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Greenberg's depictions show that bank notes were more alive to people than money today and that each transaction required a keen eye and careful negotiation. The first covers the major players in the market and how bank notes were used in transactions, the second examines the physical nature of bank notes, and the third highlights how personal experiences with bank notes influenced political leanings and movements. Most chapters focus on bank notes before 1840 (though there are scattered examples going forward in time), whereas the last chapter discusses how the issue of greenbacks and standardized national bank notes during the Civil War replaced the chaotic bank note system. [Extracted from the article]

Finally, Hintz covers the postwar period in which corporations were most dominant, followed by the reemergence of independent inventors as heroic figures in the last decades of the century. While Hintz may therefore err in being too sympathetic to independent inventors, his work is nevertheless a useful corrective for the too-common misconception that all innovation comes from large corporations. Hintz next discusses patent reform; many reform proposals from the 1920s to the 1940s will be very familiar to any who followed debates over the America Invents Act in the early 2010s. [Extracted from the article]

He draws on the writings of 17 economists from several countries and convincingly shows that the specificity of central bank financial money was recognized by these authors, even if they did not use the same language as today's central bank theorists. Before moving on to the presentation of the actual operations of central banks, Bindseil supports his argument by making a detour through the history of economic thought. However, they were still reluctant to call them central banks (they preferred "early public banks") because these banks did not have a monopoly of control over a nation's monetary base. [Extracted from the article]

I appreciated Keen and Slemrods attempts to find tax examples from outside of Europe and North America. Michael Keen and Joel Slemrods new book, I Rebellion, Rascals, and Revenue: Tax Follies and Wisdom through the Ages i , attempts to convince readers that taxes are interesting. Still, the authors might have found it easier to say more about the history of taxation of other parts of the world if they had chosen to organize the book by historical episodes rather than by principles of taxation. [Extracted from the article]

César Ayala and Laird Bergad convincingly show that this narrative - found in nearly every major work of Puerto Rican history - has no basis in fact. I Agrarian Puerto Rico i greatly expands on earlier work by Ayala and Bergad ("Rural Puerto Rico in the Early Twentieth Century Reconsidered: Land and Society, 18991915.". [Extracted from the article]

The rest of Fenoaltea's book is devoted to the exposition of the evolution of Italy's historical accounts and the detailed discussion of his second generation estimates of Italian GDP 1861-1913. The industrial sector production series, on which Stefano worked directly for decades, are here only summarized. A "second generation" production series would respect the first three rules, while the "third generation" estimates would embody the fourth rule, and the "fourth generation" estimates also the fifth one. [Extracted from the article]

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book Overall, Frankopan offers a well-rationalized explanation of why he believes the East is rising while the West indulges in fragmentation and economic isolation. Frankopan engaged in extensive book, article, newspaper, and internet report research to provide a comprehensive overview of current economic and political trends. Conclusion Frankopan offers an intriguing extension of the highly relevant themes of collaboration and interconnectedness seen in his prior book, I The Silk Roads i . [Extracted from the article]