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The overall energy performance of buildings is determined not only based on structural and material solutions of the building. Boundary conditions affect the results of evaluation of the energy performance too. This paper deals with buildings in the Czech Republic. The paper is devoted to the evaluation of energy performance of buildings under changing boundary conditions. This means the change of the intensity of ventilation, changes in the structures’ accumulation and influence of thermal connections.

This paper is about an experiment which should prove that slaked lime is suitable as an ecological moisture retardant. Therefore, the performance of straw, sheep wool, hemp and directed hemp covered with slaked lime was monitored over a long period. The other half of the probes were uncovered to serve as reference data. The main focus of this experiment is to determine the moment when the probes start to mold as extreme humidity in reality only lasts for a short time. During the experiment the used material is continuously exposed to moisture whereas under non-experimental conditions exposure to moisture would last for a much shorter period of time (cooking, cleaning, etc.) This paper only covers the performance of straw and sheep wool covered with lime. Also the spreading of mold will not take place.

The prefabricated roller blind lintels have become common solution, particularly for the single-leaf masonry structures without external thermal insulation system. These lintels, representing simple system solution, are designed to interrupt thermal bridges in a place of above the window lintel and simultaneously to provide sufficient reliability of load transfer. The actual outdoor blinds contribute to increase the thermal stability in the room in summer and winter season. They prevent overheating of the room in the summer months and reduce heat transmission through a window in the winter. This paper is focused on the design and numerical modelling of the prefabricated roller blind carrier lintels solutions. Methods of elimination of the thermal bridge are demonstrated on the example of a real produced prefabricated lintel. At the same time this paper deals with its structural analysis. Analyses were carried out using the method of numerical modelling, using finite element method and computing software ANSYS.

In the present, global production of magnesium oxide (MgO) boards comes exclusively from China. However, Slovakia is one of the leading countries in the mining of magnesite. Therefore, an experiment of MgO board preparation from local resources was realized. The experimental board was made from the calcined magnesite mined out in Hačava in Eastern Slovakia. The paper describes the production process of the MgO board in laboratory conditions. In order to compare the experimental MgO board with a MgO board from China, the tensile strength in bending was examined. The experiment demonstrates that the tensile strength of the experimental MgO board in bending in one direction is higher than the declared strength of the commercial board, but in the second direction it is nearly a half of the declared strength of the commercial MgO board. The results of this paper confirm the potential of the MgO board production from local resources.

The paper is aimed at the problematics of environmental simulations as one of the efficient methods of behavioural research for exploring the reactions of respondents to certain environmental settings. It explores the contemporary situation of the development of simulation at different levels within the environment, serving as visualizations of designed spaces, for games and simulation /testing of subjective and objective responses to different environmental stimuli. In our long-term research at the BCDlab, we are focused on body conscious design, which means exploring relationships: body/nervous system and the environment with an aim to design human friendly solutions through spatial design. To gain our own experiences with environmental simulations and their impact, in 2015, the Faculty of Architecture BCDlab, developed an interactive application, BCD-APP, which works as a web interface and also in virtual reality. The paper presents the process of setting research methods and results of the first pilot tests of the app as a research tool, with a small controlled group of respondents. They were confronted with pre-selected settings of materials, colours and surface finishing, and with the setting of their own choice, the subjective and objective physiological reactions (brain waves and respiration) were measured by EEG sensors and evaluated in a Labchart environment.

In the robotized production one of the more important think is to choose the optimal solution to use the robots with respect an objective function which represents, for example, minimum time of motion during a application, or minimum consumption of energy, or maximum precision, or combination of these. Some objective functions could results from the specificity of the application like is the case of casting of forging, where the minimum of the accumulation of heat could be one of the optimization criteria. In the controlling of the space movement of the end effecter and the robot’s joints of the all robots from the applications, one of the most important think is to know, with the extreme precision, the joints relative displacements of all robots. One of the most precise method to solve the inverse kinematics problem in the robots with redundant chain is the complex coupled method of the neural network with Iterative Pseudo Inverse Jacobian Matrix Method. In this paper was used the proper coupled method Iterative Pseudo Inverse Jacobian Matrix Method (IPIJMM) with Sigmoid Bipolar Hyperbolic Tangent Neural Network with Time Delay and Recurrent Links (SBHTNN-TDRL) to establish the optimal position of the application point of the robot's base with respect simultaneously two objective functions: the extreme precision and the minimum of the movements time. The paper shown how can be changed the multi robots application in to one application with parallel robot structure with three independent robots, all of them with optimal location point with respect the obiective function. The presented method and the virtual instrumentations (VI) are generally and they can be used in all other robots application and for all other conventional and unconventional space curves.

In this paper, a solution for temperature control in a tunnel heat-treatment furnace, used in metallurgy, is presented. The mathematical model of the heating technological process associated to the furnace is expressed using a system of ordinary differential equations and it results through analytical modeling. Based on the determined mathematical model, a temperature control structure which uses the Internal Model Control strategy is proposed. In order to obtain the restrictive control performances imposed by the heat-treatment procedure, the proposed temperature control structure contains two controllers which are tuned using an iterative method and which are used alternatively for the temperature control. The simulations of the temperature control system are presented in a comparative manner, highlighting the main differences between the solution proposed in this paper and the cases of using a classical integer-order controller and a fractional-order controller.

The paper presents the background and objectives of a new research project carried out in the field of in situ gas turbine combustion. An extensive literature review highlighting the state-of-the-art in the field is presented. Several possible solutions for the turbine burner are also included. The objectives and the expected original contributions of the projects conclude the paper.

Due to the impact of global climate change on land use, water resources and environment in Taiwan, the utmost essential move to do now is to refer to the experience and practices of advanced countries that help guiding the development of land and water resources conservation orderly. Secondly, the purpose of this paper is to discuss Taiwan’s flooding and water resources management issues. Finally, the paper would review the impact and adaptation strategies in response to climate change on Taiwan’s water resources to serve as a reference for relevant decision-making units of government. This paper believes that only if all residents jointly participate in reducing and adapting to the impacts caused by climate change can we avoid the possible survival crisis in the future.

This paper based on an actual project as an example, researching the application of cold air distribution system by using the numerical simulation method. By using Fluent software to establish a three-dimensional physical model, simplificate the physical model, establish proper tuyere model, choose the appropriate turbulence model, select the appropriate boundary conditions. Then simulate indoor airflow organization, get the distribution of temperature field, velocity field in the working area, and evaluate the comfort in the working area. Though the research, this paper provides the appropriate air distribution which is the upper supply air and on opposite side bottom exhaust air. This paper though the numerical simulation concludes that adopts the appropriate air distribution could meet the requirements of indoor thermal comfort.

In order to break through the limitation of the width of river, depth of water, channel and etc., it is an optimal choice to construct a long-span suspension bridge. In a suspension bridge, the main cable is the major bearing member; and the use of super high strength cable wire can lighten the dead weight and obtain an economical design. 1960 Mpa cable wire is adopted by an under-construction suspension bridge, namely Ni-Zhou Channel Bridge, for the first time in China. In this paper, taking the Ni-Zhou Channel Bridge as a case-study, comparative analyses on dynamic characteristic and seismic response of long-span suspension bridge with 1960 Mpa cable wire are performed. Firstly, dynamic calculating model for Ni-Zhou Channel Bridge is built and its dynamic characteristics are studied; then by using response spectrum and time history analysis method, seismic response of Ni-Zhou Channel Bridge is investigated on the basis of design response spectrum and artificial seismic ground motions; finally, the energy dissipation performances of a seismic protection devices (viscous damper) are also discussed. The results show that long-span suspension bridge with 1960 Mpa cable wire has a longer natural vibration period; the use of viscous damper can effectively reduce the peak value of bending moment in stiffening girder. This paper can provide references for the project’s construction.

The stability of the tunnel portal section under poor terrain and geological condition has always been the focus of construction safety. The stability problem has become more complex for the erosion accumulation area under the valley. In this paper, firstly the stability of the tunnel portal is classified. Combined with engineering cases, the FEM numerical method is used to simulate the supporting structure and construction process of the tunnel. Based on the distribution of the plastic zone and displacement of surrounding rock, the mechanism of the instability of the tunnel portal is analyzed. Through the optimized construction scheme that arranges pile foundation in tunnel arch foundation, the bearing capacity of foundation has been greatly improved, which has effectively prevented the instability of surrounding rock caused by the slope deformation and foundation settlement. The conclusions that have been drawn in this paper can be used for reference for related projects.

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a class of high performance cementitious composites with pseudo strain hardening behavior and excellent crack control. Substitution of concrete with ECC can avoid the cracking and durability problems associated with brittleness of concrete. In this paper, it is aimed to design a scale model of ECC reinforced concrete precast shear wall structure. Referencing the prototype structure which is a precast concrete shear wall structure in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, the size similarity constant is taken as 1/2. Consulting the scale similarity conditions, the similarity similar constants representing material characteristics, geometrical features, and load characteristics are calculated using the strength similarity theory. Besides, the reinforcements in the model structure are calculated and analyzed. The diameters of reinforcing steel bars in the model structure are determined by the principle of similar size. Equivalent principle of yield bearing capacity are used when there is no corresponding reinforcement selection. The research results of this paper will provide valuable preferences for design and analysis of ECC reinforced concrete precast shear wall structure.

Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most popular building material in the construction industry. It is a composite material in which low tensile strength and ductility of concrete are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The RC based structures are required to be replaced after their life time. Complete replacement will be a huge financial burden and might certainly be a waste of natural resources when upgrading or strengthening is an adoptable alternative. Strengthening can be achieved through retrofitting. The meaning of retrofitting is addition of new technology, components, accessories or features to older systems. Retrofitting may be required when the structure needs to be used for a purpose dealing with more load compared to design loads. It may also be used where old structures are needed to be upgraded. This paper is focused on the retrofitting of simply supported RC beams. Various materials like polymers, cementitious composites, steel sections etc. are used for retrofitting of RC beams. For the addition of these new materials to the existing ones, various techniques are used. This paper is a review of the materials and techniques used in retrofitting process of RC beams in existing buildings. The effectiveness of each material and technique is also reviewed.

Diagrid structures are exterior structures, consisting of diagonal struts and ties in the periphery and an interior core. These diagonal members carry gravity load and lateral load by the axial action of the member. Due to the structural efficiency of diagrids, interior and corner columns can be avoided thereby providing flexibility in the floor plan. The diagrid structures are emerging as popular structural system in many developed countries of the world, but in India it is yet to gain importance. This paper presents a review on the literature of diagrid structures. Studies conducted on diagrid structures to determine the diagrid angle for the efficient design is presented. The stiffness-based methodology adopted for determining preliminary member sizes of steel diagrid structures and the effect of shear lag on high rise buildings with diagrid and its comparison with framed tube structures are discussed. The distribution of the load resisted by interior frame and diagrids is outlined. The parameters used in the comparison of analysis are time period, top storey displacement, inter-storey drift and storey shear. This paper also reviews the studies on the comparison of diagrids with regular configuration and diagrids with varying angles. The analysis and comparison of diagrid and conventional structural system on the basis of consumption of steel, structural weight and displacement are also highlighted. This review covers diagrids with all the materials in practice namely concrete, steel and concrete-filled steel tube(CFST).

Due to high magnetic fields causing strong interactions between permanent magnets and other ferromagnetic material, transport and handling of magnetized magnet bodies is challenging. To avoid undesired effects, such as influences on sensitive devices or difficult separation of the single magnets from stack, spacing and shielding of the magnet bodies is required leading to larger package sizes and thus in some cases higher energy demand during transport referred to the transported magnet mass. An optimization of the transport chain can be reached using the software tool presented in this paper. Further magnetizing high coercive rare earth magnets needs strong magnetic fields. To create the necessary field strength, copper coils are used requiring current strengths of several kA. Since the electrical resistance of copper differs from zero, this also means enormous thermal losses. Hence to reduce the losses and to avoid thermal damage of the coil, only short current pulses are applied generated by a pulse magnetizer. However, the efficiency of the process is very poor and lies in the lower per mil range. The presented paper explains the magnetization process in detail with focus on the losses within the magnetization device. Further different material parameters influencing the saturation field strength, such as conductivity, size and diameter to length ratio are presented and possibilities to improve the energy efficiency are shown.

This paper describes an overall, simulation-based optimization approach to control plant operations for manufacturing calcium silicate masonry units (CS), which is directed towards and thus immediately applicable to practical processes. Starting from an investigation and classification of the CS production in order to differentiate the properties of each sub-process, specific target criteria are derived. To enable the influencing of these targets, relevant parameters including their mutual interdependencies are identified. On this basis, the criticality of each process step is assessed in order to determine improvement potentials and to investigate possible adjustments to the parameters.The elementary production types indicate a mix of the discontinuous and continuous processing in CS plants. Particularly, this work shows that through interrupting the continuous material flow, the hardening process is the main criteria for a plant’s success in meeting its targets, especially concerning energy efficiency. To achieve a feasible approach, the work develops a solving method geared to an optimized hardening process.Therefore, a formulation of a measureable target system is established, which is the prerequisite for modeling the whole optimization problem. An expedient decomposition of this optimization model to smaller sub-problems provides an efficient solving of these complex job-scheduling problems, in order to direct the method towards an operative use. The paper concludes with the determination of potential solving procedures for the overall problem and appropriate algorithms for solving the sub-problems.

An increasing number of companies establish energy management systems for continuous improvement in their energy efficiency and for this intensify monitoring their current energy consumption. These data can be used to gain further information about the production and to find potentials to increase its energy efficiency. In the procurement process of machinery and equipment or in the planning phase of production systems and building services, information about energy demand is rarely available, though it would be valuable for an early inclusion of energy efficiency in these processes. Therefore this paper discusses different forecast methods for energy consumption of machinery and evaluates in particular their universal applicability, effort and accuracy by analyzing them through the example of a packaging machine. In addition this paper proposes a further usage of energy-related data of machinery, which can be automatically acquired by monitoring systems for prognosticating their energy consumption as well as a possible distribution approach of this information. Therefore an own forecast method is presented, which shall process the energy-related data combined with information about dominant parameters of the product, the usage of the machine and the environmental conditions. For the distribution concept it was taken into account that the generated and shared information has to be abstracted in a way that no critical secrets of the company are revealed.

In this paper, an ant colony algorithm is used to solve the machine part cell formation problem based on the machine – index - based local procedure and part assignment rule for the better clustering of machines in to machine cells and parts in to part families. The main objective of this paper is to increase the grouping efficacy which is one of the good performance measures for the cell formation problem. The performance assessment of the ant colony algorithm was carried out by testing with the benchmark problems from the literature. From this assessment it clearly shows that this machine index based local procedure is capable to solve the machine part cell formation problem efficiently.

This paper deals with an industrial problem of plastic wrapper removing. This trends to given a new innovation in the field of recycling. From this contribution all kind of water bottles having eligible to remove the unwanted labels for further reconstruction. Thus, this paper focus on the design of label wrapper machine to remove the PVC 38&40-Micron label around the specially shaped cool drinks bottles. The metal brush through the power of electric motor can remove the label effectively. Recycle process which plays virtual role in all over application but, reuse and recycle process is only thing of plastics application. However modern technology food and cool drinks are contain inside of plastics container. But, our aim is to be recycle the plastic without any additional of colour, odour and taste. Human source never fulfil maximum efficiency work. Hence, in this project which utilized new trends and reduce the human work for further implementation from its construction. Hence hear by the high power machine to solving the above issue with addition of metal brush to remove the labels constantly.

Today’s technological innovations call for continual improvement in the field of material science to substitute the heavy structures with lightweight materials without compromising the strength. For this purpose composite materials (combination of two or more materials) are developed. The incorporation of natural fibers as reinforcing agent in both thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composites has gained increasing applications both in many areas of engineering and technology. A variety of natural fibers based polymer composite materials have been developed using modified synthetic strategies to extend its application from automotive to biomedical fields. The eco friendliness and reduction in wear and tear aspects in machineries with the use of natural fiber composites also has been captured in this paper. This paper is an earnest compilation of the data regarding a variety of natural fibers, their physical and mechanical properties, their resilience and strength. Considerable effort has been put in bringing the data on various natural fiber composites in one place by cutting out the details from various sources so as to make it as a ready reckoner for any researcher for future research in this area.

The attractiveness of glass is something that occupied the world market with a unique claim. It has many applications that go beyond the provision of visual aesthetics, which includes a view of the inside and out. Due to extreme levels of clarity, structural glazing may be so transparent that it may go unnoticed by design or make a strong visual impact such as the focal point of a building. This paper focused on structural glass with various laminated/laminated conditions that were used to investigate the Dynamic Mechanical Properties. The storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G'') and damping factor (tan delta) were determined at various levels, ranging from room temperature to elevated temperatures (250 °C) to understand the behavior of glass structure with and without laminated glass over a range of temperatures. The G' & G'' were tested to understand the effect of bonding, fracture behavior between the pure glass and laminated glass to observe the response with respect to temperature. Results are found that G' and G'' improve over a range of temperatures for laminated glass with enlightening fracture behavior. Laminated glass also has a major influence on the damping factor, but it also depends on the laminated thickness and materials. Thermo-Mechanical Properties of laminated glass are more improved, without affecting the transferability of glass.

In an internal combustion engine poppet valve is the crucial component which often opens and closes, thereby regulating gas flow in an engine cylinder. During engine operation, the valve is exposed to high temperature gases (thermal load) along with spring and cam loads (mechanical load). Due to high temperatures and fatigue loads, the valves are subjected to metallurgical changes and leads to failure. In order to resist these extreme conditions of high temperature and mechanical loads, the engine valve should possess special properties such as high surface hardness, a good amount of thermal conductivity, and fatigue strength. In this work, the reasons for the failure of two wheeler engine valve were evaluated and found that failure takes place due to change in the chemical composition mainly due to thermal diffusion at the interfaces. Thermal barrier coatings on the valve surface arrest the temperature load and increase its life. In this work, the performance of various titanium based composite coatings, i.e., TiN, TiC, TiC-Al2O3, TiCN, TiAlN, TiN- Al2O3, DLC, and uncoated valves of two wheeler engine was simulated using Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results indicated that coated valves have less thermal and fatigue loading and have more life than the uncoated valve. The Finite element simulation results of both coated and uncoated valves are presented and analyzed in this paper.

The structure of cylindrical shell with nozzle has been widely used in pressure equipment. The analysis and design for the structure of cylindrical shell with nozzle are generally based on the isotropy of metal at present, which may cause certain error and risk. Because of the approaches of rolling, heat treatment, and so on, the materials’ properties are different along each direction in practical engineering. In this paper, based on anisotropic thin shell theory, the analysis for orthotropic pressurized structure of thin-walled cylindrical shell with nozzle was conducted by using finite element software Ansys. The influences of thickness ratio and elastic modulus ratio were comprehensively considered, and also compared with the stress results under isotropic structure. The analysis results show that the values of stress and stress concentration factor for the structure of cylindrical shell with nozzle decrease with elastic modulus ratio, but increase with thickness ratio. Compared with the influence of thickness ratio, the elastic modulus ratio has significant effect on stress level. The rational use of the material anisotropic property can optimize the structure of thin-walled cylindrical shell with nozzle. The results in present paper provided a reference for the design of orthotropic pressurized structure of cylindrical shell with nozzle.

The convex tube sheet which is used in heat recovery boiler consists of three parts: the high temperature tube sheet, the low temperature tube sheet and the transition section.Three-dimensional finite element model of convex tube sheet in new type of heat recovery boiler is established in this paper. Using the ANSYS Workbench software, thermal stress of the convex tube sheet is analyzed. The temperature fields and thermal stress distribution of convex tube sheet are obtained, and its structure strength is checked. The effects of the high temperature tube sheet thickness, low temperature tube sheet thickness and transition section thickness on the maximum equivalent stress of the convex tube sheet are analyzed. The results show that: temperature of most parts of convex tube sheet is close to the tube side fluid temperature, and the large temperature gradient only existed in the thinner regions of shell side of convex tube sheet; temperature distribution shows obvious skin effect. At the transition section, the temperature along the thickness direction is more evenly distributed, with little change in temperature gradient; larger thermal stress mainly concentrated at tube layout area which close to the shell side of the high temperature tube sheet and the connecting parts of transition section and low temperature tube sheet in the tube side. Through checking the strength intensity, convex tube sheet structural strength meets the requirements.The transition section thickness are optimized. The optimum thickness of the transition section analyzed in this paper is 31mm.

Primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) has been observed in CRDM nozzles, BMI nozzles and other penetration nozzles. The industry has used the repair method of replacement of nozzles fabricated of Alloy 690. After the replacement of the nozzle, the structural integrity analysis of new nozzle and welds should be performed to ensure the pressure boundary compliance with the original design requirement. In this paper, the pressurizer top head instrument nozzle of PWR nuclear power plant is evaluated as a typical pressure vessel penetration nozzle. The results showed that the repaired nozzle satisfies the ASME Code design requirement and the crack growth of the postulated flaw in 40 years of the nuclear plant life is acceptable.PWSCC degradation mechanism has been observed in CRDM nozzles, BMI nozzles and other penetration nozzles [1]. In some nuclear power plants built in China earlier, such as DAYABAY nuclear power plant and QINSHAN nuclear power plant, PWSCC degradation mechanism has been found in CRDM nozzle welds which manufactured of Alloy 600 and welded of Alloy 82/182[2]. The repair of the degraded nozzles is the popular choice for the nuclear power plant owners. After the replacement of the nozzle, the structural integrity analysis of new nozzle and welds should be performed to ensure the pressure boundary compliance with the original design requirement. In this paper, the pressurizer top head nozzle of PWR nuclear power plant is evaluated as a typical pressure vessel penetration nozzle. Stress intensities were conservatively determined for pressure and applicable thermal transients and compared to the allowable values of the ASME Code, Section III. Thermal stress of the transients was obtained from 3D finite element model (FEM). Residual stress of J-groove weld was obtained from 2D FEM analysis and used for fracture mechanics analysis. All of the analysis showed that the repaired nozzle satisfies the ASME Code design requirement and the crack growth of the postulated flaw in 40 years of the nuclear plant life is acceptable.

Accurate description of creep crack stress field is very important to characterize the creep crack growth of the structures at elevated temperature. In general, the crack mode in practical engineering practices is not mere the mode I or mode II, and it is the mixed mode. The mismatch effect in weldment is also concerned by many researchers, however, there is no available literatures to discuss the stress field of mixed mode creep crack yet. The overall aim of this paper is to investigate and qualify the distribution of stress field for the mixed mode creep crack. In this paper, a mixed mode creep crack within the mismatched plate is discussed. The stress distribution of mixed mode creep crack are given in this article. With the definition of mode mixity for creep crack, the influence of mode mixity on the stress field is presented. The influence of mismatch effect on the principal stress, open stress and shear stress for mixed mode creep crack is also figured out. The main factor leads to the variation of creep crack tip stress field for mixed creep crack is analyzed. Some useful guidelines are proposed for the engineering purpose of integrity assessment for the structure at high temperature.

Creep crack within weldments are very common in engineering practices, and the cracking location in these welding structures always appears at the HAZ location. The mismatch effect on the mixed mode creep crack is still not clear in these available literatures. The aim of this paper is to investigate the mismatch influence on the creep crack of mixed mode thoroughly. A mixed mode creep crack within HAZ is established in this paper. The leading factor that dominates the creep crack tip field under mixed loading mode is studied. The influences of mismatch effect on mode mixity, stress distribution and stress triaxiality are proposed. The difference of mixed mode creep crack and normal mode I or mode II creep crack are compared. The influence of mixity factor on the transient and steady state creep of crack tip are also analyzed.

Uncertainty of parameters like material mechanical properties are traditionally described by probabilistic model, which requires detailed statistical information of parameters limited to obtain in engineering application. In this paper, the problem is solved by using the non-probabilistic convex model that only needs the upper and lower bounds of variables instead of abundant statistical information, which greatly reduces the demand of data and avoids unsafe results caused by the scatter of data. Based on the non-probabilistic convex model, the non-probabilistic interval analysis method is introduced to calculate the creep damage of HK40 high temperature furnace tube and to discuss the influence of operation conditions on creep damage with operation pressure and operation temperature regarded as interval variables. Consequently, the effect of outer wall temperature on creep damage interval is greater at the beginning of furnace tube operation stage. With the increase of running time, the effect of inner wall temperature on creep damage interval is greater and greater, and at the same time greater than that of creep damage interval when the outer wall temperature considered as interval variables. When the operating pressure is treated as interval variable, the upper and lower bounds of creep damage are nearly in a straight line that indicates the effect of pressure change on damage is little. Meanwhile, the life of high temperature furnace tube is predicted according to the definition of non-probabilistic interval index, and the analysis results are compared with the results of probabilistic model. The analysis results sufficiently demonstrate that the non-probabilistic approach presented in this paper is viable.

To evaluate the fatigue damage accumulation and predict the residual life of components at different stress levels, this paper proposed a modified cumulative damage model based on the strain energy density parameter. Noting that mean stress and load interaction under uniaxial fatigue loading exhibit significant effects on fatigue damage accumulation and life prediction. According to this, a new model based on damaged stress model which considers the effects of mean stress and load interaction was presented in this paper. The proposed model was verified by using four experimental data sets of aluminium alloys and steels. The experimental results are compared with those of the Miner’s rule, damaged stress model (DSM) and damaged energy model (DEM). Results show that the proposed model agrees better with the experimental observations than others.

The strain-based failure assessment diagram (SB-FAD) has been developed to predict failure due to high plastic strains. This paper validates the SB-FAD by finite element results for high strength pipeline steel (X80, X80HD, and X90) with four representative specimens (CT, CCP, DECP, and SCEP) of different crack sizes, respectively. The influence of material properties, geometries and crack sizes on failure assessment curves were compared and analyzed. Meanwhile, the modified Option-1 curve of SB-FAD is given in this paper. The results showed that the modified Option-1 curve of SB-FAD is more accurate when the value of abscissais Dr small and more conservative when the value of abscissa Dr is large.

This work studies the design of a fixture used in vibration sorting rig which is used for core balancing in turbo charger. The main objective of this paper is to design and optimize the fixture for holding the turbo chargers. To balance the core of turbo charger, turbine wheel and compressor wheel should balance which is turbine wheel is placed into the fixture. This paper analyzes the existing fixture and proposed new design. The fixture runs at higher speeds which is why we have to put the more concentration on the fixture design. The small issue in the fixture design results more problems due to high rotating speed of the turbine wheel of turbo charger. Many of the parts rejects due to poor fixture design. New fixture design is based on several aspects like design of work piece, rotating speed etc. The CFD analysis on the existing and proposed design is carried out. The results obtained were compared with existing fixture design.

Robotics and automation are playing very imperative role in the modern construction practice to meet the challenges and expectation specifically in the infrastructural projects. Automation is a tool for operating or controlling different stages of construction process using mechanized and electronic devices or control systems to reduce the human intervention to a minimum. The design and implementation of these automation technologies has shown progressive outcomes compared to conventional methods. Moreover, considerable improvement in working condition, reduction in accidents and significant increase in production have been evidently observed in the recent construction projects as well as in the earlier research studies. Although several countries have adopted automation in their construction projects, application of these techniques in India is limited to a greater extent due to lack of proper guidelines and specifications. It is important to develop appropriate standards and guidelines for Indian construction sector. This paper reviews different automation techniques that are currently used in many parts of the world and suggestions for their application in the Indian construction scenario are discussed in detail. Moreover, guidelines for efficient design and implementation of automation techniques in India are highlighted in this paper.

The conventional mobile robotic platforms which either uses wheels or legs are quite familiar and each one of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. The wheeled robot is suitable for only plain and smooth terrain, whereas the legged robot can travel in any kind of terrain but is comparatively slower than the wheeled robot. So, a hybrid of both wheeled and legged platform would be quite suitable for any kind of terrain. The primary focus of this paper is to design and develop a leg-wheel hybrid robotic platform with a concurrent engineering and mechatronics approach to produce results with optimised design metrics at each and every stage of its development. An overall view of the entire mechatronics system is considered for design and development of the robot at each and every stage rather than a sequential engineering approach. This paper details the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the C – Legs which are used in the robot.

In today’s fast paced world, transportation plays a very important role. Of all the different types of transportation available, cars are one of the most common and most preferred means of transportation for the majority of people. The classical Cruise control System maintains the pre-set speed and will also adapt itself to the change in acceleration of the preceding vehicle. But it is not sophisticated enough and reduces its speed to zero in case of critical conditions. In the proposed system, in addition to obstacle detection, a new feature is added which enables the vehicle to switchover to an empty lane when the preceding vehicle is too near or whenever there is a possibility of crash. This paper discusses about the implementation of the same. The main input to the system is the data collected by the ultrasonic sensors fixed to the four sides of the vehicle. The main processing unit analyses the data collected and sends out a control signal to the motor driver in accordance with the algorithm. H-Bridge in this system controls the speed and the direction of the vehicle by giving the appropriate control signal to the motor connected to the wheels. This paper deals with the design of the prototype model of the proposed system. The main control part of our system is realised by the Arduino microcontroller.

A wind turbine performs the function of converting the energy (kinetic) derived from the wind into another form of energy (mechanical) which is employed for the purpose of driving the generator which in turn generates electricity from this mechanical energy. The most common types of windmills employed in practice include horizontal and vertical axis wind mill. These windmills are fabricated in different structures for producing electricity. The main objective of this paper is to design an innovative eco friendly windmill to overcome the various difficulties existing in conventional windmills. In conventional windmills, the propeller rotation depends on the velocity of wind flow in the environment. But in this paper, we have fabricated an innovative eco friendly windmill in which, the propeller rotation is increased four times for the wind velocity in the surroundings.

In this paper an attempt has been reported to bring out the development and testing features of a laboratory scale induction system suited to bottled (fixed composition) PG powered IC engine. A four stroke, single cylinder, spark ignited engine was tested with a bottled PG at a Compression Ratio (CR) of 11:1 and engine speed of 1500 rpm from no-load to full load engine operation. Using suitable throttling devices, a 130 bar supply gas cylinder pressure was conditioned along with other devices to operate engine at Naturally Aspirated (NA) mode. The engine was operated close to stoichiometry condition. The engine supported a peak load of 85 % amounting to a torque of 11.89 N-m and brake power of 1.86 kW against a 2.2 kW gasoline mode. A power loss of 15 % was observed and it was attributed to 25 % lower mixture heating value and 13.33 % lower product to reactant conversion ratio of PG. Overall engine operation was found to be satisfactory. This paper also addresses the need for customizing PG-air mixer and zero pressure regulator.

This paper introduces a concept of propellant-less microwave thruster for upper stage and space applications. The propellant-less microwave thruster works on classical electromagnetic theory, where the microwave radiations are converted to the electromagnetic pressure that acts as axial thrust. In microwave thrusters, microwaves are radiated to a sealed conical cavity which follows the contour of the thrusters to produce pressure. Normally, there are three types of methods by which thrust can be produced without utilizing any propellant. Cannae Drive, EmDrive, and the Wrap Drive are mostly used. The first two are based on the principle of microwave radiation, whereas the third method is just a concept in various science fiction films. The EmDrive can produce a small amount of thrust, therefore, its application is limited to upper stage thruster, orbit/trajectory correction, and deep-space exploration. This paper provides an insight on the feasibility of EmDrive for space application by comparing its performance with ion propulsion system. The proposed microwave propulsion system has low system mass (typically in Kgs), produces high thrust (in mN) and even has higher specific impulse (in years) which can outweigh the current ion propulsion system.

Process plant industries have equipment working on high pressure and high temperature environments. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII provides rules for construction of the pressure vessel. The purpose of this paper is to have comparative study for design and analysis of steam drum using ASME Section VIII Div. 2 and Div. 3. Steam drum is a part of boiler system and works at high pressure and high temperature. Normally, Steam drum design is based on ASME Section VIII Div. 2, Part 4, design by rule and Part 5, design by analysis; which has been carried out in the present study. In this paper, design of the same equipment is studied using Part KD, Design requirements of ASME Section VIII Div. 3 with similar design parameters. Finite Element Stress Analysis of both design has been done as per code requirements to check the plastic collapse. In this study, it is observed that there is reduction in the required thickness for design based on Div. 3. Finally, the reduced required thickness leads to considerable weight reduction of the equipment and thus increased competitiveness.

Film cooling is employed for effective cooling in nozzles and combustion chambers using a spray of coolant fluid in the mainstream flow to cool the body. Experimental analysis was performed elaborately in the past years to get an exact analysis of film cooling effectiveness with different parameters. This approach was however discouraged due to its high cost and time consumption. Recently, researchers switched to the use of numerical platforms for investigation of complex film cooling systems. The paper discusses in detail the numerical analysis of the film cooling systems done so far and the numerical models employed for such a complex analysis along with the advantages and trade-offs of such a numerical approach. This study was carried out to extend database knowledge about the numerical film cooling for its various applications. Therefore, an appropriate cooling technique should be designed to protect these parts. Film cooling is one of the most effective external cooling methods. Various numerical film cooling techniques presented in the literature have been investigated. Moreover, challenges and future directions of numerical film cooling techniques have been reviewed and presented in this paper. The aim of this review is to summarize recent development in research on film cooling techniques and attempt to identify some challenging issues that need to be solved for future research.

Emission of metallic particulate (aerosol) is an important hazard associated with the EDM process. These emissions can cause adverse health effects to the operators and has a direct impact on the environment. Therefore, concurrent investigations of the aerosol emission and machining aspects of the EDM process are essential for achieving hygienic and efficient machining. The aerosol emission from the process is directly related to the temperature at the process location. Hence, this paper first addresses a numerical model that quantifies the temperature distribution on the surface of a work piece and tool using ANSYS® 14.5. The model first calculates the temperature distribution in the workpiece material and then Material Removal Rate above the boiling temperature of workpiece and tool were estimated from the temperature profiles. Then, a model that quantifies the aerosol generated from EDM process is developed using energy balance and heat transfer equations. Validation of model has been done by comparing the results against the published experimental results obtained under the same process parameters. A good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results. The model used in this paper can predict the level of emissions at different process locations in order to suggest suitable process conditions for green manufacturing.

Through the analysis of collaborative development process of supply chain and information system, this dissertation analyses how to achieve the collaboration between fresh supply chain and efficient information system. Meanwhile, it puts forward the concept of collaborative management information system of supply chain. The paper introduces the construction scheme of the collaborative agricultural supply chain management information system. In the end, the paper makes five reasonable suggestions about material procurement, transportation, warehousing, and distribution and information system construction, which with respect to integrated supply information, supplier management and produce-marketing integration.

Previous studies on the construction of lock-head allow to state that not only provide the means to reduce the stress, but more accurately reflect the actual force of the structure, which are given but there is no effect on the timing of the commissure analysis for the joint project.Based on the design of Xiangjiang River in Changsha integrated hub project, this paper propose the lock structure and layout of the program, in full consideration of the lock complex foundation condition, complex structure, temperature stress and other factors.In this paper, numerical simulation is used to simulate a variety of reasonable construction sequence and construction process, to analysis the characteristics of the stress of the bottom plate of the sluice, the settlement of the foundation and anti-force distribution features. And then discusses the overall stress characteristics and working mechanism of the first structure of the lower gate. On the basis of this, the reasonable construction sequence and structure optimization scheme are put forward.

Under the suspended crane loading, the key to the fatigue of the grid structure with bolt-sphere joints is the fatigue of the higher strength bolt. By now, there are not any research reports about the fatigue properties of M27 higher strength bolt at home and abroad. With the aid of the fatigue-testing machine and the loading device, this paper will have 8 constant amplitude fatigue experiments on test-piece, and will get the S-N curve of the higher strength bolt. With the aid of the metallographic analysis, this paper studies the mechanism and influencing factors of the fatigue failure; and with the aid of the finite element software ABQUAS, it analyzes and gets the stress concentration factor of the M27 higher strength bolt, and verifies the position of the fatigue failure.

This paper takes a large supermarket as the research object. Based on its adding layer directly without identification, these implementations including reviewing design drawing, witnessed inspections, indoor test and theoretical analysis are carried. The identification results show that: the layer-adding design has a serious problem on the conception; part of the foundation's short concrete column misplaced seriously to its upper concrete column whose maximum is up to 50mm, and between the gap, there are some obvious weak positions existing some crossing pipelines which are filled completely with cement mortar; part of the concrete column's tails have serious phenomenon of cellular pits; the upper steel structure's support system is imperfect and unreasonable; the seismic capability of the blindly adding layer structure could not meet the national code's requirements. Based on the above structure defects, this paper ensure the safety of the adding layer structure through sticking steel's reinforcement method, section enlargement method and adding some structure 's support system.

Under the background of increasingly severe climate warming, it is very important to advocate green travel and low carbon tourism behaviors. Taking Xingwen World Geopark as the research object, this paper study on the carbon footprint of tourism activities in terms of traffic, and how to coordinate the contradiction between the environment and traffic construction in tourism development. The results showed that different vehicles have different carbon emissions based on calculation of traffic carbon footprint in Geopark. Finally, through analyzing the influence factors of traffic carbon footprint distance, transport, energy structure and capacity, the paper put forward some suggestions on low carbon tourism development of Geopark.

Climate change and energy crisis has crucial impact on the economic activity and industry, and sustainable development is a solution to our future generation to meet their own need under the impact of climate change and energy crisis. Sustainable development has varies meanings, therefore leads to different responses to this definition. This paper aims to evaluate the industry tendency of sustainable development in Weifang. The evaluation first considers sustainable development situation of Weifang today, and assess the sustainable development industry in that city, and then predicts tendency of future sustainable development, and in the end predicts the customer demand of sustainable development industry. To analysis this, the researchers interview leading expert in the sustainable development industry and review the literature of related field. The paper helps to clarify the sustainable development in the industry of Weifang and help city policy maker to guide the sustainable development.

The analysis and implementation of this paper is applied to a real game boxing machine. The contents of this game boxing machine are consists of three parts that are the UNITY, programming and hardware development. Therefore, in order to have RPG role-play boxing game inside of real game boxing machine, this paper firstly analyzes user requirement and then implement the combined-use in the traditional large boxing machines that will let the players to face the need considering how to fight the contents of RPG role-play boxing game. Moreover, in order to save more time to make 3D animations, motion capture equipment is used called MOCAP to generate characteristics, hero, monsters, and beautiful girls. All body movements of characteristics inside of game boxing machine captured by MOCAP are tied to the body of the head, limbs and torso. Furthermore, those body movements will PhaseSpace to our servers via the Internet passing out after the signal processing MotionBuilder software for recording and output operation. The output file can be transformed into the skeleton and action graphic model and using MAYA software can also do the same way. All procedures in this RPG role-play boxing game design have been successfully interacted both machine side and play side with fun and game new life, and to integrate the actual situation of the game for the future.

With the development of social information in the background of big data, this paper gives the practical problems in the construction of network course of "metal materials and heat treatment". The aim of the study established on the basis of the Internet will provide us more comprehensive supports and services, and more friendly practical systems in teaching. Our research will build a public open platform for the cultivation of high-quality talents and the promotion of lifelong learning process. This paper has focused on the theoretical value of the network course construction, construction objectives, the content and advantages of the construction. The results of this paper are helpful to improve the teaching effects of the course of "metal materials and heat treatment" in vocational colleges.

The study is based on XISS(XML Indexing and Storage System) of Dietz’s Numbering Schema to determine the ancestor-descendant relationship. According to the results of research, this paper proposes an improved method of node encoding, realizes its indexing structure, and discusses its query path. Finally, the paper analyzes the property of this improved method.