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How does a lack of consideration to gender and diversity restrict the success of implementing poverty-reduction policies? What are the lessons to be learned from past mistakes and omissions? This article examines the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process (UPPAP), which fed into Uganda's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The UPPAP process involved the participation of people whose identities often cause them to be marginalised. Useful lessons can be learned from this experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts by assessing the extent to which gender considerations have been taken into account in the international processes concerning the development of climate change policy. Finding that there has been very little attention to gender issues, neither in the protocols and treaties nor in the debates around them, the paper goes on to consider whether there are in fact any meaningful gender considerations as regards (a) emissions of greenhouse gases, (b) vulnerability to climate change, and (c) participation in projects under climate funding. It concludes by suggesting some areas where attention to gender could improve the effectiveness of climate interventions and also benefit women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that climate change not only requires major technological solutions, but also has political and socio-economic aspects with implications for development policy and practice. Questions of globalisation, equity, and the distribution of welfare and power underlie many of its manifestations, and its impacts are not only severe, but also unevenly distributed. There are some clear connections, both positive and negative, between gender and the environment. This paper explores these linkages, which help to illustrate the actual and potential relationships between gender and climate change, and the gender-specific implications of climate change. It also provides examples of women organising for change around sustainable development issues in the build-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), and demonstrates how women's participation can translate into more gender-sensitive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caring for children and other dependents is crucial to human well-being, and to social and economic development. Yet, most national and international policymakers appear persistently blind to this fact, as has been highlighted by the recent global economic crisis. They need to recognise and value care work if they are to support vulnerable families from the effects of economic downturn. The 2008-2009 global economic crisis has served to underscore the potential effects of inadequate attention to care economy dynamics, with serious risks to children's education, development, health and protection already evident. Nevertheless, economic recovery measures continue to provide little space or funding for protective or remedial measures. We argue that gender and care-sensitive social protection measures are a good means by which to support the position of carers and to create better visibility within policy circles, while also demonstrating considerable returns for human well-being and broader long-term economic development. These returns are evident in pre-existing social protection programmes, from which it will be vital to learn lessons. Including care-sensitive social protection in economic recovery packages also has the potential to improve the visibility and importance of care in a transformative and sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out a framework for thinking about the gender dimensions of the economic crisis. It considers the likely impact of the crisis, as well as the responses to it, on the part of both individuals and collectivities, in three spheres of the economy: finance; production; and reproduction. It identifies the kinds of 'gender numbers' that we need; sex-disaggregated statistics of various kinds. It also argues that we need to pay attention to gender norms - the social practices and ideas that shape the behaviour of people and institutions. The norms may be reinforced in times of crisis; but they may also start to decompose as individuals transgress norms under the pressures of crisis. In addition, there may be opportunities for the transformation of norms, through collective action to institute new, more egalitarian, social practices and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out a framework for understanding water governance, arguing that a narrow focus on gender-sensitive mechanisms of water delivery (such as committees, tariffs, technologies) is insufficient to ensure gender equitable outcomes. We need to expand our analysis of water governance in two directions. Firstly, to understand the ways in which societal resources are allocated (through economic policies, legislation etc) and so shape mechanisms in particular ways. Secondly, to consider how different people are able to influence the outcomes of particular governance arrangements to produce gendered outcomes (for health and well-being, access and livelihoods, and for political voice). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its 2005 White Paper on Gender Equality, China announced that its legal system offers women workers complete protection of their rights and interests. However, this strong political declaration has to face an uncomfortable 'reality check'. New forms of gender discrimination at the workplace have emerged in more subtle ways, and usually under the disguise of protecting women, as authorities have outlawed traditional types of prejudice based on gender. This article draws on a survey of opinions in 25 cities about women in the workplace, to demonstrate how pervasive attitudes to men and women in China have systemically worked against women at work in the new reform era. The article goes on to examine the effectiveness of existing gender equality laws, and identifies their weaknesses. In China promoting gender equality is a course of promoting long-lasting changes in society. In the final part of the article, the authors make concrete suggestions to legislators, judiciary, and international donors on remedying workplace inequalities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists recommended resources on gender issues and climate change, including "Gender and Climate Change," "Changing the Climate: Why Women's Perspectives Matter" and "Gender and Development."

The research process itself has the potential to empower women and men, if it addresses their questions, rather than just those of the researcher. In addition, if respondents then go on to participate in devising development strategies based on the findings of a shared research process, this can play an integral role in assisting respondents to work towards achieving improvements in their own quality of life. In this paper I describe my attempts to be 'respondent-led' when conducting gender-sensitive research on how involvement in international organic food chains affects the quality of life of farmers in Madagascar, and on how these findings could be translated into a bottom-up toolkit for social certification in organic farming1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Databases and training * Empowerment * Feminist methodological approaches * Gender-based violence * Health * Labour and migration * General research methods resources and tools * Organisations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural and low-income urban households, energy is 'women's business': women are responsible for providing energy, and use it for domestic chores and productive activities. However, the poor quality fuels many women use contribute to their time poverty, ill health, and level of drudgery. Despite these negative impacts, energy policy remains gender-blind. This can be attributed to the invisibility of women's needs to energy planners, stemming from a lack of appropriate gender-analysis tools to meet the particular data requirements of the energy sector. This article analyses why standard gender tools do not provide appropriate gender-disaggregated energy data, and describes a set of tools that have been developed for that purpose. The paper concludes with an evaluation of recent experiences testing the tools in Pakistan, India, and Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some of the relationships between gender relations and finance, particularly at the meso- and macro-levels of financial transactions and trends. I focus on gender-based inequalities in finance, and the gender-based inefficiencies in finance that are created as a result. I argue that these gender biases in finance perpetuate both inequalities between women and men, and poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically1 reviews three key research challenges that emerged as a result of developing gender-sensitive indicators for an NGO in South Africa. The first challenge faced was finding an appropriate balance between an 'expert-led' and an inclusive participatory research process. The second challenge was identifying a set of criteria, based on explicit research values, to guide indicator development. Third, we were confronted with the task of ensuring that the indicators developed could be implemented in the context of a resource-poor, service-driven NGO setting. A discussion of the challenges faced exposes the complex and sometimes murky process of developing indicators that are relevant, appropriate, and usable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

References for works on gender with marginalized peoples are presented.

Lists several publications about gender equality.

Presents information resources on gender and development. List of publications; Titles of journals; Overview of electronic resources; Organizations involved.

Presents abstracts of a bibliography for the periodical "Gender and Development." "Women, Citizenship and Difference, " which considers citizenship for women and men and how gender identities are shaped by other factors; "Feminist Review," which aims to give its reader a glimpse into issues relating to gender and citizenship; Centre for Research and Training on Development manual for providing skills and information; Electronic resources of the non-profit making unit BRIDGE of the Institute of Development Studies in England.

Administration, policy, and planning may have a weak or strong hold over the processes of urban economic, social and physical development. In all situations, however, assumptions about the role and identity of men and women influence the way in which members of each sex experience the urban environment. Much urban planning activity has been--and continues to be--gender-blind; in order to redress this deficiency, women's economic and social roles in urban society, their exclusion from economic opportunities and decision-making processes, and the discriminatory nature of much legislation. Drawing on examples from a wide range of countries in both the north and south, the report explores the gender dimensions of urban change, and the ways in which these intersect with broader issues of social diversity in cities are explored. Women's participation is considered, and the development of a gender perspective in the political area, the policy process, and planning practice is urged. In order that the knowledge and expertise of women and men organized at the community level are tapped, and their concerns responded to, the report calls for the development of both vertical linkages between different levels of policy making and administration, and horizontal linkages between actors involved in urban development.

The concept of the 'nutrition transition' is widely used to explain the recent, rapid rise in overweight and obesity, and the co-existence of under- and over-nutrition, in low-income populations in 'middle-income' developing countries. This article provides an overview of the changes occurring in diets, physical activity, and nutritional status among children and adults in nutrition transition settings, explores the impact of these changes by gender, and discusses the long-term individual and social repercussions of such changes. It concludes by framing important questions for development practice and policy in nutrition transition settings through a gendered lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depth and geographical scope of the impacts of the 2007-2008 food price hikes have received wide attention, and calls have been made for urgent actions to minimise the short- and long-term negative effects on vulnerable groups, including women in farming communities. This article, based on research from farming households in Bangladesh and Ethiopia, confirms that it is gender inequality that makes women more vulnerable to the food price hikes, yet they are resourcefully devising ways to cope with scarcity in availability, access and consumption of food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global financial crisis that began in 2008 has resulted in the widespread destruction of jobs and livelihoods. Among the factors that precipitated the crisis, growing inequality both within and between countries contributed to low levels of aggregate demand and the reliance of low-income households on unsustainable borrowing to maintain living standards. The crisis provides the opportunity to rethink macroeconomic policy, and for feminist economists to advance proposals that promote jobs, economic security, and equality by class, gender, and ethnicity. Reviving the global economy will require policies that focus heavily on job creation, putting money into the hands of low- and middle-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on the grassroots experiences and research of MAP Foundation to examine the gendered impacts of the economic downturn on migrants from Burma/Myanmar1 who are working in Thailand. The article looks through a gender lens at the wages, working conditions, family relations and safety and security issues. It finds that migrant women have experienced decreases in wages, lay-offs, increased restrictions on reproductive rights and increased risks of harassment and extortion as a result of the economic downturn. It also finds that the usually resilient Burmese migrant communities are being stretched beyond their limits, and need urgent protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that there are contradictions between gender goals and policies and the aspirations of irrigation professionals, which are embedded in the incentive structure of the bureaucracy. In addition, the dominant professional culture of irrigation engineers is strongly masculine, linking professional performance to masculinity. The prevailing incentives and culture of the irrigation bureaucracy stand in the way of achieving any real progress in terms of gender goals. This article is based on evidence collected through an in-depth study of the irrigation bureaucracy in Nepal between 2001 and 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In total, women spend around six to seven years of their lives menstruating. A key priority for women and girls is to have the necessary knowledge, facilities and cultural environment to manage menstruation hygienically, and with dignity. Yet, the importance of menstrual hygiene management is mostly neglected by development practitioners within the WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) sector, and other related sectors such as reproductive health. This article explores the reasons why menstrual hygiene management is not generally included in WASH initiatives, the social and health impacts of this neglect on women and girls, and provides examples of successful approaches to tackling menstrual hygiene in WASH in the South Asia region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women in urban households in Nigeria are primarily responsible for sourcing and managing domestic water supplies, their responses to problems with obtaining water have to be negotiated within the context of gender power relations, roles and responsibilities, both within and outside the household. This article, focusing on women in poor communities in Lagos and Benin City, Nigeria, shows that there is some relationship between women's desire to organise for water improvements, and membership in voluntary associations. However, women are generally unable to influence decision-making in the sector through voluntary associations, and are excluded from actual participation in the business of water supply and the associated economic opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grandparents play a critical role in the reorganisation of care brought about by the increasing migration of women. Yet, they are conspicuously absent from the migration literature. This article looks at the role of grandparents, particularly grandmothers, in caring for migrants' children. It draws on a case study of a rapidly urbanising neighbourhood in Bolivia, and identifies grandmothers as both givers and receivers of care. Through a typology of different types of living arrangements, the article seeks to identify the processes that lead to greater vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giving small loans to women has become a mainstay in development practitioners' toolkits. Using data collected for Oxfam America's Saving for Change (SFC) project, this article argues that repayment of micro-credit cannot be used as a measure of micro-enterprise development per se. Instead, repayment signals the presence of peer pressure, loan sharing and remittance payments in the studied setting. This conclusion is borne through an ethnographic approach, which focuses on who accesses loans, how people who access loans use them, and how borrowers mobilise resources for repayment. The research indicates that future studies should use ethnography in tandem with other approaches to evaluation, and concludes with implications for an agenda seeking to forward women's workers rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within current research on African health worker emigration, relatively few studies have explored how health workers themselves see international migration and its impact on their lives, and how gender norms influence these perceptions. This article draws on research aiming to examine these issues, conducted between June and August 2008. Ghanaian nurses' views of migration are highly influenced by gendered notions of women prioritising family responsibilities over personal desires. However, these ideas are being called into question by the growing numbers of women who may consider migrating as skilled professionals, and attach considerable importance to their professional interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic service continues to be one of the principal means for poor women and girls to earn a living. Yet, household workers do not have the same legal protection and employment rights enjoyed by other workers. This article examines changes in the sector in Mexico over the past 20 years. During this time, organisations supporting household workers have struggled to keep going against the odds, and to make this 'invisible' work visible to legislators and policymakers. Also, social reproduction - the work of caring for people within the home - has gone global, and an increasing number of Mexican women are migrating to work in households in the North. In this context, the International Labour Organisation has finally decided to begin a consultation process that is expected to lead to a convention protecting labour rights in domestic service worldwide. In this article I will highlight some of the changes in working conditions in Mexico, the continuing demands of household workers, and the ways in which they are organising at a local and national level, and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dramatic reductions in trade barriers during the past 10 years have caused unprecedented economic growth in India. Little is known about the impact of globalisation on the informal labour market, especially the impact on women. We interviewed women working in four occupations in Mumbai's informal labour market, gathering information about their daily lives, job responsibilities, and how the circumstances of their jobs have changed over the last 5 years. We construct a typical day in the lives of these women, discuss similarities and differences in the issues they face, and consider the policy implications of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of sustainable technology in tackling climate change in developing countries. Drawing on solar home systems in Bangladesh as an example, it argues that increasing women's visibility in technology committees is not necessarily effective in challenging gender stereotypes. Crafting new rules may fail to confront power inequalities. Sustainable technology can exert additional workloads on women. This article proposes a gender-sensitive framework for technological interventions, suggesting that extra resources are needed to strengthen institutions at the post-project stage, and that developing alternative livelihood strategies with poor people is crucial to reduce their reliance on local elites for survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid changes to the climate are predicted over the next few years, and these present challenges for women's empowerment and gender equality on a completely new scale. There is little evidence or research to provide a reliable basis for gender-sensitive approaches to agricultural adaptation to climate change. This article explores the gender dimensions of climate change, in relation to participation in decision-making, divisions of labour, access to resources, and knowledge systems. It draws on insights from recent research on agricultural adaptation to climate change in Tanzania. The article then explains why future gender-sensitive climate-adaptation efforts should draw upon insights from 'resilience thinking', 'political ecology', and environmental anthropology - as a way of embedding analysis of power struggles and cultural norms in the context of the overall socio-ecological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welcome to Gender & Development's Views, events, and debates section. We'd like to invite readers to respond to any of the views expressed in this section, to contact us with reports of events, and to suggest debates on issues relevant to the journal's concern: to inspire and strengthen development initiatives which support the goals of gender equality and women's empowerment. We'd also like to invite you to send us your feedback on Gender & Development, and suggestions for future issues, to: gadeditor@oxfam.org.uk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both climate change itself and related policies are likely to have wide-ranging effects on gender relations, especially in developing countries. Poor women face many gender-specific barriers that limit their ability to cope with and adapt to a changing climate; these must be removed in the interests of both gender equity and adaptation efficiency. At the same time, gender analysis should be integral to the appraisal of public policies designed to reduce carbon emissions. To date, gender issues have hardly figured in the international policy discourse, including the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol. However, this may be changing thanks to feminist lobbying and the increasing involvement of gender specialists in this field. There is a lot at stake; the international post-2012 Kyoto Protocol agreement will have enormous implications for gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the sustainability of gendered agricultural income-generating activities in Sonora, near the Mexico-USA border, in the context of climate change. Farming, and fruit and vegetable home-processing enterprises, still predominate in the area. However, several types of fruits can no longer be produced in this area due to warmer temperatures. Climate change has implications for the sustainability of these activities, which will affect women and men differently, affecting control over their livelihoods and food security. The article makes recommendations for development policies and programmes, for these and similar agricultural communities worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most policy makers and practitioners have now started to recognise the different ways in which climate change impacts on poor, vulnerable, and socially excluded women and men. However, making adaptation policies and programmes sensitive to gender issues does not simply mean 'adding on' a concern for women. It also requires a nuanced understanding of gendered forms of vulnerability, and a stronger commitment of resources - financial, technical, and human - to address specific gendered priorities. Drawing on insights from coastal Gujarat, in India, this article illustrates how researchers and practitioners can collaborate to strengthen learning across communities and regions. Simple and practical tools for assessing vulnerability, as well as empirical research and documentation, can further and support advocacy on climate-resilient development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations is formally committed to gender mainstreaming in all policies and programmes, and that should include policy-making processes relating to climate change. Yet gender aspects are rarely addressed in climate-change policy, either at the national or at the international levels. Reasons include gaps in gender-sensitive data and knowledge about the links between gender justice1 and climate change; and the lack of participation of women and gender experts in climate-related negotiations. This article shares insights and experiences from the international climate-change policy process, recounting the history of women's participation, demonstrating progress achieved, and hoping to inspire women and gender experts to get involved - at the local, national, regional, and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects upon how gendered approaches to climate-change adaptation can be strengthened in the Pacific region. The article looks at what has been learnt in the region, surveys some examples of best practice in gender-responsive programming, identifies the challenges we face on our journey, and suggests future directions. It is a collaborative effort, comprising input from a number of agencies who have been proactive in the areas of gender, climate change, and disaster risk-reduction in the Pacific Region, including: the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement in the Pacific region; the UNDP Pacific Centre; and World Wildlife Fund's (WWF) Fiji Country Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welcome to Gender & Development's Views, events, and debates section. We'd like to invite readers to respond to any of the views expressed in this section, to contact us with reports of events, and to suggest debates on issues relevant to the journal's concern: to inspire and strengthen development initiatives which support the goals of gender equality and women's empowerment. We'd also like to invite you to send us your feedback on Gender & Development, and suggestions for future issues, to: gadeditor@oxfam.org.uk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welcome to Gender & Development's Views, events, and debates section. We'd like to invite readers to respond to any of the views expressed in this section, to contact us with reports of events, and to suggest debates on important contemporary issues of relevance to the journal's core concern: to strengthen and support development which supports women's empowerment and gender equality as goals. We'd also like to invite you to send us your feedback on Gender & Development, and suggestions for future issues, to: gadeditor@oxfam.org.uk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While gender research methodologies, such as gender-analysis frameworks, can contribute to ensuring that development practice promotes gender equality, their use is only one element in the process, and cannot alone ensure that gender considerations are integrated into development practice. Their use needs to be combined with, and based on, clear political and theoretical underpinnings and specific goals and objectives. This article reflects on the challenges experienced when training in and using these frameworks, examining the importance of the theories underlying various frameworks, the necessity for clear objectives for such work, and ultimately the need to be mindful of the challenges experienced if attempts are made to reduce 'the political project of gender and development... to a "technical" fix' (Cornwall et al. 2004, 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a background on the feminist frameworks at the foundation of research conducted from a gender perspective, showing that development research that ignores the complex aspects of gender relations results in incomplete and/or biased research, which in turn leads to the formulation of incomplete development policies and programmes. The article goes on to explore the ways that feminist methodologies have been used in the development of gender sensitive indicators and measurements of change, examining the methods currently available for assessing progress on gender equality and how gender methodologies can be used to ensure that indicators better reflect gendered experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a research methodology - the Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis - used by UNIFEM in the Solomon Islands to investigate women's and men's experiences of armed conflict and peace building. The simple methodology enables a deeper understanding of the gender dimensions of conflict and peace. This includes issues such as moving beyond stereotyped conceptions of men-as-combatants and women-as-victims, challenging gender-role stereotypes, demonstrating the significance of traditional gender roles, and highlighting gender-related tensions arising in the post-conflict context. Finally, the article highlights how the results of the research have important implications for post-conflict recovery and peace building programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin American community in the UK is denied access to services and decent jobs by a combination of restrictive immigration laws, language problems, low wages, prejudice and discrimination, rendering them an impoverished community. This has a disproportionate effect on women, for whom it is a continuous cycle that is difficult to break. This article discusses how marginalisation affects Latin American women migrants, restricting their ability to meet their practical gender needs. The article then examines a community project working with women to overcome discrimination, identifying and achieving both practical gender needs and strategic gender interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, pastoral communities in Ethiopia are under pressure to change their livelihoods and cultural practices. There are serious implications for sustainable development, livelihoods and social relations, including gender relations. In response to these concerns, SOS Sahel Ethiopia is implementing an action research programme in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia. The main objective is to move towards more community-led processes of development and environmental management that will offer a higher degree of equal opportunities for all sections of pastoral societies, including women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Gender’ is a word that has become part of HIV/AIDS-related vocabulary and conceptual understanding. However, gender and development approaches understand it as denoting only two identities: male and female. Sexuality is likewise assumed to be heterosexuality. This thinking has informed HIV/AIDS prevention strategies worldwide, and the result is to exclude people who differ from these definitions, leaving them at risk of HIV infection. Research in South-East Asia, and specifically Cambodia, reveals the existence of diverse gender and sexual identities. Some innovative work has begun to develop HIV/AIDS prevention activities with individuals whose gender and sexuality defy conventional categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a rapidly worsening HIV and AIDS epidemic. Gender-based violence is common and is, in part, fuelling the spread of HIV. We argue that the situation in PNG illustrates very clearly why ‘mainstreaming’ HIV into all aspects of development simply cannot happen without serious attention to gender inequities. We describe a scheme in the oil palm industry in PNG that specifically targets women to ensure that they benefit from playing a part in the harvesting of oil palm. This scheme is not only giving women economic independence but is also reducing conflict and gender-based violence and in so doing can begin to contribute to the arresting of the spread of HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welcome to Gender and Development 's first Views, Events and Debates section. We'd like to invite readers to respond to any of the views expressed in this section, to contact us with reports of events, and to suggest debates on important contemporary issues of relevance to the journal's core concern: to strengthen and support development that supports women's empowerment and gender equality as goals. We'd also like to invite you to send us your feedback on Gender and Development , and suggestions for future issues. We plan to include a Letters section from Vol.14 No.3, published in November 2006. We will need contributions for that issue by 15 May 2006. E-mail: jporter@oxfam.org.uk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between donors and national NGOs undertaking gender advocacy are very complex. The same is true of relations between the advocacy networks, their member NGOs, and women at the grassroots. This study draws on research carried out by the author for her doctorate. The research considers advocacy to promote gender equality, and shows how this activity both affects, and is shaped by, the power relationships among the various actors involved. It examines the relationships between various actors in Uganda who have an interest in advocacy on gender issues: donors, international and local NGOs, and members of grassroots communities. Both donors and national NGOs accept that there is a need for advocacy, to raise the profile of key gender issues and to try to influence policy and practice. However, they have different motives for doing this work, and their agendas may diverge from each other at times. Ultimately this affects the quality of the work that they do to represent the interests of Ugandan women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law of Popular Participation (LPP) in Bolivia can be seen as the first significant attempt by policy makers in the region to mainstream gender into a national development initiative. The LPP seeks to devolve power and resources from the national to the local level. It is the first Bolivian law to be explicitly couched in gendered terms, and aims to increase the prominence of women in local political and development spheres. However, as I suggest in this article, in some respects the LPP has actually had the effect of displacing women from the very site of their traditional forms of political activism, at community level. As greater status, power, and resources have been devolved to politics at this level, men have become more prominent in this previously neglected, 'feminised' sphere. The article argues that, to some extent, the goal of mainstreaming gender into national development via the LPP was missed. Reasons include a lack of effective and systematic gendered analysis of the structural barriers to women's participation, and the failure to support gender mainstreaming, and women's participation, through capacity building at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]