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The association between drugs and crime is one of the central concerns of contemporary British drugs research and policy. Another major concern in recent years has been the clustering together of the most serious problems of drugs and crime in neighbourhoods already experiencing multiple social and economic difficulties. This paper seeks, first of all, to re-situate the drug-crime nexus in its full social context in order to provide a new perspective on these two key aspects of the British drug problem today. In doing so, the analysis raises in applied form some important issues in criminological theory and the paper attempts, secondly, to make a contribution to these theoretical debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first criminological analysis of an online social reaction to a crime event of national significance, in particular the detection and propagation of cyberhate on social media following a terrorist attack. We take the Woolwich, London terrorist attack in 2013 as our event of interest and draw on Cohen's process of warning, impact, inventory and reaction to delineate a sequence of incidents that come to constitute a series of deviant responses following the attack. This paper adds to contemporary debates in criminology and the study of hate crime in three ways: (1) it provides the first analysis of the escalation, duration, diffusion and de-escalation of cyberhate in social media following a terrorist event; (2) it applies Cohen's work on action, reaction and amplification and the role of the traditional media to the online context and (3) it introduces and provides a case study in 'computational criminology'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines certain previous conclusions from the classic literature on police/media relations in the United Kingdom in the wake of the Filkin and Leveson Reports. The paper draws on interviews with senior Metropolitan Police officers, press officers and national crime journalists and argues that previous conclusions about asymmetrical relations favouring the police are partially problematic, with the media being in possession of key resources that often give them the upper hand. The paper also explores the role of new media in crime reporting and exposing police misconduct and suggests a new transfiguration may be emerging in police/media relations, allowing the media partially to bypass police sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often assumed that immigrants in countries such as the United Kingdom will report lower levels of trust in the police. Immigrant communities are thought 'difficult to police', and minority groups frequently experience problematic relationships with police. Yet, there has been little empirical investigation of this issue in the United Kingdom. In this paper, data from the Crime Survey of England and Wales are used to explore the relationship between immigration and trust in the police. Results suggest that trust is higher among immigrants than among the UK-born population, although there is important variation by time since arrival and experience of policing. Trust in the police is also higher in neighbourhoods that have more immigrants. The paper concludes with some reflection on the nature of trust in the police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the vulnerability of the UK workplace safety regime to ‘regulatory degradation’. Following a brief overview of this regime, the paper examines the dominant arguments within academic literature on appropriate and feasible regulatory enforcement, arguing that the approaches to regulation thereby advocated have been easily degraded as a result of their compatibility with neo-liberal economic strategy. A subsequent analysis of empirical trends within safety enforcement reveals a virtual collapse of formal enforcement, as political and resource pressures have taken their toll on the regulatory authority. Finally, the paper indicates that the increasing impunity with which employers can kill and injure is particularly problematic as we enter sustained economic recession, and underlines the urgent need for regulatory alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Charging regimes and the extraction of revenue are integral components of immigration control in the United Kingdom. However, while these have been analysed in their individual guises, to date, there has been little substantive analysis bringing these regimes together and locating them at the centre of its enquiry. Drawing on data obtained through the Freedom of Information Act 2000, this paper consequently examines the functions of charging regimes as a distinct form of statecraft, focussing its attention on UK Visas and Immigration fees and charges, carrier sanctions, charges related to accessing services and civil penalties administered though immigration enforcement. Analysing their historical roots and their contemporary prevalence, it suggests that they contribute to the political economy of financial power, which has significant implications for understandings of criminalization and immigration enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thinking about and operationalizing societal impacts have become defining characteristics of university-based research, especially in the United Kingdom. This paper reflects on this unfolding shift in the conceptualization and practice of research with particular regard to criminology. It traces the development of new regulatory regimes that seek to measure research performance and render impact auditable. It argues that these 'rituals of verification' engender instrumental and narrow interpretations of impact that accord less space to research-informed social change as a non-linear and uncertain endeavour. This is juxtaposed with a conception of societal impact rooted in methodologies of co-production. Insights from the UK Research Excellence Framework 2014 and 2021 inform discussions and are contrasted with collaborative research efforts to apply co-production in policing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of cigarette bootlegging within the United Kingdom by way of a case study of an entrepreneurial criminal firm which sought to capitalize upon the cigarette price disparities within the European Union, through its professional supply of contraband goods to a highly receptive UK market. The paper contends that by way of the relaxation of trading barriers via European Union legislation, an enterprising criminal firm exploited the emergence of ambiguous zones of trading opportunities within the shifting terrain of the political economy produced by European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Britain's experiences of financial crimes during the second half of the nineteenth century, but it focuses on the actual processes of criminalizing business activity which have been largely neglected by scholars. Through reference to three key criminal trials dating from 1850 to 1880, observations are made on the ways in which Victorian concerns about business activity translated into responses to financial crime. In doing so, the paper considers how the directions taken in these earliest proceedings can cast light on Victorian understandings of the ‘problem’ of financial crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of force by the police is an area of significant concern both within and outside the police. The police struggle to find effective but publicly acceptable options. Recently in the United Kingdom, the deployment of CS chemical incapacitant sprays has emerged as a key initiative in the protection of officers and the enforcement of the law. Yet, the sprays have proved controversial. Reflecting debates within criminology about the contribution of police tactics and equipment to public disorder, radically different assessments of the sprays have been offered. This paper examines the conditions under which assessments of the legitimacy of the CS sprays are made. The findings of this paper suggest the need to reframe existing analysis of the use of force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing literature in the United States suggests that exposure to the criminal justice system can reduce routinized civic and political participation. It is unclear, however, whether this demobilizing effect is unique to the United States, or is a more fundamental consequence of criminal justice exposure. Mobilizing publicly available data on the policing of anti-social behaviours, stop and search powers and political participation in London, Greater Manchester and the West Midlands, this paper explicitly tests for demobilization in the United Kingdom. Results from ordinary least squares and panel fixed-effect regressions find lower levels of political participation in communities exposed to higher rates of policing, though this effect is moderated by Black, Asian and Muslim share of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a novel longitudinal study of local variation in the decline of recorded crime in Greater Glasgow, United Kingdom. We deploy group trajectory analysis (exploring spatial autocorrelation with Local Moran's I) and comparison of means to explore the underlying characteristics and trajectories of neighbourhoods over time. The research finds marked distinction in the level of crime and trajectories of different neighbourhood crime groups. Neighbourhood crime trajectories with high or low levels of crime exhibit spatial clustering and significant distinction in their characteristics. There is more limited spatial patterning, though still clear distinction between the characteristics of neighbourhood crime groups that exhibit different crime trajectories. We consider the research and policy implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of the rationale for introducing elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) was a suggestion that the police and public needed to be 'reconnected', with the public more readily able to shape the type of policing they wished to receive. Apparently underpinning this intention was a perception that a single public view about policing priorities could, and would, make itself apparent to PCCs. This paper considers how PCCs assess their public mandate by focusing on an often contested policing activity--roads policing. It considers why this particular issue is particularly likely to be understood by PCCs as a contested topic and, furthermore, how PCCs go about accessing and representing diverse views within this 'consumer-led' approach to the provision of policing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abuse directed at visible and audible women demonstrates that cyberspace, once heralded as a new, democratic, public sphere, suffers similar gender inequalities as the offline world. This paper reports findings from a national UK study about experiences of online abuse among women who debate feminist politics. It argues that online abuse is most usefully conceived as a form of abuse or violence against women and girls, rather than as a form of communication. It examines the experiences of those receiving online abuse, thereby making a valuable contribution to existing research which tends to focus on analysis of the communications themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the movement towards criminalization as a tool for the regulation of work-related deaths in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the last 20 years. This can be seen as reflecting dissatisfaction with the relevant law, although it is best understood in symbolic terms as a response to a disjunction between the instrumental nature and communicative aspirations of regulatory law. This paper uses empirical data gathered from interviews with members of the public to explore the role that such an offence might play. The findings demonstrate that the failures of regulatory law give rise to a desire for criminalization as a means of framing work-related safety events in normative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn from an ethnographic investigation of Central London's contemporary nightclub scene, this paper seeks to map previously obscure elements of the private governance of 'security' and the wider network of 'nodes' which govern Britain's night-time economy (NTE). Attention to the constitution and operation of nodes and the interfaces between them provide insight into the co-production of particular forms of social order and situated meanings of the term 'security'. The paper identifies a criminogenic NTE influx, driven by entrepreneurial zeal a stratified consumer culture and forms of regulatory closure that conspire to exacerbate underlying tendencies toward social exclusion in the night-time city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critiques the approach of identifying ‘best practice’ projects and discusses the problem with simply transferring projects into different contexts. The argument is illustrated by explaining the evaluation process of three domestic violence projects which all had the same aim, which was to reduce domestic violence. The evaluated projects all delivered advocacy programmes and were located in disadvantaged areas in the United Kingdom. A more suitable evaluation approach is proposed whereby practice principles are transferred rather than projects and this is presented in the form of a ‘practice model’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While safety crimes far outweigh crimes of ‘conventional’ violence, British criminology continues to operate with rather narrow definitions of violence which exclude these. The aim of this paper is to examine the key ways in which occupational injury and death remain excluded by criminological definitions of violence. To do so, we review briefly three recent examples of approaches to, or discussions of violence. Our discussions of each point to the general conclusion that criminological definitions of violence still fail to recognize offences against workers and the public arising out of work. The paper concludes by speculating on the preconditions for any such recognition, before noting frameworks for studying violence within which safety crimes, or corporate violence, are coherently accommodated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the rules governing police interviews with suspects in custody have been well regulated since the introduction of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) in England and Wales and Northern Ireland, concern has been expressed over the years about the vulnerable position of young suspects within the PACE regime and about the adequacy of the safeguards provided. This paper discusses the nature of police interviews with young people in Northern Ireland, drawing on the findings of a recent research project. The paper focuses particularly on the roles of the various participants (the interviewing officer(s), the appropriate adult and the solicitor) within the dynamics of advising young persons before and during the police interview and calls for a reconstruction of the role of the appropriate adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scheduled to become operational in April 2006 and with its senior staff already appointed (July 2005), the new Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA)—a key element of the current police reform programme—is a significant departure from the traditional policing infrastructure in the United Kingdom. As such, its creation begs a number of questions about priority setting and accountability. Government assertions that it is not a police force seem to run counter both to its function and some aspects of its legislative design and, as such, hint at a paradigm shift. Divining Government intention from official sources and locating this innovation within the context of current theoretical models, this paper documents one of the most significant changes in British policing, identifies the potential for confused perceptions about SOCA and highlights the possible implications of its establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the challenges in conducting criminological research involves addressing and understanding the law regarding protection and disclosure of sources and/or information in respect of offences or intentions to commit offences. This paper presents how this challenge has been addressed by researchers in criminology and examines a range of issues involved. The paper sets out the legal position in the United Kingdom and offers a number of suggestions for addressing the legal and other issues arising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the outcomes of police modernization in England and Wales from 1900 to 1939. Arguments against the traditional view that the police `modernized' in response to external demand; Exchequer's replacement of municipal authorities as the dominant paymaster; Reduction of more traditional non-indictable police prosecutions to make space in the courts for more lucrative cases.

A paper on the importance of utopias in criminological thinking is presented. It is asserted that utopias have demonstrated that criminology is not a cumulative discipline in the sense of non-existence of a settled stock of knowledge. Also, utopias are responsible for the fractious argumentative nature of the discipline. The paper finally shows how utopias have been responsible in the building of research agendas.

A paper on the modernization of the Great Britain police is presented. The discussion contends that the comprehensive proposals to modernize the British police can only be understood by referring to the emergence of a united Europe. History shows the need for a national policing system to consider Euro-community policing and expansive transnational policing developments.

As border policing is no longer circumscribed to external borders and increasingly performed inland, in Britain migration work relies on the assistance of a range of unorthodox partners, including the public. The unearthing of the ‘community’ as a crucial partner to police a myriad of public safety issues, including migration, begs the question of what are the implications of mobilizing citizenship for law enforcement? This paper argues that enlisting the public in migration law enforcement yields important civic by-products: it ‘creates’ citizens and citizenship. It imparts civic training by instilling a sense of civic responsibility in law and order maintenance, and in doing so it intends to recreate social cohesion across a deeply fragmented society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper draws primarily on research undertaken in the north of England. The research focused on assessing the current situation in relation to the extent, and nature, of violent gang activity in three predominately Asian (Pakistani and Bangladeshi) areas. Empirical evidence is provided of the problematic way that the term ‘gang’ is being used and, argued, abused in the United Kingdom. The uncritical acceptance of the term gang into UK policy and policing practices and the policy transfer that has ensued has the potential to further marginalize and isolate some ethnic minority communities. The focus here centres upon the increased surveillance and policing of Asian communities, specifically young Pakistani and Bangladeshi males as a consequence of the application of gang labels that elevates the perceived level of risk they pose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a rising criminological interest in the numbers of British veterans in the criminal justice system and the criminogenic context of the Iraq conflict, a concern to understand the experiences of modern soldiers is largely hidden from the criminological and victimological gaze. This paper addresses this issue by presenting data from interviews with British military veterans and considers their ‘unknowable’ experiences of war in a framework of victimological otherness, including experiencing, perpetrating and witnessing conflict. Given the masculine connotations associated with ‘soldiering’ and presumptions of vulnerability conjured by the word ‘victim’, imagining the ‘soldier as victim’ is challenging. Here, we offer an insight into this ‘victimhood’ by analysing the ‘common place’ experiences of British soldiers during the conflict in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper uses multivariate multilevel models with data from the British Crime Survey to investigate individual and neighbourhood influences on perceptions of local and national crime trends. In response to debates about the negative consequences of immigration and ethnic diversity, we specifically investigate the influence of ethnic heterogeneity on such perceptions. Results indicate that a person's socio-demographic background and their newspaper readership have the strongest association with perceptions of national trends whilst the strongest association with pessimistic views on localized crime is whether the individual has been a recent crime victim. Results suggest no negative effects for ethnic diversity. Moreover, the findings indicate that living in a mixed neighbourhood is associated with a reduced likelihood of perceiving rising levels of national crime. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2001, the UK government funded the introduction of a series of targeted situational preventive schemes and multi-agency partnerships to reduce deliberate fire-setting in vehicles. This paper explores the impact of these alternative arson-reduction strategies on vehicle arson in the areas served by fire authorities in England utilizing panel data for an eight-year period (1999–2006). The statistical results suggest that both forms of intervention have been successful in reducing vehicle arson, and that higher input intensity is also responsible for better outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Current and proposed sentence guidelines for drug-trafficking offences in the United Kingdom are underpinned by the neo-liberal ‘commonsense’ assumption that greater quantities will yield a greater profit, which deserves greater punishment. At present, this is achieved through the use of weight to determine the maximum sentence available (five kilos for Class A drugs). Drawing on ethnographic research with drug traffickers imprisoned in Ecuador, this paper problematizes the use of weight as a measure of seriousness. This research finds that mules often carry greater quantities than professional traffickers and that therefore sentence guidelines premised on weight will punish mules disproportionately. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Public trust and confidence are vital to the police function. There has been much comment and debate about the apparent decline in confidence in the British police since the 1950s, most frequently evidenced by data from the British Crime Survey (BCS). Yet, there has been relatively little in-depth interrogation of the data at the heart of the discussion. Pooling data from 11 sweeps of the BCS (1984 to 2005/06), this paper shows a homogenization over time in trends in trust and confidence and experiences of encounters with the police. This pattern is found across both age and ethnicity, and can also be identified in other variables. The story that emerges therefore differs from analyses that emphasize the increasingly diffuse and variable nature of public experiences of the police. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Studies based on British Crime Survey (BCS) data suggest that the overall incidence of workplace assault is relatively low. However, these data have a number of limitations. They include only assaults carried out by clients or the public, provide limited information about the individuals involved and their workplaces, and tell us little about perceived causes of violence at work. The 2008 Workplace Behaviour Survey (WBS) presents a more detailed picture than has hitherto been available about the extent and nature of interpersonal assaults at work. This paper discusses in detail the WBS findings regarding the prevalence, frequency and patterns of workplace assaults in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Neuroscience is rapidly increasing comprehension of the human brain. This paper considers its prospective relevance to youth justice policy. In the United States, neuroscientific findings have been co-opted as a liberalizing tool. The parallel lure of these studies in the United Kingdom is foreseeable, given how they plausibly mesh with arguments in support of raising the age of criminal responsibility, along with bolstering policies of de-carceration and diversion. However, caution should be exercised: neuroscience can be used in ways that both contribute to human flourishing, along with potentially diminishing it. In science, this is a well recognized quandary, referred to as the dual-use dilemma. More problematically, neuroscience could be utilized to ‘prove’ poor parenting, to ‘predict’ future criminality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Enhancing trust and confidence has moved to the centre of policing policy in England and Wales. The association between direct encounters with police officers and confidence in the police is well-established. But is it possible for the police to increase confidence among the general population including those people who do not routinely come into direct contact with police officers? This paper presents the findings from a quasi-randomised experiment conducted on population representative samples in seven London wards that assessed the impact of a leaflet drop on public perceptions of policing. The results provide strong evidence of an improvement in overall confidence, and in perceptions of police–community engagement, specifically. The leaflets also appear to have had a buffering effect against declines in public assessments of police effectiveness. The findings support the idea that public trust and confidence can be enhanced by direct police communication of this type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the events of 11 September 2001, Muslim minority groups have been subjected to pervasive scrutiny in the United Kingdom. The 7 July 2005 attacks have led to young Muslims’ being party to intensified modes of monitoring, surveillance and intervention by crime and security agencies. The introduction of multiple forms of counter-terrorism regulation by the state has been underpinned by discourses of (in)security, which have defined British Muslims en bloc as a risky, suspect population. Against this wider backdrop, this paper presents the findings from a study investigating the effects of these processes on young British Pakistanis in the North-West of England. Giving voice to these young people, we explore their responses to risk-victimization and articulate the impacts of legal and cultural regulation both on the management of Muslim identities and performances of safety in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 'war on terror' has emerged as the principal conflict of our time, where 'Islamic fanaticism' is identified as the greatest threat to Western liberal democracies. Within the United Kingdom, and beyond, this political discourse has designated Muslims as the new 'enemy within' -- justifying the introduction of counter-terrorist legislation and facilitating the construction of Muslims as a 'suspect community'. In this paper, we develop Hillyard's (1993) notion of the 'suspect community' and evidence how Muslims have replaced the Irish as the main focus of the government's security agenda whilst also recognizing that some groups have been specifically targeted for state surveillance. We conclude that the categorization of Muslims as suspect may be serving to undermine national security rather than enhance it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most influential accounts of the causal connection between drug use and crime was developed by Paul Goldstein in a tripartite conceptual frame-work that divided explanations of the connection into 'economic-compulsive', 'psychopharmacological' and 'systemic' (Goldstein 1985). The aim of this paper is to examine the validity of the taxonomy in explained drug-related crime across different crime types and to identify some of the mechanisms involved. This was done by interviewing drug-misusing offenders currently serving sentences of imprisonment in the United Kingdom about the role of drug use in their recent crimes. The paper concludes that Goldstein's taxonomy should be refined to take into account the wide range of factors that influence the connection between drug use and crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been reported that many crimes are committed in groups, yet few studies of co-offending exist. In this paper, we argue that large-scale information on the prevalence of co-offending and its variations across age, gender and crime type is essential for the development of criminological theory and for the accurate estimation of important criminal justice measures like the probability of conviction and the incapacitative effects of imprisonment. To this end, we present results from the most extensive multivariate analysis of co-offending available in the United Kingdom to date. Findings indicate that a minority of detected crime implicated multiple offenders, and that co-offending decreased with age, was greater for females and was most common for robbery and burglary. Age, gender and crime type independently predicted co-offending. Implications for criminal justice policy and theory are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral panics are conventionally associated with the interpretations of youthful action imposed by powerful state or media forces. However, the concept is also useful in understanding more generally how social problems are constructed and presented. In this paper, we consider how a vague term such as 'organized crime' has emerged as a vehicle for exclusionary rhetorics in both the United States and Britain. While the origins of the organized crime moral panic in the United States can be located amongst moral entrepreneurs, the British version is marked by the outpourings of a right-wing media, and the influence of American foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid expansion of options to coerce drug-dependent offenders into treatment—culminating recently in the provisions of the 2005 Drugs Act and the government's 'Tough Choices' agenda—research findings to date are equivocal about their impact in reducing crime. This paper presents UK findings from a pan-European study on this issue. The results—at both national and international levels—reveal that court-mandated clients reported significant and sustained reductions in illicit drug use and offending behaviours, and improvements in other areas of social functioning. Those entering the same treatment services through non-criminal justice routes also reported similar reductions and improvements. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of recent policy developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins by reviewing research on the cognitive processing used by residential burglars when choosing targets. We then attempt to make links between this processing and the notion of expertise in the broader cognitive literature, to the extent that, in comparison with novices, processing appears removed from explicit deliberation, tasks are carried out speedily and methodically, and recognition of relevant stimuli or cues is extremely fast, if not instantaneous. We then present new data from interviews with 50 experienced burglars. We cover the initial decision to burgle and selection of the target followed by, for the first time in the UK, a detailed discussion of search strategies within the property. Forty-five out of 50 burglars had a predictable search pattern and 37 spontaneously described their searches using terms signifying automaticity—an underlying feature of expertise. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of primary and secondary crime prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a critical reconstruction and reinterpretation of the disposition towards the governance of crime that was ascendant in England and Wales during the middle decades of the twentieth century—namely, liberal elitism, or what I term ‘Platonic guardianship’ Drawing upon documentary sources, and extended oral history/biographical interviews with retired Home Office officials, penal reformers and criminologists, I examine the express and implied values and beliefs that constitute this take on political responsibility towards crime and the public passions it arouses, and consider the senses in which it may be plausibly described, ideologically, as liberal. I then explore three ‘moments’ of contention during which the legitimacy of liberal elitism was called into question over the last several decades—the çnothing works— assault on rehabilitation in the 1970s, the rise of ‘law and order’ politics in the 1980s, and the populist and punitive turn taken by penal politics since 1993. In each case, I outline briefly the nature of the charges levelled at the commitments and practices of Platonic guardianship and assess—drawing upon the interview material—the perceived scale and effects of each challenge. I conclude by reflecting on the sociological preconditions and normative limitations of Platonic guardianship as a mode of rule, and on what we may draw from it today in our efforts to make sense of and transcend, the febrile contemporary politics of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK market in antiquities is the site of trade of an unknown number of illicit artefacts. These illicit antiquities are often the Product of looting in underdeveloped nations. The UK has recently passed a new statute criminalizing the knowing purchase of a looted cultural object The statute, however, is likely to have little effect on the trading Practices of London `s antiquity dealers, due to peculiarities of their style of transacting, which will be examined here. This paper is therefore (a) a study of an illicit market which is still in the early stages of a slow move from non-criminal to criminal, as its destructive tendencies are increasingly brought to public and official recognition and (b) yet another note of warning to regulators who feel that, on the implementation of a token criminal prohibition, markets will sanitize themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Britain has become an increasingly diverse society, law enforcement and order maintenance have, almost inevitably, generated sharp conflicts of interest. Police relations with young people in genera 4 lesbians and gay men, and gypsy and traveller groups have all caused concern in recent times. Greatest concern has, however, been reserved for the policing of Britain `s black and minority ethnic communities, particularly those of African-Caribbean heritage. While the use of `stop and search' has Provided a key focus for such concern, less attention has been paid to what happens within the police station--although, historically, this has also been a source of considerable mistrust and tension. In this paper, we focus on a largely unexamined police power--the use of strip search. Using data from a single police station (Kilburn) in north London for the period May 1999 to September 2000, we assess the differential use of strip search with a particular focus on 'race'. The data suggest that this power is used more frequently in connection with arrestees of African-Caribbean origin than any others-even when other factors, such as age, sex and offence, are controlled for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyses highlighting the genres of critique engaged by radical criminologists are comparatively rare. The few exceptions tend to associate radical criminological thinking with a grammar of critique that (i) establishes universal criteria, (ii) judges (con)texts against these and (iii) prescribes paths of action accordingly. This is an unfortunate tendency since it ties radical thought to an increasingly anachronistic genre of critique, and does not arrest the dwindling plight of critical approaches, or resist dominant technocratic discourses in criminology. In an attempt at redress, this paper identifies four alternate genres of critique in British radical criminology of the 1960s-70s, and shows how these could spawn a deconstructive ethos from which to develop critical analysis with renewed legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use data from the 1994 and 1996 British Crime Survey (BCS) to examine the underreporting of property crime. Using bivariate probit analysis (corrected for sample selection), we find a strong association between factors influenced by the economic cycle and individuals' reporting inclinations. However, we find little evidence to connect reporting to individual criminality, but some association between individual attitudes to the police and the probability of reporting an incident. In general, individuals who are not in the labour market are much less likely to report property crimes compared to individuals who are in work, especially those who suffer some financial loss as a consequence of the crime. These findings have implications for economic models of crime that make use of official statistics. Where previously the 'dark figure' of hidden crime has been assumed to vary randomly through time, our results suggest that a large component of hidden crime varies systematically with the economic cycle. The implication of this is that economic models of crime should be corrected to allow for this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the relationship between economic factors and property crime by using aggregate data from 42 police force areas in England and Wales. Positive impact of the change in unemployment on four types of criminal activities examined; Factors leading to the increases in crime; Reduction in property crime with increase in the size of the police force.

This paper addresses the impact of economy, efficiency, and effectiveness—the `three Es'—upon agencies of the criminal justice system (police and prosecution, forensic investigation, courts, probation services, and prisons) in the 1980s in Britain. It also asks whether what is happening to criminal justice signifies a shift from `rule of law' towards `managerial justice'. It argues that the emphasis upon `consumer control' has led not to more public accountability but to increased central control of criminal justice practice. Finally, it raises the issue of whether these trends form part of a wider political strategy to `manage' social tensions within British society wrought by the return 1 notions of `free market' capitalism, enterprise culture, and the `strong state'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides the first detailed comparisons between an American ‘new generation’ maximum-security prison (Oak Park Heights) and a British maximum-security ‘dispersal’ prison (Gartree), based on research conducted by the same researcher using the same research strategy and instruments. Oak Park Heights is perceived to be safer, more secure, and more trouble-free. It also offers a fuller, and more highly rated, programme of treatment, industry, and education, and better contact with the outside world. Gartree prisoners were more fearful that they might deteriorate physically or mentally. It is suggested that ‘new generation’ designs can contribute to a sense of security and provide a foundation upon which good staff can build more rewarding prison regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent penal policy developments in England and Wales emphasize the role for voluntary organizations. Voluntary organizations play an important and increasing role in punishment, including imprisonment and supervision, but the effects of their work are ill understood. Existing literature is ambivalent: some argue such work empowers and builds social capital; for others, it extends control. This tension is addressed by analysing two payment-by-results pilot schemes. This analysis adds to the limited empirical knowledge about voluntary organizations. It demonstrates how their involvement in these pilots enabled and justified the new 12-month mandatory statutory supervision requirement, significantly extending the spatial and temporal reach of carceral power. The conclusion considers the theoretical implications of this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]