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Health Social Work emerged at the beginning of the 20th century with Richard Cabot and Ida Cannon at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explain succinctly, firstly, the contributions of Richard Cabot and Ida Cannon, secondly, those of Nicasio Landa and Concepción Arenal, and finally, to show the similarities and differences found between the USA and Spain in the process of the emergence of proto-Health Social Work. A historical-systematic methodology has been used. The novelty of this contribution lies in the fact that it is the first time that Concepción Arenal has been considered as the first proto-health social worker in the history of Social Work in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our goal is to analyze the role that the Basque skippers played in one of the most critical decades that medieval Barcelona experienced: the years of the Civil War (1462-1472). In addition, due to the fact that the port records aren't preserved for this decade, we have explored the advantages of combining both sources (insurances and ancoratge) conserved in the 1440-1443 period, in order to analyze their movements throughout several months. In this context, Barcelona's trade witnesses the presence of foreign skippers like the Basques, which allows us to pose several questions about their role and routes. To answer these questions, we count on sources such as the maritime insurances of Barcelona's notaries: they report us on the recurring ports of these ships --mainly those of the western part of the Mediterranean-- and which products they distributed, like wool, salt or wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy's repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores, through a qualitative methodology and an ethnographic approach, the experience of lesbian motherhood, recognizing it as a genuine kinship experience, associated with the care and the time spent together. It is interpreted as a form of the "mutuality of being" in Sahlins, where the biological becomes a metaphor of something that is experienced as a process. In addition, the exercise and visibility of lesbian motherhood is socially constructed, putting into discussion myths about lesbian identity and, at the same time, actively participating in social change, perceived as a long durée process, gradually moving away from static forms of kinship and social relations, towards a vision not necessarily individualistic (based on the "freedom to choose") rather a process-like and dynamic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the reasons can help us to explain how a modest local bank, founded by a group of merchants that carried out their activity in the port of Santander in the central years of the 19th century, was able to sustain over time until joining the select club of the "big seven" of Spanish banking. It is concluded that three distinctive features should take into account in order to explain its longevity and prolonged accommodation to the local sphere throughout this long period: the strong family ties and instrumental friendship between its managers, the design of a financial policy with marked risk aversion and a protectionist attitude, against all competition. These distinctive features began to emerge in its very origins as an issuing bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union has been promoting through its institutions and regulations, a common social model that fosters social cohesion. The scope of this purpose is limited by the differences between national social models, along with the different impact of the economic crisis. The aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the different European Social Models. It is provided an overview of these, with special emphasis on the trend towards convergence or divergence between them during 2007-2014. From the classifications of the types of Welfare States (Timuss, Esping-Andersen and Sapir), this paper shows a proposal based on the initial identification of certain common patterns in five different models: Nordic, Continental, Anglo-Saxon, Mediterranean and Eastern. The initial hypothesis is: the different European social models maintain a great relationship with the geopolitical context in which they are developing and also we must considering the integration time in the EU. The methodology used consists of comparing the different social, economic and political behavior in the European Union. For this purpose, different areas of social policy (income, employment, education, housing and health) are analyzed; including input indicators (such as social spending) and outcome indicators (such as the unemployment rate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out a thorough revision of the complexities of the political economy in Ecuador. In working towards establishing a Social State, the country had to confront the many contradictions present in Andean society as well as the pressing demands of the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the advantages of the association/cooperation and the solidarity organization in a complex world. It requires reestablishing the presuppositions of cooperative paradigm and the necessity of a political pedagogy to contradict the society stage of ambiguity and contemporaneity uncertainty because to think solidarity implies changing the analytical base of modernity. It points that the non-trivialization of participation and commitment principles need to be concretized in a set of policy measures that search for the democratization and socialization of knowledge that per pass solidarity pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the gestation of environmental protection regulations related to mining activities, as well as specific mining provisions that were approved and had an impact to reduce the negative effects to the natural environment. The mining regulations that were approved in the Modern Age envisaged some measures in order to avoid damage to agriculture, livestock and to villages in the environment of mining activities. In the XIX century, with a liberal State, several laws and mining regulations were slowly being adopted from the middle of the century, due to social conflicts, which introduced measures with health and natural protection effects. With a greater degree of state interventionism in the XX century, in a context of pressure from affected social groups, various sectoral rules for the protection of rivers and streams were approved. The Law of Mines in force introduced that it was approved by decree to fix the imperative conditions of protection of the environment, being the origin of the first Royal Decree of restoration of mining activities of 1982. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the gestation of environmental protection regulations related to mining activities, as well as specific mining provisions that were approved and had an impact to reduce the negative effects to the natural environment. The mining regulations that were approved in the Modern Age envisaged some measures in order to avoid damage to agriculture, livestock and to villages in the environment of mining activities. In the XIX century, with a liberal State, several laws and mining regulations were slowly being adopted from the middle of the century, due to social conflicts, which introduced measures with health and natural protection effects. With a greater degree of state interventionism in the XX century, in a context of pressure from affected social groups, various sectoral rules for the protection of rivers and streams were approved. The Law of Mines in force introduced that it was approved by decree to fix the imperative conditions of protection of the environment, being the origin of the first Royal Decree of restoration of mining activities of 1982. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost all the towns of the kingdom of Murcia received generous royal privileges throughout the late Middle Ages that suppressed or lowered the customs tax burden, especially the almojarifazgo, the toll and the tithe. Such grants were granted to them as a borders territorys and scarce in resources, which always remained sparsely populated, so that the monarchs, through these advantages, sought to attract a greater number of settlers and enhance economic development through trade with the neighboring regions or by the sea. This paper reviews such tax exemptions and how those who obtained them fought for your accomplishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the behaviour of Madrid artisan guilds in the early modern period, taking into account the latest continental findings in this field. The first part of this paper is devoted to debunk some clichés commonly held about the guild system, such as their schematic production organization, their aspiration to a middling social position and their excessive attachment to ordinances. In the second part, we question the alleged professional inbreeding of trade guilds as a universal formula to face up historical change. To this purpose, we have gathered evidence from over 2,600 indenture contracts together with nearly 10,000 mastership charts of the 17th and 18th centuries. Contrasting these data with guild regulations and tax rolls, a rich and a dynamic view of urban economics is provided, quite far from the parasitical role attributed by former historiography to the capital of the Spanish monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eve of craft-guilds prohibition, in 1836, Barcelona corporations were expanding. Modern and traditional industries were developing and the city grew constantly. New and traditional manufactures lived together in the urban space and artisans kept their traditional ways of production where the group interests, expressed by guilds, prevailed over the individual ones. Adaptative strategies carried out by artisans were characterized by rationality but did not fit in the narrow definition of efficiency applied by modern economic studies. Therefore, the current paper discusses the supposed inefficiency of guilds patterns. It analyzes artisan practices like the opening up and the reproduction of trades. The paper aims at broadening the concept of efficiency beyond the workshop in order to highlight the active and relevant role of the guilded artisans in the general growth of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper, which is the result of the first phase of an ongoing research, is to make an approach to apprenticeship in the second half of the 18th century. At this time the guild system, so strong and stable during previous centuries, began to show signs of decline. The information sources used are basically "books of apprentices" generated by corporations and other supplementary sources from the Junta de Comercio de Barcelona and the Hospital de la Misericordia. First, we will examine some of these signs of decline and their effects on apprenticeship, the basic regulations relating to apprenticeship that were reflected in guild ordinances and their implications for human capital formation. Second, some data on apprentices (place of origin, father's occupation, age) of two corporations (silk twisters and masons) will be analyzed, as well the relationship between orphanhood, poverty and apprenticeship. The paper ends with some notes on the living conditions of apprentices based on some contemporary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper moves from the contrast between the educational discourse in the first Spanish liberalism (1810-1814 and 1820-1823) and the educational policy of the liberal regime from 1836 to 1870, as well as, within the same liberalism, the contrast between those supporting the unlimited academic freedom and those defending the public or state intervention. Both contrasts are approached from a triple perspective: the financial aspects are particularly considered from a political point of view; the schooling and literacy processes are tackled from a quantitative and qualitative standpoint; the textbook production and marketing are finally examined from a socioeconomic viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the liberal trade policy between 1820 and 1869, marked by the debate prohibitionism/protectionismliberalism, and the opening of the Spanish economy during that period. It concludes that in spite of the prohibitionist/protectionist resistances, the Spanish economy followed a model of economic development open abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the evolution of temporality and other forms of labour flexibility, such as parttime work, like a parallel process to the economic recession in Spain. The starting hypothesis consists of the decline in temporary employment rate experienced since the outbreak of the crisis has been marked by changes in the unemployment rate. According to this main idea, a second hypothesis on which we work is that atypical forms of employment and unemployment are affecting to the most vulnerable sectors of the population, which is placing this population on the threshold of social exclusion. The analysis methodology has allowed the use of data from the Labour Force Survey. The results of this analysis confirm that the process of labour flexibility translates into an increase in insecurity in the Spanish Labour Market, fact that linked to a crisis situation, contributes to increase uncertainties about the future and to live with distrust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy poverty is one of the many faces of poverty. Not always visible and not sufficiently known. Data from the Economic and Social Council are sufficiently strong to say that this kind of poverty now affects 54 million people in the European Union. Spain is the fourth EU country with more people in such situations, in 2012 it is estimated amounting to 7 million. And the World Health Organization warns of health risks thereof, among which premature deaths included or mental health problems among others. In this paper different policy measures aimed at reducing fuel poverty are proposed. On the one hand informational measures they are presented, on the other hand financing measures to investment in final solutions that allow address the problem in the medium and long term. its scope is valued from the perspective of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analysis of the treatment of territorial-urban policies on social inclusion. Initially, it describes the conditions and characteristics that have led to a progressive increase in social exclusion in certain areas of the city to then identify the characteristics and processes of mobility and fragility of these vulnerable neighborhoods. In a second block, it's carried out an analysis of overall impact of inclusion policies in these areas from early 2000 until today, attending the international, european and national levels. Finally, it indicates the set of factors that have enabled a greater integrative impact on initiatives intervention in vulnerable neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant portion of the global population faces the vicissitudes of the neoliberal economic model. The changes to which we refer in this work were initiated in the late 70's, were implemented as economic policy in the 80's and intensified since the global crisis of 2007-2008. Social impacts can be observerd within countries, by regions. The aspect that better reflects these impacts is social well-being, wrapped in a morass of economic and social crises: employment versus informal work, poverty and marginalization, wages constrained by limitations and decreased State protection; perhaps these aspects constitute the best indicative of the way social wellbeing is sliding down. In this paper we use the approach of a territorial perspective and chose two socieoeconomic regions in the Mexican State of Puebla that are characterized by high poverty levels: the Mixteca and Atlixco-Matamoros. The changes in these localities have served to analyze in more depth the effects of social and governmental attempts to reestablish some facets of well-being that have been lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this paper, a critical view over the epistemology of the Spanish environmental history is considered along the las two decades from the 80's. From that point, management of the commons, socioenvironmental conflicts and studies about social metabolism have been the main axes for constructing this new discipline. The study of environmental history implies an interdisciplinary approach of the co-evolutive relation between human societies and nature. This approach, in the case of Spain, was originated from the agrarian history that study objects connected with the transformation of property system of natural resources, changes in the management of themselves and an increased attention to environmental conflicts originated from these changes. In this context, study of the commons played an important role in the course of Spanish environmental history. Main purpose is no not completing an overview about Spanish Agrarian History, not possible in this context, otherwise a look to the environmental approach from the emerging and seminal support from agrarian approaches, born from the 80's. Deforestation, Impact of Biomas Extractive Processes, Extraction of Natural capital inside a global capitalism model are some of the notes that lie beneath under an overview to the territory, searching the continuities and discontinuities in the contemporary age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of discrepancies in work allocation, women and men do not share similar positions in the labor market. The aim of this study is twofold. On the one hand, this paper updates our knowledge about the position of women in the Spanish labor market paying special attention to a particularly vulnerable group, that of immigrant women. On the other hand, it offers a critical view of the role that occupational segregation has on women's wellbeing and calls for taking segregation into account in designing public policies. For that purpose, this study presents an overview of the main theories that explain how segregation is produced and maintained across time, paying special consideration to its negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to show some provisional evidences for male-female wage disparity in the Spanish labour market from c. 1850 to 1975. The goal is to sort the available data, to analyse them all together from a critical perspective and to put forward some ideas on the historical behaviour of gender wage gap. The quantitative evidence provided leads to three main ideas. First, official records have placed women in a subordinate position that does not correspond to their contribution to the production system. Second, female wages have been historically lower than male wages and wage differentials by sex remained fairly stable in Spain in the period under study. Third, the gender wage gap has been traditionally accompanied by occupational segregation by industry and by occupational categories. These findings, although incompletes and biased, serve to start a debate on this topic, and to promote new research in this field. In any case, this article aims to recognise women's labour force in the Spanish economy from a historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic Theory has recently revised during last years the following two basic ideas on the economic working of families: i) family income is the sum of the individual income of each of its members (income pooling); and ii) all family members living in the household have equal access to family resources. Unequal access to family resources among women and men, as well as among elderly, adults and children, is now understood as an input. For instance, women ate less food and of worst quality than men. But it is also understood as an output: women had poorer health, higher epidemic mortality and were smaller than men because they had received less food and poorer medical care. Inequalities in intra-family consumption are currently drawing the attention of academics and international agencies but it is not yet in the Economic History agenda. In this paper we look at some of the resources consumed by Spanish families in the 19th century: food, alcoholic beverages, clothes and shoes. Medical topographies, our main source, suggest that gender inequality structured access to family resources, and that this inequality had a strong impact on the health and well-being of family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to provide a framework for the research on work, gender y health, combining the classic paradigm of occupational hazards research with the consideration of work as a social determinant of health. We analyze gender inequalities taking into account other axes of inequality: individual ones like social class, y contextual ones like the typology of welfare states. This paper identifies some limitations of traditional research on occupational health from a gender perspective. It also describes the research on work as a social determinant of health y its limitations from a gender point of view. The traditional research on occupational health has paid less attention to the problems of women. On the other hand, research on work-related gender inequalities in health has rarely considered both social class among women, y the impact of family demands on the health of men. Moreover, there is little comparative research between countries with different labor market, family y gender policies. In future research on traditional occupational health, the role of sex y gender should be considered in the analysis of occupational risks. Variables should be used to capture specific work environments as well as several health y healthrelated behaviors indicators. The analysis of work as a social determinant of health from a gender perspective should take into account the complex interactions between gender, family roles, employment status, as well as other individual axes of inequality, y the welfare state typologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical reconstruction of health practices of women, taking the Spanish case as a testing ground and model of analysis, is one of the basic guideliness of this paper. Based on an important amount of empirical studies, focusing in particular in the area of nursing, we can have an overall picture of the health work of women in the geographic space and time of our work and thus, answer a series of questions in which the expert, the experience, authority and professional legitimation are omnipresent. The second of the aspects addressed is that of women as a patients and users of health practices. So-called "diseases of women", as chlorosis and neurasthenia and the historical meaning of the role of women in health campaigns and health education programs, are all examples to reveal discourses full of traditional ideological features despite its apparent veneer of modernity. As the main conclusions, we must highlight the importance reached in androcentric discourses on issues concerning health and women globally, or the more specific as the fertility cult to justify different and complementary social tasks of a man, besides pointing out the desirability of exploring new paths to follow from both thematically and in terms of the heuristic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary systems define the roles of men and women in the transfer of goods. In this paper we define the main features of the single heir system that prevailed in almost all north of Spain and the egalitarian system prevailing in the rest and reflect on the role of men and women in each one of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]