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Along with the rapid development of today's society, all sorts of wastes produced from human life and production are discharged into the natural environment, so that a certain impact has been exerted on air, soil, lakes, and oceans. The wastes discharged into the natural environment not only contain some toxic substances and various compounds difficult to degrade, but also are with the characteristics of strong acid, strong alkali, high temperature, and high salinity, so that the general microorganisms are hard to survive in this environment. However, there are some extreme microorganisms to gradually fit the environment in the process of evolution, and the microorganisms include alkalophilic bacteria, basophilic bacteria, halophilic bacteria, etc. Halophilic bacteria grow mainly in sea and salt lake, and also have unique physiological features, while the application of high-salinity microbes to the disposal of salt-contained wastewater is of a broad prospect and an important social value. In this paper, the isolation and identification of microorganism in a high-salinity environment and their application to the disposal of salt-contained wastewater are mainly analyzed.

Surface preparation is a process of treating a surface to increase its attraction to coatings and imperative to ensure satisfactory coating can be attained. Conventional techniques of surface preparation usually involve blasting of abrasive material on the surface which usually associated with airborne debris and hazardous contaminant from the process. A relatively new technology in surface preparation is the usage of sponge media as an alternative to the conventional abrasive material. Being soft and elastic, sponge media can reduce airborne emission from surface preparation significantly while being able to be recycled. Unfortunately, the recovery of used sponge media becomes difficult during rainy conditions in which the sponge absorbs water and quickly becomes saturated. Therefore, this paper presents the drying characteristics of sponge media using a swirling fluidized bed dryer (SFBD) for rapid drying to overcome the long, inefficient sun drying as per current practice. Several laboratory scale experiments were carried out to dry water laden of the sponge media in the SFBD. Three bed loadings of 1.7, 2.0 and 2.3 kg were used at drying temperatures of 80°C, 90°C and 100°C. The experimental works revealed the excellent potential of the SFBD in drying the sponge media rapidly. The behaviour of moisture ratio and drying rate against time were discussed. Keywords: Sponge media drying, Swirling Fluidized Bed Dryer (SFBD), Moisture ratio, Drying rate

This paper provides an overview of the use of green solvents for oil extraction from natural product using soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods. In terms of qualitative and quantitative determinations on the extracted oils, the use of green solvents was comparable with n-hexane. For soxhlet extraction method, the integration of microwave application into the soxhlet at their optimum conditions has shown improvement in oil yield, oil quality, solvent consumption and extraction time. SFE using CO2also revealed promising results as soxhlet extraction but apparently it involved high operating cost and difficult to control. Despite of that, all the studies successfully demonstrated the suitability of green solvent as an alternative to petroleum driven solvents for extraction of oils from natural products.

Surface modified magnetic silica particles for the immobilization of laccase. The maximal absorption capacities of laccase were evaluated systemically. Compared with unmodified magnetic silica particles, the modified magnetic silica particles showed better absorption capacity of the laccase. The immobilized laccase has been used to treat pulp and paper making wastewater, and showed high efficacy on the removal of COD.

Considered weak organic acid, Citric Acid (CA) finds its application in almost all the food and pharmaceutical industries as flavour, acidifier and chelating agent. CA has been found in abundance specially in citrus fruits, can also be produced by artificial means, most notably by fermentation using molasses or starch by the use of micro-organisms. The current paper outlines the production of CA from Aspergillus Niger (A. Niger) keeping in view the statistical analysis that shows its importance, usage and future scope of CA if manufactured at industrial scale in Pakistan. Key words: Aspergillus Niger, Citric Acid, Fermentation, Molasses.

In this paper, the effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on the hematite was studied and the mechanism was analyzed. The results indicated that under the condition of the optimal grinding medium, compared with the result without sodium hexametaphosphate added, with citric acid added at the mass of 0.30% of the hematite, the content of-0.074mm of grinding production was increased by 6.38%; physical adsorption and chemical adsorption which were on the surface of hematite produced by sodium hexametaphosphate can reduce viscosity of grinding pulp, change surface potential of the hematite, and reduce the hardness on the surface of the hematite. Therefore citric acid can improve the grinding efficiency of the hematite.

Construction projects are increasingly encountered bad foundation, because of collapsible loess is widely distributed in our country, so most widely especially bad in collapsible loess foundation, this paper based on the characteristics analysis of the loess collapsibility of loess, expounded in combination with the engineering practice of collapsible loess foundation treatment methods, problems and countermeasures.

EPS, XPS and PU plates etc. are often selected as the insulating layer in external thermal insulation system. Although featured by good thermal insulation properties and low costs, these materials are provided with major fire potential. Therefore, fireproof treatment methods for the thermal insulation materials and fireproof structural measure for the system are proposed in this paper based on the combustion tests on the thermal insulation materials, so as to increase the fire protection safety of the external thermal insulation system.

In Malaysia, approximately 7 million tonne/year of rubber wood waste and 5 million tonne/year of acacia wood waste were generated in 2011. These hardwood residues could be utilized to produce biofuel through pyrolysis process. The aims of the paper are to study the fluidized bed pyrolysis system, determine the properties of pyrolytic bio-oil, and highlight the effect of biomass type, size and pyrolysis temperature on pyrolytic products distribution.

Control of pulp pH value is the key step in the process of washing zinc oxide. Due to the characteristics of large time delay and strong nonlinear, the control of pulp pH value is very difficult. In this paper, aiming at the above problem and according to the features of washing operation of zinc oxide powder, design a control system of a fuzzy controller, secondary fuzzy controller and PI controller.

Make old cement concrete as recycled aggregate can not only protect environment, saving resources, but also can reduce the project cost, and promoting the sustainable development. This paper based on the related recycled concrete aggregate (RCA Recycled Concrete Aggregate) literature, mainly involve its properties, preparation and performance of RCA concrete, construction application etc..This has got a lot of reliable conclusions, so as to give some inspiration and help to the related scholars.

The implications of empathic models have been far-reaching and pervasive. Here, we verify the deployment of systems. In this position paper, we verify not only that context-free grammar and fiber-optic cables can agree to achieve this mission, but that the same is true for fiber-optic cables. This follows from the development of architecture.

The realization of intelligent ERP system is studied through Agent technology and Jadex software development framework. The concept of intelligent ERP system is proposed in this paper based on Multi-Agent technology. After conducting research on Multi-Agent ERP system model frame, the Multi-Agent ERP model is designed based BDI model. Multi-Agent ERP system model based on Multi-Agent system framework and layers are also given. Finally, take storage management system as an example, storage control Agent is designed and realized on Jadex.

The waste shell of Anadaragranosa or blood cockle is utilized as an alternative source for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the synthesis of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a dehumidifier. In this paper, the synthesis of CaCl2 from the waste shell was investigated at various concentrations of HCl reactant and the shells’ particle sizes to determine the optimum yield. The synthesized CaCl2 was further tested on its capacity in adsorbing moisture and compared with the commercially-available dehumidifier. It was found that concentration of HCl at 5 M produced the highest yield, while the particle size of 0.5 mm took the shortest period in producing CaCl2 from the waste shells of Anadaragranosa. Investigating the performance as dehumidifier in a controlled environment, synthesized CaCl2 showed similar capacity in sorbing moisture as the commercially-available dehumidifier, proving the high potential of the waste shells of Anadaragranosa to serve as a green alternative for CaCO3 in producing CaCl2.

Biomass utilization has arouse great attention and interest in recent years as it offers a net zero carbon footprint and security of the feedstocks. Current utilization process of biomass can be classified into biochemical and thermochemical conversion process. Pyrolysis process seems to be the promising conversion process in securing chemical feedstock as pyrolysis oil can be futher upgraded for chemical extraction. This paper reviews the most abundance biomass in Malaysia which is palm waste and discusses the its utilization by prolysis process. Upgrading research of pyrolysis oil also been discussed as to promotes the effective utilization of waste and securing alternative energy source.

This paper based on the regenerative braking system, which developed in the '863' project, designed pressure control method for RBS system in the condition of active pressurization state and conduct Bench experiments. The results show that, under the condition of high frequency, through modulation frequency of the pulse signal and duty ratio method can coordinate the regenerative braking and hydraulic braking force, meet target pressure and the pressurization rate requirements of RBS.

The comprehensive entropy of power flow is proposed in this paper based on the current entropy of power flow. The comprehensive entropy can not only describe the heterogeneity of the power flow distribution, but also takes the considerable effect of the high load rate lines on the cascading failure into consideration. Thus it can reflect the operation state in a more comprehensive way compared with the current entropy of power flow. A forewarning model which employs the comprehensive entropy as a forewarning index is also presented. And the case analysis verifies that the proposed forewarning model can assess the risk of cascading failures under the current operation state. It can identify the operation state the cascading failure risk of which accesses the set threshold, thus to help the operators of the power system to protect the power system from cascading failures.

This paper based on the scattering principle of lubricating oil to light, designed the plan of making use of near-infrared light to monitor automobile lubricating oil, and hereby it to monitor the deteriorated condition of lubricating oil. Experiments show that: this kind of technology for monitoring automobile lubricating oil can satisfy the deterioration condition monitor demand of automobile lubricating oil, and give the instructions of the lubricating oil deterioration degree, so we can decide whether the lubricating oil can continue to use according to it. This method changed the traditional conditions that replace the lubricating oil according to time or the driving mileage, it realized replacing lubricating oil according to the quality, thus it makes the lubricating oil obtain the reasonable economy service life, and guaranteed the good lubrication condition of vehicles.

Co-gasification of biomass and coal is increasingly considered as a promising technology for sustainable utilization of coal and large-scale use of biomass. Co-gasification characteristic and kinetic analysis are the basic and essential information for the application of this technology. In this paper, co-gasification behavior of a typical bituminous coal from western China and spent mushroom compost (SMC) was investigated through thermogravimetric analyzer. The temperature interval was from ambient temperature to 1000 ○C with various heating rates (10, 20, 40 ○C•min-1) under carbon dioxide atmosphere. Kinetic parameter was solved through Distribution Activation Energy Model (DAEM). The results indicated that he maximum decomposition rates of the mixture and SMC were higher than that of coal except 25% SMC. Slightly synergistic effect during the co-gasification was found. The average values of the activation energy were 25.07 kJ•mol-1 for bituminous coal, 204.47 kJ•mol-1 for 25% SMC, 123.14 kJ•mol-1 for 50% SMC, 144.05 kJ•mol-1 for 75% SMC and 227.50 kJ•mol-1 for SMC, respectively.

The present study involves the preparation and characterization of the biomass briquettes made from saw dust and rice husk. Five samples with different compositions were prepared using the old news papers as the binder for both the biomass. Ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, heating value and handling characteristic of all the samples were determined. It was observed that the compositions of the biomass sawdust (BMS)-15 and biomass rice husk (BMR)-15 are suitable for the downdraft gasifier.

In this paper, the effect of citric acid on the hematite was studied and the mechanism was analyzed. The results indicated that under the condition of the optimal grinding medium, compared with the result without citric acid added, with citric acid added at the mass of 0.10% of the hematite, the content of-0.074mm of grinding production was increased by 7.11%; physical adsorption and chemical adsorption which were on the surface of hematite produced by citric acid can reduce viscosity of grinding pulp, change surface potential of the hematite, and reduce the hardness on the surface of the hematite. Therefore citric acid can improve the grinding efficiency of the hematite.

Vegetable oils are considered as substitute for energy production. In this paper, a correlation was developed based on iodine and saponification values of the waste frying oil to estimate its higher heating value. Five samples of waste frying oil were collected, its iodine value and saponification value were measured and the heating values were measured. A correlation by linear regression method was developed and compared with the heating value obtained experimentally. A Comparison was made with other correlations available in the literature. The comparison of higher heating value obtained from new correlation and experiments gave a R2 value of 0.97, error of standard deviation is 0.06 and an average error of 1.86%.

The firing accuracy of trajectory correction rocket improves significantly after conducting trajectory correction. A trajectory correction rocket repetitious damage effectiveness model was proposed in this paper based on the original rocket damage effectiveness model, difference of repetitious damage effectiveness caused by the improvement of a certain type trajectory correction rocket was researched. Research conclusions have reference value for the determination of trajectory correction rocket accuracy index design, the actual operational use and operational effectiveness evaluation.

In this paper, effects of carbon source on the biofilm cultivation were investigated by adding or not adding liquid carbon source with corncob used as solid carbon source and biocarriers. By adding or not adding glucose in the culture solution, effects of carbon source on the biofilm cultivation were determined by measuring COD, NO3--N, NO2--N and pH of culture solution after reaction. Results showed that adding liquid carbon source was beneficial to forming the biofilm with good denitrification performance, however, not adding carbon source could only form biofilm with bad denitrification performance and denitrification reaction only proceeded to the step of NO2--N after reaction. Results indicated that it was necessary to add liquid carbon source for the forming biofilm with good denitrification performance on the surface of corncob biocarriers.

Dual-frequency ultrasonic assisted ozonation was proposed to degrade pesticide wastewater. The frequencies of ultrasound were 28 kHz and low-MHz (208 kHz, 495 kHz, 679 kHz and 890 kHz). The influence of ultrasound frequency was investigated in this paper. The electrical conductivity of deionized water was measured under different conditions, and degradation rate of acephate solution was used to verify degradation effect of the treatment. The results implied that the 208 kHz system was suitable for ozone dissolving and 495 kHz system was suitable for acephate degradation.

Graphene-based composites now has been payed more and more attention to because it can make up many shortcomings of the pure single-layer graphene.In many papers ,there are one same phenomenon said that graphene can not be well dispersed in matrix since it’s high specific surface area and high surface energy.In this work,we reported the preparation of ZnO/graphene nanocomposites through the way of situ-reaction in the surface of graphite oxide.Then,the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infared spectroscopy (FTIR),transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetry (TG). The results indicated that the graphene oxide had been reduced by hydrazine hydrate and the ZnO crystal attached to the surface of graphene well.The ZnO/graphene nanocomposites can be expected to be dispersed in some kinds of rubber to improve their electric and thermal conductivities in the following experiments.

The temple as a city of ritual significance type, has a complete concept of architectural culture. In the project's decision-making for Guang'an Temple planning and design, Designer has the problem of how to position, including the function, the temple complex space positioning and construction temple ranks .Paper based on the Confucian temple ritual culture, combined with the new city park functional requirements, according to the site topography and landform, determine the spatial structure of building community; Through comparison of its kind in sichuan, to determine the rules of construction; The planning and design of the temple are integration of the area of urban design, create a new urban landscape, so as to provide reference for the design of the same kind of antique buildings.

Seismic rock study aims to clarify the relationship between the rock and the intrinsic nature of seismic attributes contained in the fluid between the paper based on the physical characteristics of the rock, viscoelasticity and anisotropy of systems theory and media rock mechanics model response characteristics, and model simulation, simulation results show that the physical structure of the rocks we build the model can well reflect the characteristics of the seismic response of rock mechanics.

In this paper the problem of accurate edge detection for pulp fibers images is discussed. The images are acquired by the smart CCD camera. Subpixel edge detection is considered that applied in the system to improve the measurement accuracy of pulp fibers. The location of a precise edge is the basis of kink index, kink Angle, curl index and other measurement parameters for the pulp fibers. A new method for subpixel edge detection of the pulp fibers is introduced. Canny operator is used to get the pixel level edge. Each edge point determines five pixels in the gradient direction. Then the least squares fitting is used to locate its sub-pixel edge. The measurement results show that the proposed subpixel edge detection method is valid to improve measurement accuracy for real time measuring the pulp fiber parameters.

In order to better solving the problem of electronic equipment maintenance training, promoting the level of management and usage to electronic equipment. The design method of virtual maintenance training system for electronic equipment is discussed in this paper based on virtual reality technology. Simulation results show that the system can well implement virtual maintenance training for the electronic equipment, and has certain reference value to develop other relevant system.

Although the Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GMPHD) filter is a multi-target tracker that can alleviate the computational intractability of the optimal multi-target Bayes filter and its computational complex is lower than that of sequential Monte Carlo probability hypothesis density (SMCPHD), its computational burden can be reduced further. In the standard GMPHD filter, each observation should be matched with each component when the PHD is updated. In practice, time cost of evaluating many unlikely measurements-to-components parings is wasteful, because their contribution is very limited. As a result, a substantial reduction in complexity could be obtained by directly setting relative value associated with these parings. A fast GMPHD algorithm is proposed in the paper based on gating strategy. Simulation results show that the fast GMPHD can save computational time by 60%~70% without any degradation in performance compared with standard GMPHD.

This paper presents the effect of different sizes of palm kernel shell (PKS) activated carbon as the carrier material in a micro-bioreactor system to treat the palm oil mill effluent (POME). Three different sizes of PKS activated carbon were used as the carrier material, i.e. 4.750 – 2.360 mm (large), 1.180 – 0.710 mm (average) and 0.425 – 0.300 mm (small). The systems were run for a total of 29 days under hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours. The performances of several effluent quality parameters of POME regarding the use of PKS activated carbon of different sizes were studied. PKS activated carbon with size 1.180 – 0.710 mm showed the highest removal performances for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal-nitrogen (AN), and solids, with 41 %, 84.6 %, and 88 % of removal respectively. The system with PKS activated carbon of size 4.750 - 2.360 mm showed the highest performance in removing TP (45 %), while 1.180 – 0.710 mm size of PKS activated carbon showed the highest performance in removing TN (53 %). The system was also found to effectively reduce the effluent colour. In overall, the PKS activated carbon of size 1.180 – 0.710 mm showed the best results as a carrier material to be used in the micro-bioreactor system in treating POME compared to the other two sizes.

The performance of a biological system was evaluated for copper removal with and without the addition of an adsorbent to the aeration compartment. Three different reactors were employed in this study. The first reactor consist of biomass alone and was used as a control reactor (CR). The second reactor consist of biomass and microwave incinerated rice husk ash (MIRHA) whereas the third reactor consist of biomass and hybrid adsorbent (HA), which is a mixture of MIRHA and groundwater treatment plant sludge (GWTPS). The reactors were operated at solid retention time (SRT) of 30 days and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 19.8 hours. The experiment was conducted in 8 different phases consisting of various copper concentrations coming from the influent source. The first and second phase were acclimation period during which copper was not added to the influent wastewater. From the third to the eight phase, copper was fed to the reactors at different concentrations. Reactor performance was monitored every two days. Results show that copper toxicity was significant for the control reactor from phase from phase 5 to phase 8 with effluent concentration between 0.34 – 2.62 mg/L. Copper removal was significant for both MIRHA and HA reactor. Effluent copper concentration in the MIRHA reactor was 2.04 mg/L and 1.09 mg/L for HA reactor at phase 8 (copper concentration 15 mg/L). Addition of the adsorbents (MIRHA and HA) enhanced the biomass tolerance towards copper toxicity at high concentration and improved copper removal efficiency. This study, therefore demonstrates that low cost non-conventional adsorbents could be utilized as support materials to enhance biomass tolerance towards heavy metal toxicity.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the optimum conditions of cationization on hemp fabric which affect staining with natural dye solution extracted from Arabica coffee ground. For this work, three conditions for cationization on hemp fabric were investigated including temperature, time and concentration of cationic with liquor ratio of 1:100. Then, the cationized fabrics were dyed with 50% on weight fabric (owf) of coffee ground dye at 90°C for 60 min by using liquor ratio of 1:100. Dyed fabrics were measured color strength (K/S value) and color value (CIELAB color-different value) to indicate staining and to compare to non-cationized hemp fabric. It was found that the optimum conditions of cationization on hemp fabric for staining were 5%owf of cationic concentration at 90°C for 30 min providing the highest K/S value.

Every year, the sago processing industry in Sarawak-Mukah had generated huge amount of sago waste after the milling process and scientists have employ the waste into composite material. The fabrication and testing method are based on the Japanese A5908 Industrial Standard. Single-layer particleboards with targeted density of 600kg/m3 were produced from different sizes of sago particles. The mechanical properties of sago waste were investigated to study the feasibility of using this sample as a raw material in particleboard manufacturing. The results of the test demonstrate that samples with different sizes of particles have great influence on the mechanical properties such as Young’s Modulus, Tensile Strength and Impact Strength. The findings show that the performance of the board is affected by the different sizes of sago particles used in the experiment and had proved that sago plants can be used as an alternative raw material in the particleboard manufacturing industry.

Energy utilization (pyrolysis) of residue from fibre recycling of used beverage cartons is very important. Identification the optimal technology for separation of aluminium from pyrolytic carbon and assessment of its quality in relationship to the pyrolysis conditions is necessary for recycling of Al. The particles of pyrolytic carbon are not pure carbon, they contain only from 65 to 83 % of carbon, the rest in ash coming from sorting and collection of waste (glass, porcelain). Process of pyrolysis and/or utilization of charge reactor influenced the chemical composition of Al particles by carbon enrichment at the rim of particles up to 30 % leading to decrease of reactivity of Al surface.

The extended uses of mineral oil based lubricant have continuously troubling the global environment issues. The remaining mineral oil resources also being the most debated issues in renewable energy conferences. Vegetable oils are still offering the highest possibility in replacing the mineral oil resources. This research is concerning on how to eliminate one of the disabilities found in palm oil based lubricant which is oxidation. Palm oil possessed unsaturated double bond in which susceptible to oxidation process. The simplest approach is to blend the palm oil based with anti – oxidant agent homogenously. This research was conducted using double fractionated palm oil (SPL) as lubricant and Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) as anti – oxidant agent to determine the tribology behavior including the coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter and the surface roughness profile. The experiment was also conducted using four-ball tribotester by following ASTM D4172B standard. Superior Mineral Engine Oil (EO) was used as comparison. The results found that SPL+TBHQ was able to reduce the coefficient of friction and provided lower surface roughness value. However it was unable to minimize the mean wear scar diameter compared to EO. The physical appearances of wear worn are also being observed in this research.

This document explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready manuscript for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. The text area for your manuscript must be 17 cm wide and 25 cm high (6.7 and 9.8 inches, resp.). Do not place any text outside this area. Use good quality, white paper of approximately 21 x 29 cm or 8 x 11 inches (please do not change the document setting from A4 to letter). Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.

Artificial organic polymer flocculants has been widely applied in water treatment; however, disadvantages of nonbiodegradable and poisonous may cause another environmental problem. This paper established an effective water treatment technique using Abelmoschusmoschatu (Okra) in combining of glue extraction process and flocculating process, with fully consideration of factors such as treating time, cost, and efficiency. Results showed that ethanol extraction was an effective method for extraction of glue form Okra. After being soaked in distilled water overnight with ratios of material to solvent, and was extracted by ethanol with volume percentage of 50% at stable temperature of 70 °C for one hour, the extraction rate of Okra glue could be as high as 18.38%. The glue usage of 0.015-0.020 g.L-1 and flocculating time of five minutes could be the optimal usage in treating suspending liquid of kaolin, with the turbidity of 3.0 g.L-1. The processes are low cost, simple, efficient, and low pollution, having broad application prospects.

Graphene sheets offer extraordinary thermal, electronic and mechanical properties which could enhance the performance of the device for various applications. However, a large quantity production and the direct dispersion of graphene or graphite sheets in water without the assistance of dispersing agent has been considered to be a challenging issue. In this study, we reported that by introducing the functional group on the graphene basal plane started from natural graphite can readily form stable graphene oxide (GO) solution in a large quantity through modified hummers method. Structural and physiochemical properties of the GO were investigated with help of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the annealing treatment on a GO surface were analyzed using a Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer (SPA) in order to obtain the electrical resistance measurement. Based on the thermal reduction results, the resistance of drop casting is greater than spray coating which indicates that, the drop casting method is more reliable to be used in any application.

Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is one of the solid waste in Malaysia and had trouble with the ash removal. Therefore, the use of waste oil palm ash can overcome the problem of solid waste. POFA is a pozzolanic material and it can act as a replacement of cement (OPC) to produce concrete with higher strength and low cost. POFA quality will increase as the range made up to a medium level of fineness in the size of 50 microns. POFA used to replace OPC is 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% by weight percent of OPC. POFA concrete compressive strength will be tested after a curing process that concrete age of 7 days and 28 days. POFA concrete density is also tested and compared with OPC concrete. Results showed that compressive strength POFA lower than normal concrete. On the other hand, the replacement of cement by 10% POFA shows a record high in compressive strength compared with other POFA mixing at the age of 7 days and 28 days. Fineness pozzolanic POFA is the best material and can be used as a cement replacement alternative.

In this work biodiesel of various proportions has been blended with E20 (20% ethanol and 80% diesel). Bio-diesel concentrations are varied at 10%, 20% and 30% while ethanol concentration was maintained at 20%. Performance, emission and variation of ignition lag of the fuel blends were analyzed. There was a very good reduction in CO emissions by 28% in comparison with E20 and 80% in comparison with diesel. NOx emissions of the blends were decreased by 16% compared with diesel and no variation with E20. Brake Thermal Efficiency (bte) of the blends was higher by 11% up to 75% load and 4% at full load compared with diesel and lesser by 2% in comparison with E20. Ignition-delay of the blends was longer than diesel, and the cetane number of the blends were lower than diesel. Brake Specific Energy Consumption (bsec) is slightly higher than diesel.

Numerous research works are carried out to find out the additional information on effective use of vegetable oil in CI engine as a potential alternative fuel. The present work was intended to observe the outcome of preheating the transesterified oil earlier to fuel injection system thus making its properties similar to diesel. In this research mustard oil methyl ester was preheated to 90°c (MME90) and used in compression ignition engine and compared with mustard oil methyl ester (MME) fuelled at ambient temperature and diesel. The impacts of fuel preheating on engine emission with mustard oil were analyzed. Experiments were conducted with MME90 (Mustard oil methyl ester preheated to 90° C) and MME (Mustard oil methyl ester) and compared with diesel. Result confirmed increase in NOx emission for both MME90 and MME comparing diesel. Emissions such as CO, HC and Smoke were found in declining fashion for MME90 comparing MME and petroleum diesel. Preheating the mustard oil methyl ester during the fuel injection can be an exceptional way for using it in CI engines.

We study the heating energy of briquettes from cashew nut shell (CNS), cultivated in south Thailand. CNS briquettes (CNSB) were produced by mixing CNS powder with the cassava starch ratio 5:1w/w. A chemical component analysis of the CNSB was performed, and the heat utilization efficiency was compared with firewood charcoal. CNSB were found to have a fixed carbon content of 49.2%, ash content of 4.2% (750°C°C at 6 hours), and moisture content of 6.6% (105°C for 24 hours). It was observed that CNSB consists of energy consumption at 0.440-0.456 KW/kg and high compressive strength of 60.2 kg/cm2.The value of heat utilization efficiency obtained inside the fuel briquette of 18.01%, attributed to the burn rate average at 11.90 g/min. CNSB could be used to replace firewood and reduce cost for heating manufacturing processes.

Malaysia is one of the world’s largest palm oil exporters, amounting to 39 % of world palm oil production and 44 % of world exports [1]. Palm oil mill usually engaged with odour problem that came from the wastewater treatment pond that released odourous compounds such as ammonia, volatile organic acids, and sulfides. This study was done to investigate odour nuisance from palm oil mill operations and odour emission rate at United Oil Palm (UOP) Mill, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Odour assessment was done on-site at four points and odour sample was taken from four anaerobic treatment ponds. Flux hood method was used and the samples were analysed by using the olfactometry method with six panels. It was found that in the UOP mill, the highest odour emission is from the anaerobic pond 2 with the average specific odour emission rate of 10.88 OUE/sm2, follow by cooling pond, acid pond and anaerobic pond 1. Besides knowing the main source of the odour, this study was run to find the intensity and offensiveness of the palm oil mill odour. A simple questionnaire was asked to the six panels about the odour intensity and odour offensiveness, and the average for both was at 5 (very strong odour) and 3 (definitely offensive odour). Higher level of offensiveness and intensity will increase the odour complaints, but by knowing those levels, it will help in deciding the limit of odour concentration that can be released and the threshold of odour that can be accepted by humans.

In Malaysia, more than 50,000 tons of used automobile tyres are stockpiled annually. This subsequently causes a major threat to the environment. This article focus on the durability of mortar with treated crumb rubber (TCR) as partial replacement for fine aggregate (FA) and addition of oil palm fruit fibre (OPFF) in the mix. For every 0.5% OPFF additions, there were 10% TCR replacements up to 30%, resulting in 16 different mixes with constant water cement ratio. The specimens were cured either by water ponding or water sprinkling for 28 days, after which they were preconditioned and subsequent carbonation depth measurement was made. The results showed that the carbonation depth lies between 2.5mm to 6.7mm. These confirmed that rubberised fibre mortar achieved carbonation depth of less than 15mm, the tolerable limit.

This article aims to investigate the potential of using effluent wastewater (called raw wastewater) from wastewater treatment plant as a recirculation liquid in a wet scrubber to remove volatile fatty acid (VFA). This research was conducted in 2 steps. Firstly, surveys and interviews were carried out at STR 20 factory in order to obtain information about STR 20 production and odor control process. Secondly, a study of the potential of using the raw wastewater in a wet scrubber to absorb the VFAs was conducted. The exhausted gas with high VFAs causes malodor in Standard Thai Rubber 20 (STR20) industry. The wet scrubber with counter-current mode runs for 7 operational days. Pall ring is used as packing media without bacterial attachment. The study demonstrates that in these 7 operational days, the raw wastewater has the potential to absorb the VFA. This is indicated by higher VFA concentration 4,372.5 mg/l as acetic acid of a recirculation liquid compared to raw wastewater 75.38 mg/l as acetic acid fed. It increases efficiency of absorbing volatile fatty acid approximately by 24%. VFA concentration in effluent wastewater was found 1,734 mg/L as acetic acid compared to influent wastewater was found 1,395 mg/l as acetic acid fed. In addition, bacterial growth on packing media was observed with volatile solid (VS) and total bacteria count present due to biodegradation of VFA. This information will be useful for further research in the future about biodegradation of VFA by bacterial attachment in packing media.

This research studies the potential for using waste ash from industrial and agricultural by-products as a pozzolanic material. Classified fly ash (FA) and ground rice husk ash (RA) were the materials used. Water requirement, compressive strength and porosity of cement mortar were investigated. Test results indicated that FA and RA (waste ash) have a high potential to be used as a good pozzolanic material. The water requirement of mortar mix decreases with the increases in fly ash content. For ground rice husk ash (RA), the water requirement of mortar mix increases with the increases in rice husk ash content. In addition, the reduction in porosity was associated with the increase in compressive strength.

Fish cake is a popular cuisine among Thai people. However, the production process of pieces of raw fish cake still uses human labors so the production yield is quite low and it takes more consumption time. Moreover, the sizes of pieces of raw fish cake are not uniform. Therefore, the researchers aimed to design and construct a fish cake making machine to help improve the practical fish cake production process. The results showed that the fish cake making machine could manage raw fish cake into 20 even, round shaped pieces with a 50 mm diameter, 8 mm thickness within a minute. It required electrical power from an electric motor harboring 220 volt (AC), 60 watts, and speed at 28 rpm. The consumed electrical power was approximately 0.19 baht per hr. The results showed that with the qualification of fish cake making machine that can make several pieces of raw fish cake at the same size, the users satisfied it at least 70%. It is expected that more development of this fish cake machine will be tentatively worldwide applied in the food industry.

At the ambient temperatures, the influence of operating conditions on persulfate (S2O8) oxidation of real textile wastewater was investigated for the removal of color, suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effects of oxidant dosage, initial solution pH and contact time were studied in a series of batch experiments using persulfate (PS) oxidant as sodium persulfate. Oxidant dose was defined by an oxidant/contaminant (PS/COD) molar ratio, varied from 1/1-10/1. Although parameter removals increased with the oxidant dose, especially for color and SS, a PS/COD molar ratio of 4/1 (6720mg/L) was adopted in a bid to use fewer chemicals. The pH was varied from 2-11, with pH of between 2 and 3 being the optimum. At 360minutes contact time, the removals of color, SS and COD were 84%; 71% and 32% respectively. Although relatively effective, especially for color removal, results show that the reactions might have been inhibited at ambient temperatures as shown by the particularly low removal of COD.