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The most important in the study of the robots is the kinematic and dynamic analyze. Many researchers studied the kinematics or dynamics without simulation and assisted analyze that it is very heavy to understand the behavior and to show some characteristics. The paper shows one assisted method by using the virtual proper LabVIEW instrumentation (VI). For the forward kinematics (FK) and for direct dynamics (DD) was used one recurrent matrix method which was developed with quaternion algebra, that will be possible to use in many different other types of robots, only by initial settings of the type of joints, the movement axis, the home position, the dimension of each robot’s body, the application point in the working space of the manufacturing cells and the internal coordinates in each joint. For the inverse kinematics (IK) we used the Iterative Pseudo Inverse Jacobian Matrix Method (IPIJMM) coupled with the proper Sigmoid Bipolar Hyperbolic Tangent Neural Network with Time Delay and Recurrent Links (SBHTNN-TDRL). The paper describe all steps in one case study to obtain the space curve in different Euller planes by using one arm type robot and the proposedVI-s. The presented method and the LabVIEWVI-s are generally and they can be used in all other robots types and for all other conventional and unconventional space curves.

The paper deals with stepper motor control using microcontroller ATmega8-16PU. In the paper are mentioned two ways of control, namely full-step mode and half-step mode control. At first, bipolar stepper motor is introduced. Next, there is created measuring stand consisting of bipolar stepper motor with one step angle 1.8° and encoder with 360 CPR. During the experiment were measured angular velocities by I/O measuring card MF624 cooperating with Matlab/Simulink. The results show differences between used two stepping modes of motor.

Nowadays, machine engraving of photos into solid materials such as marble or granite is becoming very popular. Relatively cheap CNC machines are available. The problem is that high quality photos are essential to obtain good results. The first part of the paper describes a model of a CNC machine used for engraving and puts down the principles of image processing applied to poor quality photos in order to get the best results, as well as the fundamental image processing methods necessary for achieving satisfactory results when using an electromagnetic diamond percussion tool for engraving. The second part of the paper describes a very simple method of data coding and the algorithm of engraving tool movement for image engraving process by means of a control system based on ATmega16 microcontroller. The quality of the engraved images is comparable, or even better, than that of manually engraved images or images engraved by other competitive CNC machines.

This paper shows several issues related to decrease in electric power consumption for hydraulic systems of modern machine tools, especially CNCs. A core element in the structure of such systems is the pneumo-hydraulic accumulator. Here, examples are shown for hydraulic systems destined to locking and unlocking of skids and to opening of tool holders. This paper shows mathematical models, diagrams, simulations and certain experimental executions.

The complex variable nature of the milling process complicates the scientific effort to understand it. Most scientific papers in this domain have focused on giving a particular solution for a specific subject of study, like: tool life, cutting forces, obtained surfaces after machining and so on. However a systematical analytical method for developing end milling cutter tools has not been found in the current literature. The main goal of this paper is to introduce and to give a general overview in the field of developing end milling cutters. The step-by-step approach focuses on the main element of a cutting tool: material, coating and geometry. Through an analytical study of the development of end milling cutters all elements in the design, manufacturing and testing have been taken into consideration. Such a method can be implemented when trying to analyze and summarize the research in the field of end milling cutters. The current paper is a preliminary evaluation in the development of end milling cutters. Further research will be accomplished in partnership between the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca and tool company Gühring KG.

This paper presents the calculation of dynamic parameters of virtual prototype of mechanism, which function is the correct tensioning of wedge belt of belt gear. Sudden release of tensioning device usually occurs during the assembly process, large impact forces which form have destructive effect on the device. A part of the paper will be the analysis of input parameters for solution by function Impact. Impact effects will be solved with flexibility of chosen member of the mechanism in mind. The solution will be realized in the environment of software MSC.ADAMS and ANSYS.

The paper deals with the mechatronical system, that are necessary during the implementation of the production processes in the companies. Mechatronics systems is a relatively new approach to product design and development, merging the principles of electrical, mechanical, computer and industrial engineering. Examples include robots, photocopiers, PC disk drives, sensors, automotive equipment sucha s anti-lock braking systems and many others. This paper focuses on robots and their possibilities of commissioning to the real production processes.

The paper presents the method basing on engineering knowledge and experience for adding selection of cutting tools and parameters in a turning process. In this method, the system is built basing on a hybrid architecture that combines an advisory system and the CBR (Case Based Reasoning) method. It is presented the structure of the advisory system, and the functioning of the CBR method. Attention has been paid to the problem of an “empty database” in relation to systems basing on the CBR method. The paper also presents the possibility of integrating the developed method with a CAM system.

In this paper are presented and analyzed a series of problems that are appearing during the CFRP machining. Due to their properties, the composite materials began to replace traditional materials (ferrous and non-ferrous) in a lot of industries leading out the development of new methods of machining or adaptation of the classic. Unlike traditional material, drilling in CFRP is more difficult due to inhomogeneity of the material, its high hardness but also due to lack of knowledge relating to how these materials behave. This paper investigates different types of tool wears as corner wear, welding, crater wear that are appearing in drilling operation due to the highly abrasive nature of the carbon fibers. Also, here is presented an evaluation that refers to the machined hole quality and describe defects as delamination, pull outs, fibers projections, pyrolysis and shape errors. The main goal of this paper is to verify the current status of technique in CFRP drilling in order to develop and produce a new drill geometry in a cooperation between the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca and the cutting tool company Gühring KG.

Impetuous multiplication of mobility and road traffic proliferation lead to concerns for increasing the attractiveness of urban public transport. Compared to private car use, urban public transport attractiveness is conditioned, in particular, by travel times and certainty of respecting the transport schedules, meaning planned traffic stability. Traffic schedules are considered to be more stable as the primary delays from the announced schedule have low probabilities and values and their propagation as repeated delays is least noticed in time and space. Solutions for assuring traffic stability must take into consideration contradictory aspects, because introducing time reserves in the schedules means time travel extensions. In order to assure the stability of planned traffic, present paper develops studies of various models and methods that aim to reduce inherent primary delays. Thereby, for studying repeated delays on a complex network, a mathematical model adequate to a Discrete Event Dynamic System (DEDS), that in MAX-PLUS algebra becomes a linear system, was used. The paper concludes with a case study on an integrated network resulted from the superposition of Bucharest’s existing suburban rail network with the underground network designed for 2030, being identified measures for improving the stability indicators. Traffic stability is assessed on the basis of two indicators: instability coefficient and delay elimination rate. Main measure for improving stability indicators is the growth of time reserves taking into consideration the quality requirements resulting from the condition of maintaining a reduced planned travel time.

The paper deals with the estimation of modal parameters and its main purpose is to compare differences in the values of natural frequencies and damping ratios, which were estimated using three different extraction methods: Rational Fraction Polynomial method, Complex Mode Indicator Function and Polyreference Time Domain Technique. These methods are well suited to the more general application to multi-FRF data, both of the SIMO and the MIMO types. The object of measurement was a freely suspended steel rod of circular cross section. The responses of the analyzed structure were measured by accelerometer and laser vibrometer. The results of these measurements are also discussed in the paper.

Increasing automobile emission is becoming a major problem to our environment. The available solutions like catalytic convertors, exhaust gas recirculation are costly and energy intensive. This paper examines the viability of the wet scrubber technology to reduce pollutants in the exhaust gas of the engine. This technology is already being used to reduce pollutants in static applications but not in the automobile sector. It passes the exhaust through a suitable solvent which dissolves some of the pollutants. But the problem in using these scrubbers for automobile emission control is their large size and requirement of external source of energy. In this paper a method to modify the wet scrubber technology to suit the automobile industry has been discussed and its effectiveness has been studied. This paper focuses on proving that the wet scrubber technology can be effectively used for treating automobile exhaust gas. It has been experimentally confirmed that the amount of pollutants in the exhaust could be reduced by 10% by using a wet scrubber.

Manufacturers and users of packaging machines are facing two significant challenges: the improvement of the sustainability and the enhancement of the format flexibility. The sustainability of products is becoming a more important influencing factor for the consumer buying behavior. Therefore, the increase of the energy and resource efficiency of packaging machines is a very promising strategy to achieve this goal. At first glance no correlation between format flexibility and sustainability seems to exist. But in fact, both topics partly depend on each other. These connections are the focus of this paper. Exemplary for sustainability, the resource and energy efficiency in the context of packaging machines will be considered. As a further detailing, this paper also contains an experimental investigation of a more format flexible and sustainable processing technology for sealing. Therefore, the heat-impulse technology was investigated.

Through the past years numerous theories regarding the contact between the wheel and the railway have been created with the purpose of resolving the interaction issues and improving the dynamical performances of the vehicle. In this context the paper comes with a three-dimensional approach of the contact between the wheel and the railway when there is a load transfer or a dual-contact. The analysis is done through the use of the CONTACT software which assimilates the contact the contact area through half-spaces and it divides it through the method the finite element [1]. In the contact area the linear elasticity theory is respected. CONTACT establishes the shape and size of the contact area between two elastically, deformable bodies found in tangential contact (normal loads). This thing is possible only if the form of the profiles found within the contact area is known. The analysis suggested through the paper validates the applicability of the CONTACT software for the profiles used by CFR and for the analysis of the dual-contact. Also, this approach allows the possibility for a tribological evaluation of the vehicle's behavior while traveling on a rail with excess as well with a rail with super-elevation deficiency.

Planetary speed reducers are used as the actuating module of the revolute joints for the industrial robots as a result of their specific advantages given by high transmission ratios, efficiencies and reliability. However, planetary speed reducers are currently used with variable high speed electric motors, which leads to increased peripheral speeds for the gears and planet carrier, leading in turn to increased noise during operation. Therefore it becomes necessary to manufacture the gears and planet carrier in an upper precision class, leading to significantly increased costs for the entire planetary transmission. Throughout this paper, novel solutions for planetary speed reducers are proposed, characterized by reduced peripheral speeds of the moving elements. For all the structural variants proposed, the summation method (Svamp’s rule) was applied in order to establish mathematical expressions for the transmission ratios. Subsequently, expressions for the peripheral speeds, corresponding to each moving element were derived, and expressed as a function of the number of revolutions of the input shaft. The method described in this paper was applied for each structural variant proposed, the results obtained being compared and analysed, leading to the optimal variant, characterized by a reduced level of noise and vibrations. Based on the mathematical expressions previously derived, a series of graphical representations of peripheral speeds as a function of the number of revolutions for the input shafts were elaborated for each structural variant proposed. At the same time, some recommendations useful for both designers and manufacturers of planetary speed reducers were made, based on the obtained results.

The most common and serious defect in casting is porosity, which is the result of two phenomena namely, insufficient feeding and hydrogen precipitation during solidification. Formation of porosity defect in aluminum alloy is a complex process. Researchers have modeled the pore formation using analytical solution, criteria function and heat transfer simulations. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper review the various papers which deals the models based on orthogonal array, Niyama criteria and GA/ANN.

With more than 4,000,000 units sold worldwide, Toyota Prius represent a successful story in the hybrid electric vehicles industry. The paper presents the economic and social context that led to the development of this new type of car and the evolution of Toyota Prius, which arrive now at the third generation. This spectacular achievement was the result of an impressive R&D effort that led to hundreds of new inventions and innovations. Some of them (engine cycle, battery, hybrid system etc.) are presented in this paper, with emphasis on truly revolutionary solutions for the automotive industry, which clearly distinguishes Toyota Prius from other hybrid vehicles. Besides the innovative character, these solutions offer better environmental and economic performance, but without compromising the well-known Toyota reliability. Toyota Hybrid System receives his confirmation by the prestigious organization TUV Germany, which ranks Toyota Prius first in reliability top in the recent years. We can thus say that besides the economic and ecological advantages Prius has made an important contribution to growth and strengthening Toyota brand, being a truly successful product.

This paper describes an overview of Fuzzy Logic (FL) application for solving machining problems. The developed fuzzy prediction model is an essential operational guideline for machinist in decision making and adjusting process parameters. This paper also discussed the previous literature that applied the FL in modeling machining process.

The problem of quality and customer orientation are the most important leverage in obtaining success. Over the time, the influence of human resources in terms of training, controlling and shaping client expectations has gained significant meanings. Research in this field has led to the formulation of the hypotheses according to which human resources can represent a vital element in obtaining a competitive advantage. In line with the importance of the topic addressed, the main objective of these scientific approach is to identify the current problems related to the quality of Romanian tourism services and to propose a improvement program using the six sigma method. The paper provides an excellent resource for many researchers who are engaged in research and applications of Six Sigma in the tourism industry. Moreover the dearth of literature on the use of Six Sigma in the tourism sector makes this paper count.

The main purpose of this work is the presentation reverse task of mechanical systems including active elements. This reserve task is known as synthesis of mechanical system. In result of conducted synthesis was received structures and parameters of a discrete model meeting the defined requirements concerning the dynamic features of the system, in particular, the frequency spectrum. The presented approach i.e. a non-classical synthetic method applied in designing mechanical or mechatronical systems, one (as early as at the design and construction stage) may verify future systems. The aim of this paper is also analysis of obtained system to check relationship between basic system and active subsystem reduction vibrations. This active subsystem was consisted from electric elements. In this paper was used a non-classical method of polar graphs and their relationship with algebra of structural numbers. The use of such a method enables the analysis and synthesis of mechanical systems irrespective of the type and number of the elements of such a system. Active elements give better results (in compare with passive elements) in case of reduction of low frequency vibrations. Presented approach simplifies the process of selecting the dynamical parameters of systems in view of their dynamical characteristics. Thanks to the approach, introduced in this paper, can be conducted as early as during the designing of future functions of the system as well as during the construction of the system. Using method and obtained results can be value for designers of mechanical systems with elements reducing vibrations.

This work approaches the assessment of the security and information risks in order to find the optimal values of the risks by applying and comparing different methods to measure and assess the security risks. By describing structural characteristics of standards and methods implemented in the information security management system (ISMS), this paper underlines the necessity, means and effectiveness of information security modeling. The conclusions of this paper highlights the importance of standards and methods of risk management assessment.

In the paper, we experimentally analyze a pneumatic actuator and possibilities of piston positioning. Paper shows mathematical model of pneumatic actuator. Actuator is experimentally tested and therefor experimental stand is assembled for the purposes of positioning of actuator piston. The changing parameters during the experiment are weight of load and pneumatic pressure. The results show how these parameters can have influence on precise positioning of pneumatic actuator. For experiment there is purposely used open loop control system. The aim of the study is not to show control method for positioning but to show influence of mentioned parameters.

The paper presents a design methodology for a slider assembly from tools used in laminating process of decorative parts with big curvature and negative draft. In usual cases are used a single active part to laminate parts. For laminating process of this surface are designed a slider assembly with three active parts. All these three active parts have their own heating-cooling systems. That means a good temperature control in each point on surface. The results are a laminating process without scratches, signs or imperfections. In the paper are also presented the working method of slider assembly and all the main steps in design from concept direction to clash analysis.

The research approach presented in the paper targets the integration of some advanced engineering principles, methods and instruments for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of Product Design activities. In order to reduce the product development resources consumption, to improve the product functionality, reliability and flexibility and to reduce the product lifecycle environmental impact, all of these being considered as instruments for improving Product Sustainability, some conceptual models for integrating advanced Product Design theories and principles such as Holistic Design and Axiomatic Design, together with the use of some advanced CAD/CAE tools are discussed in the paper. As case study, the paper submits to discussion the problem of enhancing the design activities for the development of a technical solution of a device adaptable on an electrical discharge machine-tool and being able to generate cycloid profiles based on a double-planetary mechanism driving. The research approach on integrating the principles of axiomatic design within activities of the design model structuring, the decomposition rules have been mainly targeted to be applied. The presented case study refers also to the performance of using advanced capabilities of Solid Edge as CAD solution which provides dynamic generation of the product model structure and to those of its embedded module entitled Engineering Reference, as valuable CAE instrument. Some adequate conclusions are finally presented and some directions of further research development are identified, such as integrating also an economic efficiency analysis and a Life Cycle Impact Assessment approach as Concurrent Engineering activities, to enhance the new product development sustainability.

In this paper the authors present some of the results of research on the behavior of high entropy alloys used in ballistic protection structures. Bullet impact testing methodology and results on layered Ballistic Packages that incorporate high entropy alloys (HEA) are presented. The paper details the technological processes used to improve the mechanical characteristics of Ballistic Packages. The optimization of the high entropy alloy based layered ballistic composite structures is also investigated. Testing methodology of ballistic boxes, the special heat treatment processes, the homogenization and the artificial aging of high entropy alloys, designed and applied during scientific research; represent the novelties of the article. Ballistic Packages are layered structures which include combinations of the following materials: HEA, armored steel, ceramic plates and laminated polyamide fibers arranged in a predetermined order depending on the constructive version. Ballistic Boxes behavior was investigated by ballistic experimental methods and numerical simulation methods. For the numerical simulation a FEM with an explicit numerical code was used. The numerical and test results are consistent in underling the ballistic protection effectiveness of the investigated configuration.

The specific objectives of rehabilitation medicine are maintaining and recovering human body functions, as well as preventing dysfunctionalities by means of kinetic and orthotic techniques and a variety of equipment for support and adaptation. The latter are medical systems facilitating the exercise of muscles at constant or variable speeds according to professional recommendations. The paper presents and discusses the control of rehabilitation equipment designed for the passive mobilisation exercises of joints. The novelty of such equipment resides in its actuation by pneumatic muscles, as well as in its control by means of an SPC 200 controller and WinPISA software. The paper presents a number of examples of rehabilitation programmes and the corresponding motion graphs of the rehabilitation equipment sliding block.

The paper deals with a description of the creation of CAD model (file format .IGES) based on polygon mesh (file format .STL) obtained by 3D scanning. On the basis of the imported polygon mesh into Reverse Engineering software, it is possible to create surface (or solid) CAD model. For CAD model created from a polygon mesh, a model of screw propeller was chosen. The paper also presents a color deviation map acquired by comparison between a polygon mesh and a CAD model. The 3D digitizing was performed by 3D scanner GOM ATOS II SO TripleScan; GOM ATOS Professional v7.5 SR2 software was used for processing of the scanned data and Delcam PowerSHAPE 2015 CAD software was used for reverse modeling.

The term energy management from the past few years is becoming increasingly important. Not only the trend toward clean energy sources triggered a process of rethinking in the minds of society but also pushed the politics to create incentives for companies in order to make them reduce their carbon footprint. The efficient use of energy can be described as an integral part of current political, social and economic decision making.From a business perspective energy efficient production is no longer just considered under the ecological aspect. Through high taxes, huge energy costs and steadily increasing energy prices, there is for companies in the relatively young field of energy management enormous potential to financially improve and consequently save costs sustainably. Furthermore starting from 2015 the energy peak equalization law is made stricter, requiring companies to pay even more in taxes if they fail to fulfill all the requirements set by the politics.Hence the role of energy management systems (EnMS), which deal with the continuous and systematic improvement of the energy performance of businesses, is becoming increasingly important.This paper will deal with an energy management system that was developed by the Institute for factory automation and production systems at Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg. The paper audits the proposed concept and checks it for consistency with the international energy management norm ISO 50001. Additionally all the corrections and necessary optimizations are made in order to provide the companies with a complete energy management system.The aim of this paper is to verify and check the EnMS concept which was developed in the institute for factory automation and production systems (FAPS) for its conformity with the International ISO 50001 standard. Thus ensuring the long term certification according to DIN ISO 50001.

This paper describes the basic characteristic of the in-pipe micromachine. Themicromachine is based on two masses impact principle. Its diameter is 10 mm, length is 45 mm andweight is 10g. The micromachine is composed of a electromagnet, a permanent magnet, a adjustingunit, a guide rod, a damping spring and bristles. The paper represents the methods of friction forcesidentification

This paper presents a case study both for individual process improvements and also for the improvement of the overall manufacturing flow, within an SME, using specialized simulation software called SigmaFlow Modeler. The improvements are done based on simulation results (accurate knowledge), meaning that by analyzing the process distribution charts, one can dispose measures for solving problems or even preventing potential failures. It has to be noted that by eliminating those bottlenecks the overall performance of the process will increase and the manufacturing flow will also be enhanced. The paper will also present an actual process simulation for the most complex process from the manufacturing cycle, i.e. the milling process, and a short analysis, focusing on possible improvements, will be performed on it. Moreover, further improvements will be done by closely reviewing and identifying every input and output and by introducing them into a cause-and-effect matrix, the importance of each input can be mathematically calculated and action can be taken for the critical ones in order to improve the process.

The challenges of choosing methods of material flow control are bigger due to the fact that they authorize the quantity of production in each processing stage so that the products get to the customer at the right moment and in the quantity wanted, while minimizing the costs and stocks of the production system. For this reason, the objective of the research performed in this paper is to determine the impact of Kanban control methods on the performance indicators, total cost and interoperation stock of a production system, given the fact that many system parameters are variable. The main conclusion drawn from the results is that when the input parameters vary within certain limits the control method with the best performance indicators for a production line can be established following the methodology used in this paper. Methodology is a useful tool in the hand of those who design production systems because it allows the choice of the control method which provides the best performances, at least from the viewpoint of two indicators: costs and stocks.

The paper presents a special clamp with high precision used in fixing plastic parts on the lower mold of laminating tools or in prefixing devices. In most of cases in laminating tools is known that to fix a plastic part, in order to be covered with leather, on a heat lower laminating tool with suction cups is not a good idea because of high temperatures and additional systems needs. In solving this aspect was designed a pneumatic clamp with a special nose which fixed the plastic part with high precision. To achieve good results, the design was thoroughly checked in a software platform like COMSOL Multiphysics in terms of temperature and pressure. In this paper are also presented the main steps design, the results of clash assembly analysis, the results of temperature analysis and the results of pressure analysis.

The aim of this paper is finite element presentation for vibration response of the intelligent structure (consisting peizoeectric members) and modification of the response. The active element consists of a piezoelectric ceramic actuator stack, a force transducer and mechanical interfaces. An integral plus double-integral force controller is designed to suppress vibration of the truss. In this paper, in order to find the best piezoelectric operator’s location in spatial truss and optimizing the performance of the member by changing the property of the members, an algorithm is presented to achieve desired natural frequency. Therefore, finite element method of spatial truss is extracted. The results are admitted by ANSYS software. At the end, an example to show the application of the relations is given.

The current paper describes the application of the Six Sigma methodology for reducing the number of scrapped parts on the manufacturing line at Start Transmission Comp. The paper shows how the five steps of the method, namely Definition, Measurement and Analysis, Improvement and Control, are applied, as well as the methods and quality tools used.

Definition and studies on the shape of various bodies are an interdisciplinary issue, raising wide interest among scientists. In geology and geotechnics the studies refer to features related to the shape of soil and rock particles, especially of those used for practical purposes. Due to the complex shape of particles, its three components have been distinguished: sphericity, angularity and surface microtexture. Sphericity usually determines the degree of similarity of a given particle to a sphere, whereas defined as a form refers to the general shape of the particle [3]. Particle shape and parameters that characterise it have not been unequivocally defined and normalised, resulting in a large number of definitions and ways of their determination. An extensive paper presenting the definitions used to describe shape parameters has been presented by Szerakowska [13]. This paper is focused on the comparison of analytical methods and an attempt to select the most optimal method for determining sphericity of particles in construction and road aggregates.

The paper is a result of research at the Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Podgorica and represents the aspiration of authors to combine scientific and technical experience in order to achieve improvement in a real system. It is a complex system of lock chambers in a hydroelectric power plant. Based on a detailed analysis of the initial state, through the process modeling of complex real system, the authors identify possible areas where the intervening and applying modern systems with greater flexibility is necessary to achieve higher levels of automation. Also, proposed in the paper are measures for ensuring the security of information that rise system performance to a higher level compared to the competition and create an advantage in the global market.

In contextual evolution of the global economy and new technologies, quality, competitiveness, and cost engage companies to focus on continuous improvement and innovation. This approach is highly visible in the bearing industry, due to the emergence and improvement of existing and new types of bearings.The authors of the paper are engaged in a long-term research, which aims to improve the performance of heavy bearings, including identification of new constructive solution. The study is focused on the characteristics and constructive structure of the bearings cages in discussion.In this context, it is logical that the research focuses upon known bearings cages that are currently used [1], as well as unknown or unapplied constructive solutions which are the subject of patents.The critical analysis of various constructive cage solutions for bearings, intended or not for heavy bearings, is a valuable source of inspiration and information towards identification of constructive elements and characteristics useful to develop new technical solutions, by applying integrations, combinations, innovations and development processes [2].In the presented paper several patents are analyzed critically [3, 4, 5], in terms of constructive solutions, manufacturing complexity and presumptive operational energy consumption.

A variety of engineering errors can cause a defect in vehicles. Problems are usually concentrated on models that were produced during a certain time period at one specific plant. Consumers who encounter such problems can report them, fill petitions or put online complaints on specific car manufacturers. Vehicle defects can cause many problems and even endanger human life. That is why, in the interest of safety, any recall affecting the consumer vehicle should be completed without delay. The paper presents recalls of three car manufacturers, namely: Volkswagen group, PSA, and Kia analyzed between years 2005 to 2015. The results are presented in graphs and diagrams. First part of the paper discusses the current terminology and procedures of car recalls. In the second part the three car manufacturers are presented. Recall analysis creates the third part of the paper and the results are presented in form of graphs and diagrams. Also the error rate of each car manufacturer is calculated and presented in the paper.

This paper deals with the use of classical experimental technique of photoelasticity as well as modern one – digital image correlation by stress analysis. Both mentioned methods were used to compare the corresponding stress fields obtained on a sample with stress concentrators loaded by bending. The paper contains the basic principle of photoelasticity, methodology of static analysis with polariscope and briefly describes the measurement with low-speed digital image correlation system. Taking into account that the used correlation system does not allow to evaluated stress fields, calculation and visualization of stress fields were realized in program Q-STRESS v.1.0 developed at the authors department.

The electric base load of milling machine tools has a high share of the machine’s total energy consumption. An approach to decrease the energy demand per workpiece is to shorten the machining time by raising the material removal rate. The maximum feed depends on the tool’s wear resistance while the maximum depth of cut is often limited by the chatter stability of the machine. In this paper active damping is used to damp chatter vibrations, which leads to a higher depth of cut. To evaluate the decrease of energy consumption for any workpiece, a modeling methodology for the energy demand of machine tools was developed, which is presented in this paper. The methodology is able to estimate the energy requirements of the spindle during cutting, of the feed drives, of the auxiliary equipment and of the base load. The numerical results were experimentally validated by different 2.5D machining processes, with good agreement between the simulation model and the experimental results. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used effectively for calculating the total energy required for the machining of any workpiece. In addition, the structural dynamics of the machine tool, the active damping system and the cutting process were modeled in order to simulate the chatter stability. This enables a straightforward determination of the optimum cutting parameters as well as a comparison of different milling part programs, both in terms of the energy demand. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate the energy conservation by active damping and to point out for which cutting processes active damping is useful.

This article deals about the challenges of structural changes in manufacturing conditions. The objective of this paper is to present the modular workstations concept based on miniaturization and re-configurability trends. The article is aimed at problems of designing of production systems with a modular construction structure. The modular structure allows an individual and flexible adaptation to varying requirements but also the realization of low-cost solutions for creation of new or modernized production base. The goal is to present the example of modular workstations solutions that correspond with new designing approach. The specification of basics principles, which should help to designing flexible manufacturing systems, discussed in this paper are: modularity; integrability; convertibility; diagnosability; customization. The theoretical part provides an overview of fundamental design principles in manufacturing structures. In the first part of this article are discussed the specification of basic flexibility types in production system and the main impacts influencing design of manufacturing structures. The closing section of the article provides the specification of example solution of adjustable production platform with modular frame (called desktop factory).

This paper presents a review on gravitational search algorithm (GSA). Nowadays, GSA has been used in various engineering studies such as production cost, production time, power consumption and emission. The GSA also mainly focuses to solve the problem related to optimization, modeling, scheduling and clustering. This paper also highlights the current researches using improved GSA.

The paper is thematically connected with paper making machines. This type of the machine is equipped with a head which has a flexible slice lip for skimming the pulp applied to produce the paper. The definition of geometric features of the slice lip is a key issue. The slice lip should be made of material which is resistant to external factors, and designers want to obtain a high flexibility of this element. It is possible to get a high flexibility by forming a proper shape of the slice lip. The paper presents the proposal of dimensionless geometric indicators which combine basic geometric parameters of the slice lip. These indicators are the following: indicator of the cross-section, indicator of the length and indicator of the length of the transverse notch. FEM strength analyses were done – the aim of these analyses was the determination of the stress state and maximum deflection of the slice lip. The authors have analysed the slice lip with holes for mounting the actuators and the slice lip and with transverse notches for increasing its flexibility. The results were presented in the form of graphs.

This study presents new machining types of advanced materials. Super alloys, ceramics and fiber reinforced plastics started being used on a large scale in the last period, this making necessary the development of new machines and machining processes. This paper describes different methods of ultrasonic machining and makes a comparison between them. By ultrasonic machining can be understood a process that involves axial vibrations with a high frequency and low amplitude, for improving the machining conditions like chip flute removal, tool wear and temperature reducing. In this paper, are presented three different ultrasonic machining methods. In the first one, the cutting process is made by abrasive slurry inserted between the tool and the workpiece, in the second one is made by a rotating diamond-brazed tool and in the last one is made by a special drill. This paper aims to study the current status in this field in order to make a research program through collaboration between the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca and the tool company Gühring KG by which to develop ultrasonic drilling.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have proved their viability as good alternatives to conventional alloys in high strength and stiffness application in industries like automobile, aerospace and mineral processing. Al metal matrix composites (MMCs) are being considered as a group of advanced materials for their lightweight, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and good wear resistance properties. The optimization of parameter has been done by using different techniques like Taguchi, DOE and their results were verified by ANOVA. Signal-to-noise ratio and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate the influence of parameters on the wear rate. Based on various papers the conclusion of this review paper is to study the influence of applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance on the various parameter such as optimum wear and co-efficient of friction of Al alloy-B4C composite to enhance the quality of product and suggest the best combination of wear parameter which helps to reduce the wear of product with the help of Taguchi method. The wear resistance of the composite was found to be considerably higher than that of the matrix alloy and increased with increasing particle content. The major observation based on reviewed papers is that the major factor in determining the wear rate is load applied followed by distance and sliding velocity whereas distance affects the coefficient of friction to a large extent followed by load and sliding velocity.

This paper presents the dynamic characteristics and the proposed positioning performance of the system to them investigated experimentally. In this research, we developed the positioning system and we evaluated positioning accuracy. The developed system uses a servo motor for motion actuation. In this paper, we focused on studying the dependency of the positioning error – elementary errors – the position of the conducting element for the mechanism of the transformation of the rotation translation movement, representatively the mechanism screw – screwdriver and on emphasizing the practical consequences in the field of design, regulation and exploitation of the correct identification of all the initial errors in the structure of the mechanism, their character and the selection for an ultimate calculus of these which are of a real practical importance.

In the paper, the problem of designing of mechatronic discrete systems for vibration control has been investigated and generalized. As the design method, the synthesis has been used. Main focus of the paper is given to formalization of the mechatronic structures that contains elements with negative values on different stages of the synthesis process. The study is done based on different distributions methods of dynamical characteristics, dimensionless transformation and retransformation algorithm, simultaneously with verification of possible configurations of connections of piezostack actuators with external electric networks. As the result, various classifications of mechatronic discrete systems and general design constrains have been presented and discussed.

Paper deals with microcontrollers which are embedded inside the mechatronic products. Main purpose is to obtain intelligent behavior of products and adding of new functions to products. Paper shows steps to data capturing into microcontroller for data processing and using as feedback control of processes around the products.

Thermal analysis of a DC motor cooling system and description of measurement system applied to an engine test stand are the main topics of the paper. The motor that is being tested comes from the electric vehicle of Silesian Greenpower project whose aim is to design and build energy efficient bolids in order to participate in international races in Great Britain. During the designing process of the car, minimizing energy losses and maximizing powertrain efficiency are the main aspects taken into consideration. One of the crucial issues to accomplish these goals is to maintain optimal performance of the motor by applying effective cooling. The engine test stand used in this research was designed especially for Silesian Greenpower vehicles. Thanks to its modular construction and versatility, it enables measuring many different parameters of the motor and powertrain. In this paper the thermal analysis is described as well as how the measuring system of the engine stand works. The thermal analysis described in the article occurred to be very helpful in improving the cooling system and motor performance in the same time. The advanced measuring and control system of the test stand enables conducting versatile analysis of the DC motor and the powertrain.

The FDM technology is an easy solution when someone need freedom of design but with a high precision of manufacturing and so, one can built conceptual models or molds, engineering models, manufacturing tools, and functional testing prototypes. The problem addressed in this paper is to identify and investigate the possibility of design and the achieving sustainability of a temporary hand prosthesis used for supporting and immobilizing a broken bone. The research tries to highlight some common and distinct aspects specific to FDM printing technology. One of the objectives of this paper is to use the FDM technology in order to achieve a modern version of the classics splints or of the orthopedic cast. The prototype models proposed can be made vertically on a 3D printer with small motherboard and are easy to wear, attractive to children through its colors and can be made with a manufacturing low price.