Search

The potential health and environmental impacts associated with the improper management of chemically treated wood waste demands the adoption of recycling, and disposal practices. Chemically treated wood waste has several physical and chemical properties which makes it usable for the manufacture of another product to multiple use, among which the production of paper and fuel. This paper presents the initial life cycle assessment (LCA) study on wood waste used for paper production. The study boundary is limited with raw materials (raw wood or waste wood) processing and paper production itself, thus corresponds to “gate-to-gate” life cycle with a special focus on life cycle inventory data on waste wood treatment via hydrolysis process. The results of the analysis demonstrate competitiveness of the waste wood use for paper production vs. raw wood in such environmental categories as human health and ecosystem quality.

Pulp and paper production is a highly energy intensive process and improvement of energy efficiency in this process is considered as promising measures for reducing industrial greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). This study focuses the Pakistan's pulp and paper industry which consumes around 7% of the country's industrial energy and contributes to over 317,269 tonnes of CO 2 emissions. With rising demands for fuels and consequently as harp increase in CO 2 emissions due to the growth of the paper sector in Pakistan, this article aims to analyse the energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reductions potential through the incorporation of cogeneration technologies. The cogeneration technologies studied are agas turbine, steam turbine and combined cycle and are evaluated from the energetic and economic point of view to propose a best suitable technology for each paper mill. The proposed cogeneration technologies are selected on the basis of high energy utilisation factor, as implepayback period of five years or less with least Annualised life cycle cost. The result shows that a theoretical energy saving potential equivalent to 16.9% of the actual thermal energy requirement of mills can be achieved through cogeneration which will lead to 14.3% reduction of the present carbon emissions levels in Pakistan's paper sector.

This paper presents the results of a preliminary assessment towards the potential estimation of solar process heating in paper industry in India. To begin with, data for (i) classification of paper mills on the basis of size and feedstock used (ii) extent of cogeneration in paper mills (iii) annual paper production (feed stock wise) (iv) specific thermal energy requirement for process heating etc. have been collected. Annual process heating requirement for paper production (based on feed stock used) in paper mills in India has been estimated. Availability of adequate solar resource in different states of the country was assessed for potential estimation. Some commercially available solar collectors that can supply heat at required temperature of paper industry (50-250 0 C) have been selected and an assessment of their performance has been made. Majority of paper mills in India those are using agro residues and recycled fibers as raw feedstock are located in the states with adequate DNI availability (1900kWh/m 2 ). Annual process heating potential for the paper industry in India has been estimated at 43 PJ.

Papermaking enterprises are major polluters that cause water pollution and air pollution. This paper aims to provide analysis of the energy saving and emission reduction in papermaking enterprises.It is the inevitable choice of establishment industrial ecology park as the leading of the papermaking industry by the implementation of cleaner production and circulation economy. Shandong Haiyun efficient ecological park is taken for example.Researches of the developing strategies and policy support of energy saving and emission reduction is discussed. The paper is divided into five parts, the first part is the preface, the second part introduces the general of Haiyun efficient industrial park, the third part puts forward the scheme of clean production of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fourth part puts forward ecological industry pattern of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fifth part puts forward policy guarantee measures, and the sixth part makes the summary.

During the building operation phase, it is recognized that the performance of building envelope elements and energy supply systems drops with time. This performance degradation usually leads to lower energy efficiency and higher life cycle costs than predicted in the early design phase. This paper quantitatively reviews the impacts of this deterioration on the whole building performance. From the findings of the reviewed literature, it can be concluded that the whole building performance is very sensitive to several deterioration factors, particularly the performance degradation of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The impact on the whole building performance mostly ranges from 20% to 30% over 20 years, according to the reviewed studies.

In the era of climate change, life cycle analysis (LCA) has been acknowledged as a useful method for examining carbon footprints of products or services., Once captured and stored by trees and other plants, biogenic CO 2 would re-enter the atmosphere sooner or later after the use phase of the product. And many LCA studies did not calculate the temporary carbon storage in biogenic carbon. Thus, this paper proposed a hybrid LCA approach to provide a structured methodology for evaluating carbon footprint of copying paper in consideration of temporary carbon storage. The developed method was then applied to a paper mill of China. It is indicated that the hybrid LCA method could provide a comprehensive methodology for accounting carbon footprints as well as assessing effects of delaying GHG emissions. The results shows that the carbon footprint of 1000 kg copying paper was 647.89 kg CO 2 under scenario 1 and -5094 kg CO 2 under scenario 2. Concurrently, the effect of delaying the emission of the temporarily stored carbon in copying paper was 7.67%, 15.52%, or 23.58% for a certain period of time (i.e., 10, 25, or 30 years).

India is developing fast in the lines of some of the greatest cities of the world. Graph from the last 20-25 years show that India has majorly borne a paradigm shift in development icons as such Its cities have surpassed even double to its initial infrastructure during this period. Most of these infrastructural icons have a lot to do with the IT industry boom in the country as such most of these cities (e.g. Delhi, Bombay, Bangalore, Hyderabad etc.) are further burdened with employable youth, who require transit accommodation in the same city as well. There are some other cities too who used to enjoy the tourist or the pilgrims’ inflow by virtue of some kind of religious, natural or heritage resource attached to it. But, as evident in History, India and the Indians are known to be cultural driven, Pilgrimage friendly people. As such, these Blessings to such cities are continuously turning out to be the sufferings in the light of the number of pilgrims/tourists (floating population) these cities bear on daily basis. Most of these cities lack the sustainable infrastructure to uphold these burdens and to meet the energy demands for the well-being of people and city. These infrastructural additions must contemplate the Energy demands of the built form, people and their activities. One of such vulnerable town due to Paradigm shift in its development priorities is KATRA town, which is continuously getting burdened with more and more buildings, people & loss of Rural Greens as such contemplation of energy requirements is the need of the hour. Katra town is world famous for the rich religious history attached to it as it forms the base town (Camp) of Trikuta Hills upon which (12 kms away from base town) the Holy Shrine of Goddess Maa Vaishno Devi is located. Every year millions of Pilgrims from around the globe visit the shrine & the Katra Town. The Katra town is the major contributor of J&K (Jammu & Kashmir State) economy & India at Large. Pertinently, its being projected as one of the smart cities of India in next few years in the lines of leading smart cities of the world.

At the present time, reliability and stability of electric power have been very important when it comes to electrical systems in any plants, especially in terms of distribution. Phoenix Pulp & Paper PCL (PPPC) in Khon Kaen, Thailand, is currently generating electric power about 90% of its current needed by themselves and buys the rest from Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). Nonetheless, the protection system should be installed to protect the electrical bus when electrical generating process trips or breakdown. Otherwise, it would cause the shutdown of electrical system and lose all manufacturing. To protect electrical system, PPPC therefore has to use load shedding system for cutting the connection of the machines from the system within few minutes. Power flow of electric power from 115 kV PEA to 11 kV via 2 transformers of 115 kV/11 kV and PPPC's 3 generators are studied in this research by setting the real electric power (P), reactive electric power (Q), current (I) and voltage (V) in the protection relay of load shedding system of 11 kV switchboards. In addition, motor control panel, simulated by SKM Power Tools program, is investigated in this research work. The simulation results: P, Q, I and V will be divided into 4 cases: the trips from TG-PUC, TG2, TG3 (in-house generation) and the one from PEA. In the case that there is a trip from PEA electrical distribution, P, only generated from the first three generators in house, will be insufficient to cover the plant's electric need and require around 6,512 kW more. As a result, the machines would have to be stopped running. However, if there is a trip from its in-house generation (TG-PUC, TG2 and TG3) instead, some P can be directly received from PEA. Thus, the load shedding scheme is important to protect the blackout system from electrical system's trip in distribution.

This thesis article was purposes to study on the thin layer drying of cassava pulp using the Model BINDER Incubator BD 53 dryer. In experimental the cassava pulp sample with initial moisture content at 80 % w.b. was drying at temperature 50, 60 and 70 °C and collected mass of cassava pulp at interval 20 minute until mass not change. The experimental data was analyzed to evaluate the thin layer drying models and guideline for developed a new empirical drying equation to be suitable for predicting the moisture ratio of cassava pulp. From experimental, the moisture ratio was decreased with increased drying time and drying time was decreased with increased drying temperature. The results analysis of thin layer drying models, the Midilli model was good agreement predicted with experimental data. It had coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) better than another model. The newly developed equation had high accuracy with experimental data and had correlation values R2 = 0.9938 and RMSE = 0.0264 for drying at temperature 50 °C - 70 °C.

The results, obtained from paper based subjective assessment, of the indoor environment parameters, are presented in this paper. The assessment was made by untrained and unprepared occupants of small lecture room, during specially organized one hour lecture. Briefly described are the main objectives, as well as the methods used. The collected data was mostly analyzed in terms of the human response to the questionnaire based study. It was analyzed how successive the votes are and how reliable the answers of the questions are. The results show very low response to the unorganized and spontaneous experimental study. The explanation of these results seems to be complex task, which requires further interdisciplinary analyzes. The work is still in progress, and particular results, concerning the collected vote and the entire physical measurements of the indoor environment parameters, will be presented later on.

Daylight represents a free source of illumination of building's internal spaces. Tubular daylight devices (TDDs) are simple means of directing daylight (diffuse and direct light) into interior spaces and underground spaces. Many predict models of TDDs have been developed during the past years, but most of them were established based on only a few experiment results of TDDs with no generality. In this paper, a new mathematic model on the basis of daylight coefficient method for TDDs’ light transfer characteristic was presented, which makes it feasible to calculate the time series of efficiency of TDD, and an energy saving analysis of an underground garage using TDDs was introduced in this paper based on Beijing daylight climate data, from which the huge energy saving potential of TDD was clearly shown.

The scope of this paper is to make a feasibility analysis for energy production from sugarcane byproducts in Peru. Therefore, it is shown the history, methods, current scenario and future prospects of sugarcane plantations related to the ethanol industry and the sugar industry. There will be shown analysis of harvest residues (top and leaves). Bagasse is a mill residue, produced after sugarcane juice is extracted from the sugarcane. Nowadays this residue is burnt in boilers and this energy is used to generate steam. In the other hand, harvest residues represent a significant part of the energy contained in the sugarcane, but it is left in the field, or worse; burnt before the harvest. There will also be shown an estimated value of the electricity generation potential from sugarcane residues.

There is a potential to integrate biomass gasification with pulp & paper and CHP plants in order to complement the existing systems with production of chemicals, such as methane, hydrogen, and ...

The utilization of digestate from anaerobic digestion (AD) processes offers the possibility to recycle nutrient from organic wastematerials back to the food chain. However, digestates are character ...

Article is about economic analysis of promising wood products in Latvian forest sector. Three products: bio-oil, lyocell and xylan were analyzed. Currently none of the products are manufactured in Latvia. System dynamics modelling was used to determine which of the products have higher added value and which of them is more feasible. Input data for the model was taken from scientific literature and from already existing factories. It was assumed that the chosen products were manufactured as separate products, while treating the leftovers as energy source or waste. It was done to see how feasible the products are on their own. Results show that for both bio-oil and lyocell there is a positive profit value with a possibility to increase it even more in the future, while decreasing the share formed by capital costs. In case of xylan, the profit is negative, which makes xylan unprofitable. Although xylan is not feasible as a separate product, its value can be increased by manufacturing it together with other co-products, which can be obtained and manufactured from wood leftovers, therefore decreasing the specific capital costs per product and using wood in efficient manner.

The bark is very promising technological raw material and classic biorefinery object because of its unique barks biomass chemical composition and possibility to get many different products with the added value of individual or group of compounds of the synergistic biological activity, raw materials to produce various materials. Bark product market is poorly developed because bark treatment to produce product with high added value requires high investment, large amount of time. However, this market segment is currently growing in Latvia and in Europe due to the restrictions on the use of synthetic products, “green” thinking and growth of renewable material use. That is why authors did research about wood bark use opportunities, by analyzing different wood bark products which are currently at the research stage or already being manufactured. Using multi-criteria analyze (MCA) determining the main products which can be introduced in the Latvian market. Results showed that the best two products which potentially should be implemented are tannin and betulin, currently these products are not industrial produced in Latvia.

In recent years, substantial steps into the transition toward a bio-based economy have been taken. Therefore, biomass, due to its physical and chemical properties, has become one of the key sources to produce bio-based value products. From the current point of view, cellulose is the most common organic biopolymer and is considered as a source of the raw material for environmentally friendly and biocompatible products. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of hydrolysis time (30–70 min) and temperature (160–180 oC) at different amounts of aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate as catalyst (0 %, 5 %and 7 % of the oven-dried material) on the content of cellulose in the hemp shives leftover after furfural production. The results have shown that it is possible to save up to 83 % of initial cellulose in the hemp shives leftover if the produced yield of furfural is similar to the industrial scale production yield, which is 55 % from the theoretically possible one. The highest loss of cellulose in hemp shives was observed after hydrolysis at 180 oC, 7 % catalyst of the oven-dried mass and 70 min, whereas a smaller loss of cellulose was observed under autohydrolysis conditions. Thus, the study identifies important structural features of the lignocellulosic leftover and relevant hydrolysis parameters related to the commercialization of lignocellulosic biorefineries.

By the investigation of the frozen cooked shrimp production process in Zhanjiang area of Guangdong, China, it is found that Most of the production of frozen cooked shrimp production process control strategy will not be considered. Therefore, some individual processing sometimes may be caused repeat. Product quality would be affected and increase the processing energy use. Intelligent control of frozen cooked shrimp processing strategy as processing instructions, the quality of frozen cooked shrimp would be better, more conducive to energy saving, water saving and improve the production processing environment.

In this study, effect of artificial aging and cold rolling on the conductive and tensile properties of graphene reinforced aluminum matrix composites has been investigated. Graphene reinforced aluminum matrix composites were prepared by pyrolysis method. Graphene nanopwoder have been applied as reinforcing phase in molten pure aluminum (99.5%). Al wires (scrap wire damaged) are melted and graphene nanopwoder (0.5 %) can be added. Al-graphene alloy was cast into a diameter of (10 mm) and height of (20 mm) billet by steel mold. After that, the Al-0.5 % graphene rod was cold rolling at room temperature in a (10 mm) diameter rod form into a (3.5 mm) diameter wire. Both the electrical conductivity and tensile strength of alloys improved by cold rolling+ artificial aging treatment. The improvement of electrical conductivity of (B 1 ) alloy is (8.9%) comparing with (A as cast) alloy, while the improvement in tensile strength of (B 1 ) alloy compared with (A) alloy is (168.6%). Raman spectroscopy was carried out in order to indicate the number of graphene layers of the prepared samples, also to give good data about the structure of the prepared samples. FESEM studies showed a highly dimpled structure, characteristic of ductile failure. The results show that electrical conductivity and tensile strength are improved by the addition of graphene.

Energy recovery from black liquor can be performed through gasification process at temperatures above the melting point of the inorganic chemicals. Complementing the experimental research, this study was conducted in Aspen Plus software to simulate thermodinamic modeling of detail process for gasification and combined cycle in an integrated system power plant. Mass and energy balances were examined to quantify process performance. The unrecoverable energy in a single process will be utilized in other processes. The combination of these technologies is expected minimizing the total exergy destruction the throughout system. Kraft black liquor was used as sample during process calculation. The proposed integrated-system shows a high energy efficiency. A significant positive energy harvesting from black liquor can be achieved for further development.

Economic evaluation of a reactive distillation for biodiesel production is performed. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) consisting of a mixtures of triglycerides, moisture and free fatty acids is considered a feedstock. A simulation model of the biodiesel production process based on a reactive distillation is developed using Aspen Plus. Effect of key operating parameters, such as the number of reactive stages and liquid holdup, is investigated. The economic analysis considers total investment costs, operating costs and economic indicators, such as return on investment (ROI) and net present value (NPV). Performance of the reactive distillation processes is compared with a conventional process using two continuous reactors. The simulation results show that a single step acid – catalyzed process can be carried out in a reactive distillation for higher biodiesel productivity and purity. Although the conventional process has lower total production cost, the reactive distillation process is more economical process providing a higher ROI and NPV. The biodiesel production using a reactive distillation without recycling upstream is the most preferred configuration. Furthermore, the reactive distillation process can save the energy requirement of 51.2% compared with the conventional process.

Dyes have been used in dyeing paper and pulp, textiles, plastics, leather, cosmetics and food industries. Colour stuff discharged from these industries poses certain hazards and environmental problems. In this work we study the potential feasibility of treated and untreated cereal by product for removal of Rhodamine b from aqueous solution. The effect of various experimental parameters such as contact time and initial concentration were investigated. The suitability of the Freundlich, langmuir, BET and Hrkin Jura models to the equilibrium data was investigated for Rhodamina b-CCBP system. The results showed that the equilibrium data fitted the freundlich model best. Kinetic modeling of removal of Rhodamine B was done using the pseudo second-order rate expression.

This paper presents the results of an experimental pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) drying study in a new solar hybrid dryer. The dryer is a direct and integrated type, with a black mate pan which measures 1.675 x 0.61 x 0.055 m (1.02m2). It uses a copper helical tube that conducts hot water, at 80°C, generating extra heat for the drying process; the tube is located at the bottom of the black pan. A caliber 6, transparent vinyl film is used as a cover and the walls and base of the dryer are isolated by 0.0254 m thick fiberglass. It is inclined 23° south and uses pump to recirculate water. The variety of pineapple used was honey, 1/4 of grown age. Each slice was 0.005 m thick, resulting in a mass density of 2.83 kg/m2 in the drying trays area. To be able to have useful comparisons, drying tests were performed during winter and spring of 2013, using both the hybrid dryer and the traditional solar dryer. Results showed that when initial humidity between pineapples is quite similar (this being one of the most influential factors in changing efficiency, time and other important process variables), evaporation efficiencies are higher in the traditional process; such efficiencies ranging between 22.7% and 24.0%; while the efficiency of the hybrid dryer ranges between 9.3% and 14.0%. This is basically due to the increase of energy loss when using both sunlight and heated water. On the other hand, the time the process took to reach the humidity goal (24.0% humid base or 0.32 dry based) was much faster when using the hybrid dryer. This dryer ended the process in a range of 6.0 to 6.8 hours while the traditional solar process took between 8.0 and 8.8 hours. It is also important to note that the final process was basically homogeneous throughout the dryer, especially when the drying trays on the top end of the dryer were placed 0.03 m further away from the top, and produced a fine quality product with only slight discoloration of the pineapples’ side which faced the sun. homogeneous throughout the dryer, especially when the drying trays on the top end of the dryer were placed 0.03 m further away from the top, and produced a fine quality product with only slight discoloration of the pineapples’ side which faced the sun.

This study was carried out to evaluate the fermentation performance and behavior of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 in mango pulp and peel (Mangifera indica L.). In this paper we studied the fermentation of mango (pulp and peel) a fruit rich in Mexico with high sugar content. The process for producing ethanol comprised the following steps: substrate preparation, preparation of the YPD medium, growth of the yeast S. cerevisiae Y2034, alcohol fermentation and distillation. In this study we utilized the raw materials amounting 75 percent pulp and 25 percent peels and seeds. The maximum growth of yeast was observed in the treatment of pulp and peel with 150 g/L of initial reducing sugar, obtaining 2.6×108 cfu mL−1. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate.

Empty fruit bunch, shell, and fiber are palm biomass waste that can be converted to energy by cogeneration system. On the other hand, electricity shortages severely hampered the development of North Sumatera. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present a potential analysis of palm biomass waste in generating electricity by palm oil mills in North Sumatera. Some palm oil mills in North Sumatera were analyzed in electric potential by using collected data, questionnaires and interviews. The results show that a POM with 30 tones FFB/hour generates at least 20 MW (20 MW to 35 MW).

Biodiesel is one of the most prominent biofuels in the market, recent trends indicate a worldwide production growth to replace crude-based diesel as transportation fuel. In this work, two reactive distillation processes with their corresponding downstream separation units are simulated: the first involves alkali whereas the second includes heterogeneous catalyst. The processes yield a high purity biodiesel product. Aspen Plus v8.4 was used as the process simulation tool in the present work. Comparison between the two production processes were made in terms of the annual production costs and economic indicators such as Return-On-Investment (ROI) and payback period. The simulation results show that the heterogeneous-catalyzed process is more economically advantageous than the alkali-catalyzed process for biodiesel production due to a much higher ROI, lower payback period, and lower annual cost per unit of biodiesel produced.

Bio-pellet is an alternative energy that can substituted low grade coal from biomass sources. Biomass waste from palm plantation and palm industry are challenging as bio-pellet based material. Palm plantation in Indonesia has reached 8.9 million hectare in 2011 that widely spread in all of locations. The aim of this research is to provide prospect information of bio-pellet from palm plantation and industrial waste. Proximate analysis resulted the equality between bio-pellet from oil palm waste with coal or briquette. Moreover, bio-pellet from biomass source gives environmental advantages than coal. Bio-pellet is a prospective and competitive as an alternative energy to substituted coal and these derivatives.

Chitosan is a biopolymer, biodegradable, non-toxic and widely abundant in nature. Our study presents an investigation on the application of this biopolymer in treatment of Beni- Amrane dam water by coagulation flocculation process. In this study, the raw water from Beni-Amrane dam characterized by high turbidity was treated using chitosan as primary flocculant and as coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate (alum). The performance of this process was evaluated by measuring the supernatant residual turbidity for various values of chitosan concentrations. The obtained results are in favor of chitosan. With low concentrations, chitosane used alone is able to reducing 85% of initial turbidity. In the case of using chitosane in combination with alum, highest turbidity removal (97%) was carried out with 0. 15 mg/l of chitosan and 20 mg/l after 45 minutes of settling time. At this value, a very low residual aluminum (0, 02 mg/l) was registered. The organic carbon contribution on the turbidity coagulation flocculation performance is negligible because chitosan is used in small doses. Hence, chitosan could be used as natural coagulant aid for drinking water treatment with lowest risks of organic release. These properties, combined with its non-toxicity, make the chitosan as the best substitute to conventional synthetic polyelectrolytes used so far.

Cellulose hydrolysis is rate-limiting step in bioprocess and a long hydraulic retention time is necessary for microbial digestion in anaerobic digester. Solid-State fermentation is suitable for fungi growth and can accumulate cellulolytic enzymes. Accordingly, a total working volume of 90-L with 5-layers aerobic bio-leaching bed(ABLB) which introduced aerobic fungi and bacteria was adopted to facilitate the hydrolysis of napiergrass and hydrogen production potential was evaluated in this study. Napiergrass was chopped into 1∼2cm and mixed with kitchenwaste, compost as nutrient supplement and inoculum respectively. The crisscrossed mixture was packed and pH controlled tap water was flowed through each layer. One through leaching was performed in the 1st Run, and the contact time of leachate with biomass was 2.2 hr. Cellulose conversion efficiency was 27%. As the contact time increased to 21hr in 2nd Run, cellulose conversion efficiency also improved to 50%. In order to increase the contact time, leachate was recirculated for 7 days in 3rd Run. At a contact time of 212 hr, 66% cellulose conversion efficiency was achieved. The residue and the leachate after ABLB treatment revealed improvement of hydrogen production potential in subsequent batch test. DGGE fingerprint showed Candia, Fusarium, Aspergillus were sustained in the reactor.

This paper discusses about e-learning resources for supporting the implementation of sustainable environmental design (SED) in the architecture discipline. The research has identified from the literature that organisation of learning materials, visualisation of information and enabling interdisciplinary communication are the key factors of designing an effective e-learning tool for this task. The review found the available e-learning resources being very limited in number with respect to building physics. The EDUCATE Portal and Autodesk Sustainability Workshop website can be considered good examples of the e-learning tools reviewed in this paper.

Offshore winds are generally stronger and more consistent than winds on land, making the offshore environment attractive for wind energy development. A large part of the offshore wind resource is however located in deep water, where floating turbines are the only economical way of harvesting the energy. The design of offshore floating wind turbines relies on the use of modeling tools that can simulate the entire coupled system behaviour. At present, most of these tools include only first-order hydrodynamic theory. However, observations of supposed second-order hydrodynamic responses in wave-tank tests performed by the DeepCwind consortium suggest that second-order effects might be critical. In this paper, the methodology used by the oil and gas industry has been modified to apply to the analysis of floating wind turbines, and is used to assess the effect of second-order hydrodynamics on floating offshore wind turbines. The method relies on combined use of the frequency-domain tool WAMIT and the time- domain tool FAST. The proposed assessment method has been applied to two different floating wind concepts, a spar and a tension-leg-platform (TLP), both supporting the NREL 5-MW baseline wind turbine. Results showing the hydrodynamic forces and motion response for these systems are presented and analysed, and compared to aerodynamic effects., Energy Procedia, 35, ISSN:1876-6102, DeepWind'2013 – Selected papers from 10th Deep Sea Offshore Wind R&D Conference

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) The printed circuit heat exchanger is currently the preferred type of recuperative heat exchanger for the supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle due to its highly compact construction, high heat transfer coefficients and its ability to withstand high pressures and temperatures. This paper employs a three-dimensional numerical model to investigate the thermohydraulic performance of supercritical CO2 flow in a printed circuit heat exchanger. This numerical model considers entrance effects, conjugate heat transfer, real gas thermophysical properties and buoyancy effects. The inlet temperature and pressure are 100 °C/150 bar on the cold side and 400 °C/75 bar on the hot side while the mass flux is varied from 254.6 to 1273.2 kg/(m 2 ·s). The overall performance of the heat exchanger and comparisons of local heat transfer and friction pressure drop with predictions from the empirical correlations are presented and discussed. Overall, this paper provides useful information that can be employed in the design of recuperators for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle applications. Research Councils UK Centre, EPSRC project and European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

Solar photovoltaics (PV) is a popular method of green energy-based electricity generation for regions with rich solar radiation. In this paper, we introduce a conceptual framework where PV can be used for multi-purposes: electricity generation and frost prevention, specifically for frost prevention of apricot orchards. After introduction of the conceptual framework, the system modelling, optimization, and control/automation research challenges for such a multi-purpose use are summarized. This paper targets at opening a new application area and the associated research rooms for PV systems. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This paper evaluates simple metamodels to predict local electricity demand and grid restrictions, in residential neighborhoods with heat pumps and photovoltaics. The procedure and challenges of developing such models are described. Modeling is based on results obtained from detailed simulation of buildings and the grid. Linear and logistic regression models are developed for electricity demand and minimum voltage respectively, as a function of neighborhood characteristics, related to both building and electrical network properties. The paper shows that linear regression can be used for a first evaluation of electricity demand. For voltage violations, logistic regression gives acceptable results, however more complex models are needed to approximate voltage levels. ispartof: pages:550-560 ispartof: NSB 2017: 11th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics vol:132 pages:550-560 ispartof: Nordic Symposium on Building Physics location:Trondheim date:11 Jun - 14 Jun 2017 status: published

This paper presents evidence of a ‘Safety Gap’ in buildings for fire performance and reviews different approaches to achieving Fire safety in England and Wales, UK, for a Research & Enterprise Innovation Funded project at Cardiff Metropolitan University. One aspect of the safety Gap is for potential defects in construction from incorrect installation, missing, inappropriate or defective components, that make up compartmentation, fire stoppings and workmanship errors, to enable rapid smoke spread across compartments, so preventing the safe evacuation of occupants. A questionnaire survey was conducted with fire rescue and safety professionals in South Wales, UK in 2016. Results show that more than 75% of the respondents think that in-built performance of fire safety measures including compartmentation are difficult to assess during fire risk assessments and fire risk audits, using current visual inspection methods. The majority of the participants agreed that a non-intrusive and non-destructive test method could help in ascertaining the integrity of building compartmentation and in-built performance of other fire safety measures and to ensure the safety gap is not present. It is discussed that these findings give fire industry backing for the non-destructive test, measurement and reporting protocol that the first two authors of this paper are developing for assessing the effectiveness of active and passive fire protection systems in buildings. This paper will be useful for academics, building owners and landlords, developers and fire and rescue services investigating and involved in ensuring the fire protection of buildings and of the health, safety and wellbeing of their occupants.

9th International Conference on Sustainability and Energy in Buildings, SEB 2017 -- 5 July 2017 through 7 July 2017 -- -- 131281 The paper presents the new technology of 3D printing of buildings for the sustainable houses of the future. 3D printing building technology is a new construction technique started with the invention of 3D printer. Latest technologies were described in this paper with pointing to Contour Crafting as a promising technique that may be able to revolutionize construction industry in near future. It has many advantages of this technology, such as reduction of the costs and time, minimizing the pollution of environment and decrease of injuries and fatalities on construction sites could be listed. Integration of Building Information Modeling with the 3D printing building technique are mentioned in comparison with the traditional construction techniques. Even though many advantages and benefits of this new technology, of course we have some concerns are summarized in the conclusions as the technology still has many limitations. A brief description of examples of 3D printing in construction industry are presented (Stupino town, Moscow, Russia - Apis Cor first company to develop a mobile construction 3D printer). Modeling a 3D model of building that will be appropriate for 3D printers is possible in many modeling software programs. One of the most popular formats for sharing such models is STL format common and it has been accepted by many proprietary software. Moreover, integration of BIM method with 3D printing modeling will be effective for energy efficiency, better design, cost reduction and isolation of structure. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This paper gives an overview of the results of the European demonstration Project ECO-Life (2010-2016) in Belgium. The goal of the project was to transform a number of social housing neighbourhoods in Kortrijk, Belgium into a sustainable carbon neutral community. A neighbourhood of single family social houses built in the 1950’s was partly replaced by new multi-family buildings and new housing blocks, and partly refurbished to current standards and comfort. Based on the ECO-Life targets and guided by energy performance calculations, different energy concepts have been defined for the demonstration buildings and systems within the community. In order to evaluate the actual operation of the buildings and building systems during the first years of occupation of the neighbourhood, energy monitoring and commissioning activities have been performed. They include monitoring of energy use and temperatures, surveys of the occupants and quality assurance tests. In this paper the approach and findings of monitoring activities are discussed. Monitoring results are used to assess primary energy balance and CO2-balance. The monitoring has highlighted the importance of proper commissioning and operation of heating systems to achieve the design targets.

This paper reports and discusses the air tightness of the building envelope in existing single-family houses in Denmark. The air tightness of the building envelope depends in particular on the performance of specific construction details. There is a lack of knowledge about the air tightness of the building envelope of older buildings despite the fact that the air tightness has a major influence on the energy use. In connection with renovation of the Danish building stock, the coming years will see increased focus on the air tightness of the building envelope like in other countries. This paper presents the results of measurements in 16 single-family houses built between 1880 and 2007. The air tightness of the building envelope was measured according to EN ISO 9972 using the blower-door technique. The results are compared with measurement results of the average air-change rate in the same houses measured over a period of 1-3 weeks when the houses were in normal use. The measurement results of the air tightness of the building envelope range from 1.1 to 5.8 l/(s·m²) at 50 Pa. The investigated houses are all naturally ventilated. The results of the ventilation measurements showed an outdoor air supply ranging from 0.09 to 0.28 l/(s·m²) per heated floor area, which is below the requirement stipulated in the Danish Building Regulations of 0.3 l/(s·m²). Typically, leaks are observed in connection with penetrations of the envelope, e.g. for electrical installations, exhaust ducts and chimneys. In addition, leaks are observed around older windows and doors and in connection with wooden ceilings and attic hatches. The findings should be taken into account when renovating older single-family houses.

The use of energy storage has received increasing attention due to the rapid growth of renewable energy generation. Among all energy storage systems, pumped hydro energy storage and compressed air are mature and large scale commercialized technologies. Combining the working principles of these two systems, a new concept is proposed in this paper, known as, compressed air gravity energy storage system. The feasibility of such technology has been analyzed in this paper by modelling the system components. In addition, its characteristics have been explored to investigate the optimal design of such system. The energy production of this technology has been compared to that of gravity energy storage without the incorporation of compressed air. The obtained results demonstrate that the use of compressed air significantly improves the system storage capacity. Therefore, compressed air gravity storage could be considered an attractive solution to the integration of large-scale intermittent renewable energy.

The present paper gives an overview of a new test facility for molten salt thermocline storage systems and components, which is currently being constructed at DLR in Cologne. The paper also presents DLR thermocline-filler modelling and the potential of the novel storage technology compared to the two-tank state of the art molten salt storage. In this work, an extensive parametric study is combined with an optimization routine. The approach allows a better comparison, since it finds only those storage configurations, which can directly substitute the two-tank system in a given power plant. Results show that, compared to the two-tank molten salt system, the thermocline technology achieves high exergetic efficiency at only slightly increased storage volume size and a huge decrease in salt inventory.

This paper focuses on problem-solving for large outrush current from DC power supply to capacitive load in an electric vehicle. This outrush current occurs during a pre-charge state of traction battery to cause high spike peak and consequently damage the main switching contact and the battery cell. In this paper the current control to gradually increase the outrush current by hot swap controller was proposed. The responses of the proposed control and the classical control were compared and investigated. With the proposed control technique, the impact of harmful outrush current can be reduced. As a result, the hot swap controller gave satisfactory responses and provided good stability.

In this paper, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) based series compensation of the voltage to provide Fault Ride Through (FRT) and reactive power support is discussed. The control of DVR is crucial in order to improve the FRT capability in Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbines. This is observed in terms of voltage sag mitigation capability, active and reactive power support without tripping and fault current control. To achieve a flexible control solution for balanced and unbalanced fault conditions, a combination of Feed-forward and Feed-back control is discussed in this paper. The advantage of utilizing this combined control is verified through MATLAB/Simulink based simulation results of a 1.5 MW grid connected DFIG based wind turbine. The results show good transient and steady-state response and good reactive power support during various fault scenarios. The results are verified for the recent updated grid code standards.

Worldwide, the building sector represents the largest energy using sector, and it is still expanding. To reduce energy use of buildings, policy makers are increasingly demanding with regard to energy efficiency of buildings. Despite best planning effort, in practice some of these demands are not met: studies reveal that a building’s energy performance on the design table might differ substantially from its performance when actually built. Typically, an important reason for this difference lies in the delivered quality of a building’s insulating envelope. In this paper, we investigate the characterisation of the overall heat loss coefficient, H, in WK-1, of whole building envelopes on the basis of dedicated heating experiments performed on vacant houses. We focus on steady-state heating experiments performed on buildings that are either terraced or semi-detached and have a floor on ground or unventilated basement. We depart from an extended stationary heat balance, that in addition to heat exchanges between indoor and outdoor environments, also explicitly includes heat exchanges between indoor environment and conditioned neighbouring zones. The first is of interest as it characterizes H, the latter is of interest as it constitutes a phenomenon that is often ignored, but might corrupt the estimate of H significantly. We show that, for the test buildings considered in this paper, it is advisable to additionally measure heat flows towards neighbouring properties. On the basis of three test cases, we investigate the significance of such heat flows, as well as their influence on the accuracy and robustness of the estimated heat transfer coefficient, H.

The fundamental purpose of a building has evolved from merely providing protection from external environmental climate to more emphasis on integrating building services through building regulations to provide the synergy of comfort, efficiency and safety to the indoor environment. This research recognizes the rising demand and increasing quality of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in the modern society compared to the acceptable level of previous traditional buildings. Generally due to its varied operations, educational buildings, in this case University libraries have its own set of challenges and barriers such as minimizing damages and decay of books and maintaining indoor conditions with an oversight of providing good IEQ to occupants. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of a 1960s-educational library with 24-hour access at the University of Reading. Through in-situ measurements, modelling and simulations of the building’s energy consumption, IEQ parameters and occupancy patterns, investigations have been performed. Varied scenarios using the Integrated Environmental Solution (IES) software were also investigated. The findings illustrate that due to mixed facade configuration (i.e. sandstone and bricks) there is the unflinching need to balance aesthetics of the facade and functionality of a building to reduce excessive energy use via heating, without compromising on occupant comfort and well-being Although it is envisaged that refurbishing the library building will provide energy savings of up to 40%, this is farfetched and can only be achieved at the detriment of occupant comfort levels as evident in the simulation results, where these savings could not be realised. This paper further discusses the methods, scenarios, and results of ensuring good IEQ, comfort and energy efficiency are not been seen as mutually exclusive. This study forms part of ongoing research into the impact of educational buildings.

Energy saving and the sustainable environment are becoming one of the most important aspects to Thailand, especially in the building and construction industry. Green Building Index for energy and environment concern has been developed by Thai government since 1992 that aim to solve the environment resource crisis, depended upon regulations and evaluation guidelines of local climate. Nowadays, the number of green buildings is rapidly increased according to the concerns of energy consumption and environmental impact. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), Green Mark, and TREES (Thai’s Rating of Energy and Environmental Sustainability) are the most widely used systems for green building certification in Thailand. There are 113 buildings from 201 assessed projects were certified by LEED and three buildings were certified by Green Mark. TREES which developed by Thai Green Building Institute has certified only 12 buildings from the total of 74 registered projects. This paper was focused on the situation and the development of green building standards and certification systems in Thailand, including LEED, Green Mark, and TREES. The comparisons of assessment methods and components among these 3 systems were discussed. Additionally, the recommendation on the practice of green building development in Thailand was also provided. This paper found that the number of green building was increasing especially commercial building. Moreover, those are influenced by economic expanding.

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based approach to identify faults for voltage sag state estimation. Usually ANN cannot be used to abstract relationship between monitored data and arbitrarily named fault indices which are not related at all logically in numerical level. This paper presents a novel approach to overcome this problem. In this approach, not only the networks are trained to adapt to the given training data, the training data (the expected outputs of fault indices) is also updated to adapt to the neural network. During the training procedure, both the neural networks and training data are updated interactively. With the proposed approach, various faults can be accurately identified using limited monitored data. The approach is robust to measurement uncertainty which usually exists in practical monitoring systems. Furthermore, the updated fault indices are able to suggest the difference of the impact of various faults on bus voltages.

The paper provides an overview of the OU44 building as a highly energy efficient teaching building at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. The 8500m 2 3-storey building was designed to meet the 2020 buildings energy class consuming only 42 kWh/m 2 , marking it at the top of energy efficient public buildings in the world. As a case study under the international research project COORDICY, the goal of OU44 is to function as a living lab building for research in energy informatics and occupancy behavior, aiming to improve the energy efficiency of public buildings, with full capability to monitor, manage and control the building operation. The building is equipped with energy efficient technologies including, ventilation units with heat recovery, LED lights, underfloor heating, PV modules, in addition to heating, lighting and electricity consumption sub-meters, and temperature, humidity, CO 2 , Lux and PIR sensors on the room level. Using collected data, the building performance in the first year of operation is reported in this paper, showing that the building is in agreement with the expected design numbers consuming about 41.45 kWh/m 2 . In addition, a modeling and simulation methodology is developed and implemented in the OU44 Building case to simulate the building energy performance. Employing a weather file updated for local conditions and a camera-based generated occupancy schedule, the preliminary building performance simulation results are presented and compared to the actual data. It was shown that the dynamic EnergyPlus model allows better prediction of the building energy performance compared to the Danish building certification tool BE10. As a living lab, the OU44 energy model developed is intended to be used for continuous monitoring and optimizing the performance on a daily basis to ensure that the building is performing as expected, forming a backbone for the fault detection and diagnostics work within the COORDICY project.

This paper presents the results of the experimental performance of a solar wall collector with PCM (SC-PCM) towards the natural ventilation of experiment houses. The system is composed of a solar wall collector with PCM panel, an air gap, and an inner wall made of concrete material. The SC-PCM is 1.40 m high and 0.80 m width. The external solar wall collector with PCM and internal concrete wall has a similar thickness of about 15 cm. The opening areas are located at the bottom (indoor) and on the top (outdoor), to release hot air into the atmosphere for improving ventilation. Additionally, the top opening area is covered with anti-insects net. The solar wall collector with PCM system under examination in this paper was installed into the south facade of a small house made of 10 cm thick concrete walls with an interior volume of 4.05 m3. Performances are compared to similar house of the same dimensions made by single concrete walls (SW). The experiment revealed that the indoor temperature of the solar wall collector with PCM room was considerably lower than that of the single concrete. Solar wall collector with PCM can induce ventilation rate proportional to the incident solar radiation intensity. Therefore, it can reduce heat accumulation and improve indoor conditions.