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Keroplatidae is a family of Diptera that is poorly known and with scarce previous studies in Colombia, with only five species in four genera, and another five genera with non-identified species. This paper provides an extensive revision of the Keroplatidae from Colombia, with specimens collected along different altitudinal gradients, from Amazonian areas to Andean mountains. We found 17 genera, nine of these represent new records for Colombia (Cerotelion, Heteropterna, Placoceratias, Platyroptilon, Lapyruta, Micrapemon, Plautyra, Pyrtaula and Xenoplatyura). Additionally, the distribution in Colombia is extended for the genera Isoneuromyia, Keroplatus, Lyprauta, Macrocera, Neoceroplatus, Neoditomyia, Neoplatyura and Proceroplatus. For each genus we present a diagnosis, annotations of their biology based on literature and new field observations, and a distribution map.

The Atlantic Forest is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, but despite the comparatively large number of published reptile inventories already available for this region, large geographic gaps remain unfilled. The purpose of this paper is to provide a list of reptile species recorded in the Área de Proteção Ambiental doCatolé e Fernão Velho (APACFV), a 37 km2 peri-urban protected area in the northern Atlantic Forest in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. Based on a review of reptile specimens and photo-graphs collected over 27 years, a total of 65 species belonging to three orders and 22 families occur in the APACFV: three turtle families (4 spp.), one alligator family (2 spp.), 12 non-snake lizard families (24 spp.), and six snake families (35 spp.). Despite the imperilment of the biota of this region, only one of the recorded species is included on the endangered species list of the Brazilian government (Amero-typhlops paucisquamus, Vulnerable), and none are categorized as threatened under the Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The reptile assemblage in the APACFV is among the most diverse documented for Alagoas, and this list is an important step to inform management strategies in this protected area.

José Celestino Mutis, mostly known for his contributions in the botanical field, however; made signifi-cant, if little known, scientific additions in fields from mathematics to zoology. In this paper, I present to the public, for the first time, Mutis’ work on ichthyology in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the colonial Spanish denomination for the northern part of South America that includes the present-day countries of Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, work that, as Linnaeus himself stated, will immortalize Mutis for future generations.

Amphisbaena mertensii is a worm lizard species from South America. Because of its subterranean life-style, data on its biology are scarce. In this paper, we present the first record of A. mertensii as prey of a bird, the wood rail Aramides cajaneus. We also review the geographic range of this species, reporting it for 114 localities from west-central Brazil to northeastern Argentina. We update the range of precloacal pores in A. mertensii from 5–8 to 4–8, and report the largest individual of this species with a 458 mm snout-vent length.

Home gardens are important reservoirs of agricultural diversity essential to support food security in rural communities. In this paper, we describe the richness and composition of species and varieties of plants used for food in home gardens of the municipality of San Pablo in the Middle Magdalena Basin of Colombia, and discuss its possible relations with a set of socio-economic and structural variables. A survey was conducted in 20 home gardens where semi structured questionnaires were administered to the head of each household, and all plants used as food were recorded. The physical characteristics of the home gardens varied widely. Farmers’ ages varied between 28-90 years and the most frequent level of schooling was primary education. In total, 75 species represented by 162 varieties were found. Plantains (Musa x paradisiaca), mangos (Mangifera indica), guavas (Psidium guajava) and cassavas (Manihot esculenta) were the most diverse and frequent crops across gardens. The mean number of species per home garden was 17.5 (SD = 7.1), ranging from 6 to 33. On average 48% of the species recorded were fruits, followed by spices (17%), roots and tubers (12%) and vegetables (9%). Significant correlations were found between food plant richness and farmers’ ages (rs = 0.461, p = 0.04) and food plant richness and number of family members (rs = -0.487, p = 0.03). Home gardens of San Pablo are important regional agrobiodiversity reservoirs that support families’ nutrition.

Peatlands are permanently flooded wetland ecosystems that accumulate organic matter, which is what makes them carbon sinks and resevoirs. Peatlands that are located in páramos help to maintain water balance in surrounding ecosystems and regulate the distribution of the water used by human communities. Currently, peatlands are affected by climate change, which disrupts the balance between plant production and decomposition. Peatlands dominated by Distichia muscoides are particularly important since they depend on glacial hydrology. This paper presents a climatic reconstruction over the last 200 years, based on the vegetation succession history recorded in core samples from two peatlands located in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy. The reconstructed vegetation was compared with historical records of temperature and precipitation. Our results showed differences in the trajectories followed by the vegetation, with an increase in plant production and dominance of D. muscoides over the last two decades related to increases in temperature. The positive water balance generated by the global increase in temperature and glacial melting results in an abundance of vascular plants in the turbera. The effect of the El Niño event of 1998 is reflected in a major change in the trajectories of the vegetation at the two sites, with Sphagnum peat being replaced by peat formed from different mosses, limiting the ability of the peatland to store organic matter. The effects of climate change are multiplied by phenomena such as El Niño that can rapidly alter the evolution of an ecosystem, even one as highly resilient as peatlands.

Ants inhabit and exploit the most varied habitats from the underground to the forest canopy. However, studies on the diversity of arboreal ants are less frequent in the Amazon. In this paper we list arboreal ant species sampled in understory along four transects in a forest remnant in a South Amazonian landscape. The list includes 32 species, of which three (9 %) are new records for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, one of these species being sampled for the first time in Brazil.

The present paper redescribes and illustrates five common species of Hymenoscyphus, H. caudatus, H. serotinus, H. affin. scutulus, H. Iasiopodtum & H.sclerogenus, from Colombia and adjacent regions in South America. Emphasis is given to discussions of anatomical and morphological variability and host specificity of the species included. Inoperculate Discomycetes are generally small Ascomycetes producing an apothecium as their sexual fruiting structure. The largest order, the Helotiales, contains 5 families: Dermateaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae and Leotiaceae, In recent years there have been several monographic and submonographic studies on selected genera within these families, but no definitive studies on the principal family, Leotiaceae (previously referred to as the Helotiaceae), has been prepared. These studies have resulted in a better understanding of some of the family limits, but most of the generic limits still remain vague and confused. This is especially true for Hymenoscyphus (previously referred to by most workers as Helotium), which for decades has been the depository for small Discomycetes of uncertain affinities. White (1942, 1942-a, 1943, 1944) began to work systematically through the species of Hymenoscyphus and to bring order out of the existing chaos. His carefully prepared descriptions, meticulously drawn illustrations, and long synonymies were the real important contribution to the understanding of the genus. The most recent attempts to studyHymenoscyphus have been by Dennis, who summarized his works in 1964 (Dennis, 1964). However, as Dennis himself points out, he was unable to come to a sound understanding and arrangement of the species because of the extent of the problems, and the resulting treatment is rather artificial. He relied heavily upon substrate and geographical relations, rather than true morphological similarities. We agree with Dennis, that this has resulted in the separation of closely related taxa and an "unnecessary proliferation of names". Although Dennis contributions were extraordinary in terms of the number of described species he examined and in his literature searches, he did not have at his disposal necessary tropical collections for a complete comprehension of the individual species and/or the entire genus. Further, as pointed out by Dumont (1976), because of limited collections Dennis was unable to understand the full morphological and geographical variation of certain species and recognized several taxa, when in the final analysis only one existed. Many of these deficiencies are apparent in his monumental work on "The Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries" (Dennis, 1970). InHymenoscyphus for example, he included only seven species (in his 1964 treatment he included more than 70 species for the world), and of these three, H. crocatus , H. caracassensis and H.atrosubiculatum have been removed from the genus by Dumont (1974) and Dumont and Pal (1978). Arendholz (1979) has recently provided a very important contribution to the understanding of several species of leaf inhabiting species ofHymenoscyphus. Again, as with previous workers, his work stressed temperate collections and temperate species. The purpose of the present study is to report the findings of some of our tropical collecting, to expand the understanding of five species of Hymenoscyphus which appear to be common in northern South America, to discuss the morphological variability observed, and to comment on the host or substrate specificity (or lack of it) within certain taxa. The materials and methods used during these studies are the same as those reported by Dumont (1972). The following is a key to the five species reported herein.The present paper redescribes and illustrates five common species of Hymenoscyphus, H. caudatus, H. serotinus, H. affin. scutulus, H. Iasiopodtum & H. sclerogenus, from Colombia and adjacent regions in South America. Emphasis is given to discussions of anatomical and morphological variability and host specificity of the species included. Inoperculate Discomycetes are generally small Ascomycetes producing an apothecium as their sexual fruiting structure. The largest order, the Helotiales, contains 5 families: Dermateaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae and Leotiaceae, In recent years there have been several monographic and submonographic studies on selected genera within these families, but no definitive studies on the principal family, Leotiaceae (previously referred to as the Helotiaceae), has been prepared. These studies have resulted in a better understanding of some of the family limits, but most of the generic limits still remain vague and confused. This is especially true for Hymenoscyphus (previously referred to by most workers as Helotium), which for decades has been the depository for small Discomycetes of uncertain affinities. White (1942, 1942-a, 1943, 1944) began to work systematically through the species of Hymenoscyphus and to bring order out of the existing chaos. His carefully prepared descriptions, meticulously drawn illustrations, and long synonymies were the real important contribution to the understanding of the genus. The most recent attempts to study Hymenoscyphus have been by Dennis, who summarized his works in 1964 (Dennis, 1964). However, as Dennis himself points out, he was unable to come to a sound understanding and arrangement of the species because of the extent of the problems, and the resulting treatment is rather artificial. He relied heavily upon substrate and geographical relations, rather than true morphological similarities. We agree with Dennis, that this has resulted in the separation of closely related taxa and an "unnecessary proliferation of names". Although Dennis contributions were extraordinary in terms of the number of described species he examined and in his literature searches, he did not have at his disposal necessary tropical collections for a complete comprehension of the individual species and/or the entire genus. Further, as pointed out by Dumont (1976), because of limited collections Dennis was unable to understand the full morphological and geographical variation of certain species and recognized several taxa, when in the final analysis only one existed. Many of these deficiencies are apparent in his monumental work on "The Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries" (Dennis, 1970). In Hymenoscyphus for example, he included only seven species (in his 1964 treatment he included more than 70 species for the world), and of these three, H. crocatus , H. caracassensis and H. atrosubiculatum have been removed from the genus by Dumont (1974) and Dumont and Pal (1978). Arendholz (1979) has recently provided a very important contribution to the understanding of several species of leaf inhabiting species of Hymenoscyphus. Again, as with previous workers, his work stressed temperate collections and temperate species. The purpose of the present study is to report the findings of some of our tropical collecting, to expand the understanding of five species of Hymenoscyphus which appear to be common in northern South America, to discuss the morphological variability observed, and to comment on the host or substrate specificity (or lack of it) within certain taxa. The materials and methods used during these studies are the same as those reported by Dumont (1972). The following is a key to the five species reported herein.

In this paper, four species of Aristolochia are taxonomically revised for Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela: they are treated as a unit because they are the only herbaceous, efimbriate, perennial species native to this region. Described in the literature as more than a dozen taxa, they have never been comprehensively reviewed as a unit before. Our treatment includes full synonymy,specimens studied, discussions of relationships and maps of known distributions utilizing materials loaned to us by more than 35 herbaria.In this paper, four species of Aristolochia are taxonomically revised for Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela: they are treated as a unit because they are the only herbaceous, efimbriate, perennial species native to this region. Described in the literature as more than a dozen taxa, they have never been comprehensively reviewed as a unit before. Our treatment includes full synonymy,specimens studied, discussions of relationships and maps of known distributions utilizing materials loaned to us by more than 35 herbaria.

This paper is the result of the study of the scorpions collected in Gorgona Island, Colombia. Two species belonging to the buthidae family were collected; one already known to science: Tityus asthenes Pocock, 1893. The second one, a new species is described in this paper, Ananteris gorgonae. Some comments on the biogeography are also added. Este artículo es el resultado del estudio de los escorpiones de la Isla Gorgona, Colombia. Se encontraron dos especies pertenecientes a la familia Buthidae: Tityus asthenes Pocock, 1893, ya conocida para la ciencia, y Ananteris Gorgona,. una especie nueva que se describe aquí. Se adicionan también algunos comentarios biogeográficos.

Die Ensenada Granate nimmt innerhalb aller Buchten, die sich östlich an Santa Marta anschliessen, eine Sonderstellung ein, Während die Koralle Tubastrea tenuilamellosa in keiner der anderen Buchten nachgewiesen werden konnte, bedeckt sie hier etwa 90 Quadratmeter einer felsigen Unterhöhlung der Küste. Aufgrund dieser Besonderheit wird diese Bucht beschrieben. In einem vermessenen Unterwasserprofil konnten 26 Korallenarten gefunden und bestimmt werden. Um einen Ueberblick über alle lebenden Korallen dieser Bucht zu erhalten, wurde auch ihr westlicher und östlicher Teil nach Belegexemplaren abgesucht. Es konnten 10 weitere Korallenarten gefunden werden. Sie sind in der Artenliste mit ** bezeichnet.The Ensenada Granate takes a special position within all the bays joining eastward to Santa Marta. Whereas the coral Tubastrea tenuilamellosa couldn't be pointed out in any of the other bays, it covers in the Ensenada Granate about 90 m2 of a rock-cave of the coast. Because of this individuality this bay will be described in this paper. Twenty six different species of corals could be found and described in a measured underwater-profile. To get a survey of all the living corals of this bay, its western and eastern part was thoroughly searched, too, for proving the species. Ten other species could he found there. They are marked with ** in the list of species.The Ensenada Granate takes a special position within all the bays joining eastward to Santa Marta. Whereas the coral Tubastrea tenuilamellosa couldn't be pointed out in any of the other bays, it covers in the Ensenada Granate about 90 m2 of a rock-cave of the coast. Because of this individuality this bay will be described in this paper. Twenty six different species of corals could be found and described in a measured underwater-profile. To get a survey of all the living corals of this bay, its western and eastern part was thoroughly searched, too, for proving the species. Ten other species could he found there. They are marked with ** in the list of species.

Vampire bats are clearly members of the family Phyllostomatidae but their affinities within the family are less obvious. Investigations into the karyotypes of the three monotypic genera (Desmodus, Diaemus and Diphylla ) were made to determine if chromosomal data might reveal the phylogenetic affinities of the subfamily Desmodinae. The karyotypes of two genera have been described. In this paper we describe the karyotype of Diphylla, discuss the intrasubfamiIial variation and compare the karyotypic data of the Desmodinae to that of other subfamilies of the Phyllostomatidae.Vampire bats are clearly members of the family Phyllostomatidae but their affinities within the family are less obvious. Investigations into the karyotypes of the three monotypic genera (Desmodus, Diaemus and Diphylla ) were made to determine if chromosomal data might reveal the phylogenetic affinities of the subfamily Desmodinae. The karyotypes of two genera have been described. In this paper we describe the karyotype of Diphylla, discuss the intrasubfamiIial variation and compare the karyotypic data of the Desmodinae to that of other subfamilies of the Phyllostomatidae.

The present paper is a report on the marine fishes observed and studied on my trip to the Caribbean coast of Colombia during August and September of 1949, for slightly over a month's duration. This was made possible by a grant in aid from the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Fund by the American Philosophical Society. Leaving New York by steamer on August 12 I sailed to Barranquilla, arriving August 18, after which I proceeded to Cartagena, which I used as a base until my return from Barranquilla on September 8. During this interval very interesting opportunities were afforded to visit the fish market at Cartagena. When the influx of fishes brought in was large, as in fair weather or under favorable conditions, it was possible to see great numbers daily, so that I made several trips at times. The number of species seen varied from 30 to 50. I seldom missed finding at least one or more species daily that I had not seen previously. The present paper is a report on the marine fishes observed and studied on my trip to the Caribbean coast of Colombia during August and September of 1949, for slightly over a month's duration. This was made possible by a grant in aid from the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Fund by the American Philosophical Society. Leaving New York by steamer on August 12 I sailed to Barranquilla, arriving August 18, after which I proceeded to Cartagena, which I used as a base until my return from Barranquilla on September 8. During this interval very interesting opportunities were afforded to visit the fish market at Cartagena. When the influx of fishes brought in was large, as in fair weather or under favorable conditions, it was possible to see great numbers daily, so that I made several trips at times. The number of species seen varied from 30 to 50. I seldom missed finding at least one or more species daily that I had not seen previously.

Rumex and Polygonum, of the family polygonaceae, occur in some abundance both in Colombia and in the United states, and this paper is an attempt to correlate a study of the Colombian plants with what has been observed in the United states. Through the courtesy of Dr. William R. Maxon, Curator, the facilities of the United states National Herbarium have been made available, and this work has been financed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation of Madison, Wisconsin. The writer's collections and field observations were made in Colombia from March to December, 1944, during such times as would not interfere with his work for the Colombian Cinchona Mission. Mr. E. P. Killip, Dr. F. R. Fosberg and Mr. Joseph Ewan have given me the benefit of their experience in South American botany to make a number of helpful suggestions.Rumex and Polygonum, of the family polygonaceae, occur in some abundance both in Colombia and in the United states, and this paper is an attempt to correlate a study of the Colombian plants with what has been observed in the United states. Through the courtesy of Dr. William R. Maxon, Curator, the facilities of the United states National Herbarium have been made available, and this work has been financed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation of Madison, Wisconsin. The writer's collections and field observations were made in Colombia from March to December, 1944, during such times as would not interfere with his work for the Colombian Cinchona Mission. Mr. E. P. Killip, Dr. F. R. Fosberg and Mr. Joseph Ewan have given me the benefit of their experience in South American botany to make a number of helpful suggestions.

The bird collection (52 species and subspecies) treated in this paper was collected in the upper Cusiana River, eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. In the introduction are given geographical details of the proper area where the material was secured. This study is very important because of the little knowledge on the ornisof the Eastern Andes in Boyacá. Some light is thrown on the similarities and discrepancies between the avifaunas of Boyacá and Cundinamarca (Eastern Andes) and also on the relations with the adjacent regions of Venezuela. The intergradation of Atlapetes semirufus zimmeri with A. s. semirufus is discussed and the subspecies Hemispingus frontalis flavidorsalis isadded to the colombian avifauna. Previous local avifaunas of the Andes in Boyacá are: Borrero and Olivares (1955) and Olivares (1963).The bird collection (52 species and subspecies) treated in this paper was collected in the upper Cusiana River, eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. In the introduction are given geographical details of the proper area where the material was secured. This study is very important because of the little knowledge on the ornisof the Eastern Andes in Boyacá. Some light is thrown on the similarities and discrepancies between the avifaunas of Boyacá and Cundinamarca (Eastern Andes) and also on the relations with the adjacent regions of Venezuela. The intergradation of Atlapetes semirufus zimmeri with A. s. semirufus is discussed and the subspecies Hemispingus frontalis flavidorsalis isadded to the colombian avifauna. Previous local avifaunas of the Andes in Boyacá are: Borrero and Olivares (1955) and Olivares (1963).

Some time ago Brother Nicéforo, a well known naturalist of the Instituto de La Salle, Bogota, Colombia, very kindly presented a small collection of birds from his country to the United States National Museum. Although small in number of both specimens and species, it appears to have been a "picked" lot containing a surprising number of records of interest, some of which were undoubtedly puzzling to the collector. It is this material that is here reported on. As may be noted in the body of this paper, not only is a form of tinamou, hitherto undescribed, made known to science, but the recorded geographic ranges of some thirteen other birds are hereby extended, including two additions to the recorded avifauna of Colombia. Some time ago Brother Nicéforo, a well known naturalist of the Instituto de La Salle, Bogota, Colombia, very kindly presented a small collection of birds from his country to the United States National Museum. Although small in number of both specimens and species, it appears to have been a "picked" lot containing a surprising number of records of interest, some of which were undoubtedly puzzling to the collector. It is this material that is here reported on. As may be noted in the body of this paper, not only is a form of tinamou, hitherto undescribed, made known to science, but the recorded geographic ranges of some thirteen other birds are hereby extended, including two additions to the recorded avifauna of Colombia.

This paper describes a new species of characid fish, Creagrutus nigrostigmatus, which differs from all earlier known species of the genus in possessing a well-marked black horizontal caudaI bar, as well as in the spacing of the teeth on the premaxillaries and several other characters, such as the laterally compressed head, the dorsal origin almost exactly midway between the snout and the, last caudal vertebra, on a vertical line slightly behind a vertical line through the pelvic insertions. The new species has hitherto been found only in the creek Pechilin, in the department of Bolívar in northern Colombia. The author states that this creek seems to possess a rather peculiar fish thorough fauna and recomends a investigation. This paper describes a new species of characid fish, Creagrutus nigrostigmatus, which differs from all earlier known species of the genus in possessing a well-marked black horizontal caudaI bar, as well as in the spacing of the teeth on the premaxillaries and several other characters, such as the laterally compressed head, the dorsal origin almost exactly midway between the snout and the, last caudal vertebra, on a vertical line slightly behind a vertical line through the pelvic insertions. The new species has hitherto been found only in the creek Pechilin, in the department of Bolívar in northern Colombia. The author states that this creek seems to possess a rather peculiar fish thorough fauna and recomends a investigation.

In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the following paper contains description of eleven new species of the genus Lepturges Bates, with notes on another species. The genus Lepturges is one of the largest in the Tribe, and as many of the species are very small, probably many others remain unknown as yet. Fullkeys to the genus will follow in due course. In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the following paper contains description of eleven new species of the genus Lepturges Bates, with notes on another species. The genus Lepturges is one of the largest in the Tribe, and as many of the species are very small, probably many others remain unknown as yet. Fullkeys to the genus will follow in due course.

In my recent paper on American Caecilians (Dec. 1942, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool. 91, 6) the six then known specimens of Gymnopis from Colombia were regarded as of one species, G. nicefori Barbour, with a range from Cáceres in the Lower Cauca in northern Antioquia (alt. 150 m.) to Honda, Girardot and San Juan de Rioseco (alt. 1300 m.) in the Upper Magdalena valley. Later examination of four additional specimens from the Upper Magdalena valley, Honda (3) and Aguas Blancas in Tolima, seemed to confirm this view. It is therefore with some surprise that I find that a specimen of Gymnopis, taken by me at EI Centro, in the Central Magdalena valley, on Dec. 24, 1943, is not nicefori, and must be described as new. I name it in honor of my friend Wilfred Devereux Price, Esq., to whom I am indebted for kind assistance and hospitality at EI Centro. In my recent paper on American Caecilians (Dec. 1942, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool. 91, 6) the six then known specimens of Gymnopis from Colombia were regarded as of one species, G. nicefori Barbour, with a range from Cáceres in the Lower Cauca in northern Antioquia (alt. 150 m.) to Honda, Girardot and San Juan de Rioseco (alt. 1300 m.) in the Upper Magdalena valley. Later examination of four additional specimens from the Upper Magdalena valley, Honda (3) and Aguas Blancas in Tolima, seemed to confirm this view. It is therefore with some surprise that I find that a specimen of Gymnopis, taken by me at EI Centro, in the Central Magdalena valley, on Dec. 24, 1943, is not nicefori, and must be described as new. I name it in honor of my friend Wilfred Devereux Price, Esq., to whom I am indebted for kind assistance and hospitality at EI Centro.

From Puerto Asís (Corregimiento de la Comisaría del Putumayo, Colombia) very few records of birds are found in the literature, but this paper treats 100 specimens representative of 39 species and subspecies collected there from June 26 to July 1st., 1964. Formicarius analis zamorae Chapman and Empidonomus a. aurantio-atro-cristatus (Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) are new for the Colombian ornis. The present study combines the ornithological knowledge of Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador and Perú. From Puerto Asís (Corregimiento de la Comisaría del Putumayo, Colombia) very few records of birds are found in the literature, but this paper treats 100 specimens representative of 39 species and subspecies collected there from June 26 to July 1st., 1964. Formicarius analis zamorae Chapman and Empidonomus a. aurantio-atro-cristatus (Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) are new for the Colombian ornis. The present study combines the ornithological knowledge of Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador and Perú.

In this paper a report is given concerning the distribution of some birds in the Colombian Amazonian and Orinoco drainages; also, some previous identifications are amended having at the present time more and better material recently collected and better facilities for studying. In addition, five new species. are recorded for the first time in the fauna of these regions and four new species and subespecies are added to the previous known list of Colombian birds. In this paper a report is given concerning the distribution of some birds in the Colombian Amazonian and Orinoco drainages; also, some previous identifications are amended having at the present time more and better material recently collected and better facilities for studying. In addition, five new species. are recorded for the first time in the fauna of these regions and four new species and subespecies are added to the previous known list of Colombian birds.

During the first four months of 1944 while the writer was engaged in exploration for sources of rotenone in Colombia, principally in the Eastern Llanos, some opportunity was found for general botanical collecting. Although both time and facilities for this purpose were limited to the extent that somewhat less than 500 numbers were obtained, these collections included a few undescribed plants and several species apparently not so far reported from Colombia. In addition to the two novelties described in the present paper, new species in the genera Axonopus, Grimaldia, Piper, Calolisianthus (genus new to Colombia), Hyptis, Bartsia, Castilleja, Alloplectus and Cephaelis will be described elsewhere by specialists in those groups, and new records for Lonchocarpus have already been published (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 111-113. 1947).During the first four months of 1944 while the writer was engaged in exploration for sources of rotenone in Colombia, principally in the Eastern Llanos, some opportunity was found for general botanical collecting. Although both time and facilities for this purpose were limited to the extent that somewhat less than 500 numbers were obtained, these collections included a few undescribed plants and several species apparently not so far reported from Colombia. In addition to the two novelties described in the present paper, new species in the genera Axonopus, Grimaldia, Piper, Calolisianthus (genus new to Colombia), Hyptis, Bartsia, Castilleja, Alloplectus and Cephaelis will be described elsewhere by specialists in those groups, and new records for Lonchocarpus have already been published (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 111-113. 1947).

This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the avifauna of the Upper Magdalena River in Colombia. The birds, representative of 50 species and subespecies, were taken at Gaitania Municipio de Ataco, Tolima, a zone of humid forest on the eastern of the Central Andes (30) 8 N., 750 49' W. of Greenwich. Alt. 2100 m. approx.). This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the avifauna of the Upper Magdalena River in Colombia. The birds, representative of 50 species and subespecies, were taken at Gaitania Municipio de Ataco, Tolima, a zone of humid forest on the eastern of the Central Andes (30) 8 N., 750 49' W. of Greenwich. Alt. 2100 m. approx.).

In this paper three species of the Phylum Chaetognatha (Krohnitta Pacifica, K. subtilis and Pterosagitta draco) are recorded by the first time from the Caribbean shore of Colombia. An statistical analysis is given for selected characters in P. draco. In this paper three species of the Phylum Chaetognatha (Krohnitta Pacifica, K. subtilis and Pterosagitta draco) are recorded by the first time from the Caribbean shore of Colombia. An statistical analysis is given for selected characters in P. draco.

The following paper continues the series of nomenclatural notes and adjustments commenced under the title "Studies in Neotropical Orchidology" in Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 14: pp. 63-70 (1968). As in the previous contribution, the genera considered in the present study are Brassavola R. Br., Schomburgkia Lindl, and HoffmannseggellaH. G. Jones. The notes which comprise this series of studieshave been accumulated during the course of collecting materials for a taxonomic revision of the three genera concerned.The following paper continues the series of nomenclatural notes and adjustments commenced under the title "Studies in Neotropical Orchidology" in Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 14: pp. 63-70 (1968). As in the previous contribution, the genera considered in the present study are Brassavola R. Br., Schomburgkia Lindl, and HoffmannseggellaH. G. Jones. The notes which comprise this series of studieshave been accumulated during the course of collecting materials for a taxonomic revision of the three genera concerned.

This paper is an attempt to interpret the negative isostatic anomaly of the Western Caribbean Sea on the basis of the new criterion used by professor M. Ewing et al. in their interpretation of the island arc in Pto. Rico area. The proposed interpretation is a departure from the previous one generally accepted, which was based on the tectogene theory of professor H. H. Hess. In other words, the negative anomaly is attributed here to the sediments' thickenning and possible geosynclinal structure, rather than to deeper tectogenic deformation involving sial and sima. A geomorphologic interpretation of the Caribbean continental shelf is offered on this basis. The interpretation is locally based on correlation of the isostatic anomaly values (pendulum) with surface gravimetric values (gravity meter) in the Colombian coastal area (near Barranquilla), as compiled by the International Geophysical Year's Colombian Gravity Committee, and general stratigraphic and structural data of the Atlantic coast. A brief account and analysis of gravimetric principles and previous gravity works and their interpretations is given, especially in connection with isostasy and the general island arc problem. The paper aims mainly at encouraging interest toward cooperative research and further geophysical detail work in the Western (Colombian) Caribbean. Sea area.

Se presenta una lista anotada de los mosquitos verdaderos, familia Culicidae, encontrados desde 1962 hasta 1966 en la zona del Río Raposo, en la Costa del Pacífico de Colombia, durante estudios sobre virus transmitidos por artrópodos. La familia está representada por 16 géneros conocidos previamente y otro nuevo para la ciencia. Estos géneros comprenden 87 especies con nombre. Para cada una se ofrece breve información sobre su método de captura, abundancia relativa y otros datos pertinentes. Las larvas o pupas de 41 especies conocidas se obtuvieron en diferentes tipos de criaderos. Por primera vez se registra en el país la presencia de 26 especies. De 4.727 grupos de mosquitos inoculados en ratones para buscar virus hay 116 aislamientos positivos que se diseutir an en próximos trabajos.We present here an annotated list of mosquitoes of the family Culicidae collected from 1962 to 1966 in the Río Raposo region of the Pacific coast of Colombia, in the course of studies of arthropod-borne viruses. There are included 86 named species of 16 previously known genera and one new genus and species being described in another paper. Forty-one species were reared from larvae and pupae collected in a variety of breeding places. Twenty-six species are recorded for the first time from Colombia. For each species, notes on the method of collection, relative abundance and other pertaining data are given. Viruses were isolated from 116 of 4,727 mosquito pools processed. These agents will be the subject of other papers to he published.

Frullania (Frullaniaceae) is the second-largest liverwort genus of Colombia (after Plagiochila), with 59 recorded species in six subgenera. In this paper keys are provided for the identification of 42 Frullania species reported from Colombia together with brief descriptions of their main morphological characters, distribution, habitat and elevation in the country, as well as worldwide distribution. Some species recorded from neighbouring countries, but not yet from Colombia, are also included in the keys. The remaining species reported from Colombia are considered doubtful taxa. Frullania apollinarii Steph. is a new synonym of F. lobato-hastata Steph.

Presentamos cariotipos con bandas Q, G, R Y C del mono aullador colorado de Colombia, con base en el análisis de los cariotipos de 12 ejemplares cautivos y la reevaluación de los cariotipos de bandas Q de un macho y de una hembra publicados (Yunis et al. 1976). Reinterpretamos el mecanismo cromosómico de determinación del sexo y la morfología del cromosoma X de Alouatta seniculus seniculus. Los resultados indican que el cromosoma X es un metacéntrico de tamaño medio (4.85 % TCL) similar al cromosoma X de otros primates de los géneros Cebus, Aotus y Ateles estudiados hasta la fecha, así como al cromosoma X humano. Además, los machos portan una translocación entre el cromosoma Y y el autosoma 3, demostrando un mecanismo cromosómico de determinación del sexo XIXI X2X2 IXIX2 YIY2, diferente del convencional XX I XV. Todos los animales estudiados presentaron un número diploide de 44.This paper presents Q- G- R- and C-bands karyotypes ofred howler from Colombia, based on analyses of karyotypes oftwelve caught specimens besides a female and a male Q banding karyotypes (Yunis et al. 1976) reevaluated. We reappraisal X chromosome morphology and sex determination chromosome mechanism of Alouatta seniculus seniculus. This work shows X chromosome is a nearly metacentric médium sized chromosome (4.85 %TCL), similar to other primates X chromosome from Cebus, Aotus and Ateles genus up to now studied, as well as human X chromosome. Further in males, Y chromosome undergone a translocation onto autosome 3, named X1X2Y1Y2• Al! specimens studied shows 44 chromosomes diploid number.

En marzo de 1996, mediante búsqueda libre y captura manual se efectuaron muestreos de lagartos y serpientes en manchas de bosque y en áreas abiertas en sectores del Municipio de La Jagua de Ibirico, Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia, en un corte altitudinal entre los 140 y 1800 m. Se registraron 28 especies: 17 de lagartos y 11 de serpientes. Las familias dominantes en número de géneros y especies fueron Polychrotidae para lagartos y Colubridae para serpientes; se encontraron 12 especies en áreas deforestadas, ocho en áreas boscosas y ocho comunes a ambos tipos de ambientes. La comunidad mostró preferencia por los hábitats alterados, actividad diurna y comúnmente se les encontró en el piso. La comunidad de reptiles de la Serranía del Perijá se relaciona mejor con las de la región caribe y andina que con la chocoana o amazónica; no se encontraron diferencias en las faunas de reptiles entre los flancos colombiano y venezolano de la Serranía. En este trabajo se adicionan nueve especies a la fauna de reptiles de la región: seis de saurios, Ameiva bifrontata, Anolis auratus, Anolis apollinaris, Leposoma rugiceps, Stenocercus erythrogaster y Lepidoblepharis sp. y tres de serpientes Chironius monticola, Rhadinaeafulviceps y Stenorrhina degenardtii.In March 1996, by means of free search and manual capture samplings oflizards and snakes were made in stains of forests and areas opened up in La Jagua de Ibirico, Serranía del Perijá, Departamento del Cesar, Colombia, in an altitudinal range be tween the 140 and 1800 m. 28 species were registered: 17 oflizards and II of snakes. The dominant families in number of genera and species were Polychrotidae for lizards and Colubridae for snakes. There were 12 species in non-forest areas, eight in forest areas and eight common to both types of environments. The community showed preference for altered habitats, day activity and cornmonly they were found on the floor. It was found that the community of the Serranía del Perijá is more related to the Caribbean and Andean faunas than to the Chocoan and Arnazonian. There were no differences among the flanks colombiano y venezolano of the Serranía del Perijá. In this paper, nine species are added to the fauna ofreptiles ofthe area: six of saurian, A tneiva bifrontata, Ano! is auratus, A nol is apoll inaris, Leposoma rugiceps, Stenocercus erythrogaster and Lepidoblepharis sp. and three of snakes Chironius monticola, Rhadinaeafulviceps, Stenorrhina degenardtii.

This paper presents information about the dung beetle community in altered landscapes in northern Tolima, Colombia. The studies were carried out in hill forest, creek forest, forest edge and pastures in the dry season, and in hill forest and creek forest in the rainy season. 3538 inividuals of 30 species in 4 subfamilies were captured. Changes in the species abundance between sampling periods were found. Differences in species composition between zones with forest cover and pasture were recorded, as well as changes in the guild structure, with endocoprids prevailing in pasture and edge habitats.Se presenta información sobre la comunidad de coleópteros coprófagos en un remanente de bosque seco al norte del Tolima, caracterizado por una alta transformación del paisaje. Se realizó un muestreo en la época seca y otro en época lluviosa; en la época seca se realizaron colecciones en bosque de cerro, bosque de cañada, borde de bosque y potrero, en la época lluviosa en bosque de cañada y bosque de cerro. Se capturaron un total de 3538 individuos pertenecientes a 30 especies en 4 subfamilias. Se registraron cambios en la abundancia de las especies entre los períodos de muestreo y en la composición de especies entre zonas con cobertura boscosa y potreros. También se detectaron cambios en la estructura de los gremios, observándose un incremento de las especies de hábitos endocópridos en el borde de bosque y en potrero.

Under the concept that Brunellia belongs to the Cunoniaceae rather thant being separated in Brunelliaceae, this paper examines the systematic position of Brunellia by studying the phylogentic relationships of this taxon with eleven ingrow taxa representing Cunoniaceae and using twenty characters. A total of twelve taxa represent the ingroup. The Hennig86 program based on parsimony was used to choose the hypotheses about relationships. The data of the internal group was analyzed first with four outgroups: Connarus, Davidsonia, Fothergilla y Quercus, then excluding Quercus and last with each of the outgroups independently. Data were polarized for the last analysis. Results showed that Brunellia does not belong to Cunoniaceae and Cunoniaceae is not a monophyletic group. I propose that Brunellia, and Spiraeanthemun-Acsmithia under a different family from Cunoniaceae. More research is necessary to corroborate the relationships of these taxa. The monophylyot the Cunoniaceae is also doubtful because some of its genera are nested with Davidsonia. The results also confirmed the relationships between the Rosidae and the lower Hamameliidae. Discussion about plesiomorphic and apomorphic states conditions are given for the Rosidae. The monophyly of none of Engler's tribes is confirmed.Bajo el concepto de que Brunellia es un táxon de Cunoniaceae y no una familia monogenérica Brunelliaceae, el presente trabajo examina la posición sistemática de Brunellia analizando las relaciones filogenéticas de este taxón con once taxones que representan a Cunoniaceae, con 20 caracteres morfológicos. Un total de doce taxones hacen parte del grupo interno. El programa Hennig86 basado en el método de simplicidad (parsimony) fue usado para la elección de las hipótesis de relaciones. Los datos del grupo interno fueron analizados primero con cuatro grupos externos: Connarus, Fothergilla, Davidsonia y Quercus,- con tres excluyendo a Quercusy con cada uno de ellos por separado; para este último caso los caracteres fueron polarizados. Los resultados muestran a Brunellia como taxón diferente de Cunoniaceae y a Cunoniaceae como grupo no monofilético. Se propone en este trabajo la inclusión de Brunellia, Spiraeanthemum- Acsmithia bajo una familia diferente de Cunoniaceae. Mayor investigación es necesaria para corroborar la hipótesis de relaciones de estos taxones. Se cuestiona también la monofilia de Cunoniaceae por la presencia de Davidsonia dentro del grupo interno. Se confirma la relación estrecha entre las Rosidae basales con las Hamameliidae inferiores. La apomortla y pleslomorfta de algunos caracteres es discutida. La monofilia de ninguna de las tribus de Engler es confirmada.

Identifying and accounting for sources of significant, explicit phylogenetic conflicts among data sets is an issue that requires further study. In this paper I explore the usefulness of the known fossil record for assessing the accuracy of conflicting sister taxa hypotheses, and in identifying and accounting for misleading characters (MCs). The alternative I present begins with a parsimony analysis of each available data set. Bootstrap proportions >95% supporting conflicting clades among most parsimonious trees (MPTs) identify instances of "strong" data set incongruence. The accuracy of conflicting sister taxa hypotheses is assessed through a comparison of their temporal gaps (T). Conflicting clades, with a significantly longer than average T, are called into question. As exceptionally long Ts can result from incompleteness and/or biases in the fossil record, it is necessary to differentiate the effect of MCs from the effect of a fragmentary fossil record. For this, the effect that characters supporting questioned conflicting clades have on data set homoplasy is assessed. If resetting these characters to missing values reduces data set homoplasy in a manner that is significantly different from random, then conflicting clades with exceptionally long T must arise from the effect of MCs. If so, new MPTs are calculated for modified data sets and the testing process is repeated until no more well-supported, conflicting clades are found. Finally, data sets are combined and the MPT is calculated. I applied this approach to the phylogeny of the Caninae using morphological and mtDNA data sets. Among the MCs characters identified were some that cannot be accounted for by commonly used a priori weighting schemes. The phylogeny of canids is also briefly discussed. The resulting MPT suggests the colonization of South America by three canid lineages and that the trenchant heel, a trait associated with hypercarnivory and sociality, evolved only once within the Caninae.

In the paper Muhlenbergia cleefii sp.nov., a new grass from the high Andes of Colombia, Caldasia 17(82-85): 409-412. 1995, an orthographic error was unfortunately introduced and the epithet was speIled "cleefi" (except at one place in the general text).

The Lilac-tailed Parrotlet has been reported in Surinam, Guyana and Venezuela and on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. In northern Venezuela (north of the Orinoco river) the species occurs from Sucre west to Merida, and South of the Orinoco east to Bolívar (Meyer de Schauensee & Phleps, 1978). This parrot is relatively abundant in lowland forests and valleys but can extend from dry deciduous forest up to 1700 m in mountain forests. The birds are usually gregarious and have been reported in groups up to thirty or more (Forshaw, 1978). In this paper, we report the firstrecord of Touit batavica for Colombia.

This paper presents taxonomic, ecological and palinological data on Talisia olivaeformis (Kunth) Radlk. - Sapindaceae - indicating the geographical distribution as well. The species studied is used as on ornamental plant for arborization and has edible fruits.En la presente investigación se ha estudiado la especie T alisia olivaeformis (Kunth) Radlk. bajo un aporte taxonómico, ecológico y palinológico. Los datos derivados del estudio permiten aún una visión de la distribución geográfica de la especie. La especie Talisia olivaeformis (Kunth) Radlk. además de producir frutas comestibles es de utilidad para el sistema de arborización.En la presente investigación se ha estudiado la especie Talisia olivaeformis (Kunth) Radlk. bajo un aporte taxonómico, ecológico y palinológico. Los datos derivados del estudio permiten aún una visión de la distribución geográfica de la especie. La especie Talisia olivaeformis (Kunth) Radlk. además de producir frutas comestibles es de utilidad para el sistema de arborización.

A través de este artículo se ofrece una breve descripción del aspecto de los cafetales colombianos durante el período en que las plantaciones crecían bajo la sombra de los árboles relictuales de la antigua selva y el efecto de su suplantación por los "caturrales", o sea el tipo de café que crece sin cobertura arbórea. El efecto detrimental de este cambio es demostrado. Al final del artículo se presenta en forma gráfica el estatus ecológico de las 99 especies de aves que han sido encontradas en una cafetal abandonado de 10.000 metros cuadrados, localizado en los alrededores de Cali, Colombia. Throught this article a brief description is offered to indicate the aspect of the colombian plantations during the period in which coffe plantations grouth under de shadow of remmant forest's trees, and the effect of its replacement for "caturrales" a type of coffe plantation that grows without cover. The deleterious ecological effect of this change is demostrated. At the end of the paper, in a graphic form, is presented the ecological status of each of the 99 species of birds found in a degraded coffe-plantation 10.000 square meters in extent, located in the environments of Cali, Colombia.

Se presentan discusiones sobre 95 especies de hongos, líquenes y mixomicetos de Colombia, basadas principalmente en los materiales (más de 300 especímenes) que uno de los autores (Guzmán) coleccionó durante sus viajes en 1964 y 1971, o en aquellos que estudió en el Herbario COL. En la mayoríade los casos se discute la distribución conocida de las especies, comparándolas con la micoflora mexicana.Observation on 95 species of fungi, lichens and myxomycetes from Colombia are discussed. This paper is based in those materials collected by one of the authors (Guzmán) in Colombia during his two trips in 1964 and 1971. Some discussions based on herbarium material in COL are also included. The distribution and comparations with the Mexican mycoflora are considered in several species.

301 species of previously reported reef fishes from the north coast of Colombia are listed. In this paper we report 22 species for the first time, and 9 species that were already reported are described. With these new reports 323 species distributed in 63 families are now known from this area. Se presenta una lista de las 301 especies de peces de arrecifes de la costa Norte de Colombia que han sido registradas anteriorrnente en la literatura. Se aportan 22 nuevos registros y se describen 9 especies que habían sido citadas previamente en forma nominal. Incluyendo los nuevos registros, se completa para el área un total de 323 especies distribuidas en 63 familias

The broad-headed eleutherodactyline frogs have been studied by Lynch(1975, 1981). Although frogs of this assembly are easily identified (Lynch,1975, 1976, 1981), the assembly is not a natural group (Lynch, 1986).Recently, Rivero (1984) described a new species, E. sernai, from westernAntioquia, Colombia. Although Rivero associated E. sernai with thebiporcatus group, the species appears to be a member of the sulcatus group(because it possesses the plesiornorphic condition of the mandibular musclesadductors and the trigeminal nerve mandibular ramus. However, this characteristicis not sufficient to place E. sernai within the sulcatus group; theassignment will be defended in a future paper on the osteology of the variousspecies of the group. For the moment, the sulcatus group contains thefollowing species: E. cerasies Lynch, E. cornutus (Jimenez de la Espada),E. helonotus (Lynch), E. ingeri (Cochran and Gain), E. ruizi Lynch, E.sernai Rivero, and E. sulcatus Se describe Eleutherodactylus cadenai sp. nov. de las selvas de la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia (corregimiento .de Murrí, Municipio de Frontino, Antioquia). La especie parece tener un ancestro común con Eleutherodactylus ingeri de los bosques nublados de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia y las dos tienen parentescos con Eleutherodactylus ruizi de las cordilleras Central y Occidental de Colombia.

With this paper the following species and subespecies are added to the Colombian ornis: Nyctiprogne latifacia Phaethornis b. bourcieri Dendrocincla merula bartletti Gymnopithys leuscaspis lateralis Rhegmatorhina cristata Neopelma chrysocephalum Myiophobus roraimae Platyrinchus senex griseiceps Platyrinchus saturatus Hylocharis cyaneus viridiventris and Setophaga ruticila tricolora are registered for first time in the Cisandean region of Colombia; the presence of Trogon m. melanurus is confirmed in the country; 57 new species and subespecies are noted for the Comisaría del Vaupés in which territory the collection of birds studied in this publication was made. In that region of Colombia new localities were under survey, namely. Sabanas del Cubiyú and Caños Cubiyú and Negro of which a geographical and ecological description is given in the introduction. Previous publications containing geographical and ornithological information on the Vaupés are: Olivares (1955), Olivares and Hernández (1962) and Olivares (1964).

The authors list 77 species and subspecies of birds collected on the Colombian bank of the Rio Negro, one of the larger northern tributaries of the Amazon. The Rio Negro, known as Guainía ("Huaynía") in the upper part of its course, forms the natural border of Colombia and Venezuela before entering the territory of Brazil. Of the birds listed, 74 were taken by Manuel Castro for the Coleccion ornitológica Phelps (Caracas, Venezuela), at San Felipe (opposite San Carlos, -Venezuela) and Macacuní (opposite El Carmen, Venezuela) in August-September, 1947. The authors also record the birds collected by Ernest G. Holt, Emmet R. Blake, and Charles T. Agostini in January, 1931, opposite San Carlos, Venezuela, i. e. San Felipe, Colombia. Among the nine species secured by these collectors three are not represented in Castro's 1947 collection. Sixteen birds are recorded as new to the avifauna of Colombia. The introduction of the paper mentions the naturalists who have explored the Rio Negro and the Guainía since Humboldt's celebrated voyage in 1800, and includes geographical notes, a map, and a brief description of the ecology of the region. Los autores enumeran 77 especies y subespecies de aves coleccionadas en la ribera colombiana del rio Negro, uno de los mayores afluentes septentrionales del Amazonas. El rio Negro, llamado Guainía ("Huaynía") en la parte superior de su curso, forma la frontera natural entre Colombia y Venezuela antes de entrar en territorio del Brasil. De las aves catalogadas, 74 fueron colectadas por Manuel Castro, expedicionario de la Colección Ornitológica Phelps, en San Felipe (frente a San Carlos, Venezuela) y Macacuní (frente a El Carmen. Venezuela) en agosto y septiembre de 1947. Los autores también hacen mención de las aves colectadas en enero de 1931 frente a San Carlos, Venezuela, es decir, en San Felipe, Colombia, por Ernest G. Holt, Emmet R. Blake y Charles T. Agostini. Entre las nueve especies conseguidas por estos colectores tres no figuran en la colección hecha por Castro en 1947. Dieciseis aves se registran por primera vez en la avifauna de Colombia. La introducción hace mención de los naturalistas que han explorado el río Negro y el Guainía desde el celebre viaje de Humboldt en 1800, y comprende una sucinta reseña geográfica acompañada de un mapa; con una breve descripción ecológica de la región.

1. The present paper includes studies about the Cranial Anatomy, Geographical Distribution and Ecology of Crocodylus intermedius in Colombia. 2. The material has been collected from the areas of the rivers Guaviare, Ariari, Güéjar and Cunimía. It consists of sixteen skulls and fifty-four fetus-containing eggs. 3. A detailed description of the skulls is given, the lengths of which range between 25.4 cm. and 70.7 cm. 4. Concerning the scalation: there is a single row of occipitals containing between 2 and 6 individual scutes: two rows of cervicals, the first containing 4 and the second 2 scales. The dorsals are in 16-17 transverse rows, the broadest of which contains 5-6 individual scales. The ventrals are in 25 to 27½ transverse, rows, the broadest of which contains between 14 and 18 individual scales. The tail has between 17 and 19 double-crested, and 17 to 19 single-crested segments. The scalation of 4 fetus does not show any special characteristics. 5. The coloration of Cr. intermedius varies between light-grey in juveniles and greyish green, light brown to yellowish in adults. The greenish color is due to the extensive growth of algae on the dorsal side. There are dark marks and spots on the entire dorsal and lateral sides as well as on the ventral side of the tail. The throat and belly are white and without marks. The colour of living specimens on sand banks, in bright sun appears almost white. 6. Cr. intermedius ranges, in Colombia, between the Rio Arauca in the east and the lower course of the Río Duda in the west. No intermedius are to be found in the rivers Vaupés. Caquetá and Putumayo (tributaries of the Amazon). In Venezuela he ranges as far as San Fernando de Atabapo in the upper Orinoco area. For unexplainable reasons he does not enter the Amazon, by the comunicatron of the Orinoco-Casiquiare-Río Negro. 7. Numerous ecological observations were made on habitat, size, alimentation, parasites, reproduction and behavior. The "record" in size is apparently shown by an old male, which, according to Humboldt was 22 feet 3 inches long (6.78 meters). As far as known the females do not grow larger than 4 to 4.50 meters. The 4 fetus were between 22.4 cm. and 23.7 cm. long. The food of intermedius consists mainly of fish: in the stomach specimens a great amount of small stones were found ranging from 440 gr. to 920 gr. The egg laying period takes place mainly in January and the juveniles hatch in March. The eggs are white; their average size is about 8 em. long and 5 cm. wide. Up to 70 eggs were found in a nest. March 3, 1957 a nest 43 cm. deep and 51 cm. wide at the base, was found in the Río Guaviare. It was situated on a, sand-bank, about 40 meters from the river. The first eggs were found in a depth of 27 cm. The temperature in the nest, measured before the eggs were taken out, was slightly higher than outside. The shell of the eggs was quite elastic while still in the nest, but became hard soon after being taken out. Of the 57 eggs found in the nest, 54 contained fetus, the remaining 3 were rotten. The fetus already moved; but still had a well developed vitelline sack. The female, a specimen a about 3 meters long, remained in the water, splashing furiously. Cr. intermedius undergoes an aestivation the dry season in the Llanos Orientales (Rivers Arauca, Meta, Vichada) but no information is available from the Guaviare area. The Orinoco Crocodile of the Guaviare area digs no subterranean caves as does Cr. acutus from the Magdalena region and other rivers of northern Colombia. Due to excessive hide-hunting Cr. intermedius was practically exterminated in large areas and became rather scarce even in remote regions. 1. Se presenta una investigación detallada sobre la anatomía craneal, distribución geográfica y ecología de Crocodylus intermedius en Colombia. 2. El material que forma la base para estos estudios, consiste en 16 cráneos y 54 huevos que contienen fetus, coleccionados en los ríos Guaviare, Ariari, Güejar y Cunimía en 1955-56 y 1956-57. 3. La descripción anatómica craneal fue hecha a base de cráneos de 25.4 centímetros a 70.7 centímetros de largo (tabla 2). 4. Se hicieron estudios detallados sobre el escamado, incluyendo el 4 de fetus (tabla 1). Existe una sola hilera de Occipitalia que contiene entre 2 y 6 escamas y dos de Cervicalia de las cuales la primera contiene 4 y la segunda 2 escamas. Los Dorsalia estan formados por 16 0 17 hileras transversales; el número de escamas en una de ellas es de 5 a 6. Hay 25 a 27½ hileras transversales de los Ventralia; el número de escamas en una hilera está entre 14 y 18. La cresta caudal doble contiene entre 17 y 19 segmentos, y la sencilla un número igual. 5. La coloración varía entre gris claro, verde y carmelita claro. Existen diferencias entre jóvenes y adultos. �� 6. La distribución geográfica abarca los territorios entre el rio Arauca por el oriente y el río Duda por el occidente. En el Vaupés, Caquetá y Putumayo afluentes del Amazonas no existe C. intermedius (mapa). En el Orinoco (Venezuela) se extiende hasta la región de San Fernando de Atabapo únicamente, pero no entra al Amazonas por el Casiquiare y el Rio Negro por razones aún desconocidas. 7. Los estudios sobre la ecología abarcan: Habitat, abundancia, tamaño, alimentación, parásitos, reproducción y costumbres. Se presenta una descripción del nido, los huevos y el fetus. 8. La caza comercial llevo a la extinción a C. intermedius en áreas extensas.

1. Se estudió la ovogénesis en la Hyla labialis para compararla con el mismo proceso en las ranas que viven en países con estaciones climatéricas definidas. Por inyección de glándula pituitaria se pueden obtener huevos fertilizados durante los meses de octubre a junio, y rara vez en los otros meses. 2. Se midieron y se contaron ovocitos enteros en muestras de ovarios maduros, inmaduros y después de la ovulación, Hay ovocitos de todos los tamaños presentes en los ovarios maduros; en los ovarios no maduros, y después de la ovulación hay células de todos los tamaños hasta 1.200 mm. de diámetro. 3. En secciones de ovarios se midió el diámetro de las células y de los núcleos y plaquetas vitelinas. Se estudiaron los cambios citológicos de los núcleos y también del citoplasma. Las plaquetas vitelinas aparecen en células que tienen un diámetro de 0.350 a 0.400 mm, La melanina aparece en ovocitos que tienen 0.700 mm. o más de diámetro. En general, los cambios citológicos son muy semejantes a los descritos por otros investigadores en otras especies. 4. La diferencia más obvia e interesante entre la ovogénesis de la Hyla Iabialis y la de otras especies descritas es la presencia de ovocitos de todos los tamaños y en cantidades grandes en el ovario inmediatamente después de la ovulación. Se piensa que los resultados demuestran que el proceso de ovogénesis sigue durante todos los meses sin detenerse como se hace en países con estaciones climatéricas definidas. 1. Oögenesis of the frog, Hyla labialis has been studied in order to Compare it with the same process in frogs which live in countries with definite climatic seasons. Fertilized eggs can be obtained after pituitary injection during the months of October through June and occasionally during the rest of the year. 2. Whole oöcytes were measured and counted in samples taken from mature ovaries, immature ovaries and ovaries after ovulation had taken place. There are oöcytes of all sizes present in mature ovaries; in immature ovaries and ovaries after ovulation there are cells of all sizes up to 1.200 mm. diameter. 3. In sections of ovaries, the diameter of the cells, of the nuclei and of the yolk platelets was measured. The cytological changes in the nuclei and cytoplasm were studied. Yolk platelets first appear in cells which have a diameter of 0.350 to 0.400 mm. Melanin is first found in cells of 0.700 mm. or more in diameter. In general, the cytological changes are similar to those described by other investigators for other species. 4. The most obvious and interesting difference between oögenesis in Hvla labialis and other species previously studied is the presence of oöcytes of all sizes and in large quantities in the ovaries studied immediately after ovulation occured. The results reported in this paper suggest that oögenesis is a continuous process throughout the entire year here in Bogotá, Colombia. In this respect it differs from that described for amphibians which live in countries with definite climatic seasons in which the growth of oöcytes is a discontinuous process and takes place in distinct groups of cells developing simultaneously.