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In the above paper five errors have been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of a cylindrical milling cutter for the spine processing during the book blocks perfect binding has been grounded. To perform the research, an experimental test bench was designed and mounted on a Trendbinder machine. The influence of the recess depth, the angle of the milling cutter installation and the blocks speed on the strength and durability of adhesive bonding have been investigated. The gluing of book spine has been performed by means two types of glues – hot melt and PVAD adhesives. As a criterion for high-quality perfect binding there were accepted the strength and durability, measured on a Sig-loch PF-1 laboratory device by the well-known 'pull' and 'flex' methods. According to the results of experimental research, technological parameters of spine processing by a cylindrical milling cutter, able to provide the maximum strength and durability of book blocks perfect binding have been determined. It was established that the obtained values of strength and durability correspond to a very good binding strength according to the generally accepted standards. A comparative analysis of the results has shown a 17–28% increase in strength compared to the suitable indicators for book blocks manufactured on the Trendbinder machine using existing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers are interested in using natural fibres to treat due to recent advancements in polymer characteristics. The mechanical properties of three types of bars are studied in this paper: Cotton Fibre-Reinforced Polymer bars, Cotton/Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer bars, and Cotton/Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer bars. The goal of the paper was to create low-cost bars with comparable mechanical performance and corrosion resistance to steel reinforcement. The bars were made using two methods: fibres immersed in polymer and fibres coated with polymer by repeated tension and relaxation of fibres. The second method produced better results in terms of the tensile strength of Cot.CFRP, Cot.GFRP, and Cot.FRP bars, which were 688, 477, and 284 MPa, respectively, and the stress–strain curve revealed brittle behaviour for all bars and modulus of elasticity of 43, 31 and 22 GPa. When sand was put on the bar's surface, the bars demonstrated a good connection with the concrete. It also showed good resistance to moisture, alkaline solutions and acids, as well as heat resistance at temperatures below 200°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high specific stiffness materials are used to design the space payload components. These components should sustain the extreme environmental condition throughout their life cycle without failure. The prerequisites of future space missions need lightweight materials which must be mechanically strong and high thermal and electrically conductive. The Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are efficient filler material in composite or metal matrix to enhance greater electrical and thermal conductivity. The quality of the CNT nano composite relies upon several parameters like the types of CNTs, its purity, aspect ratio, amount of loading, alignment, and interfacial adhesion between the nanotube and polymer. The performance of the CNT-CFRP composite depends on the successful execution of the processing technique. This review paper intends to highlight the enhancement of the mechanical, thermal, electrical properties of the composite, and the challenges to achieving it. This review paper helps to optimise the process parameters to fabricate Space Payload Components, required to replace existing high-density Space Qualified Materials. This review paper should help optimize the process parameters to fabricate Space Payload Components, which can be excellent alternatives to the existing high-density Space Qualified Materials without making any compromise on the performance index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports experimental research of loads (torques) that arise during cutting of corrugated fibreboard specimens by a movable cutting disc and immovable counter blades. The paper shows a method of corrugated fibreboard cutting based on the use of immovable counter blades and the cutting disc with reciprocating motion driven by electric engine. There has been designed and created experimental test bench for the research of corrugated fibreboard specimen cutting. The authors have used the strain gauge method for torque research that made possible to get their trustworthy values. The paper shows experimental research results that define technological parameters of corrugated fibreboard cutting by movable cutting disc, which minimise loads on main shaft. Results of experimental research give opportunity to get trustworthy and systematised information about torque values depending on type and thickness of the corrugated fibreboard and the influence of flute direction, cutting disc movement velocity and overlap size of tool during corrugated fibreboard cutting. The use of movable cutting disc in technological equipment for corrugated fibreboard cutting creates preconditions for high-quality manufacturing of large-sized packages from corrugated fibreboard, decreases overall dimensions and simplifies equipment design, minimises power discharge and packages manufacturing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a thermal error model for a lathe CNC machine using temperature on moving parts, which is usually a difficult measurement. Different working conditions are performed to obtain temperature and thermal displacement of the machine. A multi-linear regression model is applied for modelling relationship between temperatures and thermal errors. Data of two constant working conditions are implemented to find out the fitting function. Through analysis, it shows that thermal errors for X- and Z-axes can be estimated based on only four temperature points (T2, T3, T10 and T12 for the X-axis and T4, T6, T7 and T11 for the Z-axis). Results reveal that using movable part temperature data (T12), the average and maximum error in the predicted thermal displacement of the X-axis can be reduced about 1/3 and 2/5 compared to without using T12, while the movable temperature point on Z-Screw (T8) has a tiny effect on the average and maximum error of predicted thermal displacement of the Z-axis. Results herein can provide useful information to develop a thermal compensation for the CNC lathe machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) have been the topic of scientific research and development in surface engineering. TBCs provide effective surface protection onto the hot components of gas turbines and aero engines, enabling them to operate at high inlet gas temperatures. This paper aims to present state-of-the-art research contributions to strengthen the understanding of growth and development in the ever-increasing field of TBCs. The paper emphasises and consolidates major research progress and contributions carried out in the literature and briefly surveyed in the two most promising research categories, viz. growth and development in deposition techniques for TBC and exploration of TBC materials. A review will help the research community to understand the existing deposition processes and their contribution to future needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, solar thermal energy has been considered the main type of renewable energy used widely to provide heat energy and produce electrical power. Evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSCs) are used in various weather circumstances such as clear, cloudy, windy, hot, and cold weather, and their efficient system supplies latent heat storage fluid with higher temperature and lower heat energy loss compared to the flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs). This review paper is considered an investigation on adding nanofluid particles to the evacuated tube solar collector-PCM, indicating future evacuated tube solar collector designs and predicting the suitable high- or low-temperature PCM for various types of applications. Also, three main types of ETSCs, heat pipe, Thermosyphon, and U-pipe, with their applications are reviewed, and the factors that influence the collector performance and efficiency are discussed. Moreover, the properties that affect the selection of the PCM and the usage of various types, sizes, and volumetric concentrations of nanofluid as a working fluid for each ETSC are investigated with their enhancements for each type. Lastly, this paper provides future ideas for using additive nanofluid materials as a working fluid to improve the performance and efficiency of ETSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous robots are designed to support humans in diverse ways including companionship and assistance, as technology evolves, the burden of physical tasks which were performed by humans in the past are getting reduced. Autonomous guidance and navigation are popular fields that use mobile robots to replace humans. These robots are widely used in space, defence, education, and industry and require navigating safely through different environments. A significant aspect of Autonomous Robot Navigation is an obstacle and pedestrian avoidance. Most of the outdoor guiding robots follow the concept of SLAM (Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping) for moving from the initial point to the goal point. Moreover, image processing plays a vital role in the detection and recognition between humans and objects. The existing methodology comprises implementing autonomous tour guide robots are based in embedded systems which has a high degree of recognition accuracy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing autonomous campus and tour guiding robots. This paper is steered at providing a satellite view of these existing assemblies and the advances made with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction stir processing (FSP) is used to enhancing the hardness, tensile strength, corrosion and wear resistance of the substrate by changing the microstructure and through reinforcing the surface with hard-particles. In this paper, the available literatures have been carefully scrutinised and systematically categorised into FSP process and its resulting effects on the different grades of aluminium-based metal matrix composites (AMMCs). The effect of various reinforcements on AMMCs is also discussed. The objective of this paper is to review the various FSPed AMMCs fabricate at different operating conditions under various FSP parameters and summarise their effects on the microstructure and final properties of surface composites. Improvement in mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and wear resistance were observed. Fine grains of 100 nm to 400 nm in size were obtained in AA7075-T6 matrix after multi-pass FSP with rapid cooling. In AA7075/9 wt% TiB2 SCs, the grain size reduces from 335 µm (cast AA7075) to 6.3 µm, UTS increased to ~237%, hardness increased to ~246% and wear rate reduced to ~47% as compared to cast AA7075. This review paper will be helpful to new researchers working in the field of FSP, as it comprises significant knowledge related to AMMCs through FSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lock valve plays an important role during normal shift and power failure in heavy-dutyautomatic transmissions. A new kind of lock valve was designed in this paper, and the main purpose of this paper is to improve the working performance of the lock valve. Firstly, the AMESim simulation model of the lock valve was built based on the analysis of the working circuit of the lock valve, and the influence of several design parameters on the lock valve working performance were analysed, which provided a reliable theoretical basis for the subsequent optimisation research. Additionally, thecomplete second-orderresponse surface model between design parameters and output oil pressure response time and control oil pressure fluctuation is established based on ISE and ITAE criteria. Finally, the particle swarm optimisation(PSO) algorithm and Box-Behnkenresponse surface methodology were applied to the optimisation of the mathematical model. The optimisation results have shown that the two optimisation methods can significantly improve the output oil pressure response speed of the lock valve, but the optimisation results of Box-Behnkenresponse surface methodology are more stable than the PSO algorithm in the control oil pressure, and the growth fluctuation is smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a four-fingered robotic hand, designed to carry out grasping operations along with different object manipulation tasks. The design of this hand resembles a human hand which is the perfect dexterous robotic gripper. In this paper, the forward kinematics of the designed hand is carried out using the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameters, to calculate the position and orientation of each of the fingertips. Inverse kinematics of the hand is formulated to compute the different joint angles for different fingertip configurations. Kinematic simulations are realised to estimate the workspace of the four finger robotic hand using the MATLAB interface. All possible fingertip trajectories are plotted in joint space to determine the motion constraints of the developed hand model. The results obtained confirm that the hand is suitable for grasping objects of variable geometry and materials within its workspace. The motion of the fingers is flexible enough for different object manipulation. These analysis shows that this hand is capable to perform the desired tasks successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is an unconventional cutting method used in different industrial applications. The motive of this paper is to investigate the effect of traverse speed on surface roughness for a particular workpiece thickness. Three different plates of AISI 1030 steel as work-piece with thicknesses 4 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm are used to evaluate surface quality of cutting. Three response models for respective thicknesses are generated and checked on the basis of their prediction ability. It showed 8.71%, 8.11% and 7.83% error for surface roughness for three different thicknesses, respectively. Post validation, desired surface roughness values are placed in the response models for prediction of respective traverse speeds for three different thicknesses and represented in a graphical manner. This paper will help the AWJ machining operator to find out the precise cutting speed for achieving desired surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a hybrid method, validated through a series of experiments for balancing of rigid and flexible rotors at a constant rotational speed. Unlike existing balancing methods, this hybrid method combines the benefits of the 4-runs method and the Influence Coefficient (IC) method without requiring a response phase measurements to estimate three correction weights so as to minimise rotor balancing errors. The proposed method requires three trial runs without phase measurements to localise the position of unbalance using the centroid concept. Then, calculating the phase angles of each trial run to apply, three times, the IC balancing method. Finally, estimating the overall corrective weight from these three correction weights. A comparative study was used to verify the reliability of this hybrid method as a contrast test. Additionally, two experimental cases were designed to evaluate the method in two different operating environments. Experimental analyses show that the proposed method presents acceptable results, despite the use of a modest instrument such as the smartphone to acquire the vibration signal of the unbalanced rotor. In this context, this paper highlights the opportunities behind smartphones, which can be a reliable tool to perform professional operations such as field balancing for rotating machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical expansion is the key process in the manufacture of giant metallic ring. The mechanical expansion process of a 10-m-class aluminium alloy ring is taken as the research object in this paper. First, based on the springback theory of small curvature plane bending, the springback ratio formula is derived for the wall thickness centre-line of the ring cross section after unloading, and the mechanical expansion stroke model is established by the mould displacement compensation method. Then, a calculation method for mechanical expansion force is proposed by considering the friction between the mould arc surface and the ring inner wall. Moreover, a finite element model (FEM) is established to simulate the mechanical expansion process of a 10-metre-class aluminium alloy ring using MSC_Marc. The results show that the model proposed in this paper reduces the dimension error of the ring after unloading by 9.19%, and increases the calculation accuracy of the mechanical expansion force by more than 30% under different friction coefficients. Furthermore, the effects of processing parameters, centre angel of the mould segment, relative radius of the mould segment, fillet radius of the edge mould segment, ovality, expansion rate and friction coefficient on the fabricated ring quality are numerically investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient stress and deformation analysis of a functionally graded rotating cylinder made of Al-Sic with short length under thermal and mechanical loads is studied in this paper. It is assumed that the cylinder is located on a friction bed and is subjected to an external torque. The material property is assumed to be variable along the radial direction based on volume fraction distribution. Thermal conductivity equation with time parameter is solved to obtain temperature distribution by Finite Difference Method. First-order shear deformation theory is used to derive kinematic relations. The governing equations are derived using minimum total potential energy and Euler relations. These governing equations are solved using the method of Eigenvalue and Eigenvector. The physical and loading boundary conditions are applied to obtain unknown coefficients. As the main result of this paper, it is concluded that the radial displacement is uniform at the middle of a cylindrical shell and is decreased to zero with an increase of axial coordinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analysis of Mounting Bracket Structure and Material effects on fixed-displacement swash-plate-type compressor. To decrease the interior sound pressure of a vehicle, both finite-element analysis (FEA) and vibration experiment of the automotive air conditioning compressor with the mounting bracket were conducted, and the effect of the material and structure of the mounting bracket on the noise and vibration of the compressor was analysed. The finite-element model of the fixed-displacement swash-plate-type compressor with a mounting bracket is established. For the mounting bracket with different materials and structures, vibration acceleration level (VAL) of the finite-element model was analysed. Results show that the mounting bracket MB3, which is made of QT400-10, provides the best noise and vibration performance, which is also verified through interior sound pressure level experiment. Abbreviations: FEA: finite-element analysis; VAL: vibration acceleration level; FRA: frequency response analysis; EMA: experimental modal analysis; LTI: Linear Time-Invariant; FEM: finite-element model; AMS: automatic multi-level substructuring; DOF: degree of freedom [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, free vibration analysis of truncated conical shells reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) is studied. The composite shell is considered to be composed of epoxy reinforced with GNPs distributed along the thickness direction based on the various patterns. The shell is modelled based on the first-order shear deformation theory and effective material properties are calculated based on the Halpin-Tsai model along with the rule of mixture. The set of governing equations and boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle and are solved numerically using generalised differential quadrature method for all possible combinations of clamped, simple and free conditions. Convergence and accuracy of the presented solution are confirmed and influences of various parameters on natural frequencies of the shell are investigated including boundary conditions, semi-vertex angle, circumferential mode number and also total mass fraction, width, thickness and distribution pattern of GNPs. Due to excellent mechanical and thermal properties of GNPs and wide application of conical shells in modern industries such as pressure vessels, aerospace structures and piping, results of this paper can be valuable and useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle active safety system is the hotspot of current research and development, and the road adhesion coefficient is one of the essential parameters in the development of automobile active safety system, which plays a pivotal role in automobile safety. To improve the real-time performance and accuracy of the road adhesion coefficient, this paper proposes different control methods and compares and analyzes them. To accurately estimate the road adhesion coefficient in real-time, an eight-degree-of-freedom vehicle model was adopted in this paper. According to the tire torque and wheel speed, the adhesion coefficient was estimated based on the second-order nonlinear extended state observer. The experimental data, such as slip rate, using the improved tire model, is based on the recursive least squares method with forgetting factor and fuzzy logic algorithm real-time of tire-road friction coefficient estimation. The results show that the observer can effectively observe utilisation adhesion coefficient, and both control algorithms can estimate the road adhesion coefficient in real-time, effectively and quickly. On different roads, the use of the recursive least squares algorithm resulted in higher estimation accuracy, better robustness, and better control effect than using a fuzzy logic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coatings have been used tremendously in the recent past for the improvement of mechanical and tribological characteristics of machine elements and metal cutting and forming tools. The study of thin surface coatings has immersed as the large area of interest these days for friction and wear reduction, fatigue life enhancement and reliability in research community and industry. This paper presents the study related to tribological properties of Tungsten carbide/carbon (WC/C) coating for case carburising steels. Two different steel materials namely 20MnCr5 and SAE 8620 were investigated on a pin on disk machine in dry conditions. A strong correlation was found between the surface roughness and the friction coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to predict the maximum pressure of journal bearing using ANN. The maximum pressure values are analysed using FEM and predicted using ANN. The FEM analysis is performed for micropolar lubricated hybrid journal bearing, and the results are used for training and testing the ANN model. Feedforward backpropagation algorithm is used for ANN model development. The externally applied load and rotational speed of the journal are considered as input parameters for performance predictions. ANN predictions are made within and outside the prescribed range of input parameters. This approach shows better predictions for journal bearing performance. Results obtained from FEM and ANN are in close agreement with each other. The percentage error less than 0.5 is observed for training and testing of the ANN model. The prediction error is in the range of −0.6% to 0.48%. In this paper, a mathematical model is established using FEM. The performance predictions obtained using ANN are very useful because much time can be saved which would be otherwise consumed in the experimental or theoretical bearing analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of stress developed in flex-gear (FG) cup with conventional strain wave generating (SWG) cam and split-cam SWG in strain wave gear/harmonic drive (HD), using initial load distribution by tooth pairs as a boundary condition in finite element method (FEM). The initial load distribution by tooth pairs is achieved with the assembly of ring gear (RG) and deformed FG before the application of any external load. A closed-form solution to the analytical method describes the exact initial load distribution by tooth pairs in the presence of secondary contacts. However, with spit-cam SWG the phenomenon of secondary contact is completely eradicated. Therefore, the load is distributed by contacting tooth pairs that lie only in the line of action and the tooth pair that lies along the major axis of split-cam SWG experiences maximum load compared to conventional SWG. The strain developed in FG cup based on the load distribution with both SWG cams obtained from FEM is verified with the experiment. The comparison shows a rise of 44 microns in circumferential strain around the major axis of deformed FG, when RG is assembled. This testifies the presence of initial load, which is distributed among all interfering tooth pairs before applying external load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lifting permanent magnet is a new type of magnetic transport device consisting of a mechanical driving mechanism and a permanent magnet system. It can reduce power consumption as opposed to lifting electromagnet. However, the single-drive mechanism could not be used in the inclined condition, and how to calculate the balance working point of the magnetic circuit with several permanent magnet limits its application and development. In this paper, an anti-inclined mechanism with double drive mechanism was designed and implemented. The concentric shafts and the reversing gear were adopted to realise synchronous rotation. For the permanent magnet system, the iteration method for multi-magnets balance working point analysis is proposed and implemented. Based on the prototype experiment, the anti-inclined lifting permanent magnet hoisted a 1 ton weight workpiece successfully at an inclination angle of 30 degrees. And the measurement experiment proved that the iteration method is more precise than the conventional isolated method and is a better preparation for analysing the magnetic force and residual magnetic field strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new generation of advanced composite materials has recently emerged through the use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as the reinforcing constituent in polymer matrix. In this paper, the dynamic response of polymer sandwich beams with functionally graded face sheets subject to two successive harmonic moving loads has been studied. Three different patterns of CNT's distributions for the face sheets have been investigated: Uniform Distribution (UD), Symmetrically Functionally Graded (SFG) distribution, and Unsymmetrically Functionally Graded (USFG) distribution. A thorough study on the effects of velocity, position, excitation frequency, and the phase angles of loads has been carried out using the Radial Point Interpolation Meshfree (RPIM) method based on the 2D theory of elasticity. The SFG is found to result in the highest stiffness of all three distribution patterns. Increasing the volume fraction of the reinforcement is seen to have resulted in an increase of around 33% in the flexural rigidity of the SFG beam. Also, decreasing the frequency is seen to have suppressed the deflection of the USFG type up to 90%. The current research presents a reliable computational framework to help provide an insight into the design of an optimum sandwich structure subject to a complicated state of loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in Minimally Invasive Surgery, multifunctional instruments are essential to improve the efficiency of the surgical procedure. Surgical instruments with combination of wire and links demonstrate high performance, but fabrication and assembly of the instruments are challenging. This open the way for alternate design, and compliant mechanism is the appropriate choice. Compliant mechanism is the flexible mechanism that transfer loads from one point to another through elastic body deformation. This research paper introduces the novel design of compliant forceps, which can cut and collect tissues. Forceps require very high force to cut the tissues and less force to collect the tissues. The concept is developed with respect to the requirement, where switching of functions can be obtained by applying respective input actuation. The concepts of compliant forceps are converted to the realistic model using parameterisation technique. Structural performance of compliant forceps is investigated through the finite element method (FEM). FEM is used to measure the cutting force and grasping force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the potential study of artificial neural network (ANN) for prediction of response surface roughness (Ra) in face milling operation with respect to cryogenic approach. The model of Ra was expressed as the main factor in face milling of spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut and coolant type. The ANN is trained using four various back propagation algorithms (BPA). The emphasis of the paper is to investigate the performance and the accuracy of the attained results depicts the effectiveness of the trained ANN in identifying the predicted Ra. The incorporated various BPA in predicting the Ra. The performance comparative study is made among statistical (Response Surface Methodology (RSM)) and ANN (BPA – training algorithm) methods. The various incorporated BPA algorithms are Gradient Descent (GD), Scaled Conjugate Gradient Descent (SCGD), Levenberg Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Neural Network (BNN). Afterwards the best suitable BPA is identified in predicting Ra for AISI 316 in face milling operation using liquid nitrogen (LN2) as cutting fluid. The outperformed BPA is identified based on the attained deviation percentage and time required for the training the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, finite element analysis and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to analyse and study the stress concentration factor (SCF) of a uniaxially loaded isotropic plate with a centrally placed countersunk hole. In this study, the finite element (FE) model was built in ANSYS and employed to generate SCF values. This FE model was first optimised in terms of mesh properties and then validated with literature data. Using RSM, the effect of the plate and countersunk hole geometries, which was implemented by four dimensionless parameters, on the SCF was presented. Additionally, as suggested by RSM and using ordinary least squared method, a high-accuracy second order equation to predict the SCF value based on the non-dimensional geometric factors was formulated. Finally, this paper suggests an optimum plate and countersunk design geometries to minimise the SCF in countersunk holes in isotropic plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the third industrial revolution (IR), mechatronics engineering has emerged, which is the merger of mechanical and electronics engineering along with information technology to an extent. In the current industrial revolution (fourth), the amalgamation of mechanical with Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used to simulate human behaviour in machines. In the earlier decades, the application of AI in mechanical engineering has expedited and the increased volume of related research papers is a proof of this fact. The broad domain of mechanical engineering has a lot of potential for machine learning applications in order to detect errors, minimise rejection, improve product quality, optimise a system, and so on, as it has not been intensely explored although. This article’s goal is to give a structured evaluation of works that employ vision systems and to attract researchers to analyse its potential integration with machine learning (ML) techniques from the industry 4.0 viewpoint. Current trends and research gaps in the area of manufacturing in collaboration with ML are also discussed at appropriate places. A general procedure to carry out research in the field of mechanical engineering is also presented. The results of various studies highlighted in this paper confirm that the implementation of AI in ME has provided an optimum solution to many mechanical problems that improved product quality and minimised the associated cost. Finally, the authors have led a direction to empower researchers in order to explore various areas in mechanical engineering from Industry 4.0 and AI perspective and enable possible topics for future research. The article concludes by providing challenges that may be faced in the coming future about the use of machine learning in mechanical engineering problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brake system of a mine hoist is the key component and the last barrier to ensure the safe operation in a mine. Based on the vibration and the sound signals of a test brake system, this paper studied the characteristics of the signals and the relationship between both the signals and tries to propose a new fault diagnosis method for the brake system. First, the vibration and sound signals of the test set-up under different braking conditions at different brake disc rotation speeds were collected. Then, the vibration and sound signals were filtered and reduced by the wavelet packet, and the reconstructed signal eigenvalues were extracted. The results showed that the characteristics of vibration and sound signals in fault state and normal state can be drawn. It shows the combined fault diagnosis method based on vibration and sound signals can see a wide application to the fault diagnosis for mine hoist brake system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herringbone gear power-split transmission is widely used in high-speed and heavy-load transmission systems, and its dynamic analysis is becoming increasingly important. The characteristic sensitivity of a gear transmission system indicates the influence of the dynamic parameters on the natural frequency of the gear transmission system, and it functions as an important theoretical reference value in the dynamic design of a herringbone gear power-split transmission system. In this paper, the dynamic equations of a herringbone gear power-split transmission system for a ship are presented, and the natural frequencies and modal shapes are calculated based on the free torsional vibration differential equation. Subsequently, the modal shapes were classified into the coupling vibration model and the branch vibration model. The characteristic sensitivity was studied using modal analysis, and the characteristic sensitivity calculation equations for single and double root of natural frequency were deduced, and the characteristic sensitivity of the natural frequencies to the mesh stiffness was computed. Finally, the relationship between the modal strain energy and the characteristic sensitivity was analysed, and the physics essence of the characteristic sensitivity was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Base pressure is a crucial component in the measurement of flow parameters in a high-speed aerodynamic flow. In this paper, the microjets impact as a control mechanism is experimentally tested for the nozzles with abrupt expansion at supersonic Mach in an axisymmetric conduit. The flow regulation mechanism is placed at a 90-degree interval in the shape of an orifice of 0.5 mm in radius along the nozzle's exit diameter, which generates jets at sonic Mach numbers. The flow constraints studied are inertia level (Mach number), expansion level (NPR), and the geometric parameters considered are the pipe's length (L/D). These three relevant parameters were selected for design of experiments (DOE). In the management of base pressure, this analysis's primary objective is to evaluate the parameters influencing the flow. The experiments were carried out in two ways: without and with microjets. For the DOE, an L27 orthogonal series, polynomial expression, analysis of variance, and predicted plots were carried out to test the experimental findings. The established prototypes are statistically appropriate and achieved when making precise projections for all the cases. According to the present results, the L/D ratio for a given parameter is the most critical parameter influencing the maximum increase or decrease in the base pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper deals with the exact solution of vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) annular plate elastically restrained boundary conditions and resting on Winkler foundation. Hamilton's principle has been applied to derive the motion equations of FG annular plate and associated boundary conditions based on the classical plate theory (CPT). It is assumed that the material properties have been graded through the direction of plate thickness according to power law distribution. The effects of some key system parameters such as normalised inner radius, non-dimensional foundation stiffness, non-dimensional transverse and rotational spring constants of the elastic boundary, volume fraction index and number of nodal diameters on the frequency parameter have been assessed in tabular and graphical forms. The accuracy of the present work has been validated by comparing the present results with those computed by previously published literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the principles of polarisation to calculate the Stokes component of the polarisation image. It designs the spatial weighted fusion algorithm, focusing on the research and evaluation of the accuracy and time complexity of the spatial weighted fusion algorithm in the polarisation image fusion processing. The spatial weighted image fusion algorithm is used to fuse the polarisation degree image, the polarisation angle image, and the light intensity image. Finally, the algorithm function is realised through software programming to verify the effect and accuracy of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the spatial weighted fusion algorithm can keep the pixel value of the polarisation source image unchanged, avoid image distortion, artefacts and ringing effects algorithm is stable and efficient, with low time complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates free vibration of cracked single-walled carbon nanotubes modelled as Timoshenko nanobeams under axial thermal load. The main objective of this work is a deep, true, and precise formulation to analyse truly the thermal effects on the Timoshenko nanobeam model. Nonlocal elasticity theory is applied to Timoshenko beam model. It is assumed that a crack divides the beam into two segments. The crack is modelled by a torsional spring connecting the beam segments to each other. The thermal load acts as an axial force on the nanobeam. Galerkin's method is used to solve the partial differential equation of motion. The effect of the crack location, crack severity, thermal load, and nonlocal parameter on the frequencies are examined. As the crack severity increases, the frequencies decrease except the modes in which the crack locates at one of their nodes. All mode frequencies decrease at the high temperatures and increase at the low temperatures. Increasing the nonlocal parameter causes a reduction in the frequencies at any temperature. The nonlocal parameter effect on the frequencies increases at high or elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat exchangers have found extensive applications in the engineering sector owing to the crucial need for heat transfer and temperature regulation in the process industry. The performance analysis of a heat exchanger can either be investigated experimentally or utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The simulation of flow conditions based on CFD principles is considered as a contemporary approach for conducting performance analysis and design optimization of the heat exchanger. The paper aims to present how the performance optimization parameters of shell and tube heat exchanger effect its performance in terms of the extent of heat transfer achieved and fall in the shell outlet temperature. A standard model (Model 1) was initially defined, and seven subsequent models were created with one varying parameter as compared to Model 1 to carry out the comparative analysis. The results showed that decrease in inlet velocity, increase in thermal conductivity of the heat exchanger material, reduction in baffle spacing and use of triangular tube bundle arrangement has significant influence on the reduction of the condensate temperature. The effects of the same parameters on the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the vibration of a helicopter blade is studied. In this regard, the partial differential equation of motion is obtained and solved for a clamped beam numerically. The aerodynamic forces are introduced in terms of the pilot parameters included the collective pitch, lateral cyclic, longitudinal cyclic, and built-in twist on the blade deformation. Moreover, the effects of the blade rotational angular velocity, flight altitude, the blade length, and induce velocity on the blade deflection are studied. The results show that the blade deformation will be oscillating in terms of time and it is very sensitive to the control parameters, its geometry, and the environmental conditions. Moreover, it is observed that the pilot coefficients have more effect on the blade deformation in comparison with other parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel engines are commonly employed for transportation and power generation. Injection of diesel into the cylinder plays a crucial role towards cycle efficiency and emission regulations. The literature overview of several parameters, such as swirl ratio, injection timing, exhaust gas recirculation, fuel temperature and combustion chamber geometry, is presented in this review work. It is suggested that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations inside the cylinder are useful for predicting the flow field, combustion and pollutant formation. Future directions are indicated for further research on direct injection diesel engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified degradation model is proposed to simulate the residual strength of 45 steel under cyclic loading, which is then applied to analyse the rule of strength degradation of the metal. The degradation data of 45 steel tests shows the relationship between the ratio of cycle number and residual strength. The model is built by considering a series of cycle ratio errors between loading times and fatigue life on the basis of the Schaff theory and power degradation model criterion. The model is applied to numerical simulation of 35CrMo, with the outcome being presented to illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the model. Moreover, the results provide some theoretical references for the fatigue life analysis of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the outcome of a study on the effect of the machining conditions on some performance parameters during dry and hard boring of ASTM A304 low alloy steel round bar with tungsten-carbide insert using a 3-level factorial design of experiment-based response surface methodology. It involved modelling, prediction and optimisation of the performance parameters subject to constraints on variation of the machining conditions. Within the limits defined by levels of the machining, the performance parameters were randomly determined in 27 runs of boring experiments. These experiments, which were performed on a D360 x 1000HS excel lathe machine, serial no J320581, involved dry and hard boring of 27 ASTM A304 low alloy steel specimen work-pieces using tungsten-carbide inserts at different levels of low, medium and high as specified for the machining conditions. The data analysis was performed using Design Expert software version 9.0.6.2 to model, predict, and to obtain the optimal machining conditions, and the corresponding performance parameters. The study revealed the control factors to have varying effects on the response variables of which the prime factor is the cutting speed, for the tool wear and cutting temperature, and depth of cut, for the material removal rate. Hence, it is recommended that the obtained values of these factors should be adopted for optimal machining of the aforementioned material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effectiveness of feed rate, depth of cut, and cutting speed on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) of CNC lathe machines on AL6061 Materials. A combined use of Taguchi, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and Genetic Algorithms (GA) is proposed to study and optimise turning processes. Firstly, the RSM with a fractional factorial design is implemented to indicate the significance and influence of process parameters on RSM and MRR. With the achieved data, regression models are formulated to present the relationship between control factors and the responses and are proven reliable in predicting through statistical analysis and validating experiment results. Further, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) was used to obtain a Pareto solution set with multiple combinations of factors for optimal MRR and SR. Then, the best trade-off between process parameters is analysed to achieve desired quality outcomes. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides an effective solution for CNC Turning machines and can extend to similar problems in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large pulsation and impact occur during the working process of hydraulic rock drill, which has a negative influence on the system. Aiming at this phenomenon, the related characteristics of hydraulic fluid inertia are studied in this paper. The dynamic model of impact and reversing mechanism of rock drill is established. Through the parameter analysis of the model, the concepts of hard parameter quantity and soft parameter quantity are proposed. The influence coefficient C of the initial section of crevice flow including the influence of fluid inertia is deduced, and the comprehensive factors such as hydraulic oil velocity, unstable flow and friction resistance are analyzed, The value of soft parameter quantity ζ is (ξ+1) ~ (ξ+ 1.5)。The pressure test of the working chamber is designed and 7 groups of data are obtained. Through data analysis, the influence of C on the simulation results is obtained, which has a great influence on the reversing valve. The deviation of simulation data of left and right valve chamber pressure is increased from ± 8% to ± 3%. It has a certain impact on the impact piston. The deviation of simulation data increases from ± 5% to ± 3%, and has little impact on the accumulator. The deviation of simulation data increases from ± 4% to ± 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, numerical solutions are presented for static bending and mechanical buckling analyses of functionally graded porous (FGP) plates. The plate is modelled based on a refined plate theory and three porosity distributions with the same total mass density are considered. The set of the governing equations is derived using minimum potential energy and is solved numerically using the differential quadrature method (DQM). Convergence and accuracy of the solution are confirmed and the effects of porosity parameter, porosity distribution pattern, thickness and aspect ratio of the plate and boundary conditions on the deflection, intensity and distribution of stress and critical buckling load are investigated. It is shown by the numerical examples that an increment in the porosity parameter leads to a reduction in the critical buckling load and an increase in static deflection of the plate. Numerical results reveal that the effect of the porosity parameter on the distribution and intensity of the stress components strongly is dependent on the porosity distribution pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of new fabricated aluminium base composite with 5% graphite by weight, i.e., Al/Gr/Cp5. The new fabricated metal matrix composite (MMC) has a complete application in space, defence, automobile, and other concerned metal industries. In this work, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and the response surface method (RSM) were selected for the analysis and modelling purposes. ANFIS is a soft computing technique used in nonlinear data training. Taguchi's L27 plan was employed to conduct the experiments. The process parameters such as pulse-on time (PON), pulse-off time (POFF), a feed rate of wire (FRW) and the input current (IC) were selected for the experimentation. Based on the experimental findings, PON is identified as the most dominant parameter and the input current. WEDM performance was measured in terms of surface roughness (SR). For the optimised (minimum) surface roughness of 1.8625 microns, the best set of process parameters was PON (108 μs), POFF (52 μs), FRW (4 m/min) and the input current (12 Amp). ANFIS-predicted results were compared with the experimental results. An acceptable agreement is observed with the high value of the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9624). The soft computing technique, like ANFIS-RSM, shows a good competency and reliability for the presented work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effects of aspect ratio (0.1 ≤ A R ≤ 0.7) , Rayleigh number ( 10 2 ≤ R a ≤ 10 6 ) and inclination angle 0 ° ≤ γ ≤ 90 ° of the heated rectangular cylinder on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics due to natural convection in air around heated rectangular cylinders of different sizes inside a cold square enclosure. Galerkin finite element method was adopted for the solution of the developed model. The walls of the enclosure were maintained at an isothermal cold temperature while the boundaries of the rectangular cylinder were kept at a constant hot temperature. The results are presented in the form of isothermal contours, stream functions, local and average Nusselt numbers. It has been found that for the range of aspect ratio and Rayleigh number considered, the rate of heat transfer increases with increasing aspect ratio and Rayleigh number. Furthermore, the orientation angle of the rectangular cylinder was found to generally augment heat transfer rate except at A R value of 0.1 , where the average Nusselt number declines beyond γ = 45 ° for all the range of Rayleigh numbers considered. Results from the present study could be applied to nuclear reactor technology and cooling of electronic chips system optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fibre reinforced plastic materials (CFRPs) have a wide range of industrial applications like automobile, aerospace, biomedical, defence, and sports industries because of extraordinary multidimensional properties. Mechanical drilling is a most widely used common secondary machining process for composite laminates. Drilling induced delamination at hole-entry and hole-exit of a drilled hole is frequently occurred due to anisotropic and non-homogeneous structure of a material mechanics. Delamination can be smothered by employing tool design optimisation, upgraded drilling strategies and improving drilling methods. In this paper, various drilling conditions towards damage free drilling of CFRPs are reviewed. The above drilling conditions are categorised under adhesive layer, cryogenic cooling, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), pilot hole, reverse air suctioning, spring-damper mechanism, support plate mechanism, variable feed strategy, etc. These strategies are extensively reviewed with reference to drill bit geometry, drilling techniques and drilling methods to uncover the significance of drilling conditions and its importance on drilled quality. This common review on various drilling conditions for delamination-free drilling can be referenced as not only a widespread summary from literature survey available till the date but also help researchers to explore new possible ways to achieve delamination-free drilling for composite materials in upcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern advancements and emerging trends in automobile technology have shifted the primary focus of the OEMs to make vehicles lighter, faster, and reliable. Weight has always been a major concern in commercial medium/heavy-duty vehicles. The leaf springs account for 20% of the sprung weight of the vehicle thereby making the suspension system one of the heavy components of an automobile. This paper focuses on analysing the potential of aluminium alloy as a candidate material in leaf spring so as to make the suspension system lighter and more reliable. Aluminium alloy is one of the appropriate materials to proceed with because of its lightweight, strength, and non-significant deformation during load cycles. Three-dimensional CAD model of standard leaf spring was created in DS CATIA V5R19 software and computational analysis were carried out in ANSYS Workbench 18.1 by defining material as plain carbon steel (structural steel) and Aluminium alloy for comparative study. The results of the analysis that the reduction in weight of the leaf spring using aluminium alloy was approximately 64.71% along with a significant reduction in equivalent stress induced at different loading condition with a maximum reduction of 45.30% equivalent stress at the fully loaded dynamic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a numerical investigation of the effect of aspect ratio (AR) on the flow structure around the 35° Ahmed body. The AR is defined as the ratio of length to the height of the model. A total of five ARs are considered at a Reynolds number based on the height of the Ahmed body of 7.8 105. The flow governing equations are solved in the FLUENT solver using the SST K-Omega turbulence model. It is found that the drag coefficient (Cd) slightly increases at the AR1 4.2%. As the aspect ratio increases, the drag coefficient decreases. The analysis reveals that early flow separation in the AR1 causes a reattachment at the rear slant end, which leads to an increase in drag. It also highlights that there exists a minimum aspect ratio beyond which the drag increases. and there is a limit in the increasing order beyond which the drag will begin to reduce. Further, it demonstrates that there is no change in the recirculation region and consequently drag coefficient is not a function of the recirculation region. Thence, a clear understanding of the effect of the length-based aspect ratio can help to optimize the length during design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The squeeze casting process blends the features of casting, forging, and also helps in achieving better manufacturing abilities; attain smooth uniform surface, high productivity, superior mechanical properties, and refined microstructure. The precise control of process variables is the most feasible solution to obtain a defect-free casting. In the squeeze casting process, surface roughness, hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and yield strength are influenced by process variables. Hence, this paper deals with the new intelligent-based squeeze casting process using LM-20 alloy. Aluminium is commonly employed in automobile and aerospace applications. The proposed casting process considers the input parameters such as squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature, and Die preheats temperature. The output variables such as Yield strength, hardness, Ultimate tensile strength, and Surface roughness is artificially computed using the regression equations obtained for different responses using the non-linear regression models based on Central Composite Design (CCD). Initially, the considered process variables are trained in a Neural Network (NN). Further, the employed parameters are optimised to attain the best solution within the concerned limit using an improved meta-heuristic algorithm called Modified Coefficient based DHOA called MC-DHOA. The fitness evaluation of parameter optimisation depends on NN for prediction, and the objective function intends to minimise the error between optimised and target value. The analysis proves that the implemental model helps to select the most influential process parameters in the squeeze casting process within less duration. The overall performance of the proposed MC-DHOA is 16.5% better than PSO, 1% better than FF, 11% better than GWO, 4.6% better than WOA, and 2.15% better than DHOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rotary machine, the frequently failure component is the rolling element bearing (REBs).The timely identifying the potential fault can prevent the breakdown and failure of rotary machine. A health assessment model based on Non-Linear Autoregressive Neural Network along with exponential value of Health Indicator (HIE) is proposed in this paper. The prognoses of bearing degradation estimates as: In first step, the friction torque transducer used to acquire vibration signal over the lifetime of bearing. After that, in second step, useful features are extracted after the processing of signals through continues wavelet transform (CWT). Then, exponential method is applied to remove the shortcomings into feature vectors. Finally, HIE features as input to the network; the prediction of bearing degradation is performed using optimal NAR and NARX network. An experimental result clarified that the performance of NARX network is better for the prediction of degradation. Outperform application of proposed method and conformation of degree of accuracy; it is compared with the published literature. The proposed methodology is more effective for a dataset of seeded defect and accelerated life test. The results indicate this methodology signifies the actual situation well and is able to precisely and efficiently predict the bearing degradation. Abbreviations: Bearing dynamics, Prognostics, Nonlinear Autoregressive (NAR) network, Nonlinear Autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) network,Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gantry crane is an important and representative rotary rail loading and unloading crane. In order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the gantry crane, it is particularly important to monitor its condition. Many ports still use the traditional after-sales maintenance system. And, the equipment and means for fault detection and repair are also backward. This paper proposes a design of a human-computer interaction system for gantry crane equipment on-line monitoring. The virtual reality technology is used to display the monitoring data and analysis results of the gantry crane in the three-dimensional space in real time. We sample the stress and temperature signals of the gantry crane using Fibre Bragg Grating sensors installed in some structural key points. The sensors are connected to the fibre grating demodulator of the monitoring room through a transmission fibre. Signals collected by the sensors are processed and analysed to diagnose the condition of the gantry crane. The system presents the crane's operating status to the user in a realistic 'virtual environment', so that the fault information can be quickly and accurately fed back. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]