child. It seems to be related with some behavioral and sleep disorders. No previous Iranian study has assessed the effects of this disorder on the formation of other disorders (such as sleep disorders). Therefore, we evaluated the sleep status of 3-7 year-old children suffered from masturbation. Methods: This analytic, case-control study included fifteen 3-7 year-old children with masturbation and fifteen age- and sex-matched children as the control group. Data was collected by a researchermade questionnaire, the children's sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ), and an actigraphy device. Findings: Child isolation and nightmare were related with masturbation. In addition, lower actual sleep time and higher number of wake bouts were observed in girls with masturbation compared to those without masturbation. Sleep latency (bedtime until start of sleep) in boys with masturbation was more than boys without the problem. Conclusion: In this study, we found some sleep disorders to be more frequent in children with masturbation. Reduction of such complications needs the attention of parents and physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]