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The quasi-Gaussian entropy (QGE) theory employs the fact that a free-energy change can be written as the moment-generating function of the appropriate probability distribution function of macroscopic fluctuations of an extensive property. By modeling this distribution, one obtains a model of free energy and resulting thermodynamics as a function of one state variable. In this paper the QGE theory has been extended towards theoretical models or equations of state (EOS’s) of the thermodynamics of semiclassical systems as a function of two state variables. Two “monovariate” QGE models are combined in the canonical ensemble: one based on fluctuations of the excess energy (the confined gamma state giving the temperature dependence) and the other based on fluctuations of the reduced electromagnetic moment [various models as derived in the preceding paper [Apol, Amadei, and Di Nola, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 4426 (2002)], giving the external field dependence]. This provides theoretical EOS’s for fluid systems as a function of both temperature and electromagnetic field. Special limits of these EOS’s are considered: the general weak-field EOS and the limit to a Curie’s law behavior. Based on experimental data of water and simulation data using the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) water model at 45.0 and 55.51 mol/dm3, the specific EOS based on a relatively simple combination of the confined gamma state model with a discrete uniform state field model accurately reproduces the dielectric properties of water at constant density, as the temperature dependence of the weak-field dielectric constant for gases and liquids, and the field dependence of the dielectric constant of liquids.

In a previous paper of this series [Paper III: Nakatsuji, J. Chem. Phys. 105, 2465 (2001)], the author showed a high potentiality of the extended coupled cluster (ECC) method to calculate the exact wave function of the ground state. In this paper, we propose ECC-configuration interaction (CI) method, which is an accurate useful method to calculate the excited states from the ECC wave function of the ground state. In contrast to the ECC method, the standard ECC-CI method is approximate, but we can make it exact by generalizing its excitation operator (ECC-CI general). The ECC-CI method is applicable not only to the excited states having the same spin-space symmetry as the ground state, but also to those having different spin-space symmetries and to the ionized and electron-attached states. The theoretical framework of the ECC-CI method is similar to that of the symmetry-adapted-cluster (SAC)-CI method proposed in 1978 by the present author. Next in this paper, we examine the performance of the methods proposed in this series of papers for a simple one-dimensional harmonic oscillator. The iterative configuration interaction (ICI) and ECC methods are examined for the ground state and the ICI-CI and ECC-CI methods for the excited states. The ICI method converges well to the exact ground state and the excited states are calculated nicely by the ICI-CI method in both the standard and general active spaces. In contrast to the simplest (S)ECC examined in Paper III, the ECC2 method shows quite a rapid convergence to the exact ground state, which enables us to calculate the true exact wave function in the ECC form. The ECC-CI methods in both the standard and general active spaces also work well to calculate the excited states. Thus, we conclude that the ICI and ECC approaches have a potentiality to provide useful method to calculate accurate wave functions of the ground and excited states. A merit of ECC is that it provides the exact wave function in a simple explicit form.

In this paper we present the quasi-Gaussian entropy theory in a comprehensive and consistent way, introducing a new derivation of the theory very suited for applications to molecular systems, and addressing its use in the case of multi-phase systems. A general derivation of the possible confinement of the system within a part of phase space is given, and for water it is shown that for this a hard sphere excluded volume model can be used. To obtain the temperature dependence of the pressure, a new differential equation is derived, and besides the previously introduced Gaussian and Gamma states, in this paper we also describe a new statistical state, the Inverse Gaussian state. We discuss the properties of these different statistical states and for water compare their thermodynamics with experimental data, finding that both the Gamma and Inverse Gaussian states are excellent descriptions. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a mesoscopic simulation method for studying hydrodynamic behavior of complex fluids. Ideally, a mesoscopic model should correctly represent the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of a real system beyond certain length and time scales. Traditionally defined DPD quite successfully mimics hydrodynamics but is not flexible enough to accurately describe the thermodynamics of a real system. The so-called multibody DPD (MDPD) is a pragmatic extension of the classical DPD that allows one to prescribe the thermodynamic behavior of a system with only a small performance impact. In an earlier paper [S. Y. Trofimov, E. L. F. Nies, and M. A. J. Michels, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9383 (2002)] we much improved the accuracy of the MDPD model for strongly nonideal systems, which are of most practical interest. The ability to correctly reproduce the equation of state of realistic systems in turn makes simulations at constant pressure sensible and useful. This situation of constant-pressure conditions is very common in experimental studies of ??soft?? condensed matter but has so far remained unexplored with the traditional DPD. Here, as a proof of concept, we integrate a modified version of the Andersen barostat into our improved MDPD model and make an evaluation of the performance of the new model on a set of single- and multicomponent systems. The modification of the barostat suppresses the "unphysical" volume oscillations after a sudden pressure change and simplifies the equilibration of the system.

Nonlocal interactions play a prominent role in the optics of inhomogeneous systems. Classical discrete dipole descriptions take into account only electro-magnetic nonlocality. This is insufficient to describe correctly the inhomogeneous optical response (e.g., reflectance anisotropy) for covalently bonded systems like semiconductor surfaces. For those systems also a prominent quantum mechanical nonlocality exists. In a cellular description this can be understood easily from the behavior of the wave function. For strongly bonded systems the wave function extends across cell boundaries and when cells are polarized, neighboring cells get polarized as well. This quantum induction introduces nonlocal polarizabilities in the description. The technical details how discrete dipole models have to be adapted to use nonlocal polarizabilities in finite systems and crystalline slabs and surfaces are given in this paper. The modified method is called discrete cellular method.

In molecular J-aggregates one often observes an increase of the fluorescence decay time when increasing the temperature from 0 K. This phenomenon is usually attributed to the thermal population of the dark Frenkel exciton states that lie above the superradiant bottom state of the exciton band. In this paper, we study this effect for a homogeneous one-dimensional aggregate in a host medium and we model the scattering between different exciton states as arising from their coupling to the host vibrations. A Pauli master equation is used to describe the redistribution of excitons over the band. The rates entering this equation are calculated within the framework of first-order perturbation theory, assuming a linear on-site interaction between excitons and acoustic phonons. Solving the master equation numerically for aggregates of up to 100 molecules, we calculate the temperature dependence of the fluorescence kinetics in general and the decay time scale in particular. The proper definition of the fluorescence decay time is discussed in detail. We demonstrate that, even at a quantum yield of unity, the possibility to directly interpret fluorescence experiments in terms of a simple radiative time scale depends crucially on the initial excitation conditions in combination with the competition between spontaneous emission and intraband phonon-assisted relaxation.

In this paper we show how relativistic effects can be included in the time-dependent density-functional theory (DFT) for the optical response properties of nonmetallic crystals. The dominant scalar relativistic effects have been included using the zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) in the ground-state DFT calculations, as well as in the time-dependent response calculations. We show that this theory can also be applied to indium antimonide in the zinc-blende structure, notwithstanding the fact that it turns into a semimetal when scalar relativistic effects are included. Results are given for the band structure, the static dielectric constant ε∞ and the dielectric function ε(ω), for the various levels on which relativity can be included, i.e., nonrelativistic, only in the ground-state, or also in the response calculation. Comparisons of our calculated results are made with experiment and other theoretical investigations. With the inclusion of scalar relativistic effects, the band structure of InSb becomes semimetallic within the local density approximation and we find a deviation of 5% from experiment for the static dielectric constant. Also the dielectric function is improved and the spectra are in good agreement with experiment, although the spectral features are shifted to somewhat lower energies compared to experiment.

In this paper a detailed theoretical analysis is presented of the temperature dependent radiative decay in aggregates of pseudoisocyanine (PIC). Our approach extends the original linear exciton-phonon coupling model including static disorder and second order exciton-phonon interactions. It is shown that for a one-dimensional exciton model neither of these additional effects alone or in combination with linear electron–phonon coupling can explain the steep rise in radiative lifetime at 40 K observed in the J-aggregate of PIC. However, when the aggregate assembles into a two-dimensional bricklike structure its radiative dynamics can be simulated, with linear exciton-optical phonon coupling as the only source for exciton scattering. Exciton-phonon scattering transfers oscillator strength from the k=0 state to other band states and also generates a nonequilibrium population among the exciton states, which persists during the superradiant decay. These effects together explain the marked temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime of the PIC J aggregate. When disorder limits the coherence length at low temperatures to a few molecules, as seems the case in several light harvesting complexes, the exciton population can equilibrate on the time scale of the superradiance. This situation pertains to the strong collision limit of the master equation, where the radiative decay is insensitive to details of the electron–phonon coupling, but only senses change in the thermal population among the exciton states.

In this paper we apply nonlocal kinetic coupling to the dynamic mean-field density functional method, which is derived from generalized time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory. The method is applied to the mesoscopic dynamics of copolymer melts, which was previously simulated using a local coupling approximation. We discuss the general theory of time evolution of density variables with general kinetic coefficients developed by Kawasaki and Sekimoto, and especially the limits of the theory that yield the local coupling approximation, the collective Rouse dynamics model, and the reptation dynamics model. We show bow a simple approximation to the Rouse dynamics model leads to a feasible numerical model that includes the essential physical features of nonlocal kinetic coupling. This results in a dynamic equation for the external potential instead of the density which allows us to perform calculations of microphase separation in copolymer melts with increased relevance to experimental results. As may be expected from a numerical model that includes nonlocal kinetic coupling, the numerical results show an increased computational efficiency, less defects in the final morphology, and a faster increase of the order parameter compared to local kinetic coupling. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

A new theory is presented for calculating the Helmholtz free energy based on the potential energy distribution function. The usual expressions of free energy, internal energy and entropy involving the partition function are rephrased in terms of the potential energy distribution function, which must be a near Gaussian one, according to the central limit theorem. We obtained expressions for the free energy and entropy with respect to the ideal gas, in terms of the potential energy moments. These can be linked to the average potential energy and its derivatives in temperature. Using thermodynamical relationships we also produce a general differential equation for the free energy as a function of temperature at fixed volume. In this paper we investigate possible exact and approximated solutions. The method was tested on a theoretical model for a solid (classical harmonic solid) and some experimental liquids. The harmonic solid has an energy distribution, which can be derived exactly from the theory. Experimental free energies of water and methanol could be reproduced very well over a temperature range of more than 300 K. For water, where the appropriate experimental data were available, also the energy and heat capacity could be reproduced very well. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.

The flux-flux correlation function formalism is a standard and widely used approach for the computation of reaction rates. In this paper we introduce a method to compute the classical and quantum flux-flux correlation functions for anharmonic barriers essentially analytically through the use of the classical and quantum normal forms. In the quantum case we show that the quantum normal form reduces the computation of the flux-flux correlation function to that of an effective one dimensional anharmonic barrier. The example of the computation of the quantum flux-flux correlation function for a fourth order anharmonic barrier is worked out in detail, and we present an analytical expression for the quantum mechanical microcanonical flux-flux correlation function. We then give a discussion of the short-time and harmonic limits., 9 pages, 2 figures

In this paper we introduce a three-dimensional version of the Mercedes-Benz model to describe water molecules. In this model van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds are given explicitly through a Lennard-Jones potential and a Gaussian orientation-dependent terms, respectively. At low temperature the model freezes forming Ice-I and it reproduces the main peaks of the experimental radial distribution function of water. In addition to these structural properties, the model also captures the thermodynamical anomalies of water: The anomalous density profile, the negative thermal expansivity, the large heat capacity, and the minimum in the isothermal compressibility.