718 results
Search Results
2. Challenges in reproducing results from publicly available data: an example of sexual orientation and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Austin, Nichole, Harper, Sam, Kaufman, Jay S., and Hamra, Ghassan B.
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AGE distribution ,BISEXUAL people ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,CHI-squared test ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,GAY men ,HEALTH behavior ,HETEROSEXUALS ,REGRESSION analysis ,REPLICATION (Experimental design) ,RISK assessment ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,HEALTH equity ,CONTENT mining ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background Replication is a vital part of the research process and has recently received considerable attention. Analyses using publicly available data should, if adequately described, be reproducible without assistance from the original investigators. Using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a recent study reported a statistically significant difference in cardiovascular disease risk comparing subgroups of sexual minority men. We attempted to reproduce these findings and assessed whether the results were robust to alternative analytic strategies and assumptions. Methods We used the exclusion criteria and coding strategy described in the original paper to construct our analytical data set. Sampling weights were constructed in accordance with NHANES analytical guidelines. We estimated crude and covariate-adjusted associations between sexual orientation and vascular age using the regression models specified in the original report. We also conducted a series of sensitivity analyses to improve on the original findings. Results Our replication attempt was partially successful: we replicated the general trends reported in the original analysis, but not identical effect estimates. Importantly, we identified a potential misapplication of the Framingham Risk Score; correcting for this increased the probability that the reported null hypothesis test was a type I error. Conclusions This paper supports the recent calls for greater transparency and improved reporting in research. Even with a publicly available and well-documented data source, we were unable to exactly replicate another study's original findings. Our sensitivity analyses revealed key issues in the original analysis and demonstrate the scientific importance of research replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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3. The determinants of transitions into sheltered accommodation in later life in England and Wales.
- Author
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Vlachantoni, Athina, Maslovskaya, Olga, Evandrou, Maria, and Falkingham, Jane
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AGING ,CHI-squared test ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DEMOGRAPHY ,HEALTH status indicators ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MATHEMATICAL models ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,SURVEYS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,THEORY ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,RESIDENTIAL care ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background Population ageing is a global challenge and understanding the dynamics of living arrangements in later life and their implications for the design of appropriate housing and long-term care is a critical policy issue. Existing research has focused on the study of transitions into residential care in the UK. This paper investigates transitions into sheltered accommodation among older people in England and Wales between 1993 and 2008. Methods The study uses longitudinal data constructed from pooled observations across waves 2-18 of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data, focusing on individuals aged 65 and over who lived in private housing at baseline and who were observed for two consecutive time points. A discrete-time logistic regression model was used to examine the association of transitioning into sheltered accommodation with a range of demographic, health and socioeconomic predictors. Results Demographic (age, region), socioeconomic factors (housing tenure, having a washing machine) and contact with health professionals (number of visits to the general practitioner, start in use of health visitor) were significant determinants of an older person's move into sheltered accommodation. Conclusions Transitions into sheltered accommodation are associated with a range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as service use but not with health. Such results indicate that this type of housing option may be accessible by individuals with relatively good health, but may be limited to those who are referred by gatekeepers. Policymakers could consider making such housing option available to everyone, as well as providing incentives for building lifecourse-sensitive housing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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4. Ethnic inequalities in limiting health and self-reported health in later life revisited.
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Evandrou, Maria, Falkingham, Jane, Zhixin Feng, and Vlachantoni, Athina
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AGE distribution ,GERIATRIC psychology ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,ETHNIC groups ,MINORITIES ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-evaluation ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,HEALTH equity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background It is well established that there are ethnic inequalities in health in the UK; however, such inequalities in later life remain a relatively under-researched area. This paper explores ethnic inequalities in health among older people in the UK, controlling for social and economic disadvantages. Methods This paper analyses the first wave (2009-2011) of Understanding Society to examine differentials in the health of older persons aged 60 years and over. 2 health outcomes are explored: the extent to which one's health limits the ability to undertake typical activities and self-rated health. Logistic regression models are used to control for a range of other factors, including income and deprivation. Results After controlling for social and economic disadvantage, black and minority ethnic (BME) elders are still more likely than white British elders to report limiting health and poor self-rated health. The 'health disadvantage' appears most marked among BME elders of South Asian origin, with Pakistani elders exhibiting the poorest health outcomes. Length of time resident in the UK does not have a direct impact on health in models for both genders, but is marginally significant for women. Conclusions Older people from ethnic minorities report poorer health outcomes even after controlling for social and economic disadvantages. This result reflects the complexity of health inequalities among different ethnic groups in the UK, and the need to develop health policies which take into account differences in social and economic resources between different ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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5. Long COVID and financial outcomes: evidence from four longitudinal population surveys.
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Rhead, Rebecca, Wels, Jacques, Moltrecht, Bettina, Shaw, Richard John, Silverwood, Richard, Zhu, Jingmin, Hughes, Alun, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Demou, Evangelia, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Ploubidis, George
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POISSON distribution ,RESEARCH funding ,POST-acute COVID-19 syndrome ,FUNCTIONAL status ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FINANCIAL stress ,LONGITUDINAL method ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COVID-19 ,MEDICAL care costs ,REGRESSION analysis ,SYMPTOMS - Published
- 2024
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6. Inequalities in sexual and reproductive outcomes among women aged 16-24 in England (2012-2019).
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Solomon, Danielle, Gibbs, Jo, Burns, Fiona, Mohammed, Hamish, Migchelsen, Stephanie J., and Sabin, Caroline A.
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POISSON distribution ,HEALTH services accessibility ,REPRODUCTIVE health ,RESEARCH funding ,MEDICAL care ,AGE distribution ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RACE ,CHLAMYDIA infections ,STATISTICS ,GONORRHEA ,HEALTH equity ,WOMEN'S health ,MINORITIES ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SEXUAL health ,ECOLOGICAL research ,REGRESSION analysis ,ABORTION - Published
- 2024
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7. Effect of 20 mph speed limits on traffic injuries in Edinburgh, UK: a natural experiment and modelling study.
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Kokka, Kyriaki (Kelly), Nightingale, Glenna, Williams, Andrew James, Abbas, Ali, Popov, Valentin, Sharp, Stephen, Hunter, Ruth F., Jepson, Ruth, and Woodcock, James
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TRAFFIC safety ,TRAFFIC accidents ,AUTOMOBILE driving ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of acceleration ,GOVERNMENT regulation - Published
- 2024
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8. Impact of informal caregiving on depressive symptoms among a national cohort of men.
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King, Tania L., Vitaliano, Peter P., Maheen, Humaira, and Taouk, Yamna
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CROSS-sectional method ,POLICY sciences ,MENTAL health ,RESEARCH funding ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SERVICES for caregivers ,DISEASE prevalence ,BURDEN of care ,LONGITUDINAL method ,GENDER inequality ,MEN'S health ,PSYCHOLOGY of caregivers ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DATA analysis software ,MENTAL depression - Published
- 2024
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9. Causal associations of antioxidants with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive function: a Mendelian randomisation study.
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Jiao Wang, Yingyue Huang, Chunhua Bei, Huiling Yang, Zihong Lin, and Lin Xu
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ALZHEIMER'S disease risk factors ,GENETICS of Alzheimer's disease ,RISK assessment ,NEUROPROTECTIVE agents ,RESEARCH funding ,GENOME-wide association studies ,VITAMIN C ,SELENIUM ,VITAMIN A ,ZINC ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,BETA carotene ,ANTIOXIDANTS ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,REACTION time ,COGNITION ,SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms - Published
- 2024
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10. Poverty trajectories and child and mother well-being outcomes in Ireland: findings from an Irish prospective cohort.
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Driscoll, David J. O., Kiely, Elizabeth, O'Keeffe, Linda M., and Khashan, Ali S.
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HEALTH status indicators ,RESEARCH funding ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,HOME environment ,LONGITUDINAL method ,ODDS ratio ,MOTHER-child relationship ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,POVERTY ,WELL-being ,PATHOLOGICAL psychology ,OBESITY ,MENTAL depression - Published
- 2024
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11. Religion and mental health in young adulthood: a register-based study on differences by religious affiliation in sickness absence due to mental disorders in Finland.
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Reini, Kaarina Susanna, Kolk, Martin, and Saarela, Jan
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MENTAL illness risk factors ,EMPLOYEE psychology ,SICK leave ,RISK assessment ,MENTAL health ,RESEARCH funding ,CHRISTIANS ,MENTAL illness ,SEX distribution ,PSYCHOLOGY & religion ,ANXIETY ,CHURCH buildings ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SEVERITY of illness index ,LONGITUDINAL method ,SPIRITUALITY ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PSYCHOLOGY of parents ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,MENTAL depression - Published
- 2024
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12. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between long working hours and hypertension risk.
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Joonho Ahn, Ji-Hun Song, In-Soo Shin, In Young Cho, and Mo-Yeol Kang
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HYPERTENSION risk factors ,RISK assessment ,BEHAVIOR modification ,RESEARCH funding ,WORK environment ,INDUSTRIAL psychology ,META-analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ODDS ratio ,HEALTH behavior ,DIASTOLIC blood pressure ,JOB stress ,PUBLIC health ,BLOOD pressure ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DATA analysis software ,EMPLOYEES' workload ,SHIFT systems ,EMPLOYEE attitudes - Published
- 2024
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13. Cohort differences in the levels and trajectories of frailty among older people in England.
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Marshall, Alan, Nazroo, James, Tampubolon, Gindo, and Vanhoutte, Bram
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,FRAIL elderly ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH equity ,DATA analysis software ,HEALTH & social status ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,OLD age - Abstract
Background: The level of frailty in the older population across age cohorts and how this changes is a factor in determining future care costs and may also influence the extent of socioeconomic and gender inequalities in frailty. Methods: We model cohort-specific trajectories in frailty among the community dwelling population older than 50 years, using five waves (2002–2010) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We stratify our analysis by wealth and gender and use a frailty index, based on accumulation of ‘deficits’. Results: For males and females between the ages of 50 and 70 in 2002, frailty trajectories for adjacent age cohorts converge. However, levels of frailty are higher in recent compared with earlier cohorts at the older ages (for cohorts aged over 70 in 2002). These cohort differences are largest in the poorest wealth group, while for the most affluent, frailty trajectories overlap across all adjacent cohorts suggesting no change across cohorts. Conclusions: A key driver of the cohort differences in frailty that we observe is likely to be increased survival of frail individuals. Importantly, this paper illustrates that the social conditions experienced across the wealth distribution impacts on the rate of deficit accumulation in older populations. Our results on trajectories of frailty between 2002 and 2010 are pessimistic and, in the context of rising life expectancies, suggest that poorer older people in particular spend additional years of life in a frail state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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14. Do changes in objective and subjective family income predict change in children's diets over time? Unique insights using a longitudinal cohort study and fixed effects analysis.
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Skafida, Valeria and Treanor, Morag C.
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,DIET ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,INCOME ,INGESTION ,INTERVIEWING ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,MOTHERS ,RESEARCH funding ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DATA analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background While an association has been established between low income and poor diet using cross-sectional data, such analysis cannot account for confounding by unobserved characteristics correlated with income and diet, and changes in income and diet cannot be tracked over time. This paper, using longitudinal panel data, explores whether falls in objective and subjective family income predict deterioration in children's diets over time. Methods This paper uses panel data from the nationally representative birth cohort study Growing Up in Scotland. 3279 families have valid data on all dependent, independent and control variables for both time points. Dietary data were collected using maternal recall at sweeps 2 and 5 when the children were aged 22 and 58 months, respectively. Mothers reported on children's variety of consumption of vegetables, fruit and on the frequency of consumption of crisps, sweets and sugary drinks. The dietary variables were ordinal and were analysed using multivariate fixed effects ordinal logistic regression models. Results Controlling for time-varying confounders (children's food fussiness, maternal social class, maternal education, family composition, maternal employment) and for family and child time-invariant characteristics, moving from the highest to the lowest income band was linked to a smaller chance of increased fruit variety from 22 to 58 months (OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.82). Mothers who transitioned from 'living very comfortably' to 'finding it very difficult' to cope on current income had children who consumed fewer fruit varieties over time (OR=0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.85), and who increased their frequency of consumption of crisps (OR=2.03, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.94) and sweets (OR=2.23, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.20). Conclusions The diets of young children in Scotland deteriorated between the ages of 2 and 5 years across the entire socioeconomic spectrum. Additionally, deterioration in subjective income predicted less healthy diets for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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15. Exploring the social determinants of mental health service use using intersectionality theory and CART analysis.
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Cairney, John, Veldhuizen, Scott, Vigod, Simone, Streiner, David L., Wade, Terrance J., and Kurdyak, Paul
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MENTAL health ,DATA mining ,AFFECTIVE disorders ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DRUG addiction ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,MEDICAL referrals ,MENTAL health services ,RESEARCH funding ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DATA analysis ,ANXIETY disorders ,DATA analysis software ,HEALTH & social status ,STATISTICAL models ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Background Fewer than half of individuals with a mental disorder seek formal care in a given year. Much research has been conducted on the factors that influence service use in this population, but the methods generally used cannot easily identify the complex interactions that are thought to exist. In this paper, we examine predictors of subsequent service use among respondents to a population health survey who met criteria for a past-year mood, anxiety or substance-related disorder. Methods To determine service use, we use an administrative database including all physician consultations in the period of interest. To identify predictors, we use classification tree (CART) analysis, a data mining technique with the ability to identify unsuspected interactions. We compare results to those from logistic regression models. Results We identify 1213 individuals with past-year disorder. In the year after the survey, 24% (n=312) of these had a mental health-related physician consultation. Logistic regression revealed that age, sex and marital status predicted service use. CART analysis yielded a set of rules based on age, sex, marital status and income adequacy, with marital status playing a role among men and by income adequacy important among women. CART analysis proved moderately effective overall, with agreement of 60%, sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 53%. Conclusion Results highlight the potential of data-mining techniques to uncover complex interactions, and offer support to the view that the intersection of multiple statuses influence health and behaviour in ways that are difficult to identify with conventional statistics. The disadvantages of these methods are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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16. Parental education and occupation in relation to childhood type 1 diabetes: nationwide cohort study.
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Lopez-Doriga Ruiz, Paz, Tapia, German, Bakken, Inger J., Håberg, Siri E., Gulseth, Hanne L., Skrivarhaug, Torild, Joner, Geir, and Stene, Lars C.
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TYPE 1 diabetes ,PARENTS ,RISK assessment ,FATHERHOOD ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,PARENTING ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LONGITUDINAL method ,ODDS ratio ,MOTHERHOOD ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DATA analysis software ,SOCIAL classes ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,EMPLOYMENT ,DISEASE risk factors ,CHILDREN - Published
- 2024
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17. Assessment of census- tract level socioeconomic position as a modifier of the relationship between short- term PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular emergency department visits in Missouri.
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McCann, Zachary H., Chang, Howard H., D'Souza, Rohan, Scovronick, Noah, and Ebelt, Stefanie
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DISEASE risk factors ,AIR pollution ,RISK assessment ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,CENSUS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,HOSPITAL emergency services ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,MEDICAL appointments ,METROPOLITAN areas ,RURAL conditions ,PARTICULATE matter ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,POVERTY - Published
- 2024
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18. Impact of the minimum wage increase on intimate partner violence (IPV): a quasi- experimental study in South Korea.
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Chungah Kim, Yihong Bai, O'Campo, Patricia, and Chum, Antony
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INTIMATE partner violence ,WOMEN ,RESEARCH funding ,VIOLENCE ,SELF-efficacy ,INVECTIVE ,WAGES ,RESEARCH methodology ,ECONOMIC impact ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COMPARATIVE studies - Published
- 2024
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19. A national cohort study of community belonging and its influence on premature mortality.
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Michalski, Camilla, Hurst, Mack, Diemert, Lori, Mah, Sarah M., Helliwell, John, Kim, Eric S., and Rosella, Laura C.
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RISK assessment ,POISSON distribution ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,RESEARCH funding ,LIFE expectancy ,CAUSES of death ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LONGITUDINAL method ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,WELL-being - Published
- 2024
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20. Cross-sectional study of the associations between circulating vitamin D concentrations and insulin resistance in children aged 9-10 years of South Asian, black African Caribbean and white European origins.
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Donin, Angela, Nightingale, Claire M., Sattar, Naveed, Fraser, William D., Owen, Chris G., Cook, Derek G., and Whincup, Peter H.
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GLUCOSE analysis ,RISK assessment ,CROSS-sectional method ,HOMEOSTASIS ,RESEARCH funding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,INSULIN resistance ,SOUTH Asians ,METABOLITES ,TYPE 2 diabetes ,BLACK Africans ,CARIBBEAN people ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,VITAMIN D ,BIOMARKERS ,DISEASE risk factors ,CHILDREN ,ADULTS - Published
- 2024
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21. The persistence of irregular treatment of hypertension in the former Soviet Union.
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Roberts, Bayard, Stickley, Andrew, Balabanova, Dina, Haerpfer, Christian, and Mckee, Martin
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,DRUGS ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HYPERTENSION ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL databases ,INTERVIEWING ,OPERATING rooms ,PATIENT compliance ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH funding ,SURVEYS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DATA analysis ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of avoidable mortality in the former Soviet Union (fSU). In previous work, the authors described patterns of irregular hypertension treatment in eight countries of the fSU in 2001. This paper presents new data on changes in the use of hypertension treatment in the same countries. Methods: Using household survey data from 18 420 (2001) and 17 914 (2010) respondents from Armenia, Azerbaijan (2010 only), Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, the authors describe changes in rates of irregular treatment use (less than daily) between 2001 and 2010. Multivariate logistic regression was also used to analyse the characteristics associated with irregular treatment. Results: Irregular treatment was extremely high at 74% in 2001 and only fell to 68% in 2010 (all countries combined). Irregular treatment remained particularly high in 2010 in Armenia (79%), Kazakhstan (73%) and Moldova (73%). Recurring characteristics associated with irregular treatment included gender (men), younger age, higher fitness levels, and consuming alcohol and tobacco. Conclusions: Irregular hypertension treatment continues to be a major problem in the countries of the fSU and requires an urgent response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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22. Trends in condom use among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India: the impact of a community mobilisation intervention.
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Toller Erausquin, Jennifer, Biradavolu, Monica, Reed, Elizabeth, Burroway, Rebekah, and Blankenship, Kim M.
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HIV prevention ,SEX work ,AGE distribution ,BEHAVIOR modification ,CONDOMS ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,DOSE-response relationship in biochemistry ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,INTERVIEWING ,LONGITUDINAL method ,EVALUATION of medical care ,POWER (Social sciences) ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL networks ,TIME ,COMMUNITY support ,DATA analysis ,HOME environment ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,REPEATED measures design ,CROSS-sectional method ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background Community mobilisation interventions for HIV prevention among female sex workers (FSWs) aim to organise FSWs for collective action and challenge the structures of power that underlie HIV risk. Assessing intervention impact is challenging because the importance of direct individual exposure to intervention components may decrease over time as change occurs at social-normative, policy and other structural levels. In this paper, the authors examine changes over time in consistent condom use among FSWs in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, the location of a long-standing community mobilisation intervention. Methods The authors analyse cross-sectional data collected among FSWs at three time points (n=2276) using respondent-driven sampling. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of programme exposure with consistent condom use and whether this association varied over time. Results The proportion of FSWs having no exposure or only receptive exposure to the intervention decreased over time, while active utilisation increased from 19.4% in 2006 to 48.5% in 2009-2010. Consistent condom use with clients also increased from 56.3% in 2006 to 75.3% in 2009-2010. Multivariate analysis showed that age, age at start of sex work, venue, living conditions and programme exposure were significantly associated with condom use. The positive association between programme exposure and consistent condom use did not vary significantly over time. Conclusions Findings indicate improvements in HIV risk reduction behaviour among FSWs and suggest that the intervention has substantial reach in the FSW population. The intervention's strategies may be contributing to population-level HIV risk reduction among FSWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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23. Ethnic differences in access to prescription medication because of cost in New Zealand.
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Jatrana, Santosh Zealand, Crampton, Peter, and Norris, Pauline
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ASIANS ,COMPUTER software ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DRUGS ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,ETHNIC groups ,HEALTH services accessibility ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MAORI (New Zealand people) ,MEDICAL care costs ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Objectives This paper aims to examine ethnic differences in financial barriers to access to prescriptionmedication in New Zealand. Methods Data from SoFIE-Health (wave 3), which is an add-on to the Statistics New Zealand-led longitudinal Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE) (N¼18 320), were analysed using logistic regression, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, health behaviour and health variables. Financial barriers to access to prescription items were measured by the following question: 'In the past 12 months, have there been any times when a doctor gave you a prescription, but you didn't collect one or more of these items because you could not afford the cost?'. Results The odds of deferring buying a prescription at least once during the preceding 12 months because they could not afford the cost of the prescription were greater for Maori and Pacific people than for NZ Europeans (OR 2.98, 95% CI 2.56 to 3.47 vs OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.85 to 4.35). Adjusting for potential confounders attenuated the ORs to 1.31 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.58) for Maori people and to 2.17 (95% CI 1.68 to 2.81) for Pacific people. Deferring buying medications because of cost was also associated with increased odds of poor self-reported health status, high/very high psychological stress and the presence of two or more comorbid conditions. Conclusion Ethnicity plays a critical role in facilitating or impeding access to primary health care. This suggests that policy measures to further reduce financial barriers to buying medication may improve access to care for everyone including Maori and Pacific people and may have positive health implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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24. Road safety in the political agenda: the impact on road traffic injuries.
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Novoa, Ana M., Pérez, Katherine, Santamariña-Rubio, Elena, Marí-Dell'Olmo, Marc, Cozar, Rogelio, Ferrando, Josep, Peiró, Rosana, Tobías, Aurelio, Zori, Pilar, and Borrell, Carme
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TRAFFIC safety ,AGE distribution ,ANALYSIS of variance ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,LONGITUDINAL method ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,POISSON distribution ,PRACTICAL politics ,RESEARCH funding ,SEX distribution ,TIME series analysis ,TRAFFIC accidents ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RELATIVE medical risk ,SEVERITY of illness index - Abstract
Background This paper aims at assessing the effectiveness of the package of road safety measures implemented after road safety was included in the political agenda in the year 2004 on the number of road traffic-injured people in Spain. Methods An evaluation study was performed using an interrupted time-series design. The study population was people injured in road traffic crashes in Spain between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2006. The road traffic crashes database of the General Directorate for Traffic was used. The dependent variable was the monthly number of people injured, stratified by sex, age, severity and type of road user. The explanatory variable (intervention) compared the post-intervention period (2004-6) with the pre-intervention period (2000-3). Quasi-Poisson regression models were adjusted, controlling for time trend and for seasonality. Results Results show a reduction in the risk of being injured for both men (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.95) and women (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.94). Risk reductions were observed across all age groups and all road users, except for pedestrians. Conclusions The present study suggests that prioritising road safety reduces the number of people injured in road traffic collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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25. Maternal psychiatric and somatic illness, and the risk of unintentional injuries in children: variation by type of maternal illness, type of injury and child age.
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Tanskanen, Antti O., Metsä-Simola, Niina, Volotinen, Lotta, Danielsbacka, Mirkka, Martikainen, Pekka, and Remes, Hanna
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INJURY risk factors ,REPORTING of diseases ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PSYCHOLOGY of mothers ,AGE distribution ,REGRESSION analysis ,RISK assessment ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,SOMATOFORM disorders ,WOUNDS & injuries ,MENTAL illness ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,CHILDREN - Published
- 2024
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26. Evaluating the impact on physical inactivity of Together an Active Future, a partnership approach to physical activity promotion. A difference-in-differences study.
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Owen, Gwilym, Fahy, Katie, and Barr, Benjamin
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SEDENTARY lifestyles ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,CLINICAL trials ,CROSS-sectional method ,AGE distribution ,RACE ,PHYSICAL activity ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,HUMAN services programs ,SURVEYS ,SEX distribution ,SOCIAL isolation ,DISCRIMINATION against people with disabilities ,COMMUNITY-based social services ,RESEARCH funding ,COMMUNICATION ,CONTROL groups ,HEALTH equity ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,HEALTH promotion - Published
- 2024
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27. COVID-19 and mental health in China: the effects of personality.
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Xiao Zhang, Battisti, Michele, and Proto, Eugenio
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,MENTAL health ,REGRESSION analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MENTAL depression ,CENTER for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ,STAY-at-home orders ,COVID-19 pandemic - Published
- 2024
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28. Childhood contact with social services and risk of suicide or sudden death in young adulthood: identifying hidden risk in a population-wide cohort study.
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McKenna, Sarah, O'Reilly, Dermot, and Maguire, Aideen
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SUDDEN death -- Risk factors ,SUICIDE risk factors ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,REGRESSION analysis ,RISK assessment ,CHI-squared test ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL services ,DATA analysis software ,FOSTER home care ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,ADOLESCENCE - Published
- 2024
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29. Social determinants of ethnic disparities in SARSCoV-2 infection: UK Biobank SARS-CoV-2 Serology Study.
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Omiyale, Wemimo, Holliday, Jo, Doherty, Nicola, Callen, Howard, Wood, Natasha, Horn, Edward, Burnett, Frances, Young, Allen, Lewington, Sarah, Fry, Dan, Bešević, Jelena, Conroy, Megan, Sheard, Simon, Qi Feng, Welsh, Samantha, Effingham, Mark, Young, Alan, Collins, Rory, Lacey, Ben, and Allen, Naomi
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COVID-19 ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,BLOOD collection ,RISK assessment ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH equity ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,ODDS ratio ,COVID-19 pandemic - Published
- 2024
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30. Economic insecurity exposure and cognitive function in late life.
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Yanan Luo, Ming Xu, and Liang, Richard
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COGNITION disorders ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COUNSELING ,NET losses ,AGE distribution ,MENTAL health ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,HEALTH care reform ,SURVEYS ,FINANCIAL stress ,AGING ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,COGNITIVE testing ,METROPOLITAN areas ,RETIREMENT ,DATA analysis software ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors - Published
- 2023
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31. Inequalities in children's mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study.
- Author
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Miall, Naomi, Pearce, Anna, Moore, Jamie C., Benzeval, Michaela, and Green, Michael J.
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,MENTAL health ,REGRESSION analysis ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EMPLOYMENT ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH equity ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PARENTS - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health in 17 European countries between 1990 and 2010.
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Hu, Yannan, van Lenthe, Frank J., Borsboom, Gerard J., Looman, Caspar W. N., Bopp, Matthias, Burström, Bo, Dzúrová, Dagmar, Ekholm, Ola, Klumbiene, Jurate, Lahelma, Eero, Leinsalu, Mall, Regidor, Enrique, Santana, Paula, de Gelder, Rianne, and Mackenbach, Johan P.
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,META-analysis ,SELF-evaluation ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,HEALTH equity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background Between the 1990s and 2000s, relative inequalities in all-cause mortality increased, whereas absolute inequalities decreased in many European countries. Whether similar trends can be observed for inequalities in other health outcomes is unknown. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health (SAH) in Europe between 1990 and 2010. Methods Data were obtained from nationally representative surveys from 17 European countries for the various years between 1990 and 2010. The age-standardised prevalence of less-than-good SAH was analysed by education and occupation among men and women aged 30-79 years. Socioeconomic inequalities were measured by means of absolute rate differences and relative rate ratios. Meta-analysis with random-effects models was used to examine the trends of inequalities. Results We observed declining trends in the prevalence of less-than-good SAH in many countries, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe and the Baltic states. In al countries, less-than-good SAH was more prevalent in lower educational and manual groups. For all countries together, absolute inequalities in SAH were mostly constant, whereas relative inequalities increased. Almost no country consistently experienced a significant decline in either absolute or relative inequalities. Conclusions Trends in inequalities in SAH in Europe were generally less favourable than those found for inequalities in mortality, and there was generally no correspondence between the two when we compared the trends within countries. In order to develop policies or interventions that effectively reduce inequalities in SAH, a better understanding of the causes of these inequalities is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
33. From cradle to grave: tracking socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in a cohort of 11 868 men and women born in Uppsala, Sweden, 1915-1929.
- Author
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Juárez, Sol P., Goodman, Anna, and Koupil, Mona
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HEALTH equity ,MORTALITY ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,MARITAL status ,MATERNAL age ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,HISTORY - Abstract
Background Ample evidence has shown that early-life social conditions are associated with mortality later in life. However, little attention has been given to the strength of these effects across specific age intervals from birth to old age. In this paper, we study the effect of the family's socioeconomic position and mother's marital status at birth on all-cause mortality at different age intervals in a Swedish cohort of 11 868 individuals followed across their lifespan. Methods Using the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study, we fitted Cox regression models to estimate age-varying HRs of all-cause mortality according to mother's marital status and family's socioeconomic position. Results Mother's marital status and family's socioeconomic position at birth were associated with higher mortality rates throughout life (HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.26) for unmarried mothers; 1.19 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.25) for low socioeconomic position). While the effect of family's socioeconomic position showed little variation across different age groups, the effect of marital status was stronger for infant mortality (HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.76); p=0.04 for heterogeneity). The results remained robust when early life and adult mediator variables were included. Conclusions Family's socioeconomic position and mother's marital status involve different dimensions of social stratification with independent effects on mortality throughout life. Our findings support the importance of improving early-life conditions in order to enhance healthy ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
34. Increasing active travel: results of a quasi-experimental study of an intervention to encourage walking and cycling.
- Author
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Keall, Michael, Chapman, Ralph, Howden-Chapman, Philippa, Witten, Karen, Abrahamse, Wokje, and Woodward, Alistair
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,CYCLING ,HEALTH promotion ,RESEARCH methodology ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,TRANSPORTATION ,TRAVEL ,WALKING ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,PHYSICAL activity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background There is increased interest in the effectiveness and cobenefits of measures to promote walking and cycling, including health gains from increased physical activity and reductions in fossil fuel use and vehicle emissions. This paper analyses the changes in walking and cycling in two New Zealand cities that accompanied public investment in infrastructure married with programmes to encourage active travel. Method Using a quasi-experimental two-group pre-post study design, we estimated changes in travel behaviour from baseline in 2011 to mid-programme in 2012, and postprogramme in 2013. The intervention and control cities were matched in terms of sociodemographic variables and baseline levels of walking and cycling. A face-to-face survey obtained information on walking and cycling. We also drew from the New Zealand Travel Survey, a national ongoing survey of travel behaviour, which was conducted in the study areas. Estimates from the two surveys were combined using meta-analysis techniques. Results The trips and physical activity were evaluated. Relative to the control cities, the odds of trips being by active modes (walking or cycling) increased by 37% (95% CI 8% to 73%) in the intervention cities between baseline and postintervention. The net proportion of trips made by active modes increased by about 30%. In terms of physical activity levels, there was little evidence of an overall change. Discussion Comparing the intervention cities with the matched controls, we found substantial changes in walking and cycling, and conclude that the improvements in infrastructure and associated programmes appear to have successfully arrested the general decline in active mode use evident in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation in 11 European countries from 1987 to 2012.
- Author
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Bosdriesz, Jizzo R., Willemsen, Marc C., Stronks, Karien, and Kunst, Anton E.
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,HEALTH policy ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING cessation ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background During the 1990s, inequalities in smoking prevalence by socioeconomic status (SES) have widened in Europe. Since then, many tobacco control policies have been implemented. Yet, European overviews of recent trends in smoking inequalities are lacking. This paper aims to provide an overview of longterm trends of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation in Europe. Methods We used data for 11 countries taken from Eurobarometer surveys from 1987 to 1995 and 2002- 2012, with a total study sample of 63 737 respondents. We performed multilevel logistic regression to model associations of the quit ratio (proportion former smokers of ever smokers) with SES, measured by education and occupation separately, with adjustments for age, sex and time. Results We found a significant, positive association for education and occupation with the quit ratio. The strength of the association decreased slightly from 1987 to 1995 and increased again from 2002 to 2012. Inequalities increased between the two periods in most countries and decreased in only one country. While in 1987-1995, the quit ratio increased among all SES groups and most strongly among the low SES group, in 2002-2012 it increased only among the high-education group (OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.87), and nonmanual occupation group (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.12). Conclusions Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation rates have strongly increased since the 1990s and during the 2000s. This suggests that the tobacco control policies implemented during the 2000s have not been able to counter the trend in increasing inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Web search activity data accurately predict population chronic disease risk in the USA.
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Thin Nguyen, Truyen Tran, Wei Luo, Gupta, Sunil, Rana, Santu, Dinh Phung, Nichols, Melanie, Millar, Lynne, Venkatesh, Svetha, and Allender, Steve
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CHRONIC disease risk factors ,PUBLIC health ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,ALCOHOL drinking ,EXERCISE ,FISHER exact test ,FOOD habits ,PROBABILITY theory ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,STATISTICS ,SURVEYS ,WORLD Wide Web ,DATA analysis ,INFORMATION-seeking behavior ,BODY mass index ,HEALTH literacy ,HEALTH & social status - Abstract
Background The WHO framework for non-communicable disease (NCD) describes risks and outcomes comprising the majority of the global burden of disease. These factors are complex and interact at biological, behavioural, environmental and policy levels presenting challenges for population monitoring and intervention evaluation. This paper explores the utility of machine learning methods applied to population-level web search activity behaviour as a proxy for chronic disease risk factors. Methods Web activity output for each element of the WHO's Causes of NCD framework was used as a basis for identifying relevant web search activity from 2004 to 2013 for the USA. Multiple linear regression models with regularisation were used to generate predictive algorithms, mapping web search activity to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) measured risk factor/disease prevalence. Predictions for subsequent target years not included in the model derivation were tested against CDC data from population surveys using Pearson correlation and Spearman's r. Results For 2011 and 2012, predicted prevalence was very strongly correlated with measured risk data ranging from fruits and vegetables consumed (r=0.81; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.89) to alcohol consumption (r=0.96; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.98). Mean difference between predicted and measured differences by State ranged from 0.03 to 2.16. Spearman's r for state-wise predicted versus measured prevalence varied from 0.82 to 0.93. Conclusions The high predictive validity of web search activity for NCD risk has potential to provide real-time information on population risk during policy implementation and other population-level NCD prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Male involvement and maternal health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Yargawa, Judith and Leonardi-Bee, Jo
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POSTPARTUM depression ,CINAHL database ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DEVELOPING countries ,HEALTH status indicators ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MATERNAL health services ,MEDLINE ,MEN ,META-analysis ,MOTHERS ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,PREGNANCY complications ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL role ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,PREVENTION - Abstract
Background The developing world accounts for 99% of global maternal deaths. Men in developing countries are the chief decision-makers, determining women's access to maternal health services and influencing their health outcomes. At present, it is unclear whether involving men in maternal health can improve maternal outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of male involvement on maternal health outcomes of women in developing countries. Methods Four electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched (up to May 2013), together with reference lists of included studies. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed the quality of studies based on prespecified criteria. Measures of effects were pooled and random effect meta-analysis was conducted, where possible. Results Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Male involvement was significantly associated with reduced odds of postpartum depression (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.68 for male involvement during pregnancy; OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.62 for male involvement post partum), and also with improved utilisation of maternal health services (skilled birth attendance and postnatal care). Male involvement during pregnancy and at post partum appeared to have greater benefits than male involvement during delivery. Conclusions Male involvement is associated with improved maternal health outcomes in developing countries. Contrary to reports from developed countries, there was little evidence of positive impacts of husbands' presence in delivery rooms. However, more rigorous studies are needed to improve this area’s evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Birth weight and childhood wheezing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Mebrahtu, Teumzghi F., Feltbower, Richard G., Greenwood, Darren C., and Parslow, Roger C.
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RESPIRATORY disease risk factors ,BIRTH weight ,LOW birth weight ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDLINE ,META-analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background Previous observational studies have claimed that birth weight and childhood wheezing disorders are associated although the results remained inconsistent. One systematic review and two systematic reviews that included meta-analyses reported inconsistent results. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate this. Methods An online search of published papers linking childhood asthma and wheezing disorders with birth weight up to February 2014 was carried out using EMBASE and Medline medical research databases. Summary ORs were estimated using random-effects models. Subgroup meta-analyses were performed to assess the robustness of risk associations and between-study heterogeneity. Results A total of 37 studies comprising 1 712 737 participants were included in our meta-analysis. The unadjusted summary ORs for risk of childhood wheezing disorders associated with low birth weight (<2.5 kg) were 1.60 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.85, p<0.001) and 1.37 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.79, p=0.02) when compared with >2.5 and 2.5-4.0 kg birthweight groups, respectively. The overall summary OR for high birth weight (>4 kg) as compared to the 2.5-4.0 kg birthweight group was 1.02 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.04, p=0.13). There was substantial heterogeneity in the unadjusted low birth weight risk estimates which was not accounted for by predefined study characteristics. There was no significant heterogeneity in the high birth weight risk estimates. There was some evidence of funnel plot asymmetry and small study effects in the low birth weight (2.5 vs >2.5 kg and <2.5 vs 2.5-4 kg) OR estimates. Conclusions Our results suggest that low birth (<2.5 kg) is an independent risk factor for wheezing disorders during childhood and adolescence although there was substantial heterogeneity among the risk estimates. However, we found no significant association of high birth weight with wheezing disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Childhood conscientiousness predicts the social gradient of smoking in adulthood: a life course analysis.
- Author
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Pluess, Michael and Bartley, Mel
- Subjects
SMOKING ,CHI-squared test ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CONSCIENCE ,INTELLECT ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL classes ,STATISTICS ,T-test (Statistics) ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DATA analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,BEHAVIOR disorders ,DATA analysis software ,HEALTH & social status ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,ADULTS - Abstract
Background and aims: The social gradient in smoking is well known, with higher rates among those in less advantaged socioeconomic position. Some recent research has reported that personality characteristics partly explain this gradient. However, the majority of existing work is limited by cross-sectional designs unsuitable to determine whether differences in conscientiousness are a predictor or a product of social inequalities. Adopting a life course perspective, we investigated in the current paper the influence of conscientiousness in early and mid-life on the social gradient in smoking and the role of potential confounding factors in a large longitudinal cohort study. Methods: Using data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, we examined the extent to which two measures of conscientiousness, one assessed with a personality questionnaire at age 50 and one derived from three related items at 16 years in childhood, explained the social gradient of smoking at age 50 by comparing nested logistic regression models that included social class at birth, cognitive ability, attention and conduct problems at age 7, and educational qualification. Results: Childhood conscientiousness was a significant predictor of smoking at 50 years (OR=0.86, CI (95%) 0.84 to 0.88), explaining 5.0% of the social gradient independent of all other variables. Childhood conscientiousness was a stronger predictor than adult conscientiousness, statistically accounting for the observed direct association of adult conscientiousness with smoking. Conclusions: Conscientiousness may be a predictor rather than a product of social differences in smoking. Inclusion of personality measures and adoption of a life course perspective add significantly to our understanding of health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The impact of the Iraq War on neonatal polio immunisation coverage: a quasi-experimental study.
- Author
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Cetorelli, Valeria
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WAR ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,MAPS ,RESEARCH methodology ,POLIOMYELITIS vaccines ,PRIMARY health care ,RESEARCH funding ,SURVEYS ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background The public health consequences of the Iraq War (2003–2011) have remained difficult to quantify, mainly due to a scarcity of adequate data. This paper is the first to assess whether and to what extent the war affected neonatal polio immunisation coverage. Method The study relies on retrospective neonatal polio vaccination histories from the 2000, 2006 and 2011 Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (N=64 141). Pooling these surveys makes it possible to reconstruct yearly trends in immunisation coverage from 1996 to 2010. The impact of the war is identified with a difference-in-difference approach contrasting immunisation trends in the autonomous Kurdish provinces, which remained relatively safe during the war, with trends in the central and southern provinces, where violence and disruption were pervasive. Results After controlling for individual and household characteristics, year of birth and province of residence, children exposed to the war were found to be 21.5 percentage points (95% CI −0.341 to −0.089) less likely to have received neonatal polio immunisation compared with non-exposed children. Conclusions The decline in neonatal polio immunisation coverage is part of a broader war-induced deterioration of routine maternal and newborn health services. Postwar strategies to promote institutional deliveries and ensure adequate vaccine availability in primary health facilities could increase dramatically the percentage of newborns immunised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Environmental influences on children’s physical activity.
- Author
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Pouliou, Theodora, Sera, Francesco, Griffiths, Lucy, Joshi, Heather, Geraci, Marco, Cortina-Borja, Mario, and Law, Catherine
- Subjects
PHYSICAL activity ,CHILDREN'S health ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SOCIAL context ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,CHILDREN ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Background This paper aims to assess whether 7-year-olds’ physical activity is associated with family and area-level measures of the physical and socioeconomic environments. Methods We analysed the association of environments with physical activity in 6497 singleton children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study with reliable accelerometer data (≥2 days and ≥10 h/day). Activity levels were assessed as counts per minute; minutes of moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA); and whether meeting recommended guidelines (≥60 min/day MVPA). Results Higher levels of children’s physical activity were associated with households without use of a car and with having a television in a child’s bedroom (for counts per minute only). Aspects of the home socioeconomic environment that were associated with more children’s physical activity were lone motherhood, lower maternal socioeconomic position and education, family income below 60% national median, and not owning the home. Children’s activity levels were higher when parents perceived their neighbourhood as poor for bringing up children and also when families were living in the most deprived areas. Relationships were independent of characteristics such as child’s body mass index and ethnic group. When adjusted for physical and socioeconomic correlates, the factors remaining significant in all outcomes were: household car usage and maternal education. Conclusions Although physical and socioeconomic environments are associated with children’s physical activity, much of the variation appears to be determined by the child’s home socioeconomic circumstances rather than the wider environment where they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Negative socioeconomic changes and mental disorders: a longitudinal study.
- Author
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Barbaglia, María Gabriela, ten Have, Margreet, Dorsselaer, Saskia, Alonso, Jordi, and de Graaf, Ron
- Subjects
DISMISSAL of employees ,MENTAL illness risk factors ,PSYCHIATRIC epidemiology ,AFFECTIVE disorders ,ANXIETY ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,INCOME ,RESEARCH funding ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,DATA analysis software ,HEALTH & social status ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Background: There is increasing interest on whether the current global economic uncertainties have an influence on the population’s mental health. In this paper, we examined the association of negative socioeconomic changes, job loss and household income reductions with incident mental disorders. The moderating effect of gender was assessed. Methods: Data come from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2), a representative population-based, longitudinal study. Individuals with a paid job and without a 12-month mental disorder at baseline were selected and reassessed 3 years later (2007–2009/2010–2012). Substantial household income reductions and not being at a paid job anymore were self-reported at follow-up. Multivariate logistic models were utilised to investigate the association between these negative socioeconomic changes and the incidence of mood, anxiety and substance use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV disorders assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Results: After 3 years, 6% had lost their job, 11% had a substantial household income reduction and 12.2% had developed a mental disorder. Household income reductions increased the risk of any mental disorder (aOR=1.77), particularly the risk of mood (aOR=2.24). Job loss increased the risk of mood disorders (aOR=2.02). Gender modified the relationship: job loss increased the risk of any mental disorder among men (aOR=3.04) and household income reductions did so among women (aOR=2.32). Conclusions: Negative socioeconomic changes occurring within a short time period significantly increased the risk of incident mental disorders, particularly of mood disorders. Effective interventions to alleviate the public mental health impact of negative socioeconomic changes on men and women are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Does child–parent resemblance in body weight status vary by sociodemographic factors in the USA?
- Author
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Qi Zhang, Lamichhane, Rajan, Hsin-Jen Chen, Hong Xue, and Youfa Wang
- Subjects
OBESITY genetics ,BODY weight ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,FAMILIES ,PARENTS ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICS ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,BODY mass index ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background: Clustered obese parents and children are prevalent, but there is little knowledge about whether and how child–parent resemblance varies by sociodemographic groups. Methods: This paper used nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES: 1988–1994). We matched 4958 parents with 6765 children aged 2–16 years old for whom we had complete data on body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity status. Correlation coefficients and κ statistics between parents’ and children’s BMI and body weight status were calculated for different sociodemographic groups. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were fit to study the child–parent resemblance and socioeconomic and demographic differences in the resemblance. Results: The child–parent correlation coefficients for BMI were greater in Caucasians than in minorities and greater in groups with higher socioeconomic status. The mother–child resemblance in BMI was negatively associated with child age (p<0.001). The mother– daughter resemblance in overweight was significantly lower in non-Hispanic blacks (OR=0.53, 95% CI (0.36 to 0.78)) and Mexican Americans (OR=0.58, 95% CI (0.36 to 0.93)) than in Caucasians. The father–child resemblance in overweight was significantly lower in high school graduates compared with those with less-than- high-school-graduate fathers (OR=0.53, 95% CI (0.37 to 0.77) for father–son dyads and OR=0.69, 95% CI (0.50 to 0.96) for father–daughter dyads). Similar results were found for parent–child resemblance in obesity. Conclusions: Child–parent resemblance in body weight status exists across sociodemographic groups in the USA, but it varies by demographics and socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Too heavy, too late: investigating perinatal health outcomes in immigrants residing in Spain. A cross-sectional study (2009-2011)
- Author
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Juárez, Sol P. and Revuelta-Eugercios, Bárbara A.
- Subjects
PREGNANCY complication risk factors ,LOW birth weight ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,IMMIGRANTS ,EVALUATION of medical care ,PREGNANCY ,PREGNANCY complications ,RESEARCH funding ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,STATISTICAL models ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background Studies have shown that immigrants residing in Spain have lower risks of delivering low birthweight (LBW) and preterm babies despite their socioeconomic disadvantages (the healthy migrant paradox). However, less is known about other important perinatal outcomes derived from birth weight and gestational age such as macrosomia and post-term birth. This paper aims to compare the main indicators related to birth weight and gestational age (LBW, macrosomia, preterm and post-term) for immigrants and Spaniards. Methods Cross-sectional study based on the Spanish vital statistics for years 2009–2011. Multinomial regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted ORs and their 95% CIs. Results After adjusting for known confounders, compared with Spaniards, most immigrant groups show lower or not significantly different risks of delivering LBW (OR between 0.65 and 0.87) or, more exceptionally, preterm babies (between 0.75 and 0.93). However, most of them also show higher risks of delivering macrosomic (OR between 1.21 and 2.58) and post-term babies (OR between 1.11 and 1.50). Mothers from sub-Saharan Africa show a higher risk in all perinatal outcomes studied. Conclusions The immigrant health paradox should be carefully assessed in comprehensive terms. Together with a predominantly lower risk of LBW, most immigrants have a higher risk of macrosomia, post-term and preterm births. These results have policy-making implications since studying the right tail of the birth weight and gestational age distributions implies considering a different set of risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Association between anaemia and adult depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
- Author
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Yong-Jae Lee and Hong-Bae Kim
- Subjects
MENTAL depression risk factors ,ANEMIA ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,HEMOGLOBINS ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDLINE ,META-analysis ,ONLINE information services ,RISK assessment ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DISEASE complications - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Impact of lifestyle risk factors on admission to nursing home care: a cohort study of 127 108 people aged 60 years and over.
- Author
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Gibson, Alice A., Gale, Joanne, Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Lindley, Richard I., Fontana, Luigi, Cistulli, Peter A., and Nassar, Natasha
- Subjects
LIFESTYLES ,RISK-taking behavior ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PATIENTS ,NURSING care facilities ,HOSPITAL admission & discharge ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,MIDDLE age ,OLD age - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Causal effect of shifting from precarious to standard employment on all- cause mortality in Sweden: an emulation of a target trial.
- Author
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Santander, Nuria Matilla, Matthews, Anthony A., Gunn, Virginia, Muntaner, Carles, Kreshpaj, Bertina, Wegman, David H., Martínez, Néstor Sánchez, Rodriguez, Julio C. Hernando, Albin, Maria, Balogh, Rebeka, Davis, Letitia, and Bodin, Theo
- Subjects
MORTALITY risk factors ,RELATIVE medical risk ,MATHEMATICAL statistics ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,PARAMETERS (Statistics) ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,BLUE collar workers ,RISK assessment ,EMPLOYMENT ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,DATA analysis software ,INDUSTRIAL relations - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. High levels of high- sensitivity C reactive protein to albumin ratio can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Author
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Xuemei Yang, Xiaoli Yang, Jingtao Yang, Xinran Wen, Shouling Wu, and Liufu Cui
- Subjects
MORTALITY risk factors ,C-reactive protein ,ALBUMINS ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,LOG-rank test ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases ,DISEASE incidence ,RISK assessment ,COMPARATIVE studies ,KAPLAN-Meier estimator ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PREDICTIVE validity ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Does (re-)entering the labour market at advanced ages protect against cognitive decline? A matching difference-in-differences approach.
- Author
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Jung Hyun Kim, Muniz-Terrera, Graciela, and Leist, Anja K.
- Subjects
COGNITION disorders ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,AGING ,RESEARCH funding ,EMPLOYMENT ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EMPLOYMENT reentry ,LABOR market ,OLD age - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Could diabetes prevention programmes result in the widening of sociodemographic inequalities in type 2 diabetes? Comparison of survey and administrative data for England.
- Author
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Chatzi, Georgia, Whittaker, William, Chandola, Tarani, Mason, Thomas, Soiland-Reyes, Claudia, Sutton, Matt, and Bower, Peter
- Subjects
DIABETES prevention ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HUMAN services programs ,TYPE 2 diabetes ,SURVEYS ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,HEALTH equity ,LOGISTIC regression analysis - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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