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As a raw material for clean energy supply for the new generation, the soybean is conducive to the realization of global energy transition and sustainable development in the context of "carbon neutrality". However, global warming has been affecting soybean yields in recent years. How to clarify the correlation between meteorological factors and soybean yields, so as to ensure the security of soybean growth and development and the stability of renewable energy development, is a key concern of the government and academia. Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and active accumulated temperature during the soybean growing season in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 1951 to 2019, and soybean yield data of the city from 1985 to 2019, this paper adopted statistical methods such as the Trend Analysis Method, the Rescaled Range Analysis Method and so on to analyze the trends of yield changes, characteristics of abrupt changes and periodic patterns of climate factors and soybean yields in Hulunbuir. A Pearson Correlation Analysis and a Grey Relation Analysis were used to explore the correlation between climatic factors and soybean yields, followed by a comprehensive impact model of the combined effect of temperature and precipitation on soybean yields established by the Method of Integral Regression. The results showed that temperature and active accumulated temperature are the dominant factors affecting soybean yields in Hulunbuir, while the decrease in precipitation is unfavorable to the improvement of soybean yields. Meanwhile, temperature and precipitation have different effects on the growth and development of the soybean at different stages. The conclusion of this paper is of great practical significance for Hulunbuir to promote the sustainable development of clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the severity of the wind and light abandonment problem and the economics of hydrogen energy production and operation, this paper explores the problem of multi-cycle resource allocation optimization of hydrogen storage systems for coal–wind–solar power generation. In view of the seriousness of the problem of abandoning wind and photovoltaic power and the economy of hydrogen production and operation, the node selection and scale setting issues for hydrogen production and storage, as well as decision-making problems such as the capacity of new transmission lines and new pipelines and route planning, are studied. This research takes the satisfaction of energy supply as the basic constraint and constructs a multi-cycle resource allocation optimization model for an integrated energy system, aiming to achieve the maximum benefit of the whole system. Using data from Inner Mongolia, where wind abandonment and power limitation are severe, and Beijing and Shanxi provinces, where hydrogen demand is high, this paper analyzes the benefits of the hydrogen storage system for coal–wind–solar power generation, and explores the impact of national subsidy policies and technological advances on system economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the centralization of wind power development, power-prediction technology based on wind power clusters has become an important means to reduce the volatility of wind power, so a large-scale power-prediction method of wind power clusters is proposed considering the prediction stability. Firstly, the fluctuating features of wind farms are constructed by acquiring statistical features to further build a divided model of wind power clusters using fuzzy clustering algorithm. Then the spatiotemporal features of the data of wind power are obtained using a spatiotemporal attention network to train the prediction model of wind power clusters in a large scale. Finally, the stability of predictive performance of wind power is analyzed using the comprehensive index evaluation system. The results show that the RMSE of wind power prediction is lower than 0.079 at large-scale wind farms based on the prediction method of wind power proposed in this paper using experience based on the data of 159 wind farms in the Nei Monggol Autonomous Region in China and the extreme error is better than 25% for the total capacity of wind farms, which indicates high stability and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and the environment are important foundations for sustainable economic development. In order to realize the sustainable development of energy economy, clarify the respective responsibilities of the government and enterprises, and explore the internal mechanism of ecological compensation, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model by means of social benefits, ecological compensation, supervision costs, government subsidies, enterprise punishment, enterprise additional income, enterprise emission reduction costs and other means, through the government's supervision and non-supervision behavior, as well as the cooperation and non-cooperation behavior of enterprises, and analyzes the model parameters and game results. The research shows that: (1) due to the delay effect of technical progress of pollutant discharge, in the long run, the cost of enterprise emission reduction must be less than its benefits. (2) Social benefits brought by government regulation must exceed half of ecological compensation. (3) Government subsidy should not be higher than ecological compensation. Then, taking Inner Mongolia coal mine as an example, the field investigation is carried out from the three aspects of atmosphere, water, and soil, and the ecological environment loss of the mining area is preliminarily calculated based on the national technical specification for ecological environment assessment. Based on the above results, it shows that: (1) From the perspective of the government, social benefit must exceed USD 10.69 million annually; (2) from the perspective of enterprises, government subsidy should be lower than USD 21.38 million annually. In short, ecological compensation mechanism for coal resource development should include two parts: resource consumption reduction and environmental restoration; take the ecological compensation threshold as the standard, strictly eliminating declining enterprises, stimulating technological innovation, weakening the government subsidy, relying on non-governmental organizations to enlarge the social benefits brought by government supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Inner Mongolia region, sand and dust storms are prevalent throughout the year, with sand erosion having a particularly significant impact on the performance of wind turbine blades. To enhance the performance stability of wind turbines and reduce operation and maintenance costs, this study delves into the specific impact of sand-laden wind erosion on the aerodynamic performance of scaled-down wooden wind turbine blades. The experiment conducts vehicle-mounted tests on scaled models of 1.5 MW wind turbine blades that have been eroded by wind-sand flows from different zones, analyzing the changes in aerodynamic performance of wind turbines caused by the erosion. The results indicate that with an increase in the angle of installation, both the overall power output and the wind energy utilization coefficient of the wind turbines show a declining trend. The power outputs of both the partially eroded group and the fully eroded group are unable to reach the rated power level of 100 W. Compared to the uneroded group, the leading-edge eroded group demonstrated higher power output and wind energy utilization coefficients across most wind speed ranges. This finding verifies the possibility that the drag-reducing effect caused by pits from leading-edge erosion has a positive impact on the aerodynamic performance of the blades. It also provides a new research perspective and strong evidence for the study of erosion effects on wind turbine blades and the optimization of their aerodynamic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed approach involves a method of joint optimization configuration for wind–solar–thermal-storage (WSTS) power energy bases utilizing a dynamic inertia weight chaotic particle swarm optimization (DIWCPSO) algorithm. The power generated from the combination of wind and solar energy is analyzed quantitatively by using the average complementarity index (ACI) to determine the optimal ratio of wind and solar installations. We constructed a multi-objective optimization configuration model for the WSTS power generation systems, considering the equivalent annual income and the optimal energy consumption level as objective functions of the system. We solved the model using the chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm with linearly decreasing dynamic inertia weight. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we conducted a simulation using the 2030 power energy base planning data of a particular region in Inner Mongolia. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the annual income, enhances the consumption of wind–solar energy, and boosts the power transmission capacity of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In deep mines, a reasonable design of the widths of isolated coal pillars (ICPs) is critically important, particularly for hard-strata mines. This is because the frequent occurrence of mine seismicity (MS) and rockburst in deep mines often arises from the inappropriate widths of the remnant ICPs. To address this problem, this paper takes the ICP of Yingpanhao Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia in China as the engineering case study and then presents a mechanical model to illuminate the occurrence mechanism of MS induced by the mining on both sides of ICPs. The results indicate that, after the mining on both sides of ICPs, the ICPs will produce a vertical compressive deformation, and the overlying high main key stratum (MKS) will experience a flexure deformation. When the limited deflection of MKS is less than the compression of ICPs, the MKS will be fractured, and the released energy may lead to MS. Based on the mechanism model, a design criterion is proposed for ICP widths; this criterion can effectively reduce the risk of the induced rockburst and MS. Then the occurrence mechanism of MS and the design basis for ICP width are verified by numerical simulation and field microseismic monitoring. The results in this paper may be used as a theoretical guidance for rational ICP design in deep mines and may help mitigate the risk of rockburst and MS from early mining stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wind–sand climate prevalent in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia results in significant damage to wind turbine blade coatings due to sand erosion. This not only leads to a decline in power generation but also poses safety risks. This study replicated the wind–sand environment of Alashan and numerically simulated the erosion and wear process of the blade coatings of a 1.5 MW horizontal axis wind turbine under rotational conditions using the DPM model. Additionally, erosion tests were conducted on the operating wind rotor in a wind tunnel. The simulation results demonstrate that sand particle trajectories in the rotating domain are influenced by vortex, incoming wind speed, and sand particle size. For small-sized sand particles, variations in wind speed do not substantially alter the number of particles in contact with the wind turbine blades. However, alterations in the momentum of these particles lead to changes in the impact force on the coating surface. Conversely, the change of wind speed will not only alter the number of large-size sand particles in contact with the wind rotor but also modify the impact force on the coating surface. Furthermore, after impacting the blade, small sand particles continue to move along an approximate helical trajectory with the airflow, while large-size sand particles swiftly rebound. Through statistical analysis of erosion pits on the blade surface after the erosion experiments, it was observed that, in comparison among the leading edge, windward side, trailing edge, and leeward side, the leading edge presents the greatest number of erosion pits, whereas the leeward side has the fewest. Along the spanwise direction, the 0.7R-blade tip segment exhibits the highest count, while the blade root-0.3R section displays the fewest number of pits. The wear morphology of the blade coating was observed from the blade root to tip. The leading edge coating exhibits a range from shallow pits to coating flaking and deeper gouge pits. On the windward side, the coating displays wear patterns varying from tiny cutting pits to cutting marks, and then to gouge pits and coating flaking. Erosion morphology of the trailing edge evolves from only minor scratches to spalling pits, further deepening and enlarging. These research findings provide a basis for the study of zoning-adapted coating materials for wind turbine blades in wind–sand environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a clean form of energy utilization, wind power is important for alleviating climate change. Although no direct carbon emissions occur in wind power generation, there exist upstream carbon emissions from manufacturing and installation, which have indirect effects on both the locations of wind farms and areas involved in upstream production and manufacturing. In this paper, based on Input–Output based Life Cycle Analysis (IO-LCA), we explored the lifetime carbon emissions of 378 wind farms in China that were still in operation in 2015. The regional distributions of carbon emissions from wind farms during the whole lifetime were depicted. The embodied carbon emission transfers from the location of the wind farm operation to upstream turbine manufacturing regions were traced. The net emission reduction benefits among regions were also calculated. Results show that carbon emissions mainly distribute in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Tianjin in the turbine manufacturing stage, with a total amount of 3.36 MT. Inner Mongolia contributes the largest carbon emissions (5.94 MT) in the farm construction stage. Inner Mongolia has transferred about 0.99 MT carbon emissions to itself and has the largest net emission reduction. Recognizing the carbon emission transfer of wind farms and dividing the carbon emission reduction responsibilities among regions may shed light on supply chain carbon emission reduction and provincial carbon quota allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Paleozoic is an important epoch of coal-bed accumulation in the North China, particularly in its western segment, where a world-class coal field has been found and exploited for three decades. Coal-bearing layers recorded rapid Late Carboniferous to Early Permian sea-level rise that led to the evolution of the shallow marine tidal flat basin, followed by regression that resulted in the formation of deltaic facies. However, little attention has been paid to the tectonic factors that assisted in the coal accumulation processes, which have been demonstrated worldwide to be pivotal. In this study, we evaluate the significant influence of southward subduction of the middle segment of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) during Carboniferous to Early Permian deposition of coal-bearing neritic to deltaic successions in the western North China Block (NCB). We pinpoint a direct link between basin-filling evolution of the northwestern Ordos Basin and the progressive uplift of the Inner Mongolia continental arc triggered by the south-dipping subduction of the Solonker ocean plate. Sedimentary facies variation and paleocurrent reconstruction indicate sedimentary routing from the north to northeast. The petrology and detrital zircon geochronology of sampled sandstones indicate evolving provenances from a dominated cratonic basement to a mixed orogen and continental arc. The Carboniferous samples are generally quartz arenites and contain a large number of Archean to Paleoproterozoic zircons with small amounts of Paleozoic arc pluton components, indicating sediment supply dominated by the western NCB Precambrian basement. In contrast, the youngest sample of the Shanxi Formation is sub-litharenite, the age spectrum of which is characterized by the dominance of ca. 450 and 270 Ma ages, indicative of a high influx of Paleozoic arc detritus. This shift in sandstone petrology, detrital zircon distribution, and depositional setting allows us to link the shoaling of the Ordos Basin with mountain building and the unroofing of the continental arc, which enhances our understanding of both the subduction of the PAO and coal accumulation in the NCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat storage and release performance of cascade phase change units are investigated numerically for users in Inner Mongolia's severe cold region. Three schemes of phase change material combinations are thoroughly tested. We obtained a better material combination scheme S3 (palmitic acid + polyethylene glycol), which has higher heat storage capacity per unit mass, higher average heat flux, and better unit synchronisation performance, so that it is more suitable for solar heating and cascade heat storage units in cold regions of Inner Mongolia. This study takes into account the irradiation variation of typical days during the winter heating season. The results show that the palmitic acid and polyethylene glycol combination scheme has the highest total heat storage per unit mass. This scheme also performs well in the synchronisation of two-stage storage units. When compared to the other two schemes, the average heat flux is increased by 25.5% for the first stage unit and 16.8% for the second stage unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal seam impact risk assessment is the premise of coal mine safety, which can reduce the occurrence of underground impact pressure accidents and directly affect the safety, coal production, economic and social benefits of coal mining enterprises. In order to evaluate the impact risk of coal seams more reasonably and comprehensively, and consider the weights of different influencing factors on the impact risk of coal seams, the neural network model is proposed to evaluate the impact risk of coal seams. Mining depth, impact tendency, geological structure and mining technology are selected as the influencing factors of coal seam impact risk. Each influencing factor contains different evaluation indices, a total of 18. The 18 evaluation indices and the impact risk level are normalized and quantified. The BP neural network model for evaluating coal seam impact risk level is established, and the impact risk of 2-1 coal seams in a mine in Inner Mongolia is comprehensively evaluated and analyzed in this study. The results show that the BP neural network model can represent coal seam impact risk level well. The application of the BP neural network model to evaluate coal seam impact risk level has the characteristics of high precision, fast calculation speed and less artificial calculation, which provides an efficient and convenient method for the evaluation of coal seam impact risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an economic corridor, the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) connects the East to Western nations, where carbon emissions are gradually becoming severe. This study aims to provide solutions for dealing with carbon emissions from the transportation of the SREB in the Chinese range. By employing the Malmquist index method of data envelopment analysis (DEA), this study develops models to test the different carbon-reduction performances (CRP) of transportation in the Chinese provinces along the SREB. This study shows that carbon-reduction performance has improved since 2013 because of the improvements in transportation technology. Technical efficiency, including scale efficiency and pure technological efficiency, may improve carbon reduction, while the lagged technological progress restricts the CRP. It is further suggested that the provincial CRPs are different. The southwest provinces have the best decarbonization performance, followed by the northwest, while the northeast provinces, including Inner Mongolia, underperform compared to the others. Therefore, the government should release some technology-orientated policies as soon as possible to facilitate the improvements in technical efficiency and progress in transportation vehicles and infrastructures in order to consequently reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate wind power integration for the electric power grid operated by the Inner Mongolia Electric Power Corporation—a major electric power grid in China—a high-resolution (of 2.7 km grid intervals) mesoscale ensemble prediction system was developed that forecasts winds for 130 wind farms in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The ensemble system contains 39 forecasting members that are divided into 3 groups; each group is composed of the NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) real-time four-dimensional data assimilation and forecasting model (RTFDDA) with 13 physical perturbation members, but driven by the forecasts of the GFS (Global Forecast System), GEM (Global Environmental Multiscale Model), and GEOS (Goddard Earth Observing System), respectively. The hub-height wind predictions of these three sub-ensemble groups at selected wind turbines across the region were verified against the hub-height wind measurements. The forecast performance and variations with lead time, wind regimes, and diurnal and regional changes were analyzed. The results show that the GFS group outperformed the other two groups with respect to correlation coefficient and mean absolute error. The GFS group had the most accurate forecasts in ~59% of sites, while the GEOS and GEM groups only performed the best on 34% and 2% of occasions, respectively. The wind forecasts were most accurate for wind speeds ranging from 3 to 12 m/s, but with an overestimation for low speeds and an underestimation for high speeds. The GEOS-driven members obtained the least bias error among the three groups. All members performed rather accurately in daytime, but evidently overestimated the winds during nighttime. The GFS group possessed the fewest diurnal errors, and the bias of the GEM group grew significantly during nighttime. The wind speed forecast errors of all three ensemble members increased with the forecast lead time, with the average absolute error increasing by ~0.3 m/s per day during the first 72 h of forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China hosts over half of global coal-fired power generation capacity and has the world's largest coal reserves. Its 2060 carbon neutrality goal will require coal-fired electricity generation to shrink dramatically, with or without carbon capture and storage technology. Two macroeconomic areas in which the socioeconomic impact of this decline is felt are losses in jobs and tax revenues supported by thermal coal mining, transport and power generation. At the national level, under a 'baseline' (B) scenario consistent with China's carbon neutrality goal, labour productivity growth in coal mining implies that significant job losses will occur nationally in the medium term, even if all coal plants continue operating as planned. Jobs supported by the coal power industry would decline from an estimated 2.7 million in 2021, to 1.44 million in 2035 and 94,000 in 2050, with jobs losses from mining alone expected to exceed 1.1 million by 2035. Tax revenues from thermal coal would total approximately CNY 300 billion annually from 2021–2030, peaking in 2023 at CNY 340 billion. This is significantly less than estimated subsidies of at least CNY 480 billion, suggesting coal is likely a net fiscal drain on China's public finances, even without accounting for the costs of local pollution and the social cost of carbon. As coal plant retirements accelerate, from 2034 onwards, fiscal revenues begin to fall more rapidly, with rates of decline rising from 1% in the 2020s to over 10% a year by the 2040s. More aggressive climate policy and technology scenarios bring job and tax losses forward in time, while a No Transition policy, in which all currently planned coal plants are built, delays but does not ultimately prevent these losses. At the provincial level, China's major coal-producing provinces will likely face challenges in managing the localised effects of expected job losses and finding productive alternative uses for this labour. Governments of coal-producing provinces like Inner Mongolia, with an industry highly dependent on exports to other provinces, are more exposed than others to declining tax revenues from coal, and more insulated from job losses, given their high current degree of labour efficiency. Although their provincial revenues are likely to remain stable until the early 2030s under the B scenario, the possibility of increasing policy stringency underlines the need for revenue and skill base diversification. At the firm level, China's 'Big Five' state-owned power companies were responsible for over 40% of both jobs and tax revenues in 2021. The number of jobs supported by the activities of each of the largest ten firms, with one exception, will decline by 71–84% by the early 2040s, with the tax contribution of each declining by 43–69% in the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of the electric heating load forecast in a new load has a close relationship with the safety and stability of distribution network in normal operation. It also has enormous implications on the architecture of a distribution network. Firstly, the thermal comfort model of the human body was established to analyze the comfortable body temperature of a main crowd under different temperatures and levels of humidity. Secondly, it analyzed the influence factors of electric heating load, and from the perspective of meteorological factors, it selected the difference between human thermal comfort temperature and actual temperature and humidity by gray correlation analysis. Finally, the attention mechanism was utilized to promote the precision of combined adjunction model, and then the data results of the predicted electric heating load were obtained. In the verification, the measured data of electric heating load in a certain area of eastern Inner Mongolia were used. The results showed that after considering the input vector with most relative factors such as temperature and human thermal comfort, the LSTM network can realize the accurate prediction of the electric heating load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government has launched a guideline for carbon emissions up to the peak (CEUP) in the 2030 target. The electric power sector has to make its own contributions to the national CO2 emissions mitigation target. In this study, a patron–client interactive optimized (PCIO) model is proposed to investigate the regional energy–water–carbon nexus optimization under the policy background of the CEUP target. Inner Mongolia, the largest energy base in China, which is also facing the prominent contradiction including the energy production and serious environmental problems, is chosen as a case study. Multiple uncertainties, including the fuel price uncertainty and output of the wind and solar power, are considered to make the optimization process more realistic. Results show that coal-fired power will gradually be substituted by the gas, wind, and solar power in Inner Mongolia to reach the CEUP target. The CO2 capture and storage technology and air-cooling systems will play important roles, especially under the strict water policy scenario. However, the achievement of the CEUP and water-saving target will be at the expense of high system costs. The PCIO model makes it possible for the decision-maker to make flexible strategies to balance the CEUP target and saving system costs. The results have demonstrated the validity of the PCIO model in addressing the hierarchical programming problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of mining subsidence prediction is to establish a reliable assessment for surface subsidence resulting from underground mining. In this study, a new method for predicting subsidence in two-seam mining is proposed. First, the surface subsidence due to mining the upper seam is monitored. Then, taking the subsidence data as indicators, the optimal mechanical parameters of overlying strata can be obtained by orthogonal experimental design and inverse analysis of numerical simulation. Finally, further subsidence is calculated and predicted by the numerical model. A case of two-seam underground mining is studied using this methodology. This coal mine is located in the Dongsheng coal field in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on GPS surface subsidence monitoring and parameter inversion, the subsidence induced by two-seam mining is estimated and predicted. This study shows that the ratio of the height of overlying strata to mining thickness (H/M), mining configuration and adjacent mining have a significant effect on the surface subsidence caused by two-seam mining. By parameter inversion, the proposed optimal parameters can be applied to predict the subsidence of a nearby mine with similar stratigraphic conditions. Furthermore, this methodology can also be used to predict the subsidence caused by mining of more than two seams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]