Search

Forecasting of temperature is a very important in meteorology. Air temperature prediction is of a concern in environment, industry and agriculture. Temperature with precipitation are important factors in meteorology and are used in classification of climate. In this paper we want to predict average monthly temperature for chosen station of Isfahan province. An Artificial Neural Network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input /output relationships. Most of the forecasters use a multilayer perceptron network. In this paper for forecasting of monthly average temperature of selection station of Isfahan province we used multilayer perceptron network. we worked on three station. Isfahan, East of Isfahan and Kashan were our stations. We used average temperature of 7 month before for forecasting next month temperature. Thus, we could forecast monthly temperature for 36 month later, in this situation we had the best correlation between data. In this paper we used Matlab software 2013. In all structure of network ,there was a hidden layer with 30 neurons. All stations with hidden layer got answers. For training network used Levenberg -Marquardt algorithm. All network with motivation function got answer with Hiperbolik tangent. In results we found this model was good for prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion is a major problem for developing countries with arid and semi-arid climate. These of erosion Is possible than two ways of water and wind. In this paper, with using of two methods IRIFER and hierarchical models, The rate and intensity of soil erosion is estimated Shadegan Catchment. For this purpose, By using various maps alike DEM, rainfall, land use index, NDVI, Geology estimated Rate and intensity of soil erosion in GIS. Then final map erosion estimation Obtained from two methods were classified into five groups, very high,high, medium, low, very low. Results showed that About 12.2% of the watershed area of erosion is high and very high. And average soil erosion in the catchment area of 2143.8 Ton / Hectare / Year. In this Catchment Viewpoint erosion is crisis conditions and very severe. According to Correlation 0.96 was calculated regression equation. In this research showed that AHP methods combined with use of GIS Procedures and tools for estimating, Display and Classification is Rate Soil erosion However In this respect also can be used recent methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishment of industries in rural areas in the shape of industrial Township is recruiting job seekers in these areas and it provides areas for change in the status of rural life. So generally speaking، the construction of industrial Township sustainable employment carries access to greater prosperity and improved quality of life for the villagers. A fundamental question in this connection is، the establishment of industrial zones is essentially what the impact on the quality of rural life can be? therefore ، the aim of this study is to assess the effects of Khayyam Industrial Township in the subjective quality of life of villagers using cross - sectional. The subjective quality of life indicators concern to measure the level of satisfaction of individuals and groups. Gathering information and data through documentation and library studies، scientific papers - research، field observations، a questionnaire setting. Information obtained from the use of spss software ، were analysed. The results showed that، the one sample t test obtained with significance level ،sig=0.000 and t=46/165. Khayyam Industrial Township was effective on enhancing quality of life for rural. Wilcoxon rank test indicates that there are significant differences between the subjective quality of respondents before and after the settlement of employment . The %77/71 of respondents declared that the subjective quality of life has improved after working in the industrial estate، and 4/82 percent of the respondents declared that the indicators of subjective quality of life before and after the period of employment in the industrial Township has not changed، and 17/47 percent stated that their quality of life indicators were more favourable prior to employment of the industrial Township. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today، along with population growth and urban development، we are facing with problems including shortage of housing and other welfare services which has been a factor to increase the building violations in cities and Due to lack of adequate supervision on urban constructions،this problem is exacerbated. One of the important issues in cities is building violations that confront and solve it، simply is not possible. One of the possible solutions is an effort to prevent and reduce the occurrence of these violations in cities. In this research by using the data taken from the Department of Architecture and Urban Construction from 1390/1/1 to 1391/7/24، has been investigated the distribution of building violations in the 15 regions of Isfahan City. Purpose of this paper is analyzes the spatial distribution of building violations in the regions of Isfahan City. The research method is، "descriptive - comparative and analysis". Analysis method in this research is comparative analysis of 15 areas of Isfahan and the use of factor analysis and cluster analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that: 1- In the period studied، 1387 to 1391، the rate of the building violations in urban areas of Isfahan increased. 2- According to the violations took place in the city، 52 types of violations have been made that by using the technique of factor analysis was reduced to 8 factors and considering the variables، respectively 8 factors were extracted: height and construction violations، construction document violations، commercial applications violations، extortion violations، violations of vision and nobility، violations of doors and stairs، added manufacturing violations، transform violations. The 8 factors covers the 84/45% of the variance of Society.3- Most of building violations occurred in the Isfahan city is concerned with the height and construction violations، construction document violations and commercial applications violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site selection of land uses in Rural Guidance Plans should be able to maintain its favorable position over time with the minimum changes so as to ensure the sustainability of rural physical planning projects. The main goals of this paper is to assess the degree of satisfaction rural communities of the proposed sites in Rural Guidance Plans in sample villages of Khaf County. The data of the study, which drew on a descriptive-analytical method, were mainly gathered based on field studies and a questionnaire that was distributed among 253 subjects in 10 rural settlements, which had experienced Rural Guidance Plans about a decade ago. Face validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by performing pre-test and analysis of the questionnaire data and the calculation of Cranach's alpha coefficient (0.854) were approved. Research instrument is questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software and Arc GIS software were used to assign weight to the indexes and prepare maps respectively. The results show that the proposed localization of User-conductor designs to fit the needs of rural communities, physical needs and is consistent with ecological. And we can say that in this aspect, most villagers have expressed satisfaction with the implementation of the proposed use. In contrast, the base for the social and economic dimensions, respectively is - 3.098 and -2.723. Indicates that the social and economic indicators in preparing and conducting projects in this area, little attention has been made and people have the lowest levels of satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important problem and issues in metropolises is natural hazards and the earthquake is the most important of them in developing countries. According to this theme, comprehensive disaster management especially earthquake is an important factor to safe people life and evaluate risks by complete and update information bank, exact and modern hardware and GIS and Karmania Hazard software. This paper discusses with regard to the earthquake damage of Kerman and active faults evaluate vulnerability of the 13 operational area. In this method (survey), by the Karmania Hazard software and GIS, land use damage and the number of casualties are calculated; and then the efficiency rate of all kinds of emergency centers will be evaluated. 13th area is the old region of Kerman city that is included of different kinds of emergency center, one fire station, 14 health center and 10 police centers. By evaluating reports and vulnerabilities map results of simulation an earthquake with 6.3 (Ms) of magnitude caused by Koohbanan fault in Karmania Hazard software, except 7 hospitals the other emergency centers will be unusable; And because the population is more than 28000, there will be no enough area and open spaces for emergency and temporary housing and no enough space to set up search and rescue centers. The main problem here is old houses and mazing and narrow paths that hinders and rescue procedure and increases the dead people's numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrograph analysis is a complex problem in a variety of water resources investigations and its estimate is critical in the assessment of low flow characteristics of river for use in water supply, water management and pollution assessment. The paper describes different methods of base flow separation based recession analysis from daily river flow records and distinguishes the most suitable method in some hydrometric stations of Azarbaijan province. An automated base flow separation with different parameters --with different parameters of 0.9 to 0.975- and local minimum techniques has been tested against correlation method of master recession curve with base flow index. unnecessary of calibration in this algorithms is made easy to use them and Finally, use of digital filter with the parameter set to 0.925 was found to be a most accurate method of base flow separation in study region. Also, Recession constants have fluctuations between 0.65 to 0.83 which reveal role of ground water and base flow in river recharging. Continuous investigations of daily flow data in long term duration is another benefit of this algorithm that can be used for leaching control and pollutions entry into soil in environmental plannings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural Tourism is one of the factures of industrial Tourism that due to existing natural and culture of the zone villages it can have an important role on the reviving of the villages and by creating now occupations for the villages and by protecting natural, cultural and historical heritage of the zone and finally providing these village with a constant development,they can a better income too. Rapid changes in the rural areas on the one hand and paging attention to Tourism, as a key element in developing and reviving the rural areas on the other, has helped to understand the need to promote Tourism. So, in this article, by using SWOT model, have surveyed the week and strong points of rural Tourism opportunities and threats in Khoor va Biabanaka area. This paper also used the TCI model to determine the suitable season to travel to these areas. Consequences go the distinguished that the existence of natural and cultural attractions, the situation of villages near by the desert, and a full traffic road to Mashhad has a scale rate of 32%-28% and 18% are considered as strong points, defect of facilities and commodities, destruction of historical monuments and natural sites of the zone and migration from here have a scale of 28%,24% and 20% that are the week points. Esfahan Tourism dwelling center with a scale of 40 %, khoor va biabanaka being situated on the crowed road of Esfahan --Yazd-Mashhad with a scale pre village 24% and geographical situation of khoor va biabanaka with a scale 20% are of the most important opportunities, long economical distance between Esfahan and other county cities with a scale of 20% migration from khoor va biabanaka village to Esfahan with a scale of 18%, defect of credits to promote Tourism in this zone with a scale of 16% are consider the most important threats. It is also to be noted that the spring and autumn season are the best ones to go on Tourism to these areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the end of the Cold War, were came up different views about nature and how to continue rival in international relations. Some scholars of these fields were believe that with the end of ideological competition in the macro level in the world and with any rival hegemonic there is not any basis for more competition between countries and power blocks in the world . so it consider that from this time, human being will experience liberal peace in macro level. In contrast to some other scholars believe that inherent nature of space and geography, as a place where human life, is fundamental for reproducing and processing historical structures for competition between states and power blocks and in different times only may changes the subject of competition. Therefore in this paper with descriptive and analytical approach we have attempted, philosophy of geographic continuity competition has been described in international relations and has been explaining the new shape of competition. Research findings indicate that in general the political geography of the world body has conditions that will reproduce the competition between countries and power blocks as a infrastructure factor in international relations at different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following rapid and explosive population growth in urban settlements that was result of immigration, urban servicing as an important issue in urban planning has been studied equality in services distribution in urban areas causes equality and social justice. This paper investigates urban services distribution pattern ( educational, health, cultural, religious and sport) in 5th region of Tehran city and it is main purpose is spatial justice measurement in sub regions of this area. Methodology of this research is descriptive analytical and method of data collection is documental and field method. The results show According to Williamson model and the Entrojpy model for the distribution utilities in sub regions of 5th region of Tehran is unbalanced. inadequate urban services in some sub regions of 5th region. Appropriate site selection for urban services in this region is one of the most important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge about climatic comfort plays an important role in the Humans life and her activities. In fact many human activates are directly related with climatic comfort in every region. This paper analyzed the climatic comfort in province Kurdistan (Sanandaj, Saghez, Bijar, Ghorve, Zarine, Marivan and Bane meteorological Stations). Rates of climatic comfort analyzed in meteorological Stations using daily data climatic parameters and Standard Effective Temperature (SET) and also Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) indexes. The results showed that according to SET index, Marivan, Sanandaj, Bane, Bijar, Ghorve, Saghez and Zarine stations has been highest climatic comfort sequentially. An according to PET index also, Marivan, Ghorve, Bane, Sanandaj, Bijar, Zarine and Saghez stations has been highest climatic comfort sequentially. Other results said that most of meteorological Stations have highest climatic comfort in during November, October and May. In spite Zarine station have a highest climatic comfort during summer season (especially in July and August). Thus, it seems that temporal distributions of climatic comfort in Kurdistan meteorological Stations are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic societies have a deep sense of personal privacy and solitude, which is reflected in their traditional architecture, So that the houses, within the inner face are So that the houses, within the inner face are Latency the hijab and Muslim homes, the division of space within and outside the cities is one of the most attractive features of Islamic Cities Introverts of the city's architecture is one of the indicators Introverts yard is one of the constituent elements Islamic cities, the urban structure as a collection of houses that are built around courtyards . The removal of architectural courtyard houses have been caused directly outside and inside the house .The role and function in the yard, reducing fatigue, tenderness of spirit, relieve fears of missing man. This is due to the neglect of human nature and its surroundings and the sanctity of the home has undergone psychological insecurity, lack of comfort and relaxation Different pattern of urbanization in the industrial revolution in terms of housing and housing has. The modernity of the past cut date and time is synchronized with the Developments of the modern changes in lifestyle and living pattern is characteristic of quality homes. As the Iranian Muslim household, regardless of religious beliefs has embraced the open kitchen Within and outside the home, there is another Housing pattern has lost its function of gender Housing patterns, religious values are rarely given. In this paper, based on descriptive and analytical approaches, theories and views of the courtyard and Introverts, the course of history, meaning, causes and factors are reviewed and analyzed .Using descriptive methods and tools to gather information, study, library records and documents be reviewed. The results show Cultural and religious beliefs and factors associated with climate and environmental factors in the creation of architectural and urban fabric has been In other words, climate, local materials, traditional forms, is a way of life and Islamic values and social determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe the concept of neoliberalism, globalization. Also, the effects of these concepts on space and geographical identity and also by focusing on globalization effects on geography science have been addressed. Finally by criticizing the present way that expands neoliberalism ideology is sought to be able to maintain human being dignity in of economic, social and cultural developments of countries and prevails social, spatial and geographical justice as a dominant ideology in the world. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic. By studying the field of neoliberalism and globalization area, we can come to this conclusion that neoliberalism and globalization has deep and significant effects on geography that can be pointed out such as: increasing spatial analysis in geography, especially analyzing spatial inequality, regionalism in combination to reinforcing ethnical identity seeking, destroying penetration and power of social institutes, decreasing west political tradition in studying geography, return of religious radicalism and etc. The influence of geography on the evolution and transformation of the digital information age, the studies in this field has been done by geographers, shows that geography is not only adapted to the evolution, that even to see clearly and simply realistic view of some scholars, the phenomenon of globalization, the new stand and attitudes towards scientific field, also provides insight as to other sciences and an invitation to look again at the issues that face. Geographers with researches their thoughts and reflections on issues of the age, geography could turn back the edge of the scene and it made a respectable and reasonable range. So geography maximizes increasingly its own importance due to augmentation of researches in the field of spatial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zonings of seismicity of Fars province in Iran and comparison its' finding to other researches results is aim of this paper. We used Statistical method for analyzing recorded earthquakes in study area during 110 years (1900 - 2010), using GIS methods for this zoning. By using USGS seismic data of the region and fault maps, Excel software and ArcGIS, we prepare a seismic risk map of study area. Findings show that during study period we have 1636 earthquakes by 2.5 t0 6.9 magnitude. In the study area about 70 percent of earthquakes were lower than 4.5 magnitudes; maximum of earthquake was for Lar and Arsanjan counties. Earthquake zoning shows that 60 percent of the Fars Province area in inside High level seismicity zone. Comparison between these researches by other researches findings shows that in our zoning, there are vaster areas inside low risk areas, but in past researches there was not low risk zones at all or there were limited areas. Based on this zoning most of population density centers ( such as Shiraz and Lar ), and western parts of the province are inside High level risk of Earth quakes , but in past researches eastern part of province was inside high level risk zone. It seems that this zoning have higher accuracy, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public spaces, a central role in planning and urban development is major components of an urban environment is healthy and lively. Qualitative and quantitative development of urban public spaces, when appropriate administrative process will be realized, the priority issues in the survey cities, based on modern theories of popular participation (user's perspective) and using the scientific method is convenient and efficient. Because the various comments and opinions on city issues and urban priorities there, and decisions must converge in order to cover the broad priorities, the aim of this paper therefore, develop strategies and set priorities survey public spaces city Assalouyeh «Analytic Network Process» (ANP) model. Research in this study - descriptive and analytical studies based on documents - library, field surveys, go directly to the respective organizations and using that tool was a questionnaire study area, including public space parks, streets and markets and seven urban spaces is investigated. Beginning the most important issues related to public spaces using city resources, interviews and questionnaires were extracted, then according to the characteristics of ANP, and features the city Assalouyeh issues, data and basic information classification and therefore the conceptual model of ANP was prepared. ANP-based model of public spaces, including four clusters Assalouyeh City (Criterion / group) and 14 options (node / subcategory) using Super Decisions software was produced. Results in the field of software were analyzed. Model outputs to the various ways a variety of text and diagrams, and consideration for all criteria and options are available, hence, due to the sheer volume of operations, the only outlet for some of the examples were given in the article. The results show that the greatest and highest priorities related to social interactions (0.644 normalized optimal space urban clusters), social access (0.625 spikes normalized to the accessibility of public spaces) and consistency (.415 clusters normalized optimal use of public spaces), with an emphasis on market development of public space the city (Central Division) and the coastal city parks department setting to determine public spaces city development strategies were determined Assalouyeh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to tourism routes for attract tourist in an area can also is generate income, improve the quality of life of the host society . A tourism route, despite having numbers of attractions and tourism resources along the way needs are strategic planning . This paper aims to prioritize tourism routes have been studied in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari. Methodology cross quantitative and qualitative. Data for this study were obtained from official statistics based on 40 key indicators. required is obtained from official statistics, the TOPSIS model, and the weighting of criteria and sub-criteria, the AHP model to rank trails and 6 filed Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province tourism deals. TOPSIS results show that there are disparities between routes and route 1 has first out and route number 4 ranking last Average rating indicates a higher than average routes1 and 5,5 and 3 routes and paths around the mean and 2 and 4 are below average .The necessary solutions to eliminate imbalances in tourism routes and proposals to be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to study climate changes and fluctuations in the four synoptic stations in Sistan and Baluchistan province in the past few years and to analyze statistically and simulates and forecast for the next years (2040-2009). This study used data from the outputs of general circulation climate model ECHO-G with A1 scenario that are now used at the University of Hamburg, Germany, and the Korea Research Center for Downscaling on selected stations and the results were analyzed. Model of the stations studied, indicated that the model parameters at the stations could simulate the minimum temperature, maximum temperature and the radiation well, but simulation of rainfall had an error especially in Zabol station. Analyzing the data generated in the course of future climate and its comparison with the previous period indicated an increase in precipitation stations and the heavy precipitation in the range of the station. In the course of the future, climatic factors increased in minimum temperature more than the maximum temperature that lead to a decrease in the range of temperature and reduced thermal comfort in the coming years for the province. An increase in the number of hot days and decrease in the number of frost days (especially in Zabol and Zahedan station) in the course of future climatic are other results of the data. Radiating element in Zahedan station in all months, and at other stations in most months increases compared to the previous period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of temperature estates is hot day occurrence. In order to recognize the mechanism of this estate، surveying its spatial behavior is crucially important. In current paper it has been attempted to recognized widespread hot days and their spatial distribution by using statistical methods. Accordingly maximum temperature database of Iran during 1962-2008 has been used. The analyses result has illustrated 1537 widespread hot days. Most of these days have been occurred during winter and spring seasons. In order to recognize distribution patterns and spatial autocorrelation، Global and local Moran statistic and also Getis- Ord G* statistic has been used. Using Global Moran has been revealed that in 99% confidence interval، cluster pattern governs the hot days frequency as well as hot days temperature. Frequency clusters has been raised in centre of Iran while clusters of the mean of temperature has been occurred in southern (from west to east) and northwest margin of the country. However the regions that experienced maximum frequencies of hot days do not happened in regions with hottest day's temperature mean. Generally hot days regions are determined by humidity، latitude and elevation. The hot spots are located in south، southeast and cold spots are founded in high lands and northwest of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper occurrences of precipitation in Iran was analyzed according to random processes by the applying of markov chain model. In order to do that occurrence and non-occurrence of rainfall of asfezari data base for the period of 1961/3/21 to 2004/12/31 was used. This data are for 7187 pixel and 15991 days. By using markov chain model first order two state dry and wet frequency matrix was made and then by the method of maximum likelihood transmission probability matrix was developed. By Chi-square goodness data following from chosen model was confirmed. By frequently powering this matrix stable probability and daily return period of rainy and non-rainy states was estimated. Period of daily returns and non-rainy days was estimated 7 and 1 respectively. So probability of precipitation was 0.1449 and probability of non-occurrence was estimated 0.8551. Return period of precipitation with lasting 1 to 3 days was calculated for all the months. The maximum likelihood of occurrence with precipitation was in March with the amount of 0.27. The shortest return period. The Shortest return period with lasting of 1 to 2 days was in February and March with the amount of 5/6 and 3/7 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial distribution of thermal regions is dependent on local factors and circulation patterns in long terms. Recognition of spatial distribution of temperature in geographical regions could be help on planning and environmental policies. The aim of this paper is recognition and detachment of thermal regions in Iran. For this object, maximum daily temperature data have been provided using 620 synoptic and climatology stations. Maximum temperature converted for any station, base on solar calendar, and maps of maximum daily temperature have been interpolated using kriging method. Spatial resolution of these maps is 15×15 km. So 7187 pixels cover the country and temporal and spatial behavior of maximum temperature could be represented by a 7187×366 matrix. For diagnostic thermal regions in Iran, an agglomerative Hierarchical cluster analysis with ward's linkage applied on this matrix and five different thermal regions which consist: high mountainous, mountainous and Caspian's coasts, central plane, south eastern plane, southern coasts. In creating thermal regions topography spatial configuration and latitude have been involved. Recognition of thermal regions is important for energy consumption and tourism timing management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stochastic outcomes and phenomenon of climate are the reason to use probability sciences in climatology. Interactions of most of climatic phenomenon as well as justify them are very acceptable based on probability technique. Accordingly it is useful in environmental management and planning. A conditional probability is the probability of an event given that another event has occurred; e.g. let A and B be two events the probability of B given that A has occurred is Conditional Probability of A providing to B has occurred. In this paper conditional probability of precipitation providing to temperature in Iran has been studied. Accordingly the daily precipitation and precipitation of Esfezary data base are used. At last based on Euclidean Distance and Ward methods, the cluster analyses have been applied. The accomplishment result shows three class of conditional probability; North, Central and southern. Due to characters of conditional probability every class has been divided in to subclasses. Every classes and subclasses shows the mechanism domain on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation plays an important role in the global energy and water cycle. Special interest in long-term precipitation analyses arises from the need to assess climate change and its impacts on all spatial scales. Based on this demand national and international organization initiated and support many research and monitoring programs. There are a lot of centers developing gridded precipitation data in various spatial and temporal scales and make them available freely. In this paper we want to introduce national database alongside CMAP, GPCP and GPCC datasets and then compare them with national database for Iran. The comparison showed us that there is a high coefficient of correlation between Asfazari and the other database especially GPCC during rainy seasons this correlation was very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of tectonic on the volume of alluvial fans around Danehkhoshk Anticline. To achieve the purpose of this study, at first, borders, sweep angle(S) and radius(R) of alluvial fans were obtained based on Quick bird Satellite image and then difference in the altitude between the apex and toe of alluvial fans (h) were calculated based on topographic map at a scale of 1/50000. The alluvial fan volumes were calculated based on mentioned parameters. The strata dips of anticline limbs (DAL) were measured at mountain front (at the upstream side of fan) by clinometer. Danehkhoshk anticline was subdivided into 7 tectonic zones based on dip of strata on limbs and subsequently, mean of mentioned parameters were calculated in each zone. Result of this study reveals that there is positive relation between strata dips of anticline limbs (DAL) and fan volumes, with a correlation coefficient of 33%. Data analysis reveals that correlation coefficient between DAL and V is higher (87%) in alluvial fans with larger basin areas (180 to 737 hectares). It means that tectonic has stronger effect on fan's volume in fans with larger basin areas. Evaluating the relation between means of DAL and V in tectonic zones represents that there is positive relation between mentioned parameters with a correlation coefficient of 69%. There is no meaningful relationship between mean basin area (BA) and mean fan volume. The positive relationship with fairly low correlation coefficient exists between mean basin topographic slope (BS) and fan volume. This study also shows that the presence of fault in the upstream basins of alluvial fans has an important role in increasing fan volume (V) so that, in each zone, the highest rate of V belongs to a fan that has a faulted basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to deep, complex and everlasting interaction between precipitation and climatic elements factors, there are changes and varieties in both time and space dimensions. So that climate experts and related scientists take their attentions to this phenomenon. An approach to do this kind of investigations is to describe spatial variations based on spatial statistics. In this paper the main object is to introduce principles of spatial statistics as well as describing general behaviors of Iran precipitation along the space. Accordingly daily precipitation of 1437 synoptic, climatology and rain gage stations during 1961/3/21 to 2004/12/31 has been used. First of all the Kriging technique has been used to investigate precipitation distribution. In the next step three characters including spatial distribution, spatial correlation and regression models have been done. The results show that central mean has occurred at 34° 41'N and 50° 58'E. the spatial variation in central mean is occurred in path of the main systems that bring the precipitation to Iran. Spatial correlation shows 12 KM distance for significant correlation. The best fitted model shows slop and its direction the most affective spatial factors on precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To do this research daily interpolated temperature data from Asfezari data base have been used. In order to recognition extreme cold days, the Normalized Temperature Deviation Index (NTDI) applied. Then the index sorted according to extensive and severity and first 500 days selected for analysis. The geopotential height data extracted from www.esrl.noaa.gov data base. The thickness anomaly calculated for each day and classified by cluster analysis and Ward method. The thickness mean and temperature anomaly maps has been showed during each pattern. The results showed that 5 thickness anomaly pattern observed during extreme cold day's occurrence in Iran. The response of Iran absolute temperature anomaly to thickness anomaly are different. The coldest extreme low temperature on Iran occurred when located negative anomaly in thickness over Siberian and northeastern parts of Iran and observed positive anomaly over Barents Sea, Groland and Europe. The mean air temperature anomaly of Iran accompany to this circumstance of thickness anomaly is -5.9° centigrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1- Introduction Crop development is qualitative changes planned that led the plant to ripening. Factors such as water available، nitrogen and photosynthetic materials are affected growth and development. Under irrigated conditions expected that all of factors except climate elements be controlled. Thus، only climate elements able to change of plant growth and development and under these conditions، temperature and day length have more effective than the other elements. In every site، planting date determined adaptation of developmental stages to day length and temperature during growth season. 2- Methodology Data from planting dates trials conducted over the Kabootar-Abad Agricultural Research Station during 2003-2009 were used to develop models for estimating development rate of three varieties، Arak، Zendeh Rud and Goldasht. To calculate of developmental rate of every stage، duration of every stage was inversed. To determine model of development rate of every stage، development rate considered as dependent variable and day length، thermal variables and combination of these considered as independent variables in step wise regression. A step of regression was considered appropriate if the highest R2 was accompanied by the significant (p≤0.05) regression coefficient. Evaluation of model accuracy and sensitivity was performed، using the data of 2008-2009 that there was not any role in forming of models. 3- Discussion No. of days from planting to emergence، emergence to heading، emergence to flowering، emergence to ripening and flowering to ripening were affected by planting dates. By increasing temperature، developmental stage periods decreased. Day length had the most effect on emergence to heading and emergence to flowering period and by increasing it، decreased. Tmean was the only variable that entered to model and explained about 76% of development rate of varieties emergence period. About 83% of development rate of emergence to heading stage was determined by Tmax×DL. T2max×DL2 explained about 92% of development rate of emergence to flowering stage. T2max×DL2 with T4max explained about 81% variations of developmental rate of emergence to ripening stage. T3max was the only variable that entered the model of development rate of flowering to ripening stage and expressed about 47% variations of it. 4- Conclusion Contribution of thermal and day length parameters in determining of rate of different developmental stages is not constant. This may be related to different physiological nature of developmental stages and differences reactions of these stages to climatologic، edaphic and agronomic elements and interaction among them and with genotype of plant. Entrance of a variable to a model may be related to amount of variables variance and correlation among them and it may there are not physiological reasons for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isfahan Province is located in central of Iran. It has different climate conditions including arid in the East, central and North of the province, Mediterranean Climate to humid in the West and southern part. Generally, this province has a hot and dry climate in summer and cold in winter.This province has natural and cultural attractions, it has a high potential in attracting visitors. But this potential has not been well exploited. To promote tourism in this area, we need to specify proper times and places for visitors. Among the visitors' basic needs knows about the climate and proper times for traveling. In this study, proper times and places for visitors have been specified through using Tourism Climate Index TCI and GIS potential in interpolation, generalizing point data to scatter data and combining maps. The findings of this study indicate that the best time of year to attract visitors to this province is October, followed by May and April. January, February, March, July, August and December are the worst months. Also, the central part of the province has better conditions to attract visitors than the other part as far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to analyze the evaluation of the central district of Ravansar township rural community from the performance of village administrations (Dehyari) by using of structural equation modeling (SEM). In order to collect needed data, a questionnaire was designed and completed via interviewing the sample population. The observed variables for economical, socio-cultural, services and managerial components of the performance evaluation were obtained by thematic categorization and processing of the questionnaire contents. Primary description of variables showed the lower average of all of the variables from the mid-point of the scale (3), which indicates the weakness of the village administrations from the rural communities' point of view. Four sub-scales were then prepared and validated for the components of the performance evaluation by using the first order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) measurement models in Amos Graphics. The impacts of the observed variables and respective sub-scales on the evaluation of village administrations, as the main latent dependent variable, was consequently analyzed by using and validating of a second order CFA structural model. By eliminating the measurements errors in SEM approach, the results of total effects of path coefficients revealed the impressibility precedence of rural communities' evaluation from the services, managerial, socio-cultural and economical sub-scales respectively. This result is something different from the raw data description. Internal validity of sub-scales compared with the final results indicates that indirect effects of observed variables on the latent variable are more due to their role and nature than the validity of measurement models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, increasing of Green House Gases, degradation of environment, deforestation alongside with the limitation and decreasing of ecological foot print of the earth for supplementation of human needs are the main problems of the world. The Carbon Dioxide gas as a main factor of world climate change, carry out the 60 percent of the global heating or greenhouse effect. The main source of the carbon dioxide is the oil and its products which used for the production of power in the urban and rural areas. The over use of these energy sources lead to ecological and environmental problems. The researches show that the forestry and greenery is one of the suitable ways to dealt with the green house problems. The aim of this research is to calculate the amount of Green Space for the absorption of the co2 resulted from fossil fuels. In doing this, we used IPCC method of prediction as a methodological tool. Though one of the municipals duties is about the urban forest and green area, this article wants to investigate the Ecological foot print of fuel energy sources in the city of Shiraz in Iran. This research showed that the EF for the fuel energy sources in Shiraz was about 7352 hectare. This means that we need 7352 hectare forest to keep the environment in equal condition. But the fact is this that the green space of per capita in Shiraz must be about 51.78 m2, which means that the municipal must add another 38.61 m2 of green space per capita to the current rate. Also this research emphasized that a real calculation of per capita green space, in an urban area, must take advantages of the EF. Having the results the municipality of the Shiraz must take a serious strategy for dealing with the current environmental crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]