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Based on the upper echelons theory, this paper uses an empirical study to examine the impact of CEO narcissism on M&A decisions and the moderating effects of media attention and CEO equity incentives. In order to further explore the relationship and mechanism between CEO narcissism and M & A behavior of listed companies in China, this paper uses the size of CEO signature to measure the degree of CEO narcissism and uses the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020 for analysis. The results show that CEO narcissism has a significant positive effect on firm M&A decisions; media attention plays a positive moderating role between CEO narcissism and M&A decisions; and the positive effect of CEO narcissism on M&A decisions is more significant when the CEO owns shares of the firm. The existing literature rarely considers media attention and equity incentives as factors influencing the relationship between CEO narcissism and M&A decisions. This paper creatively analyzes the moderating role of media attention and equity incentives, thus broadening the scope of research on CEO narcissism. The findings of this paper establish a better theoretical and practical understanding for a more comprehensive study of how CEO narcissistic personality affects a firm's M&A behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the busy mindset, a common mindset in modern society, affects consumers' evaluations of new products. It proposes that a busy mindset increases the consumer's evaluation of new products and outlines the mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating role of perceived economic mobility. The study enriches the research on busy mindsets and new product evaluations and makes practical contributions to enterprises in management and marketing. The paper used three formal experiments (Ns = 196, 84, 277). Participants in studies 1 and 2 were students recruited from different colleges in Guangzhou city, China. The sample in study 3 were adults from all over China recruited from www.wjx.cn. This research shows that activating participants' busy mindsets will increase their evaluations of new products, with self-efficacy as the mediator and economic mobility as the moderator. There may still be other mediating explanations, such as a sense of control. Meanwhile, this study's current manipulation method of busyness mainly focuses on writing tasks; thus, researchers can adopt more new manipulation methods of busyness in a realistic context. Marketers can improve consumers' evaluations and attitudes to new products by stimulating their busy mindsets and briefly activating their highly perceived economic mobility. Unlike previous studies, this research distinguishes between time pressure and a busy mindset. Meanwhile, our results show that the effect of a busy mindset differs from the effect of time pressure on new product evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose- The presence of employees is indispensable for the sustenance of any company entity. Consequently, firms have made substantial investments in research endeavors over the course of several decades, with the aim of fostering employee engagement and productivity. Fostering a sense of ownership among employees and valuing their input is widely seen as an effective strategy for enhancing employee motivation. Design/methodology/approach- This study examined how goal setting affects employees' task crafting. Psychological ownership mediates goal-setting participation and task crafting behavior and Power distance moderates' goal-setting participation and task crafting behavior through psychological ownership. This study was conducted using a quantitative survey design. The survey was distributed to 372 employees working in small-scale manufacturing companies in China's six major cities. The survey measured goal-setting participation, psychological ownership, task crafting behavior, and power distance. Findings- The study's findings reveal that employee involvement in goal setting contributes to a stronger sense of psychological ownership, subsequently driving them to tailor their job tasks. The relationship is influenced by the organization's power distance, which impacts the level of ownership experienced. Research limitations/implications- This study expands basic theoretical research and sheds light on goal setting participation and task crafting. The study provides theoretical evidence that psychological ownership mediates the goal-setting participation-task crafting behavior relationship. Additionally, it helps explain how power distance moderates this association. Practical implications- In practice, this study suggests that organizations can promote task crafting behavior by supporting goal setting and psychological ownership. Psychological ownership can reduce the detrimental impacts of power distance on goal-setting participation and task crafting behavior in high-power distance cultures. Originality/Value of paper- This research addresses the need to study how goal setting affects employee task crafting. The paper suggests how organizations might encourage task crafting, especially in high-power distant cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the heterogeneous treatment effects of retirement on the mental health of older adults using the generalized random forest (GRF) method. GRF has high functional flexibility and can explore complex treatment heterogeneity by selecting covariates from high-dimensional data that contribute to heterogeneity. Results show that retirement significantly reduces the elderly group's depression as well as increases subjective well-being, implying that it will improve mental health. The best linear predictor test suggests that the effect of retirement on depression is heterogeneous among the data for 2014 and 2020 but not in the analysis of well-being. Retirement is more effective in improving depression for males who are at an unhealthy weight, are between the ages of 57 and 67, and have an Internet habit. The results of this paper provide support for promoting the optimization and individualized implementation of relevant policies and improving the lives of the elderly in their later years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the heterogeneous treatment effects of retirement on the mental health of older adults using the generalized random forest (GRF) method. GRF has high functional flexibility and can explore complex treatment heterogeneity by selecting covariates from high-dimensional data that contribute to heterogeneity. Results show that retirement significantly reduces the elderly group's depression as well as increases subjective well-being, implying that it will improve mental health. The best linear predictor test suggests that the effect of retirement on depression is heterogeneous among the data for 2014 and 2020 but not in the analysis of well-being. Retirement is more effective in improving depression for males who are at an unhealthy weight, are between the ages of 57 and 67, and have an Internet habit. The results of this paper provide support for promoting the optimization and individualized implementation of relevant policies and improving the lives of the elderly in their later years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on attitudes toward obesity has mainly focused on the effects of people's negative attitudes about obesity on others. However, it remains unclear whether people's explicit attitudes toward obesity may influence their own life satisfaction. This cross-sectional study investigated whether and how individuals' explicit negative attitudes toward obesity influence their own life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents. A total of 310 high school students from Hunan province, China, were invited to voluntarily complete a paper-and-pencil questionnaire, including the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons scale, the Fatness subscale of the Negative Physical Self Scale, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. We also collected participants' self-reported body height and weight. The results revealed that adolescents with more negative explicit attitudes about obesity reported lower levels of life satisfaction, and that this relationship was mediated by their greater weight dissatisfaction. Additionally, weight status moderated the association between explicit attitudes toward obesity and one's life satisfaction, whereby more negative explicit attitudes toward obesity predicted lower life satisfaction in adolescents with a body mass index one standard deviation higher than the mean (21.00 + 3.35), but not for adolescents with a body mass index one standard deviation lower than the mean (21.00-3.35). Implications of the current research and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is an increase in attention to the college student's mental health, and to enhance the awareness related to college students' mental health, colleges and universities have executed an immense range of mental health publicity activities. In order to better combine deep learning with classroom teaching, this paper puts forward a deep learning algorithm formulated on convolutional neural networks. The purpose of this research is to investigate the development and use of a cultivation mechanism for mental health education of college students in campus culture creation from the perspective of deep learning. The study's primary goal is to comprehend college students' mental health training in campus culture creation. The study's objective is to develop experimental outcomes of college students utilizing mental health education courses as an optional or mandatory course. Finally, investigations related to college students' mental health from the current situation in China, the investigation, statistics and analysis related to the college students in China are carried out in this situation. The experimental results of this study show that 62 of the 156 schools and universities assessed provide courses on mental health education for college students that are both obligatory and optional. According to the students questionnaire survey, 86.7% of respondents believe that it is critical to establish mental health related educational courses, 61.9% believe that compulsory courses should be established, and students want to add group guidance or activities to the teaching process to improve their experience and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphone addiction, loneliness, and depression are the norm in life, and previous studies indicate that they are closely related to each other. However, many studies have reached inconsistent conclusions and the potential mechanisms remain controversial. Therefore, based on the deficient self-regulation model, this paper aimed to examine the relationships between loneliness and smartphone addiction, including depression as a possible mediator, by testing 4274 students in China and performing a two-wave cross-lagged analysis. The results showed that: loneliness (T1) could significantly and positively predict depression and smartphone addiction (T2); depression (T1) could significantly and positively predict loneliness and smartphone addiction (T2); similarly, smartphone addiction (T1) could significantly and positively predict loneliness and depression (T2); depression (T1) mediated the relationship between loneliness (T1) and smartphone addiction (T2). The findings show the significance of promoting college students' mental health and preventing smartphone addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of the digital society, information has experienced rapid development, and individuals, including the elderly, are increasingly relying on various media to access the information they require. However, there has been limited research on how media usage as a behavior influences the subjective perceptions of older adults and the motivating factors driving their use of media in the digital age. Drawing on the activity theory and knowledge-gap theory, this study aims to investigate whether media use mediates the connection between social participation and subjective well-being among older adults in China. The study also pays specific attention to potential intergroup differences, such as age-group relationships and the types of media involved. We selected a nationally representative sample comprising 938 older adults aged 60 and above from the 2021 Chinese General Social Survey and incorporated them into the mediation analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with path analysis and maximum likelihood procedures was used to analyze the data. Our findings revealed a positive association between social participation and media use, as well as a positive association between media use and subjective well-being. The path analysis further demonstrated that media use mediated the relationship between social participation and subjective well-being. Specifically, social participation through media use, acting as a mediating variable, accounting for 75.3% of the influence on subjective well-being. Distinct age groups exhibited significantly varied levels of social participation, with traditional media (paper-based) playing a more substantial role in our model compared to electronic media (such as television, radio, internet, social media, and mobile applications). The results suggest that older adults with a higher frequency of social participation exhibit stronger levels of media use, and high levels of media use are associated with elevated levels of subjective well-being. The results of this study highlight the positive indirect effects of social participation, media use, and subjective well-being, emphasizing the intricate interplay between these factors among older adults in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With fierce market competition, for medium and small scaled businesses the innovation of the business model is meant as a significant method to obtain competitive benefits and improve performance. This paper takes Confucian culture as the guidance and innovatively takes Guanxi as the starting point to construct a theoretical model of "Guanxi Orientation—resource acquisition—business model innovation—SMEs' performance". On this basis, based on the data of 405 samples, using the linear regression analysis method, the bootstrapping test method, and other methods to understand the Guanxi orientation's intermediary mechanism on the execution of SMEs, and analyze the chain intermediary effect of resource acquisition and innovation of business model and the environment the moderating impact of turbulence. Descriptive statistics are used for questionnaire results and for the interviewees to have an in-depth conversation. The study uses a structural model, mediation, and moderation analysis for the results. The research outcomes firmly established that a pronounced Guanxi orientation positively impacts the performance of SMEs. Moreover, the investigation uncovered that resource acquisition and business model innovation act as intricate and multifaceted mediators in the relationship between Guanxi inclination and the performance of SMEs. The current study puts forward reasonable suggestions for SMEs to achieve business model innovation and performance improvement from the perspective of Guanxi along with researching the antecedents and processes driving novelty in commercial operations and SMEs' performance in the context of Chinese culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Square dancing has been used as an increasingly important intervention strategy to promote older people's subjective well-being (SWB) in China, while voices of dissent have gradually arisen. Using data from China, this paper aims to estimate the effect of square dance participation on older people's SWB by applying an instrumental variables approach and further identifies the mechanism linking them. The result suggests a significantly positive effect of square dance participation on older people's SWB, whereas such an effect only exists for the urban female elderly not living alone. Important mechanisms linking them could be the improvement of social adaptation in the aging process, specifically including health adaptation, interpersonal adaptation, role transition adaptation, and social change adaptation. These findings confirms the effectiveness of square dance exercise interventions and offer further arguments for including dance on the agenda of active aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a feedback form that emphasizes quality and includes developmental and informational components, supervisor developmental feedback has been shown to have a more positive impact on subordinates' personal growth and performance. However, there is limited empirical research that clarify the components of supervisor developmental feedback with different valence. This paper aims to investigate the underlying mechanism and boundary condition of the relationship between different developmental feedback and employee performance improvement. To do so, we utilize the job demands-resources model and the conservation of resources theory as our framework. Participants were recruited online from Credamo's full-time employee pool. Our study collected 259 surveys nested in China, employing a two-wave time-lagged method. Supervisor developmental feedback and supervisor support were measured at time 1, job crafting and job performance were measured at time 2. The measurement tools for the above variables are all derived from previous studies. The results indicate that positive supervisor developmental feedback has a mediated effect on employee job performance through promotion-oriented job crafting. This relationship is further influenced by supervisor support, with a stronger effect observed when supervisor support is high. On the other hand, the relationship between negative supervisor development feedback and employee performance through prevention-oriented job crafting will be moderated by supervisor support, and the above indirect effect completely reversed with different levels of supervisor support. The findings of this study have important theoretical and managerial implications, shedding light on the impact of different types of developmental feedback on employee performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a much lively debate about whether new ventures should adopt employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). The inconsistent findings may be due to the neglect of employees' life quality. This paper analyzed the relationship between ESOPs and employee workplace-psychology-life well-being and the moderating effect of opportunity-enhancing human resource practices (OHRPs). It adopted a survey that was completed by 262 employees of new ventures in the Greater Bay Area of China. The results show that ESOPs had a positive effect on the workplace and psychological well-being, but a negative effect on life well-being, and that this effect was mediated by psychological ownership. OHRPs moderated the mediating effect of ESOPs on workplace and life well-being via psychological ownership. The results reveal a particular correlation pattern between new venture ESOPs and employee well-being, which helps address the debate about the effects of ESOPs by providing an explanation from the life aspect. These findings highlight the importance of considering employee life well-being in understanding new venture ESOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a much lively debate about whether new ventures should adopt employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). The inconsistent findings may be due to the neglect of employees' life quality. This paper analyzed the relationship between ESOPs and employee workplace-psychology-life well-being and the moderating effect of opportunity-enhancing human resource practices (OHRPs). It adopted a survey that was completed by 262 employees of new ventures in the Greater Bay Area of China. The results show that ESOPs had a positive effect on the workplace and psychological well-being, but a negative effect on life well-being, and that this effect was mediated by psychological ownership. OHRPs moderated the mediating effect of ESOPs on workplace and life well-being via psychological ownership. The results reveal a particular correlation pattern between new venture ESOPs and employee well-being, which helps address the debate about the effects of ESOPs by providing an explanation from the life aspect. These findings highlight the importance of considering employee life well-being in understanding new venture ESOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative workplace gossip is a kind of cold violence in the workplace which seriously affects employees' work and life. Existing studies have shown that the effect of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior lacks theoretical and empirical evidence. The mechanism of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior is unclear. Based on the theory of psychological ownership, this study constructed a model of the relationship between negative workplace gossip, perceived collective psychological ownership and workplace prosocial behavior at different levels of social efficacy. We conducted research at several companies in China. At time 1, we measured negative workplace gossip, social efficacy and demographic information; At time 2, a week later, we measured employees' perceived collective psychological ownership. At time 3, another week passed, we measured workplace prosocial behavior. Finally, we collected 363 valid questionnaires. The empirical results show that: (1) Negative workplace gossip has a significant negative impact on workplace prosocial behavior. (2) Perceived collective psychological ownership mediates between negative workplace gossip and workplace prosocial behavior. (3) Social efficacy moderates the negative relationship between negative workplace gossip and perceived collective psychological ownership. The research results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the impact of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior and provide a practical reference for organizations to deal with negative workplace gossip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the impact of interactive learning technologies, using gamification as an example, on students' motivation, engagement, and academic achievements. The study was conducted among 108 students from the Hangzhou College of Commerce in China. The following research findings were obtained: experimental group students performed better (18.93) than students in the control group (15.49); the Kahoot! game improved motivation (mean = 4.14, SD = 0.77) and engagement (mean = 3.54, SD = 1.05). The resulting data suggested the proposed model's effectiveness in teaching Chinese grammar with the game-based interactive learning technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the job demands-resources model of work engagement, the challenge-hindrance stressor framework, and substitutive-for-leadership theory, we examine the interaction between transformational leadership and job stressors on nurses' work engagement. We distinguish between hindrance stressors and challenge stressors, and provide different theoretical underpinnings for their interaction with transformational leadership. We propose that hindrance stressors and transformational leadership interact in a buffering manner, while challenge stressors and transformational leadership interact in a substitutive manner. Furthermore, we propose a direct link between nurses' work engagement and patient satisfaction at the work-unit level. With a two-wave design, we used survey to collect data from 292 nurses and 522 patients from a general public hospital in China. We tested our hypothesized research model with hierarchical linear modelling. Results showed that workload demands, which was perceived as challenge stressors, substitute for the positive effect of transformational leadership on nurses' work engagement, and that engaged nurses make patients more satisfied. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the dramatical development and prosperity of online games, while worldwide people are suffering from it. Considering the high prevalence, serious impacts, and huge development potential of internet gaming disorder (IGD), it is extremely necessary to develop a protective model to prevent and intervene with it among young people. Based on the developmental assets theory, the present study adopted a two-wave longitudinal design to evaluate the cumulative effects of developmental assets on IGD, as well as the underlying mechanisms during this specific period. Data were collected from a sample of 1023 adolescents in Hubei province, Central China through self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that (1) developmental assets were negatively associated with adolescents' IGD concurrently and longitudinally; (2) the overall developmental assets had cumulative effects in linear patterns on adolescents' IGD, concurrently and longitudinally; and (3) internal developmental assets mediated the relationship between external developmental assets and adolescents' IGD longitudinally. Theoretically, the present study supports the developmental assets theory and expands the literature about developmental assets and IGD in younger generations. Practically, the present study provides guidance for prevention and intervention of IGD among adolescents during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Comprehensive measures should be taken to assist in developing positive internal and external resources to promote youth thriving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic impact caused by the outbreak and dynamic evolution of COVID-19 has reduced employees' psychological security (PS), which not only threatens the physical and mental health of employees but also seriously affects the stable operation and sustainable development of enterprises. PS has been determined to be closely related to daily life experiences. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the types and combinations of life events that improve employees' PS during the pandemic. Cross-sectional data came from 764 enterprise employees in 8 provinces and cities in China during the pandemic period. The participants completed the PS scale to evaluate their PS, and the PS events scale to evaluate the different types of daily life events they experienced. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods were used to test the research hypothesis. The results of MRA suggest that rich leisure activities (RLA), harmonious family relationship (HFR), stable economic order (SEO) and recognition and support from others (RSO) are important life events that enhance employees' PS. The results of fsQCA suggest that the independent role of SEO, the combined role of sound social security system (SSSS), peace and health events (PHE) and HFR, the combined role of PHE, fulfilling work/life status (FWLS), SEO and RSO can substitute for each other to promote employees' high PS. This article reveals the contribution of daily life events to the PS of enterprise employees, and provides an empirical basis for formulating corresponding intervention measures to promote the physical and mental health of enterprise employees and effective enterprise management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the dramatical development and prosperity of online games, while worldwide people are suffering from it. Considering the high prevalence, serious impacts, and huge development potential of internet gaming disorder (IGD), it is extremely necessary to develop a protective model to prevent and intervene with it among young people. Based on the developmental assets theory, the present study adopted a two-wave longitudinal design to evaluate the cumulative effects of developmental assets on IGD, as well as the underlying mechanisms during this specific period. Data were collected from a sample of 1023 adolescents in Hubei province, Central China through self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that (1) developmental assets were negatively associated with adolescents' IGD concurrently and longitudinally; (2) the overall developmental assets had cumulative effects in linear patterns on adolescents' IGD, concurrently and longitudinally; and (3) internal developmental assets mediated the relationship between external developmental assets and adolescents' IGD longitudinally. Theoretically, the present study supports the developmental assets theory and expands the literature about developmental assets and IGD in younger generations. Practically, the present study provides guidance for prevention and intervention of IGD among adolescents during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Comprehensive measures should be taken to assist in developing positive internal and external resources to promote youth thriving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic impact caused by the outbreak and dynamic evolution of COVID-19 has reduced employees' psychological security (PS), which not only threatens the physical and mental health of employees but also seriously affects the stable operation and sustainable development of enterprises. PS has been determined to be closely related to daily life experiences. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the types and combinations of life events that improve employees' PS during the pandemic. Cross-sectional data came from 764 enterprise employees in 8 provinces and cities in China during the pandemic period. The participants completed the PS scale to evaluate their PS, and the PS events scale to evaluate the different types of daily life events they experienced. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods were used to test the research hypothesis. The results of MRA suggest that rich leisure activities (RLA), harmonious family relationship (HFR), stable economic order (SEO) and recognition and support from others (RSO) are important life events that enhance employees' PS. The results of fsQCA suggest that the independent role of SEO, the combined role of sound social security system (SSSS), peace and health events (PHE) and HFR, the combined role of PHE, fulfilling work/life status (FWLS), SEO and RSO can substitute for each other to promote employees' high PS. This article reveals the contribution of daily life events to the PS of enterprise employees, and provides an empirical basis for formulating corresponding intervention measures to promote the physical and mental health of enterprise employees and effective enterprise management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There had been an information epidemic during the COVID-19, which led to a lot of adverse network behavior among Internet users. From the perspective of cognition and emotion, this study focused on exploring the influence mechanism of pessimism on undergraduates' adverse network behavior, and introduced the mediating variable of negative affect and risk perception. In this study, a cross-sectional questionnaire was used to evaluate pessimism, negative affect, risk perception and adverse network behavior of undergraduates to explore the characteristics of network behaviors of undergraduates during the COVID-19. 600 undergraduates from three universities in a city in China were selected as participants, among whom 312 students are female and 288 students are male. The results are as follows: (1) Pessimism is positively correlated with adverse network behavior, and pessimism has a significant positive effect on adverse network behavior. (2) Pessimism is positively correlated with negative affect, and negative affect is positively correlated with adverse network behavior. The mediating effect analysis shows that the mediating effect of negative affect on the relationship between pessimistic personality and adverse network behavior has statistical significance. (3) Pessimism is positively correlated with risk perception and risk perception is positively correlated with adverse network behavior. The mediating effect analysis shows that the mediating effect of risk perception on the relationship between pessimistic personality and adverse network behavior has statistical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality is distal vulnerability of negative emotions and vital to mental health. Dark Triad was significantly correlated with negative emotions, whereas the mechanisms beneath the relationships were less clear. Based on life history strategy theory (LHS) and cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress model, the study explored the relationships between Dark Triad and negative emotions and investigated the roles of negative coping style and state boredom in the relationships aforementioned during the strict period of COVID-19 lockdown in China. 464 participants (Mage = 36.78 years; SD = 10.53) finished a package of measurements online including Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Short Dark Triad (SD3), Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS), and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). The results showed there were positive relationships between Dark Triad and depression, anxiety and stress. Moreover, the relationships between Dark Triad and negative emotions were sequentially mediated by negative coping style and state boredom. The present study offered fascinating perspectives in the relationships between Dark Triad and negative emotions, and revealed how Dark Triad affected depression, anxiety and stress during the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic and strict lockdown among Chinese population. The present results may provide important implications for the prevention and intervention of depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Specifically, the intervention strategies that focus on reducing Dark Triad, negative coping and boredom may help offset occurrence of negative emotional states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression increased sharply during the initial months of COVID-19, but how it developed over time is rarely explored, especially for adolescents. The current study measured depression of 605 final year high school students in China over 11 months in 4 waves. The latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was used to examine overall trends in depression and latent class growth modeling (LCGM) was used to identify potential subgroups of adolescents' depressive trajectories. At the same time, gender, life events, and rumination were included as time-invariant covariates. Overall, the development of depression in the final year of high school students showed a slight downward trend. Meanwhile, the depression trajectories showed heterogeneity, and three categories of depression trajectories were identified, which were low-stable (24.3%), depression-risk (67.9%), and high-stable (7.8%). Neuroticism, rumination, and life events such as punishment and loss were found to significantly predict these trajectories of depression. This study helps to characterize differential depression trajectories among adolescents throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and establish several related predictors of the trajectory of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an exploratory research that seeks to investigate how ideology predicts Taiwanese perceptions of cross-strait relations, including attitudes toward Taiwan independence, perceptions of mainland China and Chinese people, Chinese invasion of Taiwan, and Chinese democracy. We took an inductive approach to left-right differences in Taiwan to offer a more systematic empirical understanding of ideology beyond the West. To do so, we conducted a nationally representative survey among adult Taiwan citizens (N = 1,350). Findings revealed that those who identified with the Left (vs. Right) tended to demonstrate more negative perceptions of cross-strait relations. Specifically, the political left is more negative about the outlook of Chinese democracy while favoring Taiwan independence, than the political right. Furthermore, the political left perceives both mainland China and the Chinese people more negatively than the political right. These findings underscore the role of ideology for a full comprehension of cross-strait relations, as they indicated a fundamental difference between the political left vs. right in terms of perceptions of cross-strait relations. The present research extends existing political psychology literature on ideology and international relations, particularly in the East Asian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the development of students' higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in the smart classroom environment, a structural equation modeling analysis was used to examine the key factors and mechanisms of such skills. A total of 660 primary and secondary school students with smart classroom learning experiences in mainland China were surveyed using the self-efficacy, learning experience, learning motivation, and higher-order thinking development scales. Correlation analysis using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 showed that students' attitudes toward the use of smart devices, learning experience, self-efficacy, and learning motivation positively affected their HOTS. In particular, students' attitudes toward the use of smart devices and self-efficacy positively influenced their learning experience and motivation, respectively. In addition, learning experience positively mediated self-efficacy and learning motivation. Based on these findings, this study provides several suggestions for improving students' HOTS in a smart classroom environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have primarily concentrated on the factors influencing bullying at the individual level; few studies have explored it at the collective level. To fill this research gap, this research explored the relationship between classroom norms of bullying and group school bullying, the moderating role of group identity, and the mediating role of collective moral disengagement and collective guilt at the class level. This is a cross-sectional study, a total of 1025 middle school students in 29 classes in China were surveyed in the fall semester of 2020 (Mage = 14.82 years; 49% female). The results confirmed that: (1) classroom norms of bullying were positively correlated with group school bullying; (2) group identity moderated the relationship between classroom norms of bullying and group school bullying; (3) this moderating effect is owing to the mediating effect of collective moral disengagement and collective guilt. Hence, the role of classroom norms, as well as students' moral cognition and emotion, should be considered in the prevention and intervention of group school bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, and the disease carries a serious physical and psychological burden that creates negative emotions among patients. The negative emotions limits patients' ability to manage their disease and prevents them from effectively delaying disease progression. In this study, we applied a network analysis to explore the network relationship between negative emotions and self-management in patients with CKD and to investigate the risk or protective effects of different components of negative emotions on self-management. The study was conducted from September 2021 to March 2022 in three tertiary hospitals in China, with data gathered via a convenience sampling method. 360 patients with CKD at stages 1 ~ 3 in the department of nephrology completed the Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale and Chronic Kidney Disease Self-management Instrument. We used R4.1.1 software to estimate the network model and calculate the related indicators. The network showed that among negative emotions "irritated" was negatively correlated with "self-integration", "problem solving", "seeking social support" and "adherence to recommended regimen" in self-management. The correlations between "scared" and "self-integration", "nervous" and "problem solving", and "ashamed" and "seeking social support" were all positive. The bridge expected influence of "irritated" and "adherence to recommended regimen" were the highest, with values of -0.19 and 0.13, respectively. "Irritated" has a more obvious risk effect on self-management. This study provides an important target for interventions to reduce negative emotions and improve self-management ability in patients with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is considered that high emotional intelligence teams bring high innovation performance to team members by improving their creative self-efficacy, but there is a lack of empirical research on its mechanism and whether it is scientific. The study constructs the cross-level mechanism model of team emotional intelligence on employee creative self-efficacy and innovation performance, discusses how team emotional intelligence affects employees' innovation performance, the mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy, and moderating role of team identity. The study uses multi-level data from multiple sources, namely, 50 teams and 250 team members from different firms in China. The results show that: Team emotional intelligence has a cross-level positive impact on employees' innovation performance; Team emotional intelligence has a significant positive impact on creative self-efficacy, creative self-efficacy has a significant positive impact on employees' innovation performance, and creative self-efficacy plays a mediating effect between team emotional intelligence and employees' innovation performance; Team identity plays a positive moderating role between team emotional intelligence and creative self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon the social cognitive career theory (SCCT), this study tested the social cognitive model of well-being which seeks to explain student life experience i.e., the relationship between positive affect with environmental support available to international students; mediated by cognitive and behavioral factors (self-efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, goal progress), towards the paths of academic satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction. Two hundred and ninety-four international students completed the survey questionnaire. Structural Equational Modelling (SEM) was used to test the overall model, alongside Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test the model fitness. The SEM-based path analyses showed that the overall model fits the data well. Moreover, all the hypotheses were supported except for four paths (academic support → academic outcome expectation; academic outcome expectation → academic satisfaction, academic goal progress → life satisfaction; positive affectivity → academic satisfaction). Study findings also support the applicability of the social cognitive model of well-being; specifically, this demonstrates the power of particular predictor variables significant for student satisfaction and well-being. The study adds to the existing literature on the cross-cultural utility of the social cognitive model of well-being. Practical and theoretical implications as well as limitations and future recommendations are discussed at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current study is to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and financial well-being, for which the multiple mediating influences of intrinsic career goals and work need satisfaction are considered in combination with the self-determination theory. To verify the claimed association, a questionnaire study was conducted to gather information from 358 working adults in three under-developed regions of China. The results show that mindfulness positively influenced financial well-being. At the same time, intrinsic career goals and work need satisfaction act as parallel mediators between mindfulness and financial well-being. Nevertheless, the results don't support the chained mediation from intrinsic career goals to work need satisfaction between mindfulness and financial well-being. Such findings offer insightful recommendations for enhancing financial well-being in the workplace through self-regulation of behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing older workers' bridge employment intentions is critical in the current context of an aging workplace. Based on psychological contract and social exchange theories, this study explores the person-context transactions process in increasing bridge employment intentions. We conducted two sub-studies, Study 1 (N = 231) used two-wave time-lagged survey data to explore the mediating role of psychological contract types in the effect of three job crafting strategies on bridge employment intentions; Study 2 (N = 156) used a two-by-two (high emotional support/baseline × high/low compensation support) between-subjects experimental design to further explore the differences in the moderation of organizational resource support in the effect of psychological contract types on bridge employment intentions. Results in Study 1 found that accommodative and utilization crafting enhanced bridge employment intentions through shaping relational contract, and developmental crafting enhanced bridge employment intentions through shaping transactional contract. Results in Study 2 found that emotional support (perceived inclusive experience) boosted relationship-oriented older workers' intention to bridge employment, but compensation support (perceived) boosted transaction-oriented older workers' intention, and reduced relationship-oriented older workers' intention. The findings provide a new perspective on psychological contract types for research related to enhancing older workers' intention to bridge employment, and offers important implications for aging workforce management of organizations in China and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety and depression are common among adolescents in China, and evidence shows that subthreshold depression has a strong relationship with depression. This study uses network analysis to investigate comorbid anxiety and depression and their associations with response styles among Chinese adolescents with subthreshold depression. 371 Participants completed measures of assessing the anxious and depressvie symptoms, and the response styles. Bridge symptoms were calculated to identify, respectively, anxiety and depression networks' main symptoms. A flow network of response styles was used as we investigated specific relationships among anxiety, depression, and response style. Network analysis revealed physiological and affective symptoms, where affect may be positive or depressed, were central. The most noticeable bridge symptoms were physical and somatic. Depressed affect and physical symptoms were positively correlated with rumination, while harm avoidance had a weak positive correlation with distraction. Timely interventions targeting both sets of symptoms are needed for the alleviation and prevention of depressive symptoms and anxiety. Depressed affect and harm avoidance have links to rumination and distraction, which increases comprehension of how response styles are related to depression as well as anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking, as a significant public health problem worldwide, deserves more attention. This research intended to assess the prevalence rate of smoking among college students self-identified as lesbian or gay, examine whether depression mediated the association between social support and smoking, and explore whether disclosure moderated the indirect effect of the mediation model. All data were collected by online questionnaires, yielding a total of 1,109 homosexual college students involved in the analysis. A moderated mediation analysis was adopted to uncover the connection between social support, depression, and cigarette smoking, with disclosure as the moderator. The prevalence of smoking was 7.4%, and lesbian females (12.5%) were more likely to report smoking than gay males (5.2%). Depression fully mediated the effects of social support on cigarette smoking (coefficient ab = −0.0097, 95% Boot CI: −0.0174 to −0.0029), accounting for 97.0% of the total effect. Further moderated mediation analyses revealed the indirect effect of depression was statistically significant in both disclosed (effect = 0.0737, 95% Boot CI: 0.0005 to 0.1502) and non-disclosed groups (effect = −0.0109, 95% Boot CI: −0.0183 to −0.0039). The prevalence of smoking among homosexual college students in China should not be neglected, especially among lesbian students. Interventions, such as encouraging greater disclosure and expanding social support, may help break the link between depression and smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research have revealed the positive impact of trust on employee's creativity. Given that perception is the precursor of action, influence of trust on creativity tends to occur through employees' perception and the process of the perceptual reaction of the self, which, however, fail to gain extensive attention in literature. Drawing on theories of social exchange and self-consistency, we develop a model to understand how employees in collectivistic cultures evaluate feeling trusted and regulate themselves in creativity by considering the role of self-concept. We test our model using a time-lagged design to collect data from the supervisor–subordinate dyads in two stages in China. Results show that organization-based self-esteem mediate the positive relationship between feeling trusted and creativity, and interdependent self-construal plays a moderating role in such relationship. Specifically, for subordinates with high interdependent self-construal, the positive relationship between organization-based self-esteem and creativity is not significant. Our research provide insight into how self-concept shapes the impact of leadership in term of trust on creativity theoretically, and practically contribute to management of trust and encouragement on employees' creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are abundant studies on counterfeiting luxury products in developed and underdeveloped countries. However, there is a lack of multi-country studies on Pakistan and China that have taken a holistic approach to ethical aspects and attitudes. Because of this gap and inconsistent results related to ethics, religiosity, and integrity, this study has examined the effects of the ethics-related variable (Idealism, relativism, intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, moral judgment, ethics, and integrity) on the attitudes of Chinese and Pakistani consumers towards counterfeit luxury products. In this study, we have developed a model that we tested through Smart PLS 3.0 on the respondents of China and Pakistan separately. The sample size for the Chinese Model and Pakistan model was 250 each. The results of the Chinese Model support all the hypotheses except four, which are the association between (a) relativism and attitude, (b) extrinsic religiosity and attitude, (c) integrity and attitude, and (d) ethics and attitude. The results of the Pakistani model support all the hypotheses except three, which are the influence of (a) relativism on attitude, (b) external religiosity on attitude, and (c) integrity on attitude. Most of the moral and ethical-related elements have an association with attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employees' psychological health and resilience in times of emergency and general uncertainty was chosen due to the immense implications for economics, entrepreneurs, psychologists and psychiatrists, and policymakers. This study aims to provide an insight into uncertainty-induced anxiety and depression among Chinese employees in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. Analysis performed in the context of China in the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath is significant due to the universal nature of external shock impact on psychological welfare, applicable across nations and business sectors and in similar contexts. The statistical analysis was performed with SEM software AMOS version 23. The research model consisting of fear of COVID-19, job insecurity, anxiety, depression, was empirically tested. A purposive sampling technique was applied with the online questionnaire shared with employees in companies located in China. Respondents were working in educational services, information technology, engineering, electronics, and other sectors on white-collar jobs. The data collection was conducted from May to August 2020, in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. The research sample consisting of 283 respondents was used for analysis. Path analysis was performed, and standardized parameter estimates, standard errors, and p-values were calculated. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of job insecurity on depression and anxiety. Furthermore, results indicate that the fear of COVID-19 significantly impacts anxiety and depression but does not impact job insecurity. The findings can be used in a multidisciplinary effort to mitigate the psychological damage. Furthermore, they complement the ongoing epidemiological and scientific discourse on people's personal health and choice of coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, this study examines entrepreneurial self-efficacy and identification with the leader as mediating mechanisms that account for the cross-level relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial intentions. This study also establishes the moderating role of (a) individualism between entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial intentions, and (b) collectivism between entrepreneurial leadership and personal identification with the leader. We collected data through self-administered questionnaires from IT professionals working in small and medium-sized IT solution provider firms. To enhance the generalizability, samples were selected from China (n = 234) and Pakistan (n = 209). Further, a multi-level research design was used for analysis. The results showed that entrepreneurial leadership has a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial intentions. The results for the mediating effects showed that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and identification with the leader significantly mediated between entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial intentions. The moderating effects results supported the moderating effects of (a) individualism on entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and (b) collectivism on entrepreneurial leadership and personal identification with the leader. The conditional indirect effects of entrepreneurial leadership on entrepreneurial intentions via entrepreneurial self-efficacy and identification with the leader were high at high individualism and high collectivism, respectively. This study, for the first time, establishes relationships between entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial intentions in Asian economies. Our study complements and extends the entrepreneurship and leadership literature in developing countries' contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasiveness of social networking sites (SNSs) has led to renewed interest in the topic of online compulsive buying. These platforms possess unique characteristics that facilitate both social comparison and buying behavior. However, little research has explored the relationship between upward social comparison and online compulsive buying in the context of Chinese SNSs. Moreover, little is known about the underlying mechanism mediating and moderating this association. Drawing the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model (I-PACE) for addictive behaviors, this study developed and examined a moderated mediation model which integrates upward social comparison on SNSs, online compulsive buying, envy, and gratitude to address this gap. The data was collected from 616 college students in China and analyzed using latent moderated structural equation. The results reveal that upward social comparison on SNSs could positively predict online compulsive buying, and envy partially mediates this relationship. Interestingly, gratitude moderates the effects of upward social comparison on envy, that is, envy is a moderated mediator. Specifically, college students with high gratitude experience less envy in upward social comparison compared to those who with low gratitude. These findings are not only valuable for understanding the underlying mechanisms linking social comparison on SNSs and online compulsive buying, but also contribute to the development of psychological intervention programs (e.g., intervention based on gratitude or envy) aiming at reducing people's online compulsive buying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of high technologies, there is a constant need for facilitating the changes in our lives. Among them, the online platform economy has been growing remarkably for a decade. This paradigm created a new labor market suggested several alternative work arrangements because it mediated works that are very attractive to those who want to use their free time to make money. In the nearly two years since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, online platform workers also experienced changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Those who advocate for online work claim that it provides career opportunities by providing resources like greater work autonomy and a high potential for work–nonwork integration, resulting in more boundaryless, individualized, and whole life careers. All these factors led us to consider how we work, what we value in our workplace, and what motivates us. Among them, motivation is one of the key roles of management because it leads to and sustains behavior. However, prior studies have focused on the theoretical description of platform work motivation, and little is known about motivation causality from a behavioral perspective. This study aims to identify what leads people to become involved in online platform work. In detail. this research examined survey results related to what makes workers dominant in the platform labor market and attempted to explain all the previous phenomena based on the background of self-determination theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the lasting effects of childhood experiences of being left behind on the cognitive abilities of Chinese adults. To investigate the impact of children being left behind on adult cognitive capacity, we utilized an instrumental variable (IV) approach and the instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) method with data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The results reveal that childhood experiences of being left behind, especially by mothers during late childhood, have significant negative effects on cognitive abilities in adulthood. Short-term and long-term left-behind experiences both have detrimental effects on cognitive development. Women, those born in the late 1980s, individuals from middle and low-income households, those living in rural areas, and those with siblings are more vulnerable to these effects.The IVQR analysis demonstrates that the negative effects of childhood experiences of being left behind are more pronounced among those with lower levels of cognitive ability. Furthermore, our findings suggest that educational human capital could serve as a possible channel linking early left-behind experiences to adult cognitive ability. Our research provides a better understanding of how parental migration can impact the cognitive development of children left behind in China and other developing countries in the long term. These study results may assist policymakers in implementing measures to protect left-behind children from negative repercussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As interest in competitive sports continues to grow, the demand for sports talent also increases. Talent development is not only a social and cultural process, but also one of mutual adaptation between talent and environment. The key elements of the macro environment of talent development are the social environment and the values and customs of the athletes' own culture, while the key elements of the micro environment of talent development are the athletes' interpersonal relationships and support elements provided through parents, coaches, and peers. To cultivate elite athletes, the influencing factors of the sports talent development environment must be analyzed. Thus, using relevant theories from the existing literature, the current study proposes a hypothesis of the influencing factors and structural equation model of sports talent development environment. A total sample of 352 athletes (M = 13.96 years, 63.35% male) was gathered from the national sports reserve talent base, college sports teams, and professional sportsmen. Data was collected using the Likert six-level scale of the sports talent development environment, which was then analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The results show that the athlete's training environment, support network, family characteristics, communication, and team conditions were all factors which had a positive and significant impact on the construction of sports talents' development environment. The findings of this study contribute to the theoretical foundation for the enhancement of the sports talent development environment in China, the cultivation of high-quality sports talent, and the promotion of healthy and stable sports development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale is the most commonly used environmental attitude measure around the world but is still plagued by its confusing dimensional structures. The same has existed in China for more than 10 years, and there are still significant problems with the improvement solutions available. From a psychometric perspective, the wording effect arising from mixed wording directions is considered the leading cause. Based on a Chinese national-level data set, our study examined this effect in the NEP scale using an emerging bi-factor modeling approach. The results indicate that all items can be loaded on a general NEP factor while negatively worded items need to be additionally loaded on a method factor. The absence of this method factor can lead to biased results. Overall, the optimal way to use the NEP scale is to retain all items and control the wording effect through a bi-factor model before further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a moderated mediation model that examines how and when unethical pro-supervisor behavior is related to employees' family satisfaction. The two-wave study design consisted of 207 full-time employees in China. The study results indicate that unethical pro-supervisor behavior is negatively related to family satisfaction, and that workplace ostracism mediates the influence of unethical pro-supervisor behavior on family satisfaction. In addition, the relationship between workplace ostracism and family satisfaction as well as the indirect influence of unethical pro-supervisor behavior on family satisfaction through workplace ostracism, are moderated by employees' work–home segmentation preference. The study findings not only enrich the literature on unethical pro-supervisor behavior, but also have important practical implications for organizational managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musical interpretations in the context of higher education can enhance creative thinking skills. This study primarily aims to provide the results of the influence of musical interpretation of Western music on the development of creative thinking skills among musician students through pre-tests and post-tests. The results of the post-test showed that the level of the development of the creative skills of the control group students has hardly changed, which confirmed that the classical music curriculum without additional musical practice does not lead to creativity improvement and development. The post-test results also demonstrated noticeable decrease in the number of participants with a low level of creativity development: in the "knowledge of genres" category, there was a decrease by 12%, "improvisation, composition and theory" – by 8.5%, "aspects of performance" – by 12.5%. The results of the research can help to shape the experience of using musical interpretations in the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between indigenous psychological capital (i.e., task-oriented psychological capital and guanxi-oriented psychological capital) and adolescent problematic Internet use (PIU) in the context of Chinese culture. The participants were 980 adolescents (Mage = 14.99, SD = 1.69) recruited from two middle schools in southern China. They provided self-report data on indigenous psychological capital and PIU as well as demographic variables at the beginning and the end of a school year. After controlling for gender and stressful life events, the results showed that (1) Task-oriented psychological capital and guanxi-oriented psychological capital at the beginning of the school year respectively predicted adolescent PIU at the end of the school year. (2) PIU at the beginning of the school year negatively predicted individuals' task-oriented and guanxi-oriented psychological capital at the end of the school year. (3) There were no gender differences in bidirectional relationship between indigenous psychological capital and Chinese adolescents' PIU. These findings help us understand the causes and results of PIU among Chinese adolescents and inspire related interventions for PIU and psychological capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the association between household characteristics, perceived family support (PFS), and the developmental outcomes (resilience, academic performance, and prosociality) among at-risk students. Our large sample included 1564 primary and secondary school students from poor rural China (M = 11.55 years old). Having a caregiver whose resilience score was in the top 50% of the sample was associated with a 0.48-point increase (or 0.31 d effect size), while having a migrant mother was correlated with a 0.26-point decrease (or 0.17 d effect size). PFS was a significant (p < 0.0001) mediator between household characteristics and developmental outcomes. Our study highlights the link between caregiver resilience and PFS, and the healthy functioning of disadvantaged students in a developing context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence has accumulated showing that social media use is an effective tool for stimulating employees' creativity. However, knowledge about why and when social media use relates to creativity is limited. The present study examined the relationship between social media use and creativity, the mediating role of psychological need satisfaction, and the moderating role of conscientiousness. The participants were 462 full-time employees recruited from multiple industries in China. Path analyses and bootstrapping were conducted to examine the hypotheses using SPSS 22.0 and MPLUS 7.4. The results showed that social media use was positively associated with psychological need satisfaction, and that psychological need satisfaction was positively associated with creativity. Moreover, psychological need satisfaction mediated the relationship between social media use and creativity. Finally, conscientiousness accentuated the positive relationship between social media use and psychological need satisfaction, as well as the indirect positive relationship between social media use and creativity through psychological need satisfaction. These findings provide insights into the mechanism and boundary conditions pertinent to management's guidance of employees' social media use and enhancement of their creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding others' thoughts and feelings is a social-cognitive capacity known as the theory of mind (ToM). Previous studies have attempted to explore children's ToM from a specific domain (personal or moral) while lacking comprehensive evidence across domains. Based on the social domain theory, the present study is the first in our knowledge to explore the developmental characteristics of the ToM within different domains of left-behind preschoolers in rural China. This study used a mixed experimental design of 3 (age groups: 4-, 5-, 6-year-old) × 2 (left-behind status: left-behind, non-left-behind) × 3 (domain types: moral, conventional, personal) with 231 rural children aged 4–6 years, combined with a story–question approach to explore the developmental characteristics of their ToM in moral, conventional, and personal domains through tasks, such as rule awareness and false beliefs. The results showed significant main effects of age group, left-behind status, and domain type. Moreover, the interaction effect of age group and domain type was significant. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) The developmental level of the ToM in moral, conventional, and personal domains of rural preschoolers increased with age and the older preschoolers had a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the ToM in each domain; (2) The experience of being left behind was detrimental to the development of preschoolers' ToM in each domain; (3) There were differences in children's development in the moral-, conventional-, and personal-related ToM tasks, with the personal domain ToM developing more slowly; (4) The younger preschoolers showed a clear differentiation between the domains of ToM, with a higher level of development in domains of morality and convention. As preschoolers get older, their performance in the domains becomes more comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-established findings regarding the negative effect of impostor phenomenon (IP) on individuals' career development, we know little about its underlying mechanism. It is also unclear whether IP differentially affects the way men and women manage their careers. Drawn upon ego depletion theory, we explored the relationship among IP, gender, ego depletion, and career preparatory activities via an experiment and a two-wave survey conducted in China. The results showed that the negative relationship between IP and career preparatory activities was mediated by ego depletion. We further found that gender moderated the indirect effect of IP on career preparatory activities via ego depletion, and this effect was stronger for women than men. Based on these new findings, some theoretical and practical implications were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]